TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triphenylamine compound is substituted with halogen or trihaloalkyl substituents and the phenyl ring is substituted with an equal number of the same halogen (preferably tris(4-fluorophenyl)amine, tris(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amine, tris(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)amine, tris(4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amine, tris(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amine, tris(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)amine, tris(4-trifluoromethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)amine, tris(2,6-difluoro-4-bromophenyl)amine, tris(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)amine and/or tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)amine). The negative electrode comprises graphite carbon, lithium metal or a lithium alloy compound. The redox chemical shuttle is a triphenylamine compound of formula (I). The triphenylamine compound is dissolved in the electrolyte. The charge carrying medium comprises a cosolvent such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate and/or vinylethylene carbonate. The triphenylamine compound has an oxidation potential 0.1-2 (preferably 0.3-0.6) V above the recharged potential of the positive electrode. The triphenylamine compound provides overcharge protection after at least 25 (preferably at least 40) charge-discharge cycles at a charging voltage sufficient to oxidize the triphenylamine compound and at an overcharge charge flow equivalent to 100% of the cell capacity during each cycle. The triphenylamine compound has a calculated binding energy to an ethyl radical of less than or equal to 1.8 eV. The lithium salts are lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and/or lithium compounds of formulae (LiN(SO2CF3)2), (LiN(SO2C2F5)2) and (LiC(SO2CF3)3). The positive electrode comprises lithium compounds of formulae (LiFePO4), (Li2FeSiO4), (LiMn2O4), (LiMnPO4), (LixMnO2), (LiVOPO4), (Li3V2(PO4)3), (LiV3O8) and (LiVO(PO4)F), and manganese dioxide.R1 = H, F, Cl, Br or haloalkyl;R2 = H, F, Cl, Br or (halo)alkyl; andx = 0.3-0.4.