TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: In the article, all the electrically conductive particles are coated with the compound. The electrically conductive particles are formed of a metal or metal oxide. The electrically conductive particles have an average diameter of at least 0.5 (preferably at most 10) mu. The second electrode further comprises a polymer, surfactant. The photoactive layer comprises an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material. The photoactive layer between the first and second electrodes is preferably a first and second photoactive layer between the first and second electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is selected from silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, and its alloy. The metal oxide comprises indium oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide and/or magnesium oxide. The electron acceptor material comprises a material selected from fullerenes, inorganic nanoparticles, oxadiazoles, discotic liquid crystals, carbon nanorods, inorganic nanorods, polymers containing CN groups and/or polymers containing CF3 groups (preferably substituted fullerene). The substituted fullerene comprises PCBM.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Article: The article further comprises a hole carrier layer between the first electrode and the photoactive layer. The article is configured as a tandem photovoltaic cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound comprises a thiol moiety; alkanethiol compound or perfluorinated alkanethiol compound; or of formula R-SH (preferably hexadecanethiol or 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol). The photoactive layer comprises a photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material. The photosensitized interconnected nanoparticle material comprises a material selected from selenides, sulfides, tellurides, titanium oxides, tungsten oxides, zinc oxides and/or zirconium oxides.R=1-20C alkyl, 2-20C alkenyl, 2-20C alkynyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 3-20C cycloalkenyl, 1-20C heterocycloalkyl, 1-20C heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl (preferably 1-10C alkyl (optionally substituted with F)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polyester, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate), polyurethane, poly(styrene-butadiene), polyacrylic, or its copolymer. The electron donor material comprises a polymer selected from polythiophenes, polyanilines, polycarbazoles, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, polyisothianaphthanenes, polycyclopentadithiophenes, polysilacyclopentadithiophenes, polycyclopentadithiazoles, polythiazolothiazoles, polythiazoles, polybenzothiadiazoles, poly(thiophene oxide)s, poly(cyclopentadithiophene oxide)s, polythiadiazoloquinoxaline, polybenzoisothiazole, polybenzothiazole, polythienothiophene, poly(thienothiophene oxide), polydithienothiophene, poly(dithienothiophene oxide)s, polytetrahydroisoindoles, and their copolymers (preferably polythiophenes, polycyclopentadithiophenes, and their copolymers, especially poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(cyclopentadithiophene-co-benzothiadiazole)). The hole carrier layer comprises a polymer selected from polythiophenes, polyanilines, polycarbazoles, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, polyisothianaphthanenes, and their copolymers (preferably comprises poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene).