TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reflector film comprises PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The single piece of transparent solid comprises a laminated glass, or a tempered glass. The single piece of transparent solid comprises a plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single piece of transparent solid comprises iron element, and cerium oxide. The rolling the ribbon glass with a shaped molding roller further involves quenching each of the concentrating elements using water or cryogenic gas. The photovoltaic strips are made of at least material selected from single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), thin film materials, and nanostructured materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of polyfunctional aromatic monomer is 0.01-50 mol%. Preferred Components: The cross-linked aromatic polymer further comprises bifunctional aromatic monomer of formula: X3-Ar3-X3 (3) which does not contain ion-exchange group. The ion-exchange group is chosen from sulfonic acid group, perfluoro alkylene sulfonic acid group, perfluoro phenylene sulfonic acid group, sulfonylamide group, phosphonic group and carboxyl group.Ar3=bivalent aromatic group;andX3=X1, and condensable functional group. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=halogen, 4-methylphenyl sulfonyloxy and trifluoromethyl sulfonyloxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The phenylene group polymer has number average molecular weight of 3000-500000. Preferred Method: The carbon nanotube composite is dispersed in solvent to form dispersion liquid of carbon nanotube composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen gas is replaced by another binary hydrate forming gas. Preferred Condition: The hydrates are formed at 243-295 K and 1-100 MPa. The trapped hydrogen is released from the hydrates by melting the hydrates at 253-283 K and 0.1-50 MPa, preferably at room temperature and ambient pressure. Preferred Component: The hydrogen gas is higher than 1 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is one or more of 26 benzene containing compounds, e.g. compounds of formulae (I)-(V). In formula (I) an (II),X-=chloride, bromide, fluoride, iodide, methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, perchlorate, acetate, nitrate, sulfate, alkyl sulfate (where alkyl=1-12C alkyl), OH, formate, benzoate, phthalate, salicylate, propanoate, butyrate;n=4-20; andR, R', R''=1-6C alkyl.In formula (III),X-=as defined in formula (I);n=1-8; andR, R', R''=1-30C alkyl.In formula (IV),X-=as defined in formula (I);n=6-24; andR, R', R''=1-6C alkyl.In formula (V),X-=as defined in formula (I);n=6-24; andR, R', R''=1-6C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal foil contains copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, magnesium, titanium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary adhesive layer secondary adhesive layer contains thermosetting resin and latent hardener, and electrically-conductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The active material is a lithium containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon conductor is selected from at least one of acetylene black, carbon fibers, single wall carbon nanotubes, and multiwall carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from at least one of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and latex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The material thickness of the casing conforms to UL94 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-molecular compound is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The energy storage system is made from a high voltage series of batteries selected from the group consisting of nickel-cadmium, nickel-metalhydride, lithium ion, lithium-solid polymer, sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, lithium-sulfur, nickel-iron, nickel-zinc, zinc-bromide, nickel-hydrogen batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The base is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or their mixture. The base is selected from sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The conductive powder is selected from carbon-powder, carbon black, acetylene black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanowire, carbon nano-horn, carbon nano ring or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The hydrophobic polymer is selected from fluoropolymer, polyolefin based polymer, benzene group containing polymer, their copolymers or their mixture. The micro pore layer is made of the poly tetra fluro ethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, poly-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, polyperfluoro sulfonyl fluoride, alkoxy vinyl ether, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate, copolymers or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gel non-aqueous electrolyte contains matrix polymer which includes polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-monochloro trifluoroethylene copolymer, or polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-monomethyl ester maleate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymerization ratio (R) of benzene sulfonyl repeating unit (1) with respect to fluorinated benzene sulfonyl repeating unit (2), is more than 0.1 to less than 10. The equivalent weight per 1 mol of sulfonic acid groups of polyether sulfone-type polymer electrolyte, is 200-1000. Preferred Process: The polyether sulfone-type polymer electrolyte is obtained by introducing sulfo (1-6C)alkyl group into polyether sulfone series copolymer having benzene sulfonyl repeating unit (3) and fluorinated benzene sulfonyl repeating unit (4). Preferred Definitions:    n,n'=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The hydrophilic group containing monomer is given by formula: CH2=C(-R1)-A-O-Z-O-B1-R2 (1), preferably CH2=C(-R1)-A-O-C6H5-C6H5-O-B1-R2 (2).R2=sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid group;B1=alkylene, preferably -(CH2)n2-;n1=1 or more, preferably 1-18, more preferably 1-6;andn2=3-10.Preferred Polymer: The molecular arrangement of liquid crystal state of the water insoluble liquid crystal polymer obtained by copolymerization or polymerization of hydrophobic monomer and hydrophilic monomer is used in a liquid crystal state, and solid state, respectively. The liquid crystal state is smectic. Preferred Definitions:    Z=biphenyl;    R1=methyl;    A=-CO-O(CH2)n3;    B2=-(CH2)n4-CH3;and    n3,n4=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The five-coordination metal ion is chosen from zinc ion, cadmium ion and copper ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene can be replaced by trans-4,4'-azopyridine, 4,4'-azopyridine, bis(pyridyl)acetylene, 1,2-bis(4-pyridinyl)ethane, 4,4'-bipyridine, 1,4-bis(4-pyridinyl)benzene, 4,2',5',4"-terpyridine, 2,5-di-4-pyridinyl pyrimidine, 3,6-di-4-pyridinyl pyridazine, 2,5-di-(4-pyridinyl) pyrazine and/or 3,6-di-4-pyridyl-1, 2,4,5-tetrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has a mean pore diameter of 2.5-4 nm, a specific surface area of more than 800 m2/g, and an average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m. Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst is obtained by supporting a catalytically active component having a specific surface area of 60-130 m2/g, on the carrier. Preferred Process: A liquid mixture containing the catalyst carrier, a metallic compound of a metal which shows catalytic activity, and water is heated at 180 degrees C or less, the catalyst carrier is placed in a hydrogen-containing-gas atmosphere, and the metal is reduced on the surface of carrier. The hydrogen-containing-gas atmosphere is heated to 1-10 degrees C/minute, and metal reduction is carried out at 200-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalytically active component is platinum (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous base material is polytetrafluoroethylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Alternately, the polymer is a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing acrylic ester monomer of formula (1) (50 weight%, preferably 55-90 weight%) and polyalkylene glycol (meth)acrylate monomer of formula (2) (50 weight%, preferably 45-10 weight%). The polyalkylene glycol (meth)acrylate monomer is of formula: CH2=C(-R4)-C(=O)-O-(CH2-CH(-R5)-O)n-R6 (2).R4,R5=H or methyl;R6=1-18C hydrocarbon;andn=1-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The copolymer further consists of an arylene repeating unit of formula (2).A,C'=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)l-, -C(CF3)2-, -(CH2)l-, -C(CR'2)2-, -O-, or -S-;R'=hydrocarbon group or cyclic hydrocarbon group;B'=oxygen or sulfur;R1-R16=alkyl halide, allyl, aryl, nitro, nitrile, H, fluorine, or alkyl partially or fully halogenated;s,t=0-4;andu=0, or 1 or more.Preferred Polymer: The copolymer is of formula (3).Z=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, or -SO-;n=2-5;andg=bonding position.Preferred Composition: An electrode paste is obtained using the electrolyte, catalyst particles, and solvent. Preferred Definitions:    Y'=-CO- or -SO2-;    W',Z=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -O-, or -S-;    p,q=0-2;    r=1-2;    R30=-SO3H, -O(CH2)hSO3H, or -O(CF2)hSO3H;and    h=1-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble polymer is methyl cellulose whose average number of hydroxyl group substituted by methoxyl group per glucose ring unit is 1.4-2.4. The binder resin is chosen from styrene-butadiene copolymer latex resin, acryl latex resin and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-containing resin contains polyvinylidene fluoride and/or polyvinylidene fluoride having substituent. The acrylic resin is formed from 10-80 weight part of acrylate type monomer or methacrylate type monomer, and can be dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains iron element. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by adhering the active ingredient on the carbon-type substrate which is heat processed with the compound containing nitrogen element and iron element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder resin is chosen from styrene-butadiene copolymer latex resin, acryl latex resin and/or fluororesin. The water-soluble polymer is methyl cellulose whose average number of hydroxyl group substituted by methoxyl group per glucose ring unit is 1.4-2.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfonic acid group-containing compound is an aromatic dihalide compound having protective sulfonic acid group. The sulfonic acid group-containing compound is of formula (1, 2, 3 or 4). The sulfonic acid group-containing compound is of formula: X2-(((Ar1-Y'1)a-Ar2-Z1-((Ar3-Y'2)b-Ar4-Z2)c)n-(Ar1-Y'1)a-Ar2)-X2 (3). The sulfonic acid group-containing compound is of formula: X3-Ar5-X3 (4).A=optionally substituted (1-20C hydrocarbon substituted amino or 1-20C alkoxy), preferably 2,2-dimethyl propoxy;R1=fluorine, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy 6-20C aryl, 6-20C aryloxy 2-20C acyl or cyano;X1-X3=chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine;Ar1-Ar5=bivalent organic group, 1-20C alkyl optionally substituted by fluorine, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy, 1-20C alkoxy optionally substituted by fluorine, cyano, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy, 6-20C aryl optionally substituted by fluorine, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy or 6-20C aryloxy, 6-20C aryloxy optionally substituted by fluorine, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy or 6-20C aryl, 2-20C acyl optionally substituted by fluorine, cyano, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy;Y'1,Y'2= single bond, carbonyl, sulfonyl, 2,2-isopropylidene, 2,2-hexafluoro isopropylidene or fluorene-9,9-diyl;Z1,Z2=oxygen or sulfur;a,b,c=0 or 1;n=5 or more;andm=1 or 2, preferably 1.Adjacent two R1 optionally combine to form a ring. When m is 1 then k is 0-3. When m is 2 then k is 0-2. Preferred Compound: The de-protecting agent is an alkali-metal halide or halogenated quaternary ammonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization process is carried out in presence of a nickel compound, zinc and nitrogen containing bi-dentate ligand. Preferred Compound: The nickel compound is nickel(0)bis(cyclooctadiene) or halogenated nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The moisture resistance test of the solar cell module is prescribed according to JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor wafer is a p-type silicone, and the dopant is phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound layer is hydrophobic and the solution is aqueous solution. The high molecular compound layer includes silicone resin, silicone oil or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is used as electrode active material. The carbon material is thermal decomposition vapor growth carbon fiber. The secondary battery further contains electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The organic radical polymer has number average molecular weight of 100000 or more. Preferred Process: The organic radical polymer is insoluble in electrolyte solution during charging and discharging process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of ceramic, sapphire, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide and beryllium oxide. A connecting layer comprising silver paste is formed under the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide is indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide or cadmium stannate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxocarbonic acid is selected from squaric acid, delta ( delta ) acid, croconic acid and/or rhodizonic acid (preferably squaric acid).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of cationic conductive polymer (S1) involves mixing proton donating polymer and oxocarbonic acid in the presence of N,N-dimethylacetamide to obtain the cationic conductive polymer (S1). Preferred Components: The proton donating polymer comprises sulfonic acid group; and sulfonated polysulfone. The proton donating polymer is selected from polyether ketones, sulfonated polystyrenes, sulfonated polyphenylenes, sulfonated trifluorostyrenes, sulfonated polyphosphazenes, fluoropolymers, fluorinated sulfonamides, zwitterionic ionenes, ionomers, sulfonated polysulfones, sulfonated polyamides, sulfonated polyazoles, sulfonated silicones, and polyimidazole. The molar ratio of the proton donating acid groups of proton donating polymer to oxocarbonic acid is 0.1-2 (preferably 0.25-0.75). The proton donating polymer is doped with oxocarbonic acid. EXAMPLE - Sulfonated polysulfone powder (1.2 g), polyvinylalcohol (0.1 g), and squaric acid powder (0.8 g) were mixed with water (1 ml) to obtain a cationic conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel source is a aqueous solution of highly concentrated hydrocarbon fuel without electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The driving-off-moisture mechanism comprises microporous material or polymer membrane. The fuel evaporative mechanism comprises utilization of gelled fuel source as one alternative. The anode catalyst layer comprises porous layer with direct fuel electrooxidation catalyst preferably Hypermec(RTM: electrocatalyst), optional electronically conductive material (as support), ionomeric anionic hydroxide conducting recast polymer, and PTFE (20-50 wt.%) for imparting good hydrophobicity. The cathode catalyst layer comprises porous layer with oxygen electroreduction catalyst preferably Hypermec(RTM: electrocatalyst), optional electronically conductive material (as support), ionomeric anionic hydroxide conducting recast polymer, and PTFE (5-15 wt.%) for imparting good hydrophilicity. The anode (also for cathode) diffusion or backing layer comprises microporous layer made from carbon particles bonded together with PTFE (25-55 wt.%) for imparting good hydrophobicity. The anionic hydroxide conductive membrane electrolyte is Tokoyama membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The siloxane compound has an amino group in its both terminals, and is of formula: H2N-R1-Si(-CH3)2-O-(Si(-CH3)2-O)n-Si(CH3)2-R1-NH2 (1) or of formula (2).R1=1-10C alkylene;andm,n=0-10.Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer further contains a coupling agent and epoxy hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The organic film is a fluororesin film containing trifluoro-chloroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The current density between the electrodes is 1-20 mA/cm2. Alternating voltage of 1-1000 Hz is applied between electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The organic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, formic acid, succinic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, caproic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, benzoic acid, acrylic acid, malonic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid or compound of formula: R-AR-SO3H.R=1-6C alkyl, alkoxy or amide;andAR=benzene or naphthalene ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin containing ionic dissociation group is chosen from resins (a), (b) and/or (c). The resin (a) is obtained by polymerizing monomer having hydroxyl group-containing structural units of formula (4-7). The resin (b) is obtained by copolymerizing monomer having hydroxyl group-containing structural units of formula (4-7) and monomer having sulfonic acid group. The resin (c) is obtained by monomer having hydroxyl group-containing structural units of formula (4-7), monomer having sulfonic acid group and monomer having 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds. The hydroxyl group-containing structural units is of formula: CH2=CHCOOCH2CH2OPO(OH)2 (4), CH2=CHCOOCH2CH(CH2Cl)OPO(OH)2 (5), CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2OPO(OH)2 (6) or CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH(CH2Cl)OPO(OH)2 (7). The monomer containing sulfonic acid group is of formula: CH2=CHCH2SO3Y' (8), CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H (9) or of formula (10). The monomer having 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds is of formula: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH=CH2 (11), (CH2=CHCONH)2CH2 (12) or (CH2=CHCOOCH2)3CCH2CH3 (13).X,Y'=H or alkali metal.Preferred Method: The fuel cell produces electric power using fuel containing alcohol, preferably ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is a long-chain alkyl-group containing halogenated quaternary ammonium salt. The organometallic compound is citrate or acetate containing metallic element such as bismuth, lanthanum, lead or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer is polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The back surface protection sheet has light transmittance of 45% or more at wavelength of 550 nm, and light transmittance of 10% or less at wavelength of 385 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte comprises electroconductive compound(s) (E1) chosen from copper iodide (CuI), copper sulfo cyanide (CuSCN) and copper bromide (CuBr), and polymer (E2) preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivative(s). The counter electrode comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has micropores in the pore volume of 0.1-0.8 ml/g. The micropores have average diameter of 1.0-3.0 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The base substrate are metal substrate chosen from titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, iron and/or their alloys. The intermediate layer having platinum group metal layer and/or its oxide layer contains iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and/or its oxide. Preferred Process: The platinum group metal layer is formed by coating liquid containing alcohol solution of platinum-containing organic metal compound, drying and baking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The ( pi )-conjugated-type electroconductive polymeric layer contains polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene or their derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent coating composition is coated on a smooth glass plate or aluminum foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent is distilled water or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred method: The method (M1) additionally involves removing solvent to form solid layer; removing solvent to form an active layer; and thermally annealing the layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of second solvent to first solvent is less than 1:3, preferably less than 1:2. The composition additionally comprises an electron accepting moiety (preferably fullerene or its derivative, especially at least one fullerene (mono to tetra-substituted with at least one indene and/or methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester), particularly methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester, 60C-indene mono adduct and/or 60C-indene bis-adduct), and n-acceptor moiety (preferably n-acceptor moiety). Preferred Components: The second solvent is an alkylthiophene (preferably 3-methylthiophene). The second solvent is not halogenated solvent. The first solvent comprises an aromatic compound, preferably halogenated aromatic compound, especially chlorobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, chloroform, ortho-xylene, or toluene (preferably halogenated aromatic compound).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer comprises at least one backbone repeat unit comprising heterocyclic ring (preferably thiophene ring). Each thiophene ring comprises an alkyl substituent. The conjugated polymer comprises regioregular polythiophene derivative homopolymer or its copolymer (preferably regioregular polythiophene derivative (preferably regioregular poly(3-alkyl thiophene), regioregular poly(3-aryl thiophene), in which the aryl group at the 3-position is substituted with an alkyl group, or regioregular poly(3-alkoxy thiophene)). The conjugated polymer comprises polythiophene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium sulfide, tin oxides, zinc oxide, zinc peroxide or doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fillers are made of metals or semiconductors, other conductive or semiconductive oxides, powdered forms of metallic elements or their electrically conductive alloys or reduced oxides on their own or together, titanium tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, hafnium, aluminum, silicon, tin, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, lead, manganese, beryllium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, technetium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver, cadmium, copper, zinc, germanium, arsenic, bismuth, boron, scandium, and metals of lanthanide and actinide series. The second filler includes a conductive or semi-conductive coating. The coating is metals or semiconductors, other conductive or semiconductive oxides, powdered forms of metallic elements or their electrically conductive alloys or reduced oxides on their own or together, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, hafnium, aluminum, silicon, carbon, tin, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, lead, manganese, beryllium, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, rhenium, technetium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, silver, cadmium, copper, zinc, germanium, arsenic, bismuth, boron, scandium, or metals of the lanthanide and actinide series.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The first filler has a particle size of 1-100000 (preferably 10-10000) nm. The aspect ratio of the particles of the second filler is 1-10000, preferably 5-1000. Preferred Component: The fillers are made of intrinsically conductive or semiconductive organic or inorganic polymers. The polymer binder is solvent-based or water-based, or nonsolvent-based and nonwater based.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydrogenated compound is sodium borohydride. The powdery compound which catalyzes hydrolysis reaction is transition metal compound such as cobalt compound and nickel compound. Preferred Shape: The hydrogen-producing agent is in powder form and pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermovoltaic element comprises filled skutterdite, chlathrate structured compound, fine grain thermoelectric material, film-shaped thermoelectric material, zinc oxide, carbon nanotube composite, organic material and/or inorganic material. The thermovoltaic element may include an infrared absorber (preferably copper-yttrium-calcium oxide, yttrium-zinc-aluminum oxide, lithium niobate, gallium oxide, strontium titanate, copper-indium telluride, or copper-indium-gallium selenide); and indium tin oxide electrode(s). The photovoltaic element comprises monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, thin film silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, ceramic-based semiconductor, carbon nanotube, graphite, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, graphene and carbon nanofibers, and/or inorganic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic element may comprise polymeric material, polymeric hybrid material, and/or organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel consists of electroactive alcohols, electroactive organic acids and electroactive ethers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass (preferably quartz glass) and/or polymer foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first layer comprises aluminum, platinum, gold, nickel, nickel-chromium alloys and/or conducting polymers (preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate)) and/or organic conductors (tetracyanoquinodimethane-tetrathiafulvalene), as material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer foil is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalene, polycarbonate, and/or polymethyl methacrylate as material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is poly(vinyl alcohol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optically transparent electrode layer is a conductive oxide selected form tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and/or cadmium stannate. The p-doped layer is doped with a dopant selected from boron, aluminum, and/or gallium (preferably a carbon-comprising boron compound dopant; especially boron trifluoride, pentaborane, and/or decaborane).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-doped layer is doped with a carbon-containing and boron-containing dopant (preferably trimethylboron, triethylboron, and/or tris(pentafluorophenyl) boron).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent electrode layer is a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of the non-woven fabric separation film is selected from a group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, aramid, nylon, polyester, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole and polyarylate. The separation film is made of polyolefin resin that is polyethylene, polypropylene or copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas containing carbon monoxide is hydrogen rich gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The electroconductive fine particles are chosen from tin-indium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide and stannic oxide. Preferred Property: The barrier-thin film exhibits barrier property with respect to iodine or iodine compound. Preferred Process: An electroconductive film formed using barrier-thin film contains electroconductive substance such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, platinum, palladium, tin, iridium, indium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, chromium or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: Layer (II) consists of physical-deposition film or chemical-deposition film, preferably a vapor-deposition film, of an inorganic substance. Layer (II) contains alumina, aluminum, silicon dioxide, and/or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Layer (II) has higher melting point than layer (I). Layer (II) is applied on layer (I) and formed integrally. Or, layer (II) is formed separately. Layer (II) is free of electrically negative atom. The thickness of layer (II) is 1.5 mu m or less. The exterior component further consists of layer (III) containing resin material having melting point higher than that of layer (I), provided on the outer side of layer (II). The exterior component is bonded through an adhesive layer in portion(s) between each layer. Layer (I) has an alcohol permeability of 20 g/m2.day or less, and layer (II) has an alcohol permeability of 3 g/m2.day or less. The load required to bend the exterior component to form a strip of 15 mm width and a curvature radius of 0.1 mm, is 100 mN or less. Preferred Components: Layer (I) contains a thermoplastic resin, or chain-shaped low-density polyethylene and/or non-extended polypropylene. Layer (II) contains a resin material, preferably polyvinylidene chloride, or high-density polyethylene, stretched polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, PTFE, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, and/or polyphenylene ether. Layer (III) contains high-density polyethylene, stretched polyethylene, stretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, and/or nylon. The adhesive layer contains adhesive agent of polyurethane type, acrylic type, polyester type, polystyrene type, and/or polyolefin type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surface nickel nanoparticle is coated by water-soluble organic polymer. The organic polymer is polyvinyl pyrrolidine. The metal nanoparticle is manufactured using polyhydric alcohol chosen from ethylene glycol and/or triethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The odorization agent addition material storage portion is positioned above the mixing chamber. The globular-shaped odorization agent addition material from its storage portion is supplied through the odorization agent addition material supply path by gravity. Preferred Material: The odorization agent addition material has a coating layer having thermoplasticity. The odorization agent is filled inside the coating layer of the addition material. When the odorization agent addition material is heated in its processing portion, the solid-state odorization agent contained in the odorization agent addition material is sublimated and becomes gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The transmitter transmits a signal selected from Bluetooth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The preparation method of high viscosity solar cell positive silver paste comprises (1) preparing glass glue comprising bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) 65-85 wt.%, silicon dioxide (SiO2) 5-12 wt.%, lead monoxide (PbO) 1-15 wt.%, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 1-5 wt.%; weighing raw materials and mixing and heating in high-temperature retort furnace at 1000-1400 degrees C; keeping temperature for 30-60 minutes; and quenching and ball milling the melting glass powder grain; (2) preparing organic additive, mixing ethyl cellulose, dibutyl phthalate, acrylic resin, and/or polybutenol butyral with the castor oil according to 1:3-1:5 weight proportion, cutting continuously and heating for 1-2 hours until that the additive expands, cooling to obtain the stable gel; (3) preparing organic carrier, uniformly mixing the organic solvent and organic additive according to 3:1-7:1 weight proportion; (4) preparing high viscosity solar cell positive silver paste by uniformly mixing silver powder of 75-85%, glass glue of 2-10%, and organic carrier of 5.5-20%, and putting into the ball miller to mill and obtain the even solar cell positive silver paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersant is propylene oxide, normal heptane, liquid paraffin or kerosene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is Span 60(RTM: sorbitan monostearate), Span 80(RTM: sorbitan monooleate), Span 85(RTM: sorbitan trioleate), oleic acid, alcohol polyethylene ether, carboxymethylcellulose ether, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tea saponin and/or cocamidopropyl betaine. The antisetting agent is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, sodium silicate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate. Preferred Process: The method involves emulsification for 10-30 minutes at 13000 rpm, ultrasonic dispersing and monitoring viscosity coefficient at room temperature, or separately placing emulsified paste at room temperature and 50 degrees C for 7-15 days and observing sedimentation condition of paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group VIA elements include selenium or sulfur. The intermediate layer includes chromium, vanadium, tungsten, glass and/or nitrides, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, and silicon nitride, oxide or carbide. The absorber layer includes ink containing group IB and IIIA elements on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glue layer is an ethyl vinyl acetate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of noble metal of noble-metal type catalyst is 0.05% or less. The copper type catalyst consists of a support which supports metal copper or copper oxide as active ingredient. The support consists of oxide of aluminum, cerium, zirconium, zinc, lead, manganese, nickel, titanium, iron, vanadium, cobalt, chromium and/or metal silicate. The copper type catalyst is perovskite type complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The total number of blocks (A) is 5-95. The block (A) contains thiadiazole repeating unit of formula (4). The block (B) contains thiophene repeating unit of formula (5).R1-R4=1-20C linear alkyl. EXAMPLE - Methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (in g) (0.03), dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (0.1 mg), toluene (5 ml), a compound (0.11) of formula (C) and a compound (0.18) of formula (D) were mixed under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated at 105 degrees C, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was heated and refluxed for 2 hours, and cooled to obtain block (B). The compound (0.61) of formula (E), compound (C) (0.47), toluene (13 ml), methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (0.2) and dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (0.4 mg) were mixed under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated at 105 degrees C, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (2 ml) was added. Phenyl boronic acid (0.02) was added and heated for 5 hours. N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamic-acid sodium trihydrate (0.5) and ion exchange water (6.18 ml) were added and stirred at 90 degrees C for 3 hours. The water layer was removed after cooling, and organic layer washed with acetic acid aqueous solution and ion exchanger water. A polymer (0.7) containing blocks (A,B) was produced. The polymer had number average molecular weight of 8.2x 4 and weight average molecular weight of 2.9x 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The monomer of organic ligand is carboxylate group-containing compound of formula: R-(COX)n (I), which is preferably carboxylic-acid chloride compound of formula: R-(COCl)n (II), or carboxylic-acid alkoxide compound of formula: R-(COOCmH2m+1)n (III).R=arbitrary hydrocarbon-type substituent of formula (IV-XXXVIII);n=1-4, preferably 2-4;X=halogen or alkoxide;andm=1-3.Preferred Process: The cross-linking ligand is subjected to bidentate coordination with central metal. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon-type substituents contains heterocyclic structure containing element chosen from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, arsenic, silicon, antimony and mercury. A central metal contains metal having 2-3 valence, preferably chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, cadmium, tungsten, rhenium and iridium. The central-metal salt is chosen from nitride, sulfate, acetate, carbonate and formate. The oxide of central metal contains hydroxylated metal. The cross-linking ligand contains triethylene diamine or pyrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-absorptive core contains perfluorocarbon sulfonic-acid polymer. The hydrophobic porous shell contains carbon and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Current collection electrode has copper layer and aluminum layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer is polyimide layer, polyethylene terephthalate layer or polyethylene naphthalate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Thermoelectric conversion material is made of bismuth and tellurium as main component. The contact surface has copper or aluminum as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The film compound has a reactive group at one end and a reactive silyl group at other end. The film of silicon fine particles is a monolayer (18).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The reactive group is heat reactive group, photoreactive group, ionic reaction property group or radical reactive group, preferably epoxy group, amino group, imino group, cinnamoyl group and/or chalconyl group. The film compound is alkoxysilane compound. Preferred Process: The coupling formed by reaction of amino group or imino group and epoxy group or isocyanate group is N-CH2CH(OH) coupling. The coupling formed of cross-linking reaction is coupling comprising four membered ring formed of photodimerization reaction of cinnamoyl group or chalconyl group. Preferred Compound: The cross-sectional view of the cross-linking agent is an imidazole derivative, or compound having 2 or more epoxy groups or compound having 2 or more isocyanate groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The silicon fine particles is manufactured using metallic carboxylate, metal carboxylate, polymer of carboxylic acid and metallic salt, carboxylic-acid-metallic chelate, titanic acid ester and/or titanic acid ester chelate as a condensation catalyst and ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound as a co-catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The partition member is formed by use of the insulating resin such as polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide is one of SnO2, titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxides (Fe2O3, or Fe3O4), cobalt oxides (CoO, or Co3O4), cupric oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium oxide (In2O3), nickel oxide (NiO), molybdic oxide (MoO3), or tungsten oxide (WO3). The metal oxide precursor contains one ion from tin, titanium, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, indium, molybdenum or tungsten; and can form an oxide from SnO2, TiO2, NiO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, CoO, Co3O4, CuO, ZnO, In2O3, MoO3 or WO3 through a thermal treatment after being spun while being mixed with the polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The collector is formed of a material from platinum, gold, palladium, iridium, silver, rhodium, ruthenium, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, copper or tungsten; indium-tin-oxide (ITO) (Indium doped tin oxide (SnO2)) or fluorine-tin-oxide (FTO) (Fluorine doped SnO2); or a metallic material formed on a silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is at least one of polyurethane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane copolymer, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butylate, cellulose acetate propionate, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polymethylacrylate (PMA), polyacryl copolymer, polyvinylacetate (PVAc) (preferably), polyvinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyperfluoroacrylate (PPFA), polystyrene, polystyrene copolymer, polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), polyethylene oxide copolymer, polypropylene oxide copolymer, polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycaprolactone, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidenfluoride copolymer, or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalyst and/or second catalyst comprise acid, e.g. hydrochloric acid. The photovoltaic device has glass substrate which comprises soda-lime-silica glass including (wt.%) silicon dioxide (SiO2) (67-75), sodium oxide (Na2O) (10-20), calcium oxide (CaO) (5-15), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0-7), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (0-5), potassium oxide (K2O) (0-5), lithium oxide (Li2O) (0-1.5) and barium oxide (BaO) (0-1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane comprises glycycloxylpropyltrimethoxysilane (glymo). The first and second solvents comprise n-propanol. The colloidal silica comprises methyl ethyl ketone. The siloxane is 3,5 bis(3-carboxy propyl)tetramethyl disiloxane; 4,3,5-bis(chloromethyl)octamethyl tetrasiloxane; 1,3 bis(3-methylacryloxy)tetramethyl disiloxane; hexamethyl disiloxane; octamethyl trisiloxane; decamethyl trisiloxane; hydrogen silsesquioxane; hexaethylcyclotrisiloxane; hexaethyl disiloxane; 1,1,3,3,5,5 -hexamethyltrisiloxane; hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane; hexavinyldisiloxane; hexaphenyldisiloxane; octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane; hexachlorodisiloxane; dichlorooctamethyltetrasiloxane; 2-(methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl)heptamethyl trisiloxane; 3-acryloxypropyl tris trimethyl siloxysilane; methylacryloxypropyl heptacyclopentyl-T8-silsesquioxane; octakis(dimethylsiloxy)octaprismosilsesquioxane or octavinyl-T8-silsesquioxane. Preferred Compositions: The siloxane comprises 0.1-110 (preferably 2-5) wt.% of combined sol gel. Preferred Method: The formation of combined sol gel further includes mixing organic additive or metal oxide with silica sol and siloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-cladded composite composition includes coolant channel. The second clad comprises a conductive material, particularly carbon or graphite paper, a carbon or graphite fabric, a conductive polymer film, or a metal foil. The conductive carbon or graphite material comprises particles, particularly carbon fibers, carbon nano-tubes, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, carbon blacks, graphite powder, amorphous carbon, chemical vapor deposited carbon, and/or laser induced carbon. The conductive carbon or graphite material comprises nano-scaled graphene platelets or expanded graphite platelets. The platelets are non-parallel to a planar outer surface of composition. The conductive filler comprises a conductive material, particularly carbon fiber, metal fiber, carbon nano-tube, graphitic nano-fiber, nano-scaled graphene plate, carbon black, metal particle, and/or graphite powder. Preferred Properties: The first or second clad has a thickness less than 100, preferably less than 1 mu m. The composition has an electrical conductivity of greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 200 S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composite layer comprises a thermoplastic matrix resin with the conductive filler (less than 50 wt.% by weight based on the total composite layer weight); or thermoplastic matrix resin without a thermoset resin binder. The matrix resin comprises a thermoset resin, particularly unsaturated polyester resin, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic resin, polyimide resin, bismaleimide resin, and/or polyurethane resin. The composite layer comprises a matrix resin, particularly a thermoplastic, a thermoset, a semi interpenetrating network, an interpenetrating network, and/or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha olefin is ethylene, and the alpha beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-ionomeric polymer is ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and poly (vinyl butyral). The polymer consists of fluoropolymers and polyesters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanorods comprise zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or titanium di-oxide. The capping agent is mercaptoacetic acid. The nanocrystals comprise copper indium diselenide, copper indium disulfide, CuIn1-xGaxSe2, where Cu is copper, In is indium, x is 0-1 and GaSe2 is gallium diselenide, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead teluride, gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, cadmium teluride and cadmium selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), polyphenylenevinylene or a derivative of polyphenylenevinylene, or polyfluorene or a derivative of polyfluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate may also comprise a glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium selenide, cadmium zinc selenide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide (Zn1-xMgxO), cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide, or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate further comprises metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a plastic. The diaphragm is a made of plastic, rubber, rubber derivative, silicone rubber, or elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell includes semiconductor junction (106, 108) on a conducting material (104, 110) and a transparent conducting layer. The semiconductor junction comprises an absorber layer that is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and junction partner layer that is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, or doped zinc oxide. An antireflective coating is disposed on transparent casing and comprises magnesium fluoride, silicone nitrate, titanium nitrate, silicon monoxide, or silicone oxide nitrite. The substrate comprises metal or metal alloy. The container includes an inert gas. It is made of brushed metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first container is made of rubber, latex, chloroprene, or nylon fabric. The substrate comprises plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The incident layer is made of glass. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alpha olefin is ethylene. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-acid copolymer composition of second encapsulant layer is selected from ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers or epoxy resins. The non-acid copolymer composition includes a non-ionomeric polymer selected from poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or poly(vinyl butyral). The incident layer is a film containing a polymer selected from fluoropolymers or polyesters. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of polymers or metals. The backing layer is made of a fluoropolymer film/sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The hydrophilic segment is water-soluble. It is composed of a structural unit of formula (I). The hydrophobic segment is composed of a structural unit of formula (II) or (III).X, Y=-C(CH3)2-, bond, -O-, -C(CF3)2-, -S(O)2-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -S(O)-, -S-, -C(O)NH-, or divalent fluorenyl;a, g, h, m, n=0 or \-1;b=\-1;r=\-0;s=\~1;c, d, e, f, i, j, k, l=0-1;Ar1=one or more of 5 radicals, e.g. bicyclic radical of formula (VI); andAr2=tetravalent group having aromatic ring(s).Provided that (j+l) is less than (d+f), s is less than (d+f), and at least one of c and e is not 0 and at least one of d and f is not 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent comprises an isocyanate functional compound or a blocked isocyanate functional compound. The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate. Preferred Group: The functional group (A) is chosen from carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, aziridine, anhydride, amine, isocyanate, melamine, epoxy and hydroxyl. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is dimethylacetamide, propylene carbonate, butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone and/or dimethylsulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fluoropolymer is in the form of particles in a solvent. The fluoropolymer coating has thickness of 0.1-10 mils, preferably 0.5-10 mils. Preferred Polymer: The adhesive polymer is chosen from polyester, polycarbonate, acrylic, polyether, their polyol, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, amide, acrylamide and urethane. The adhesive polymer has a functional group (A). Preferred Film: The polymeric substrate film is unprimed polymeric substrate film or unmodified polymeric substrate film. The polymeric substrate film comprises polyester, polyamide and/or polyimide, and filler. Preferred Method: The crosslinking, removing and coating processes are performed by heating at 150-250 degrees C. The method further involves modifying the polymeric substrate film by surface activation process, before the coating process. Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl fluoride contained in component (a1) and vinylidene fluoride contained in component (a2) is 60 mol% and 60 mol%, respectively. The content of adhesive polymer contained with respect to fluoropolymer solid content of fluoropolymer coating composition is 1-40 weight%. The fluoropolymer coating further comprises 1-35 weight% of pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ITO-220AC diodes have plastic covered heat sinks to dissipate heat at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61215 Edition 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The enclosure is constructed of a substantially rigid, electrically insulating and thermally conductive material, preferably ABS plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive substrate comprises stainless steel. Preferred Parameters: The conductive element has contact resistance of less than or equal to 5 m Omega -cm2 under compressive force of 2700 kPa. The coating has thickness of less than 30 mu m and total contact resistance of less than 30 (preferably less than 10) m Omega -cm2 at pressure of 2700 (preferably 1400) kPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive corrosion resistant coating comprises organic polymer or polymeric matrix comprising organic polymer and conductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous metal oxide layer is made of titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin ash (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), and the former conductive layer is made of platinum (Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic disulfonate is methylenemethane disulfonate, ethylene methane disulfonate and/or propylene methane disulfonate. The anode contains lithium manganate or lithium cabaltate as an active material. The cross-linked-type polymer comprises acrylic polymers. The polymerization initiator comprises peroxide. The solvent contains linear carbonate and/or cyclic carbonate. The cathode contains graphite as an active material. The exterior component consists of laminate materials. Preferred Property: The attainment voltage in charging process is more than discharge minimum voltage. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of organic compound is -1.5 to 0 eV. Preferred Compound: The organic compound of formula (1) in gel electrolyte is preferably of formula (2 or 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The hard and soft cladding materials are welded thermally. The heat conductivity of exterior layer of soft cladding material is 1 or less, and the melting temperature is higher than that of the thermobonding layer of the hard cladding material. The heat conductivity per area of the layer formed by laminating the exterior layer and metal layer of the hard cladding material is 1000 W/m-2K-1 or more. The amount of heat conduction per area of metal layer is 50000 Wm-2K-1 or more, and the amount of heat conduction per area of exterior layer is 1050 Wm-2K-1 or more. The exterior layer of hard cladding material has a thickness of 115 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer of hard cladding material consists of tin, zinc, nickel, aluminum, copper, iron, and/or stainless steel, and has a thickness of 330 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermobonding layer of hard cladding material comprises ethylene vinylacetate copolymer, ethylene acrylic acid copolymer, ethyl acrylate copolymer, methyl acrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid copolymer, methylmethacrylate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, ethylenevinyl alcohol resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, acid-modified polypropylene, and/or ionomer. The thermobonding layer of soft cladding material comprises unextended polypropylene and/or unextended polyethylene. The thermobonding layer of hard cladding material and exterior layer of soft cladding material comprise different materials chosen from extended resin material of polyolefin, polyamide, polyimide and/or polyester. The extended polyamide is nylon 6. The extended polyolefin is polypropylene or polyethylene. The extended polyester is polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and/or polyethylene naphthalate. The exterior layer of hard cladding material consists of polyamide, polyester or polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic film is selected from polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetra-fluoroethylene, polyvinylidene-difluoride, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reaction suppression layer further contains polyamidoimide, polyimide, fluorine-containing resin and epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole, or polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole, or polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The polymer layer (9) contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole or their derivative. The polymer layer (10) contains polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The hydrogen bondable hydrogen-donating group is hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, thiol group, primary amino group, secondary amino group or imino group. The cycloalkyl group is cyclohexyl group, and at least one hydrogen atom of cyclohexyl group in 2nd-position or 6th-position is substituted by hydrogen bondable hydrogen-donating group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulator is selected from polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, thermoplastic polyimide and polyether nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanowall is peeled from the substrate before removal process of carbon thin film. The growing process of carbon nanowall and removal process of carbon thin film are paralleled or performed by turns. The carbon thin film is removed by carrying out plasma etching of bias voltage to the plasma. Preferred Condition: The plasma etching process is carried out at source gas flow rate of 50-150 sccm, hydrogen gas flow rate of 50-150 sccm, pressure of 30-100 mTorr, output of 1-2 W/cm2 (60 Hz), bias of 1-2 W/cm2, time of 30-120 seconds and substrate temperature of 15-25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer consists of fluorine resin, polyester elastomer, polyolefin, polyurethane or hydrophilic synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The 9-volt battery conforms to IEC standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The corrosion solution is prepared using hydrogen fluoride and methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The acid corrosion resistant high molecular polymer powders is polyethylene, Teflon (RTM: PTFE), Tissuemat E or acid corrosion resistant resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive is polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber and/or hydroxyl methylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The inner bag is stainless steel inner bag. The insulation layer is polyurethane froth insulation layer. The water-guiding connection pipe is a pipe of stainless steel. The shell is prepared using stainless steel or color coated plate. The first magnet and second magnet are permanent magnets. The first magnet and second magnet are optionally flat plate shaped or tile shaped, preferably flat plate shaped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal utilized in the method is selected from a group consisting of stainless steel, titanium and alloy of aluminum or copper. The conductive corrosion layer is made gold, silver, platinum, titanium nitride and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar radiation absorbing agent is formed by doping Al, Se, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Sr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Te, Ag, Sn, Sb, Au, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, U and/or compounds of these elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide, ZnO-aluminum oxide, or tin-based oxide. The semiconductor particles are elemental semiconductor, metal oxide or perovskite-structured complex metal oxide. They are titanium (IV) oxide, tin oxide, ZnO, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, or titanium strontium oxide. Preferred Dimension: The semiconductor particles have a mean particle diameter of 15-50 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a plastic substrate including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide or triacetyl cellulose. EXAMPLE - A prepared 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid dioctylester and ((Ruthenium chloride-p-cymene))2 (0.16 mmol) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (50 ml). The reacted mixture was stirred at 60 degrees C for 4 hours. Then, 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (0.32 mmol) was added and reflux-heated for 4 hours at 160 degrees C. An excesses of ammonium-NCS (10 mmol) was added to the reactants, and further reacted for 5 hours at 140-150 degrees C, then, the flask was kept cold. The remained solvent was removed by using a rotary evaporator under vacuum. The resultant materials were washed with distilled water and diethyl ether, and filtered to abstain the cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis(2,2'-pyridyl-4.4'-dicarboxylic acid dioctylester). (Yield: 95% (140 mg))
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material is from oxides of alkaline-earth metals, zeolites, or magnesium perchlorate. It comprises active material including metal oxides capable of increasing their oxidation state by interacting with oxygen. The oxide of alkaline-earth metal is calcium oxide. The metal oxide is iron, copper, nickel, or manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material is an unsaturated organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The fibers have a diameter of not greater than 100 nm. The nanopowders have dimensions equal or less than the fiber radius. Preferred Component: The fiber comprises a polymeric material including acetal polymers, acrylic polymers, cellulosic polymers, fluoropolymers, ionomers, polyamides, polycarbonate, polyesters, polyolefins, polysulfones, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl polymers, styrenic polymers, polyurethanes, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polysiloxanes, polyoxides, liquid crystal polymers, polyethers, polyanhydrides, polyimides, or polyketones. The fibers include different active materials. They are hollow. The nanostructured fibers are dispersed in a poorly permeable material. They are enclosed between a first layer of material facing the outside of the housing and a second layer of material facing the sensitive device environment. The first layer of material has a poor permeability towards the gaseous contaminants. The first and second layers of materials have a poor permeability towards the gaseous contaminants. The second layer of material has a high permeability to the gaseous contaminants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The top transparent conductive layer comprises zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The conductive foil substrate comprises one of stainless steel and aluminum foil substrate. The back electrode comprises at least one of chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating flexible carrier film comprises a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer comprises carbon nanotube or fullerene material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer, hole transport layer and hole injection layer comprises conjugated polymer, crosslinked polymer, regioregular polythiophene, homopolymer or copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor gas comprises silane, a blend of silane and hydrogen or a blend of silane and an inert gas. The silicon coating comprises crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon or silicon compounds. The carbide material is metal carbides, silicon carbides and silicon oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polyvinylidene difluoride, ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM) and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass comprises an oxide of silicon. The anode electrode material comprises a material of zinc, lithium, graphite, meso carbon micro beads or other carbon intercalation compounds. The cathode electrode material comprises a material of silver oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, LiNixCoyAlzO2, and LiNixCoyMnzO2. The electrolyte material comprises a material of potassium hydroxide, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, or other electrolyte that conducts ions that is electrically neutral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic fluorescent powder is prepared from an oxide compound of group II, III or IV. The inorganic fluorescent powder is composed of aluminate solid solution of barium and yttrium having the chemical formula (Ba( alpha )(Y, Gd)(3 beta )Al(2 alpha +5 beta )O(4 alpha +12 beta ), where alpha and beta are 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The enhanced spectrum conversion film is an oxygen-contained polymer prepared from polycarbonate, polysiloxane and/or sodium poly acrylate, and filled with fluorescent powder particles, where the content of the fluorescent powder particles in the polymer is 0.1-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte further comprises at least one polymer for making the electrolyte one of a gel and a solid. Preferred Components: The lithium salt is a fluorinated lithium salt. The fluorinated lithium salt is selected LiBF4, LiAsF6 and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first aprotic solvent is selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and butylene carbonate. The second aprotic solvent is a fluorinated solvent having a molecular dipole moment in excess of 4 Debye. The second aprotic solvent is at least a partially fluorinated ring structure containing and opposite to a sulfoxide group. The second aprotic solvent is a tetrahydro-thiophene 1-oxide or tetrahydro-thiophene 1,1-dioxide compound of formula (I). The second aprotic solvent is 3-fluorosulfolane, 3-fluorosulfolene, 3,4-difluorosulfolene and 3,4-difluorosulfolane. The solvent system comprises second aprotic solvent of 20-60 (preferably 30-50)%. The solvent system further comprises at least one largely or completely fluorinated hydrocarbon liquid. The largely or completely fluorinated hydrocarbon liquid is selected from 2,3-dihydrodecafluoropentane; 1,1,1-trifluoropentanedione; trifluoroethyl acetate; and 1,2-hexafluoropentane-3,4-dione.n=1 or 2;andR1-R4=H or F.Provided that at least one of R1-R4 is F (preferably at least one of R2 and R3 is F).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene oxide. EXAMPLE - An electrolyte comprising 0.5M lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC)/1,1,1-trifluoropentanedione in a ratio of 3.5:3.5:3, was prepared. A flash point of the electrolyte was determined by the Flash Point method ASTM D3828 and found to be 86 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic salt, particularly lithium manganese oxide or lithium manganese composite oxide, where lithium is substituted with an alkaline earth metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkylene carbonate is ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate or butylene carbonate. The strong acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid. The resolution inhibitor is citric acid, tartaric acid, hydrochloric acid or 4-tertiary-butylcatechol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat cyclic test of the solar cell module is performed in accordance with JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid consists of quat. ammonium cation or cyclic structure. The cation in alkali metal salt is lithium. The positive electrode materials are metal oxide of formulae AMO2, AM2O4, A2MO3 or AMBO4.A=alkali metal;M=transition metal; andB=P, Si or its mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains polymeric material (1-99%) e.g. polyoxyethylene, polysiloxane, polyphosphazene, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate and/or polyvinylidene fluorides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A diamine is dissolved in polymerization solvent. Then, tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride powder is added and stirred at 20-60 degrees C for 1-24 hours to obtain polyester imide precursor. Preferred Compound: The polyester imide precursor is of formula (9). Preferred Process: The polyester imide precursor is cyclized-reacted with a dehydrating agent to obtain polyester imide. Preferred Sheet: A metal layer of laminated sheet is obtained by coating varnish containing polyester imide precursor on metal foil and drying. The drying is performed by heating or using dehydration agent. A flexible printed wiring board has metal layer of laminated sheet. EXAMPLE - Diamine (in mmol) (13), 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (3), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (71 mL) and tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (17) were added and heated at 80 degrees C for 13 minutes to obtain polyester imide precursor. The polyester imide precursor had excellent adhesive strength, heat resistance and glass transition temperature. The polyester imide film formed using polyester imide precursor had low linear thermal expansion coefficient and moisture absorption expansion coefficient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyarylene copolymer further comprises oxygen or sulfur-containing structural unit of formula (2). The sulfonate group-containing structural unit of formula (1) is preferably of formula (1'a).A,D=direct coupling, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i-, -(CH2)j-, - CR"2-, cyclohexylidene or fluorenylidene group;i,j=1-10;R"=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, and halogenated hydrocarbon;B'=oxygen or sulfur;R1-R16=hydrogen, fluorine, alkyl, alkyl halide, allyl, aryl, nitro or nitrile;s,t=0-4;andr=0, 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: The gas diffusion layer of aromatic ion exchange resin film side is comprised from porous base material. A microporous layer containing water repellent and carbon powder is provided between the base material and catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The structural unit of formula (1) is given by formula (3).D'=-O- or -CR"2-;R"=aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon;P'=group of formula ((4-1)-(4-3));Q=group chosen from 12 groups such as groups of formulae ((5-1)-(5-5));andt=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The structural unit of polybenzazole type-compound further has benzene group of formulae (5-8).X3=-O-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, or -OPhO-;Y2=amine, sulfur or oxygen atom;Z=sulfur or oxygen atom;R=H or methyl group;andm3=1-4.Preferred Properties: The viscosity of polybenzazole type-compound is 0.25-10 dl/g in concentrated sulfuric acid. The electroconductivity of the sulfonic acid benzoimidazole group in the polybenzazole type-compound is 0.01-1 S/cm, preferably 0.001-1 S/cm at 80 degrees C and relative humidity of 95% as measured with alternating current impedance by applying voltage with frequency of 10000 Hz. The solubility of N-methyl pyrrolidone in the polybenzazole type-compound is more than 5% at 170 degrees C. The content of sulfonic acid group and/or phosphonic acid group in the polybenzazole type-compound is more than 1.5 meq/g. The reduction rate of composite after immersing in water at 25 degrees C for 72 hours is 0-5 mass%, preferably 3% at 200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium ion supply source is short-circuited to any one of negative electrode and positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The retainer boards consist of any one of polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenedifluoride, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane-coupling layer has diamino, acryloxypropyl or vinyl group. The electric charge carrying layer is a liquid electrolyte. The counter-electrode side structure has a metal board or a transparent conductive board, other catalyst layers formed on it, dye sensitized porous semiconductor layer, photoelectric conversion body which has copper gallium indium selenide layer and crystalline-silicon layer. The catalyst layer consists of platinum, palladium, rhodium, carbon, and/or polythiophene
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The composition for adhesion contains a polymer with an ionic group. The polymer is a hydrocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst solution is pure water or methanol aqueous solution which contains noble metal compound chosen from ruthenium chloride hydrate, osmium chloride hydrate, palladium chloride, iridium chloride, gold chloride or rhodium chloride hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic compound contains inorganic microparticle of alumina, titania and/or magnesia as main body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic compound contains polyamide, polyimide and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex agent is citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid and/or tartaric acid. The reducing agent is hypophosphorus acid or hypophosphorus. Preferred Composition: The content of complex agent with respect to in total number-of-moles platinum and ruthenium is 0.05-2.0 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molding material further contains 1-50 mass parts of components chosen from ethylene alpha -olefin type rubber of diene group (co)polymer and/or its hydrogenated substance, fibrous filler, and/or maleimide type (co)polymer and/or alpha -methylstyrene type (co)polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back color coating of the rear face is realized at a base of a material selected from titanium oxide, magnesium fluoride, silicon nitride, and lead sulphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The diffraction network and the blade are made of a base glass or plastic material such as polymer selected from polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The ceramics are alumina ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrates comprises reinforced polymeric materials consisting of composite material of paper impregnated with a phenol resin (FR1 and FR2), epoxy resin (FR3), epoxy resin reinforced with woven fiberglass (FR4 and FR5), a paper core impregnated with an epoxy resin and a woven glass cloth (CEM1), dissimilar core material comprising epoxy-resin impregnated non-woven fiberglass (CEM3), or multiple plies of woven glass cloth impregnated with a polyimide resin (GI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alcohol-resistant molding material further contains component (C) (1-50 mass parts) chosen from hydrogenated diene (co)polymer, fibrous filler, maleimide (co)polymer and/or ( alpha )-methyl styrene (co)polymer, polypropylene resin-containing graft copolymer, and heat conductive filler, component (D) (10-100 mass parts) chosen from copolymer, epoxy resin and urethane polymer of vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound and vinylcyanide compound, component (E) (0.1-45 mass parts) such as acid modified olefin resin having acid value of 5-40. Preferred Resin: The component (E) is olefin resin modified by maleic acid and/or maleic acid anhydride. Preferred Property: The sum total content of olefin resin and rubber reinforcement resin is 100 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: A nascent absorber layer is formed on deposition of absorber layer from solution of nano-particulate precursor materials. The absorbing layer includes group VIA elements such as selenium and sulfur. An intermediate layer is formed between the layer of molybdenum and aluminum substrate, and includes chromium, vanadium, tungsten, glass, and/or oxides, carbides or nitrides of tantalum and silicon. The nascent absorber layer further includes depositing a film of ink-containing groups IB and IIIA elements on substrate, and disposing molybdenum layer between the aluminum substrate and absorber layer. The metallization of polymer foil substrate is aluminum or an alloy of aluminum with one or more metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred component: The foil substrate is metallized polymer foil substrate in which polymer is chosen from polyester, polyethylene naphthalate, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polyether ether ketone and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises (parts by weight) epoxy resin (0.05-20) (where cyanate ester resin (0.05-20) is used), hardening catalyst (0.01-1) and release agent (0.1-3). Preferred Components: The carbon black has specific surface area of 50-100 m2/g. The graphite powder comprises columnar graphite particles having aspect ratio of 1.5:2. The hardening catalyst is selected from transition metal complexes of acetylacetonate, octoate and naphthenate types, transition metal complexes containing metal material including at least one of cobalt, copper, manganese, plumbum, nickel and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Plate: The cross-linked structure of phenolic triazine is formed with phenolic cyanate ester polymer been thermally crosslinked and comprises unit structure expressed by formula (I). The plate further comprises an oxazoline structure formed by reacting epoxy group with cyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyanate ester resin comprises at least one resin selected from phenol novolac-based cyanate ester resin, biphenol-based dicyanate ester resin, bisphenol A-based dicyanate ester resin, bisphenol E-based dicyanate ester resin and bisphenol F-based dicyanate ester resin. EXAMPLE - An (parts by weight) artificial graphite powder (100) having average particle size of 75 mu m and aspect ratio of 1.5, novolac cyanate ester resin (17), epoxy resin (17), cobalt acetyl acetonate (0.01) and carnauba wax (0.1) was thoroughly mixed and coated through the fluidized coating chamber by using powdery source particles at 225 degrees C in 5 minutes, to prepare a bipolar plate for a fuel cell. The plate had flexural strength of 65 mPa, electrical conductivity of 80 S/cm, glass transition temperature of 192 degrees C and relative modulus of 87% at 150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: An organic photoelectric transducer has a pair of electrode, an organic layer (o1) between electrodes and containing an electron accepting compound, and an organic layer (o2) containing an electron donor. Preferred Compound: The electron accepting compound or electron donor is polymer (1). The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Group: The polymer further has thiophene-containing group of formulae (3a and 3b). Preferred Definitions:    ring A=7-membered or more monocyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon ring.    EXAMPLE - 2-Bromo iodobenzene (25.1 g), naphthalene boronic acid (20 g), tetrakis triphenyl palladium (0.427 g), potassium carbonate (25.5 g), toluene (92 ml) and water (91 ml) were refluxed for 24 hours to obtained 1-(2-bromo-phenyl)-naphthalene. The obtained compound, n-butyl lithium (12.6 ml) and cyclopenta decanone (4.75 g) were heated for 8 hours to obtain 9-(2-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-heptadecan-9-ol. The obtained compound, boron trifluoride ether complex, and dichloromethane were stirred for 1 hour to obtain 1-(2-(1-octyl-nonyl)-phenyl)-naphthalene. The obtained compound was used to prepare organic thin film solar cell module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide is silica, which is amorphous microsilica or amorphous fumed silica. The carbon is carbon black. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon is 1-20 weight%, preferably 1-15 weight%, oxide is 0.5-50 weight%, preferably 2-25 weight% silicon is 1-20 weight%, preferably 2-15 weight% and silicon nitride is 50 weight% or more. The composition comprises 2 weight% of carbon black and 10 weight% of microsilica, the remainder of silicon nitride. Preferred Property: The silicon nitride particles have particle size of 0.1-2 microns, preferably 0.4-1 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is dispersed in liquid. The liquid is water. The composition is an aqueous dispersion and further comprises binder. The content of binder is 70 weight% or less with respect to weight of dry solids. The binder is polyvinylalcohol and polyethylene glycol. The composition further comprises dispersant (0.1-5 weight%, preferably 0.2-1 weight%). The dispersant is ammonium or sodium salt of polyacrylate. A mould comprises mould component obtained from graphite and coated using coating composition.
EXAMPLE - N-dodecylpolyethyleneglycol acrylate (5 parts), polyethylene glycol methylmethacrylate (6 parts) and polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate (0.2 parts) were added to an electrolyte solution and mixed with propylene carbonate (61 parts), ethylene carbonate (61 parts) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (13 parts) as an electrolyte to obtain a mixture. The mixture was heated to 40 degrees C and well agitated, the ingredients were homogeneously dissolved in the solution to obtain a mixture solution. Azobisisobutylonitrile (0.002 part) was added to the mixture solution. The mixture solution was introduced into a cell at 70 degrees C for 1 hour. The mixture solution in the cell was subjected to a polymerization treatment via a polymerization reaction to obtain polymerized product. The polymerized product was removed in the cell obtain a film-like ion conductor structural body (has a size of 6 cm (width)x 10 cm (length)x 50 mu m (thickness)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier of hydrogen is an organic liquid carrier of hydrogen, preferably saturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The liquid carrier of hydrogen is a partially or fully hydrogenated nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle including 2-aminopyridine, 4-methylpyrimidine, dipyrimidinemethane, dimethyltetrazine, dipyrimidine, diazacarbazole, alkylcarbazole, 4-aminopyridine, dipyrazinemethane, tripyrazinemethane, tripyrazineamine, dipyrazine, tetrazacarbazole, isoquinoline, di(2-pyridyl)amine, and/or quinazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material which does not have shut down function is heat resistant polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The panel, i.e. a rigid plate, is made of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The insulating and flame-retarding fiber is a glass fiber. The glass fiber is present in the separator in an amount of 0.5- less than or equal to 30 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode contains carbon or a metal material, which can dope and dedope alkaline metal ions or alkaline earth metal ions. The carbon is graphite, easy-graphitizable carbon, or non-easy-graphitizable carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating and flame-retarding fiber is an aromatic polyamide fiber. The aromatic polyamide fiber is present in the separator in an amount of greater than or equal to 0.5- less than or equal to 50 wt.%. The polyolefin resin is polyethylene, polypropylene, or a mixture of polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer of the reinforcement label has one of aluminum, stainless steel and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer has polyethylene terephtalate or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains Li2CO3, and the amount of the Li2CO3 with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode active material is greater than or equal to 0.2 mass%, where the Li2CO3 exists on a surface of the positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material contains a layered lithium-transition metal composite oxide of formula LiaNib'Coc'AleO2. The separator is made of microporous polyethylene film, and the microporous film has a penetration resistance of greater than or equal to 350 g and a porosity of greater than or equal to 40%.b'=0-0.85;c'=0-0.2;b'+c'+e=1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon particles and the silicon alloy particles have a crystallite size of less than or equal to 100. The silicon particles and the silicon alloy particles are prepared by thermally decomposing or thermally reducing a material containing a silane compound. The silicon particles and the silicon alloy particles contain oxygen and as an impurity, at least one element selected from phosphorus, boron, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, gallium, lithium and indium. The negative electrode active material layer contains graphite powder. The average particle size of the graphite powder is 3 mu m to 15 mu m, and the amount of the graphite powder with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode active material is 3-20 mass%. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains CO2 and/or fluoroethylene carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode binder comprises a thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin comprises a polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optically transparent member comprises a UV inhibitor or a cerium oxide bearing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The encapsulant comprises a UV inhibitor or is selected from an elastomer or epoxy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent member comprises a glass material or a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic regions are made of a material selected from mono-crystalline silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon copper indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride, or nanostructured materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell comprises a transparent polymeric member.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material of the substrate is one selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene naphthalate, a poly carbonate, and a polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound is polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quat. onium group is quat. ammonium group or quat. phosphonium group. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring compound is tetralkyl ammonium, tetraalkyl phosphonium, alkyl imidazolium, alkyl pyridinium, alkyl pyridazinium, alkyl pyrimidinium, alkyl pyrazinium or alkyl quinolium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The crosslinking agent molecule is poly(alkylene) trialkyl ammonium chloride terminal, poly(N,N-dialkyl benzimidazolium), polyvinyl(1-alkyl-pyridinium) or polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mercaptan sulfur content is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to the total sulfur content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel oil has sulfur content derived from sulfur compound which is more nearly lighter than dibenzo thiophene, of 10 mass ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having total sulfur content of 0.19 mass% and distillation temperature of 150-270 degrees C was hydrogenated in presence of KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum type hydrodesulfurization catalyst) at 325 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 4.5 MPa and liquid-space-velocity (LHSV) of 4.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil having boiling point of 147.5-274 degrees C, sulfur content derived from sulfur compound having boiling point of 330-334 degrees C of 0.14 mass ppm, sulfur content derived from sulfur compound which is more nearly lighter than dibenzo thiophene of 5.7 mass ppm or less, and total sulfur content of 6 mass ppm. The fuel oil was desulfurized easily using the desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic structures has silicone resin and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ethylene unit contained in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 50-85 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide A2 and B2 are tetravalent metallic element and trivalent metallic element, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic groups of polydiorgano siloxane are methyl group, phenyl group or methyl group and phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The oxidation resistant high compound having micropores includes material chosen from polypropylene, polyaramide, polyamidoimide, and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic fiber further contains a hydrophilic binding agent. The acrylic fiber contains an acrylonitrile homopolymer. The acrylonitrile group hydrophilic resin contains an ester-containing compound as co-polymerization component. The content of ester-containing compound is 20-90 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The ester-containing compound is of formula: H2C=C(-R)-C(=O)-O-(C2H4O)l-(C3H6)m-R' (I). The hydrophilic bonding agent is a vinyl alcohol type polymer.R=H or lower alkyl;R'=H, 18C alkyl, or phenyl group or its derivative;l=15-50;andm=0 or 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first heat-bonding layer is composed of cast polypropylene and/or cast polyethylene. The second heat-bonding layer is composed of a resin of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acid copolymer, ethyl acrylate copolymer, methyl acrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid copolymer, methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, ethylene-vinyl alcohol resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, acid-modified polypropylene, and ionomer. The first outer covering layer comprises a resin material of polyolefin, polyamide, polyimide, and polyester. The second metal layer is composed of aluminum, copper, iron, stainless steel and nickel or iron plated with tin, zinc and nickel. The second outer covering layer is composed of polyamide, polyester or polyolefin. The polyamide is oriented nylon 6. The polyester is a resin of polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate. The polyolefin is oriented polypropylene or oriented polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heat-bonding layer (B) comprises resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, ethyl acrylate copolymer, methyl acrylate copolymer, methacrylic acid copolymer, methyl methacrylate copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, ethylene-vinyl alcohol resin, polyamide resin, polyester resin, acid-modified polypropylene and ionomer. The heat-bonding layer (A) comprises cast polypropylene and/or cast polyethylene. The outer covering layer (E) comprises oriented resin material chosen from polyolefin, polyamide, polyimide and polyester. The outer covering layer (F) comprises polyamide, polyester, or polyolefin. The polyamide is oriented nylon 6 and the polyester is a resin chosen from polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate. The polyolefin is oriented polypropylene or oriented polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of stainless steel, titanium, or aluminum. The layer contains gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further comprises heating the solvent at 50 degrees C or above and with a pH of 7 or less during the hydrolysis process. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (3 g) was dissolved in an aqueous solution (10 wt.%) of polyvinyl alcohol with a polymerization degree of 3100-3900 and a saponification degree of 86-90% to produce a raw material solution. The raw material solution was heated at 50 degrees C for an hour and with a pH of 1 to give a hybrid compound. After a polyester film was added on a flat and smooth carrier of a coating device, the degassed solution of the hybrid compound was poured on the polyester film. The solution of the hybrid compound was heated further at 50-60 degrees C and water was removed. The solution of the hybrid compound was again poured with a constant thickness. The hardened hybrid compound in the form of membrane was obtained by removing water and heated at 110-120 degrees C for one and half an hour. Subsequently, the membrane formed on the carrier was removed and washed, after contacted with an alkali by submersed into aqueous ammonia solution (1.7 wt.%) for two hours at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting triphenyl-amine compound of formula (II) with nitrogen containing heterocyclic compound of formula (III).X = halo. EXAMPLE - In a reaction container, solution of triethylamine (30 ml) and toluene (70 ml), 4,7-dibromo-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol (2 mmol), 4,4'-diethinyl-4''-octyloxytriphenylamine (2 mmol) and triphenyl phosphine palladium were added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and subsequently for 5 hours and heated until 72 hours at 70-75 degrees C. After that, methanol was added to obtain poly-((4''-octyloxy)triphenylamin-4,4'-diyl-1,2-diethinyl-(2,1,3-benzothiadia-zol)-4,7-diyl-1,2-diethinyl), which was washed with methanol and dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous gas diffusion layer substrate comprises at least one of a woven carbon fabric, a nonwoven carbon fabric, a felt-shaped carbon member and a carbon paper. The porous gas diffusion layer substrate comprises at least one of a net-like metallic member, a mesh metallic member, an expanded metallic member, a felt-shaped metallic member, a foamed metallic member, and a sintered metallic member. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of at least one of metal oxides, metal oxide hydrates and metal hydroxides. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of an organic compound having a polar substituent containing a heteroatom. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of at least one of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide and silicon oxide. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed from a material having at least one hydrophilic group selected from phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, sulfonic group and carbonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: (a) has domain sizes of 1-100 nm. (I) further comprises a fuel cell membrane, ion-exchange membrane, a coating, an oil recovery membrane, a biological membrane, a membrane electrode assembly or a battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfonate groups comprise a protonated form or in which a counterion is associated with the sulfonate group. The sulfonate counterion comprises an alkali metal, tetraalkylammonium and/or tetraalkylphosphonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer blend contains sulfonate groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The proton conductive membrane further contains substituted polyarylene of formula (2). The sulfonic acid containing benzene constitutional unit (1) is of formula (3).A,D=direct bond, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i-, -(CH2)j-, -CR'2-, cyclohexylidene or fluorenylidene;B=oxygen or sulfur;R1-1 R16=H, fluorine, alkyl, partially or fully halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, nitro or nitrile;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon;i,j=1-10;s,t=0-4;andr=0 or 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The copolymerization involves adding 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid as monomer. Preferred Composition: The partially sulfonated polybenzimidazole based polymer being doped with inorganic acid is of formula (Ia) or (Ib) having X:Y ratio of 2:1-100:1. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (12 g), isophthalic acid (8.37 g) and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (1.25 g) were mixed with polyphosphoric acid and then reacted at 220 degrees C for 25 hours. As the reaction proceeds, color of solution changed from ocher to dark brown. Prepared solution was put in water for deposition and polymer was obtained. Obtained polymer was dried in vacuum oven for 24 hours. The intrinsic viscosity of the prepared partially sulfonated copolymer powder was 1.2-2 dL/g. The prepared polybenzimidazole copolymer powder (5 g) was dissolved in N, N-dimethylacetamide (100 ml). The solution was cast on glass plate using doctor blade. After being dried in a vacuum oven at 60 degrees C for 50 hours, polybenzimidazole copolymer membrane was prepared. The prepared membrane was immersed in 60% phosphoric acid for 3 days thus obtained polymer electrolyte membrane doped in 400%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal materials comprise gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium, metal oxides, metal alloys or stainless steels. The non-metal materials comprise carbon, graphite, flame retardant 4 or fire retardant 5. The conductive layers comprise copper, gold, silver or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The leak-proof adhesive layer comprises polyurethane or silicone resins. The polymer adhesives comprise prepreg adhesive and epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic component comprises fluorinated polymer chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The card conforms to ISO 7810 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal particle is Ru, Rh, Pd, W or Pt, preferably Ru, Pd or Pt particle. Preferred Compositions: The content of the silver particle is 40-90 wt.%, and additional particle is 0.01-10 wt.%. The paste further comprises third conductive particle (2 wt.%). Preferred Method: The paste is heated at 450-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particle of the core-shell structure is selected from iodine or dry ice.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The particle of the core-shell structure is optionally selected from naphthalene, camphor or freon. The monomer of the polymer is selected from methacrylate compound, methacrylonitrile compound, methacrylic acid based compound, methacrylamide group compound, styrene compound, vinylidene chloride, halogenated vinyl compound, butadiene compound, ethylenic compound, acetaldehyde or formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic particle is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, PVC, polystyrene - nose - acrylonitrile, PVC- co-vinyl chloride, polybutadiene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nano structure body is carbon nanotube, carbon nano flakes, carbon nanowall, carbon nanohorn, carbon nano coil, metal filled nanotube and/or carbon nanofiber. Preferred Process: The functional thin film element is formed on a base material which is a glass material or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional thin film is formed with pi-conjugated type material from quinolinol derivative, fluorene derivative, phthalocyanine derivative, triphenyl diamine derivative, polyparaphenylene derivative, distyryl arylene derivative, oxadiazole derivative, pyrazoline derivative, merocyanine derivative, chlorophyll derivative, porphyrin derivative, perylene derivative and/or pentacene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material may also be a polymeric resin material. The polymeric resin material is polyolefin type resin, polyvinyl type resin, polyester type resin and/or cycloolefin type resin which may be polyethylene derivative, polypropylene derivative, PVC derivative, polymethyl methacrylate derivative, polystyrene derivative, polycarbonate derivative, polyethylene terephthalate derivative, polyethylene naphthalate derivative, polydimethyl cyclohexane terephthalate derivative, aromatic polyester derivative, polycycloolefin resin derivative, polyethersulfone resin derivative and/or their copolymer resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphite is scale-like graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubber-type resin is styrene butadiene, styrene butadiene copolymer, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acids, ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic ester, (meth)acrylonitrile, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid and/or maleic acid. The thickener contains carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid (salt), oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch and/or casein.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic polar solvent is acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide or N-methylpyrrolidone. Preferred Monomer: The radical reactivity monomer is styrene, trifluorostyrene or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluororesin is tetrafluoroethylene polymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and/or vinylidene fluoride polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deprotection processing solution further contains strong acid. The content of deprotection promoter in solution is 0.1-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is an aromatic polyether ketone polymer, and has an ionic group. The polymeric material further has oxirane structural unit of formula (P3).n1=1-7.Preferred Property: The deprotection processing solution is contacted at 0-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thioether-group-containing compound is polyphenylene sulfide resin. The polyelectrolyte is perfluorocarbon high-molecular-compound of formula: -(CF2CX1X2)a-(CF2-CF(-O-CF2-CF(CF2X3))b-Oc-(CFR1)d-(CFR2)e-(CF2)f-X4)g (2).X1,X2,X3=halogen or 1-3C perfluoroalkyl;R1,R2=halogen, 1-10C perfluoroalkyl or fluorochloroalkyl;X4=COOZ, SO3Z, PO3Z2 or PO3HZ;Z=H, alkali-metal, alkaline-earth metal or amines chosen from NH4, NH3R1, NH2R1R2, NHR1R2R3 or NR1R2R3R4;R1-R4=alkyl or arene;a,g=0-1;a+g=1;b=0-8;c= 0 or 1;andd,e,f=0-6.The sum of d, e and f is not equal to 0. Preferred Composition: The polymeric electrolyte composition further contains polyphenylene-ether resin and/or epoxy-group-containing compound (0.01-20 mass%). The ratio of polyphenylene-ether resin and/or epoxy-group-containing compound is 0/100-100/0. The polymer electrolyte membrane contains reinforcing material including organic material or inorganic material. Preferred Component: The reinforcing material is fibrous material. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the resin is 0.01-2 mu m. The accumulation ratio (R1/R2) of component (R1) having particle diameter less than 1 mu m, and component (R2) having particle diameter 1 mu m or more is 20/80-99/1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous electroconductive base material is nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nanofiber comprises polyvinyl-alcohol-type polymer, cellulose polymer or cross-linking-type super-absorbent polymer. A portion of the dry-type nonwoven fabric comprises alkali-proof polymer which is polyvinyl-alcohol-type polymer, cellulose polymer or cross-linking-type super-absorbent polymer. Preferred Property: The separator has total-liquid adsorption of 1-3 g/g during impregnation of the sheet in 35% potassium aqueous solution. The sheet has permeability of 0.1-10 cc/cm2/seconds. Preferred Process: The separator is obtained by dissolving the polymer in a solvent and laminating the compounding nanofiber with base-material textile using the polymer solution by electrostatic spin method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high-molecular compound is a piperidinyl-containing compound of formula (2,3,4 or 5).R1=1-12C hydrocarbon with chloromethyl phenyl group or epoxy group;R2=H or methyl;x=0.8-0.99;y=0.01-0.2;andx+y=1.Preferred Components: Liquid mixture containing photo-acid generator and organic solvent are used in the manufacture of high-molecular compound/carbon-material composite. High-molecular compound/carbon-material composite and binder are used in the manufacture of electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: 30 mass% or more, preferably 50 mass% or more of zinc particles or zinc-alloy particles are passed into a sieve having texture of 200 meshes. 10 mass% or more, preferably 30 mass% or more of zinc particles or zinc-alloy particles are passed into a sieve having texture of 330 meshes. Preferred Composition: The anode contains silver-nickel complex oxide of formula: AgxNiyO2, and does not contain magnesium-containing oxide.x/y=1-1.9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound has solubility of 1 wt.% or less in methanol at 25 degrees C and solubility of 1 wt.% or more in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 25 degrees C. The organic compound is compound with molecular weight of 300 or more and molecular weight distribution of 10-100. The organic compound is preferably polymer of compound containing hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, cyano group and/or amide group as polar group. The polar group is preferably phenolic hydroxyl group. The organic compound is preferably resin chosen from phenol resin, alkyl phenol resin, phenol aralkyl resin and/or phenol cycloalkyl resin. The organic compound is contained in an amount of 2-50 wt.% in the polymer electrolyte membrane. The organic compound dissolves or reacts in the matrix containing proton conductive polymer. The ratio of the organic compound in the surface of the film with respect to the film center portion is 80-120%. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than the glass transition temperature measured by dynamic viscoelasticity method of the polymer electrolyte membrane containing proton conductive polymer, by 5 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive film comprises adhesive film (A) and adhesive film (B). Preferred Property: The adhesive film (A) has film thickness of 100 mu m or more and refractive index of 0.1 or more. The adhesive film (B) has film thickness of 0.1-14 mu m and refractive index of 1.6 or more. The base material portion of the optical film has film thickness of 10 mu m or less and refractive index of 1.6 or less. Preferred Composition: The adhesive film (B) contains 10 weight% or more of amide resin, imide resin or silicone resin, and 1 weight% or more of inorganic fillers having average particle diameter of 10 mu m or less. The adhesive film (A) comprises 10 weight% or less of amide resin or imide resin, and 20 weight% or more of epoxy resin. The adhesive film (A) and adhesive film (B) are formed using an epoxy resin, high molecular weight component and adhesive agent composition. The high molecular weight component has weight average molecular weight of 100000 or more and contains a functional group. The adhesive agent composition contains an imidazole compound. The optical film further contains thermosetting resins and phosphorescent material or fluorescent material. Preferred Process: The high molecular weight component is dissolved in the adhesive agent composition, and then curing of epoxy resin is carried out, to form sea island structure. Preferred Property: The difference of linear expansion coefficient of the optical film and the adhesive film is 0.5x 10-4 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal in the hydrolyzate of metal alkoxide or metal alkoxide is silicon or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier laminated material further has a transparent primer layer (2) between the plastic base material and inorganic vapor deposition layer, and a compound film layer (4) between the inorganic vapor deposition layer and stress relaxation layer. Preferred Compound: The transparent primer layer consists of composite of silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate, polyol and isocyanate compound. The silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate contains hydroxyl group of polyol or isocyanate group of isocyanate compound, and reactive functional group. Preferred Process: The transparent primer layer is obtained by adding tetraethoxy silane (Si(OC2H5)4) or its polymer, or tripropoxy aluminum (Al(OC3H7)3) or its hydrolyzate to the composite. Preferred Property: The transparent primary layer has thickness of 0.001-2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound film layer contains water-soluble high molecular compound and its polymer, and/or metal alkoxide and its hydrolyzate. The water-soluble high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame contains frame material (8) coated by adhesive coating film (9). The frame material is chosen from ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polychlorinated alcohol, nylon, polyacrylontirile, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The frame material is surface vapor-deposited using a silicon compound or an aluminum compound. Preferred Component: The adhesive coating film is formed of resin composition containing fluorine resin. An adhesive agent and a sealing agent are used during manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cell. Preferred Compound: The resin composition contains a fluoro-polyether compound (a), an isocyanate compound and a reaction catalyst. The fluoro-polyether compound contains at least 2 hydroxyl groups, and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule. The fluoro-polyether compound is of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2-)p-(O-CF2-)q-CF2-OH, where p+q is 8-32. The isocyanate compound is on organic compound containing at least 2 isocyanate groups in one molecule. The resin composition further contains fluoro-polyether compound (b) containing at least 2 hydrolysable groups in one molecule and containing perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule. The fluoro-polyether compound (b) is of formula (1).p,q=0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio between M and M' is more than 5. The lithium insertion/extraction powdered material has crystallographic cell volume of lower than 291 degrees A, preferably 290 degrees A or less, more preferably 289 degrees A or less, particle size distribution (d50) of less than 50 nm, preferably 10-50 nm, particle size distribution (d99) of less than 300 nm, preferably of less than 200 nm, and mono-modal particle size distribution where the ratio (d90-dl0)/d50 is less than 1.5, preferably less than 1.2. Preferred Compounds: The lithium precursor is lithium hydroxide monohydrate. The phosphorus precursor is phosphoric acid. A water-based mixture (II), and an electron conducting substance or its precursor are further used in preparation of powdered lithium insertion/extraction material. The electron conducting substance is carbon, in particular conductive carbon or carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The bipolar aprotic additive is dimethylsulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrolyte provided in space between separator and electrodes is formed of sulfuric acid aqueous solution containing 0.01-0.3 mol/L of aluminum, or 5-50 g/L of aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O). The positive electrode is formed of lead alloy containing barium (in wt.%) (0.005-0.015), calcium (0.03-0.08), tin (0.4-2.2) and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ionic conductive polymer is polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active material particles comprise silicas, aluminas, zeolites, graphite, carbon fibers, carbon aerogels, activated carbons, nanostructured carbons, micro-ceramics, nano-ceramics, boron nitride nanotubes, metal organic frameworks and/or palladium-containing materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The active material comprises metal, metal alloy, metal compound capable of forming metal hydride when in contact with hydrogen, magnesium, lithium, aluminum, calcium, boron, carbon, silicon, transition metals, intermetallic compounds and/or their solid solutions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid storage unit comprises fluid in contact with composite fluid storage material; active material and binder. The fluid comprises hydrogen or alcohols, ammonia, ammonia derivatives, silanes, complex metal hydride compounds, boranes, hydrocarbons, carbazoles, saturated cyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbons and saturated amino boranes, formic acid, chemical hydrides and/or borohydride compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Bronsted acid is sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, or phosphonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The amine is ammonia, aliphatic amine, alicyclic amine, or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. The salt is derived from sulfonic acid and a primary or secondary amine. Each branched side chain comprises 2,2-bishydroxymethylpropionic acid (bis-MPA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Each branched side chain of the proton-conducting polymers comprises a dendrimer obtained by repeatedly bonding a repeating unit. The salt of the proton-conducting polymers is derived from sulfonic acid and a primary or secondary amine, or Bronsted acid and an amine. In the proton-conducting polymers, acid or base for forming the salt forms the salt with less than or equal to 1 equivalent of a corresponding base or acid for forming the salt. The main chain of the proton-conducting polymers comprises a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or a polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A potassium carbonate is added in the polymerization process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyelectrolyte material is dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide or N-methylpyrolidone. The crown ether is chosen from 18-crown-6, 12-crown-4, and 15-crown-5. A liquid fuel such as methanol, and oxidant are supplied to a fuel cell. The fuel cell further comprises one or more binder of catalyst. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of polyelectrolyte material further involves precipitating the polymerized product in acetone, rinsing with pure water and drying in a vacuum after the polymerization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyelectrolyte material is a sulfonated polyetherketone having a structural unit of formula (I).n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor comprises material selected from copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni) and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front electrode comprises a transparent conductive metallic infrared reflecting layer comprising layer and silver and gold, and a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The TCO film comprises zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The structure includes crossbeams to which the elongate solar cells are mounted. The crossbeams are silicon, polymer, ceramic, metal, or glass. The conductive pathways are formed on electrically insulating support, which is silicon, borosilicate glass, plastic, or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The gas-barrier film has a laminated structure of film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance, transparent primer layer (53), vapor-deposition layer including inorganic compound, and compound film comprising overcoat layer (54). The vapor-deposition layer has thickness of 5-300 nm. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. The metal oxide contained in overcoat layer of compound film includes silane alkoxide and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance is polyester base material or polycarbonate-type base material chosen from polybutylene-terephthalate (PBT) film, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film, acid of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate and glycol modified copolyester (PCTA) film. The film base material having heat resistance is fluorine-type base material chosen from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyvinyl-fluoride (PVF) resin film, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, trifluoro-chloroethylene resin (PCTFE) film, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film, polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) film and tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA) film, preferably polyvinyl-fluoride film. The film base material having heat resistance is colored using whitening agent. The compound film comprising overcoat layer includes hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound, metal alkoxide, hydrolyzate and/or polymer. The hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol or poly (vinyl alcohol co-ethylene), cellulose and/or starch. Preferred Property: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance has glass transition temperature (Tg) point of 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dense structural unit (A) contains metal-oxide portion having 3 dimensional polyhedral structures. The sparse structural unit (B) contains chain-shaped unit containing organic material and organometallic oxide. The organic material is of formula: (RSiO3/2)w(MO2)x(RXSiO)y(XMO3/2)z. The organometallic oxide is of formula: (R3R4R5SiO1/2)j(R3R7SiO)k(R6R7XSiO1/2)l. The organic material contains hydrolysis condensate of silicon compound and/or metal compound. The organometallic oxide consists of hydrolysis condensate of silicon compounds. The silicon compound of organic material is of formula: RSiX3. The metal compound is of formula: MX4. The silicon compound(s) is of formula: R3R4R5SiX and/or R6R7SiX2.R,R3-R7=H, -R1-OCO-CR2=CH2, -R1-CR2=CH2, unsaturated group of formula: -CH=CH2, alkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, phenyl, alkoxyl or alkyl siloxy;R1=alkyenyl, alkylidene or phenylene;R2=H or alkyl;M=silicon, germanium, titanium or zirconium;X=halogen or alkoxyl;w=4 or more;w+x+y+z=8 or more;andj,k,l=0 or more.Preferred Process: The hydrosilylation catalyst and/or radical initiator, compound having hydrosilyl group and/or compound having unsaturated group in a molecule are mixed with hardening resin to obtain curable resin composition. The obtained curable resin composition is thermosetted or photocured to obtain hard transparent substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas-evolution agent is compound which generates gas containing nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The gas-evolution agent is azide compound, azo compound, sulfonyl hydrazide compound, hydrazine compound, nitroso compound, semicarbazide compound, tetrazole compound, bicarbonate and/or carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The heat-resistant resin is polyvinylidene fluoride and/or its derivative(s). The insulating resin film further contains a thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains anode active material particle comprising lithium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization process is performed by contacting the anode and cathode with electrolyte solution and applying voltage between the anode and cathode. The polymerizable compound is subjected to electrolytic polymerization at the voltage of 3-4.5 V. The polymerization process is a process of uniformly conjugating the conductive polymer and anode active material particle. Preferred Compound: The polymerizable compound of formula (I) or (II) is chosen from pyrrole and its derivative and thiophene and its derivative. The polymerizable compound contains compound chosen from (III) or (IV).R1-R3=H or 1-4C alkyl, preferably of formulae 1-4;R4,R5=H or 1-4C alkyl;asterisk= portion bonded with carbon or nitrogen in formula (I);R=H, hydroxy, methyl or primary amine;Y'=(-CH2)m, oxygen, secondary amine, sulfur, asterisk-CH=CH-asterisk, asterisk-Ph-asterisk, asterisk-Ph-CH=CH-Ph-asterisk, asterisk-CC-asterisk or asterisk-Ph-CC-Ph-asterisk;andm,n=0-10.Preferred Property: The density of the polymerizable compound in the electrolyte solution is 0.01-1.0 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The branched terminal group of fluorocarbon polymer is a sulfo group (-SO3H), sulfuryl fluoride group (-SO2F), sulfuryl chloride group (-SO2Cl) or sulfuryl bromide group (-SO2Br). Preferred Process: Alkali cleaning is done by immersing and washing with solution containing alkali metal hydroxide or inorganic strong acid solution containing sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. Preferred Parameter: The total amount of irradiation of free radiation is less than or equal to 50 KGy. The exposure rate of free radiation is below 5 KGy/hour. The free radiation utilizes X-ray or cobalt 60 gamma ray.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton exchange film is a fluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt is an alkali metal salt such as lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A mixed solvent containing an organic solvent (A) having high volatility and organic solvent (B) having low volatile property are used during manufacture of porous film. The alkylene oxide polymer is dissolved in mixed solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A solid polymer electrolyte film is formed by impregnating an electrolytic solution on porous film. The electrolytic solution contains an electrolyte salt and alkylene oxide oligomer. The alkylene oxide polymer is chosen from polyethylene oxide and/or polypropylene oxide copolymer. The alkylene oxide polymer is cross-linked polymer. The alkylene oxide polymer is cross-linked using a polyfunctional isocyanate. The alkylene oxide oligomer is a liquid compound chosen from ethylene oxide oligomer and/or propylene oxide copolymer oligomer. Preferred Compound: The alkylene oxide oligomer is of formula: RO-((CH2-CH2-O)x(CH2-CH(-CH3)-O)y)n-R.x,y=0-1;x+y=1;R=1-6C alkyl;andn=3-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst support is formed by mixing aluminum oxide with 20 mol% or less of cerium oxide. Preferred Property: The content of copper oxide contained in the catalyst is 2-20 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The contact process of modified hydrocarbon fuel and catalyst is performed at 150-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonization process (B) is carried out in presence of activator. Preferred Components: The activator is chosen from carbondioxide, water vapor, air, oxygen, alkali metal hydroxide, zinc chloride and phosphoric acid. The metal-containing carbonized material comprises bivalent ferric iron and iron-nitrogen bond.
Preferred Definitions:    R=hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The single crystal silicon wafer is a p-type single crystal silicon wafer, a p-type polysilicon wafer, an n-type single crystal silicon wafer, or an n-type polysilicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is of formula (Sr1-xBax)(BO2)2:EuLiCl.x=0-1.Preferred Composition: The transparent fluorescent powder comprises 0.1-15% europium (Eu), 0-15% lithium (Li) and 0.1-30% chlorine (Cl).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is filled with an epoxy resin. The polymerized layer is polycarbonate, polysiloxane or polyacrylate. Preferred Composition: The addition amount of polymer is 0.1-50%. Preferred Properties: The polymer has high transparency within wide bands with wavelengths of 400-1200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Anion surfactant is gamma -butyrolactone, gamma -caprolactone, acetoacetic ether, ethyl urethane, benzyl carbamate, benzene sulfonic acid sodium salt, lauric acid ester, stearic acid ester, sucrose distearate monoester, hydroxyethyl sulfonic acid ester, paratoluenesulfonic acid ester, or sulfanilic acid ester. Organic amine is trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri-n-butylamine, tribromoaniline, benzyl amine, N,N'-diphenyl para-phenylene diamine ursol, or N-toluidine. Premonitory body of lithium ion is water-soluble lithium salt and lithium hydroxide; premonitory body of carbanion is water-soluble carbonate and/or carbon dioxide. Premonitory body of carbanion is carbon dioxide, the catalysis mode of lithium ion and carbanion refers to that the carbon dioxide gas is inlet into lithium ion solution. Preferred Composition: Dispersant agent takes 0.7-2.9 wt.% of lithium ion. Mole rate of carbanion to lithium ion is 0.3-2:1. Preferred Parameters: Inletting speed of carbon dioxide gas is 0.06-1.98 g/minute of every mole lithium ion. Initial consistency of solution including lithium ion is 0.15-5.5 mole/L. Concentration of carbon dioxide gas makes the final pH value of solution as 8.8-9.2. Preferred Conditions: Catalysis is done at 30-95 degrees C for 2-60 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary silicone elastomer comprises dimethylvinyl-terminated dimethyl siloxane and silicate. The secondary silicone elastomer comprises dimethylvinyl-terminated dimethyl siloxane, hydrogen-terminated dimethyl siloxane and trimethylated silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective space material comprises polydimethylsiloxane polymer, dielectric gel or components to form dielectric gel, and/or silicone oil. The protective space material is formed using silicone oil mixed with dielectric gel. The silicone oil is polydimethylsiloxane polymer liquid of formula: (CH3)3SiO(SiO(CH3)2)nSi(CH3)3, where n is integer chosen such that the polymer liquid has average bulk viscosity of 50-100000 centistokes, or integer chosen such that the polymer liquid has volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of 500x 10-6/ degrees C. The dielectric gel is a mixture of primary silicone elastomer and secondary silicone elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric layer and upper encapsulating layer comprise ethylene vinyl acetate. The cover comprises ethylenetetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from Cellulose acetate, Acrylic resin, Polyethylene oxide, Polyvinyl alcohol, Cellulose acetate, Poly (2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate), Polystyrene, Poly (ether amide), Polyethylene oxide (PEO), Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyaniline/PEO blends, Polyether urethane, Poly-L-lactide (PLLA), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyvinylcarbazole, Polystyrene, Polybenzimidazole (PBI), Nylon 6 and Nylon 6 +montmorillonite (NLS), Polyethylene oxide (PE), Polycarbonate (PC), Polyurethane (PU), Polyvinyl chloride, Polyurethane, Polycaprolactone, Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene, (SBS) triblock copolymer, Poly-L-Lactide, Poly (methyl methacrylate-random), PMMA-r-TAN, Polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA), Poly lactic acid (PLA) and blend of PEVA and PLA, Poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), (PPTA) (Kevlar 49 from Dupont), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), Silk like polymer with fibronectin functionality (SLPF), Polyurethane PEO, polyvinylypyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diffraction angle (2( theta )) of silica porous component is 0.5-10 degrees , and the silica porous component does not have diffraction peak having strength of 2 times or more of standard deviation. The arithmetic surface roughness of silica porous component is 20 nm or less. Preferred Component: The silica porous component has low-reflection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The teraalkoxysilane is tetraethoxysilane. The alkoxysilane other than tetraalkoxy silane is monoalkyl alkoxysilane or dialkyl alkoxysilane having an aromatic hydrocarbon or aliphatic hydrocarbon group. The organic solvent is chosen from ethanol, 1-propanol, tert-butanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and ethylacetate. The catalyst is acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nonionic polymer having ethylene oxide is polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide-polyethylene-oxide tri-block polymer and/or polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: In the catalyst above, preferably, the atomic ratio of Pt/Ru is 0.5-1.5, and preferably to an environment. Specifically, the transition metal (Me) is Mo. The support for coal is carbon black, or a coal that is controlled by mesoporosity. Incorporating Me, at one stage, and the Pt and Ru, another different stage, on the support of coal comprises: (a) impregnation using a precursor to me in the presence of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for incorporation of Me to support; and (b) colloidal incorporation of Pt and Ru in the fixture. The early stage incorporates Me in (a) and (b), or early stage incorporates Pt and Ru at (b) then incorporate Me in (a). The aqueous solution of H2O2 in the method used in (a) is 1-15 M, preferably 7-12 M. Additionally, incorporation of Me is made by means of impregnation in (a) in the absence of H2O2. EXAMPLE - A suspension of 2 g of carbon black Vulcan XC-72R in 21 ml of aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 9 M is added to 0.92 g (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O. The mixture was left shaking for 48 hours at 25 degrees C. The sample was dried to 120 degrees C in air for 24 hours. An 84 ml mixed aqueous solution of 0007 M H2PtCl6 is with a solution of 253 mg of Na2S2O5 in 3 ml of water (H2O) at 250C under constant agitation. The mixture was added to aqueous solution of 0.6 M sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) to obtain a pH of 5 and 30 ml of H2O2 to 33% by weight. Then, addition of 30.5 aqueous solution of 0.02 M RuCl3 colloid was done to form the platinum-ruthenium. After filtration, washing the filter with distilled water, the resulting filtrate was dried in an oven at 110 degrees C for 12 hours. The electrocatalyst obtained had 25% by weight of platinum-ruthenium-molybdenum on black in a ratio of one atom of 1:1:0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery grid material is a lead-calcium-tin alloy and is coated with a lead alloy. The composition of the material comprises calcium (0.05-0.15%), tin (greater than 0.5%), antimony (less than 0.002%), copper (less than 0.005%), arsenic (less than 0.002%), bismuth (less than 0.02%), silver (less than 0.005%) and a balance of lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: the fluorinated polymer system comprises a polymer containing thermoplastic polyolefin chosen from propylene/ethylene copolymer, mixture of propylene/ethylene copolymer and polypropylene, mixture of propylene/ethylene copolymer and polypropylene ethylene propylene diene monomer, polyethylene, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene butyl acrylate, ethylene methacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene and bitumen. The adhesive or coating layer comprises at least one of polyurethane, water-based acrylic, styrenic/acrylic, epoxy, bituminous material and hot melt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a metal, a semiconductor, or a nanotube. The lead salt clusters comprise lead sulfides, lead selenide, and/or lead telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic ions comprise H+, H2S+, SO3+, C2Hx+, C4H4S+, C6H6+, C6H7N+, C5H5N+, and/or C4H4O+. The organic ions comprise thiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymeric film is prepared by co-depositing organic ions and neutral oligomers on a substrate. Preferred Component: The neutral oligomer comprises terthiophene, sexithiophene, ethylenedioxythiophene, terphenyl, quaterphenyl, sexiphenyl, poly(phenylene vinylenes), porphyrins, phthalocyanines, pentacene, and/or diphenyl perylene. The neutral oligomer comprises an oligomer of thiophene including bithiophene, terthiophene, quarterthiophene, pentathiophene, hexathiophene, septathiophene, and/or octathiophene. Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a plastic, polymer, or a self-assembled monolayer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Diketo monomer such as of formula (Xa) is subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction using a thiophene compound, in presence of a palladium catalyst to obtain the polymer.Z1=group of formula: -(S)-, -(O)-, -(N(R1))-, -(S(=O))-, -(S(=O)2)-, -(Se)-, -(Te)-, -(C(R2)=C(R3))- or -(C(R4)=N)-;andR1-R4=H or substituent.R2 and R3 may combine to form a ring. Preferred Polymer: The repeating unit of formula (I) is preferably of formula (II). The polymer further has repeating unit of formula: -(Ar2)- (III), preferably of formula (IV), or repeating unit of formula (IIa, IVa and/or XX).Z2=Z1;R5,R6=R1;Ar2=Ar1;andR"=H, F, alkyl or aryl.R5 and R6 may combine to form a ring. EXAMPLE - 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-difluoro-4H-cyclopenta(c)thiophene-4,6(5H)-dione (589 mg), 2-tributyl stannyl thiophene (1.32 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (196 mg) and toluene (10 ml) were reacted at 120 degrees C. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried and purified to obtain polymer (186 mg) having reduction potential of -1.39V. The organic thin film element produced using the obtained polymer had favorable voltage-electric current characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The body includes a cover made of transparent material, preferably plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sensor signals are transmitted by data busses i.e. controller-area networkbus, to the evaluation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous-self-supporting graphite sheet comprises a compressed mass of expanded graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The liquid resin(s) (A,B) is chosen from phenolic-, epoxy- and acrylic-based resins such as melamine-, polyamide-, polyamidimide-, and phenoxy-based resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The brush is selected from rag, microfiber, carbon nanotube, nanowire or polymeric material. The substrate is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyethersulfone or polyether imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent present in the polyethylene microporous membrane is a paraffin oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic compound is azole derivative of formula (1) or (2). The azole derivative is isoxazole, pyrazole, 5-methylisoxazole, 3,5-dimethyl isoxazole and/or pyridazine. The electrolyte solution contains carbonate (preferably vinylene carbonate) which has carbon-carbon multiple bond.R1-R=CmH2m+1; andm=0-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zeolite type desulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion exchange process of copper or silver and zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature of hydrocarbon type fuel is 100 degrees C or less. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon type fuel is liquefied petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode active material of the anode plate is lithium complex oxide of compositional formula: LixNiyM1-yO2.M=cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, magnesium and/or aluminum;x=0.95-1.1;andy=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the fluorine-containing type-resin layer is 0.1-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous reinforcement film is porous PTFE thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte salt is lithium metal salt. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H;and    R2=ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluororesin coating material is selected from group comprising fluoroethylene/vinyl ether, fluoroethylene/vinyl ester and fluoroethylene/acrylic resin. The material of resin contained filler is slected from group comprising polyether-ether-ketone, epoxy resin, phenol type resin, polycarbonate resin, polyimide resin and polyphenylene sulfide resin. The filler containing resin is formed of calcium silicate, glass, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The suction absorbed liquid material is resin-made fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber sheet has toluene adsorption performance of 15 weight% or more, air permeability along the thickness direction of 2 cm3/cm2.second or more, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The fiber diameter of carbon nanofiber is 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyolefin resin has viscosity average molecular weight of 400000 or more. The fibril density in the sea portion is 100 measured in fibril gap of 10 mu m or less. The fibril length which is connected between island-type structures is 0.5 mu m or more. The heat shrink starting temperature of polyolefin microporous film is 100 degrees C or more along machine direction and transverse direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The outer resin film layer is heat-resistant-resin oriented film layer and the inner resin film layer is unstretched thermoplastic-resin film layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is compound containing polythiophene type polymer of formula (1) or benzothiadiazole.R1-R12=H, alkyl, alkoxy or aryl;m=1 or 2;andn=1-1000.The component (B) is fullerene derivative. The good solvent is chosen from chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is chosen from polyethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol methyl ether, polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, polyethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether, polyethyleneglycol bis carboxymethyl ether, polyethylene block polyethyleneglycol and/or polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer. The metal salt of cross-linking type resin composition further contains monofunctional and bifunctional aldehyde cross-linking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises an intermetallic compound of lanthanum penta-nickel, laves phases such as zirconium manganese or titanium manganese, magnesium, titanium iron and magnesium nickel, cubic solid solution centered to a base of vanadium, barium rhenium hydride, magnesium iron hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, and/or lithium boron hydride. The electrical non-conducting material comprises an amorphous or crystalline ceramic, hexagonal born nitride activated by an acid solution under the electric field, and lithium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrical non-conducting material comprises Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer) and an ion conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy storage is formed as a nickel metal hydride battery or a nickel cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery or a super cap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filling material is a polyvinylide di-fluoride (PVDF) polymer matrix or a polyvinylide fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene (PVFD-HPP) polymer matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Desulfurizer is sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Dispersant is polyvinyl alcohol with molecular weight at 120000-150000. Preferred Parameters: Quality ratio of slime powder is desulfurizer: dispersant=1:0.15-1.0:0.01-0.1, and quality ratio of lead slime powder and aqueous solution comprising dispersant and desulfurizer is 1:2-3. Preferred Condition: Desulfurizing temperature is 60-80 degrees C; and desulfurizing time is 2-6 hours. Thickness of tiling material in ordinary box type or muffle furnace or tube furnace is 5-10 centimeter. Roasting temperature is 450-470 degrees C and roasting time is 3-8 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The butyl rubber adhesive contains silane primer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin used as base material is polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyetherether ketone resin, liquid-crystal polymer resin, polybutylene terephthalate resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, polypropylene resin, and/or polyethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The solar cell module consists of a solar cell element which is sealed with filler containing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and protection sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is made of glass, quartz crystal, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, cyclo-olefin type polymer and/or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material has a basic skeleton of formula (-O-Si(O)((CH2)p-SO3H)-O)m(-O-Si(O)(O)-O-)n. The mercaptoalkyl trialkoxysilane is 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane. The tetraalkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane.p=1-10 (preferably 1-5); andm:n=100:0 to 80:20. EXAMPLE - A 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MePTMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) were used as the starting material, and the proton source was densified using the sol-gel method. A proton conductive material having an equivalent weight of 175 was synthesized. Solution A was prepared by mixing mePTMS and butyl alcohol. Solution B was prepared by mixing oxygenated water and butyl alcohol. It was dripped while stirring the solution A, and subjected to 70 degrees C heat stirring for 1 hour. The solution was put in a petri dish and dried, where electrolyte was obtained. The cluster-to-cluster distance of the proton-conductive material in a humidity range of less than or equal to 30% was 18-19 Angstrom , and its proton conductivity was 10-2 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The elastic material of the anode and cathode terminals is made of stainless steel, aluminum alloy, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin, polycarbonate resin, polypropylene resin, and/or polybutylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fireproof wall is formed of mica having a thickness of 8 mm and m. pt. of greater than or equal to 800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The housing is formed of a fire-resistant synthetic resin. The heat insulating layer is urethane foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amount of the conductive aniline is 0.01-100 parts by weight. The organic polymer is at least one component selected from rubbers, polyolefin resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, epoxy resins, polyimide resins and fluororesins. EXAMPLE - In toluene (100 g), aniline (2 g), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (4.2 g), Solsperse 26000 (RTM: polyacrylic acid derivative) (1 g), and 4-methylaniline (0.03 g) were dissolved, then distilled water (50 g) in which 6N hydrochloric acid (3.58 ml) was dissolved, was added. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (180 mg) was added to the mixed solution, cooled to less than or equal to 5 degrees C, then distilled water (30 g) in which ammonium persulfate (5.4 g) was dissolved, was added. The resultant mixture was oxidative polymerized to less than or equal to 5 degrees C, then the toluene was distilled off. The polyaniline precipitate formed in the water was obtained by filtration to obtain Polyaniline 1. The obtained polyaniline was dispersed in toluene (150 g) and aqueous layer was removed to obtain polyaniline toluene dispersion. The dispersion was stable and did not coagulate or precipitate, even after the elapse of six months at room temperature. From the elemental analysis, the molar ratio per aniline monomer unit of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid was 0.45, yield of the polyaniline was 97% and electrpconductivity was 0.25 Scm-1. An organic polymer composition comprising (parts by weight): Nipol 1502 (RTM: styrene butadiene rubber) (100) and the polyaniline 1 (5) was prepared. The composition had electroconductivity of 10-5 Scm-1. Dye-sensitized solar cell prepared by using he polymer composition was tested for photocurrent-photovoltage characteristics. The cell had short-circuit photocurrent of 14 mA/cm2, open-circuit photovoltage of 724 mV, fill factor of 0.65 and energy conversion efficiency of 6.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is polybenzimidazole and is of one or more of 4 structures, e.g. structures (I) or (II) and comprises a repeating unit derived from a condensed ring compound containing a 6-membered ring and a 5-membered heterocyclic ring.A=N, S, or O;B=NH or NCH3;X=O, CO, CH2, or a single bond for directly connecting the C atoms in the 6-membered rings;Y=structures (Ia)-(Ic); andX=O, CO, CH2 or single bond for connecting the C atoms in the 6-membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The redox enzyme is located in a living cell from Rhodoferax ferrireducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter metallireducens, or Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The redox enzyme is glucose oxidase, alcohol oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or fructose dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The redox enzyme substrate is glucose, ethanol, or fructose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The linking polymer is linked to the carbon nanotubes through covalent bonds. The linking polymer and enzyme are linked through covalent bonds. The polymer is low molecular weight Nafion(RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer). The linking polymer comprises polyphenylene ether, polyglycerol isostearyl ester or polypyrrole. The cathode further comprises a polymer matrix containing an aqueous solution or suspension.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic structure further comprises transparent insulator surrounding a transparent electrode. The transparent electrode comprises conductive carbon nanotubes and conductive metal oxide. The photosensitive nanostructure layer includes a bimodal distribution of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and quantum dots.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic structure further comprises catalyst including carbon, carbon black particles, platinum, and palladium. The nanostructure layer includes quantum dots comprising zinc selenide, cadmium selenide/zinc, cadmium telluride/zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, and lead selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The light absorptive coating includes anthocyanin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent electrode comprises conductive polymer. A first conductive layer is a composite including a flexible plastic material and a conductive agent. It includes a flexible polymeric film. The photovoltaic structure further comprises a transparent flexible plastic substrate joining a first conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises one of polycarbonate, polyethylene, aluminum oxide, barium titanate, titanium oxide, and lead zirconium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton conductive polymer is fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer has repeating units having structure of -CY-(Q1-SO2X(SO2R')a -H)--Q2-SO2X(SO2R')a -H.Q1, R'=perfluoroalkylene optionally with etheric O atom;Q2=single bond or perfluoroalkylene optionally with etheric O atom;X= O, N, or C;Y=F, or monovalent perfluoroorganic group;anda=0 when X=O, 1 when X=N, and 2 when X=C.Preferred Properties: The proton conductive polymer has electrical conductivity of greater than or equal to 0.08 S/cm at 80 degrees C at RH of 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, LiNixMn(1-x)O2 or LiMIxM2yO2 where x and y is greater than zero but less than 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is a mixture of ethylpropyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethylcarbonate, dipropyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and methylpropyl carbonate. The lithium salt is a mixture of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithiumtetrafluoroborate, lithiumperchlorate, lithium bis(pentafluoroethane sulfonyl) imide, lithium trifluoromethyl sulfonate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate and lithium hexafluoroacetate. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises an organic solvent, lithium salt and metal oxide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Compound (I) is specifically claimed as 1-trimethyl silyl-2-pyrrolidinone (1-(trimethylsilyl)-2-pyrrolidinone).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-resistant resin composition is fluororesin-containing composition. The electrically insulating resin composition contains polyester, liquid crystal polymer and/or cyclic olefin polymer. The mechanical-strength resin composition contains low oligomer property polyester. The sealing property resin composition contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of structure is coated by substance chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acidic-radical containing polymer is olefin-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer or its metal salt. The olefin-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer is chosen from ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid random copolymer and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid grafted olefin polymer. The silane-modified polymer is silane grafted ethylenic copolymer. The epoxy-group containing olefin polymer is ethylene-glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is organic solvent containing hydroxyl group and has dielectric constant of 30 or less. The compounding mass ratio of hydrocarbon type electrolyte polymer and solvent is 1/99-30/70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrocarbon type electrolyte polymer is block polymer having proton-conductive unit and methanol dissolution-proof unit, or block copolymer having aromatic vinyl compound unit and hydrogenated conjugated diene component unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains crosslinking agent. Preferred Definitions:    A=phenyl-containing group of formulae (1-13);and    l=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An organic photoelectric transducer has a pair of transparent or semitransparent electrode, an organic layer (a) containing electron-accepting compound, and provided between the electrodes and an organic layer (b) containing electron donor and provided on the organic layer (a). The electron-accepting compound is aromatic polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3,R8=(un)substituted optionally branched 1-20C alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - Fluorene-containing compound of formula (I) (in mg) (10000) and thiophene-containing compound of formula (II) (8615) were dissolved in toluene (253 g) in an inert atmosphere. To the mixture, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (318) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 20% aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (49.6 g) was added to the mixture, the mixture was heated at 105 degrees C and refluxed for 13 hours. To the reacting mixture, phenylboronic acid (2515) was added, heated and refluxed at 105 degrees C for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled, methanol (2393 ml) was dripped to the cooled mixture, precipitated, filtered, washed and dried to obtain a solid substance. The obtained solid substance was dissolved in toluene (598 ml), concentrated, precipitated, filtered, washed and dried to obtain fluorene-containing compound of formula (III) (8880) having weight average molecular weight of 40000 and number average molecular weight of 20000.    s=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Diimidamide compound of formula: H2N-C(=NH)-R3-C(=NH)NH2 and cyano compound of formula: R4-R2-CN are reacted to obtain diimino compound of formula: R4-R2-C(NH2)=N-C(=NH)R3-CH(NH2)-N=C(NH2)-R2-R4. The obtained compound is reacted with fluorosulfonyl compound of formula: FO2S-R1-COF to obtain the perfluoro triazine compound. Preferred Compound: The perfluoro triazine compound is of formula (a-1 or a-2).R11=-CF2-, -CF(CF3)-, -CF(CF3)OCF2CF2- or -CF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2-;andR31=1-10C perfluoro alkylene group containing ether property oxygen. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-10C perfluoro alkylene group containing ether property oxygen;and    R4=CF2=CF-, CF2=CFO- or CF2=CFCF2O.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The perfluoro triazine compound is chosen from 12 disclosed compounds such as of formulae (I-V).    EXAMPLE - Trifluorovinyloxy hexafluorobutanenitrile (in g) (2) and 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (10) were stirred at -20 degrees C or less and ammonia (0.12) was blown to obtain perfluoro triazine compound of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electroconductive agent is carbon fiber or carbon nanofiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal plate is chosen from stainless steel, titanium or its alloy, aluminum or its alloy, copper or its alloy, nickel or its alloy and steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The peeling strength of the electroconductive film fused with a metal plate in 180 degrees direction from the metal plate is 9.8 N/25 mm measured according to JIS K-6854-2. The electroconductive film has volume resistance of 10 ohmcm or less measured by 4 probe method specified according to JIS K-7194 and water vapor permeation rate of 10 g/m2.24 hours at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity measured according to JIS K-7129B. The volume resistance of the electroconductive adhesive resin layer is 5 ohmcm or less. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive adhesive resin layer contains 20-65 mass% of electroconductive agent with respect to the total mass of the resin layer and the conductive resin layer contains 10-80 mass% of electroconductive agent with respect to the total mass of the conductive resin layer. The resin layers are laminated in the order of conductive resin layer and adhesive resin layer or adhesive resin layer, conductive resin layer and adhesive resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support body is hollow body. Preferred Method: The catalyst particle is immersed in hollow side of support body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method involves process which provides aqueous solution containing organic compound, metal ion and photocatalyst particle involving irradiation process which irradiates excitation light to photocatalyst particle in order to produce organic polymer layer from organic compound and to produce catalyst particle from metal ion, carbonization process which carbonizes organic polymer layer, and dissolution process which dissolves photocatalyst particle. The method involves process which provides structure containing porous inorganic acidized layer formed in surface of base material and base material involving first formation process which forms first organic polymer layer in lower layer part of porous inorganic acidized layer, insertion process which inserts catalyst particle in pore of porous inorganic acidized layer, second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer in upper layer part of first organic polymer layer, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material and porous inorganic acidized layer. The method involves process which provides structure containing first organic polymer layer formed in surface of base material and base material and process which provides catalyst particle on first organic polymer layer involving second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer on first organic polymer layer and catalyst particle, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The crosslinking agent is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane. The crosslinking adjuvant is triaryl cyanurate and/or triaryl isocyanurate. The silane coupling agent is ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Composition: The vinyl acetate content in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-28 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-acetic acid vinyl copolymer. The sealing film contains crosslinking agent (in mass parts) (0.1-1), and further contains crosslinking adjuvant (0.1-3) and silane coupling agent (0.1-0.7) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is equipped with transparent silicone resin filling body and titania phosphate type-catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer is chosen from polyaniline derivative, polypyrrole derivative and/or polythiophene derivative. The fuse material and alkali layer contains non-conjugated type polymer which seals the fuse element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte is sulfo alkylated material of polyether sulfone, or sulfonated substance of polyether sulfone. The porous material is polyolefin porous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid inorganic acid is chosen from zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide, tungstophosphoric acid, titanium oxide, molybdophosphoric acid, silicon dioxide and/or phosphoric acid anhydride, derivatives and its precursors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte contains at least one reactive polycarbosilane and solid organic acid. The polyelectrolyte has cation exchange group. The polyelectrolyte is aromatic polymer. The polycarbosilane is chosen from polymethylcarbosilane, polyethylcarbosilane and/or polyisopropylcarbosilane. Preferred Compound: The polycarbosilane is of formula: ((CR1R2)n-Si(H)R3)m.R1-R3=1-20C hydrocarbon group;andn,m=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon particles have average particle diameter of 0.4-30 mu m. Preferred Component: The carbon particles are graphite particles or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin for attachment is urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin and carboxymethyl cellulose resin. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of sum total of amorphous carbon and carbon particles with respect to carbon fiber is 1.50-5. Preferred Properties: The carbon fiber sheet has thickness of 100-350 mu m and fabric weight of 40-200 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: A resin used for manufacturing carbon fiber sheet is chosen from urea resin, melamine resin, phenol resin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone resin and/or carboxymethyl cellulose resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The wood is chosen from cedar tree, pine tree, bamboo tree, cypress tree, maple tree and cherry tree.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ceramic is chosen from zirconia, boron nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and steatite. The carbon raw material is chosen from carbon and carbon compound. The surface of conduction material is coated with conductive resin containing metal chosen from iron, aluminum, copper and stainless steel. Activated carbon, alkali, acid and metal powder are used during the manufacture of water electric power generating apparatus. The metal powder is chosen from copper, aluminum, iron, nickel, magnesium, zinc and their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The outer cylinder component is chosen from wood, glass, ceramics, plastic, carbon raw material and fiber reinforced plastics. The plastic is chosen from polyvinyl chloride type, polyethylene, polypropylene type, polystyrene type and engineering plastics. The fiber reinforced plastics is chosen from glass fiber reinforced plastics, polyimide fiber reinforced plastic and carbon fiber reinforced plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydroxyl-containing resin is polyvinyl alcohol type resin which does not have cationic group, and resin having cationic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper electrode has aluminum and the titanium layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver paste contains oxidized phosphorus and halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer further contains a platinum-type catalyst supported with lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide. The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is of formula: LaaSrbGacMgdCoeOx.a+b,c+d+e=1;a,c=0.6-0.9;andx=(total valance of lanthanum, strontium, gallium, magnesium and cobalt)/2.The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is preferably of formula: La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.1Co0.1O3. The platinum type catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hollow shell portion consists of non-electroconductive material comprising mixture of acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile styrene-butadiene rubber and polyvinyl chloride, or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen liberating material is chosen from lithium and lithium-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent insulator substrate is composed of any of quartz glass, crystallized glass, borosilicate glass, and soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive contains at least one resin selected from silicone resin, acrylic resin, cycloaliphatic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery has a transparent conductive film made of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Additionally, glass sheet is made of silicate. The luminous transform layer radiates its absorbed shortwave light in form of multiband spectrum. The semiwave of one spectrum extreme value lambda=510-720 nm surpasses 120 nm, and it is at yellow-orange spectrum region for other spectrum, the semiwave width of near infrared ray whose extreme value is distributed in 940-1060 nm is 4-6 nm, and it is applied to the largest photosensitive region of mono-crystalline silicon chip, it is rightly at 900-1100 nm section of integrated solar radiation. The inorganic fluorescent powder includes chemical compound Y3-x-y-z-pGdxCeyLupNdzAl5O12, activated ion Ce+3 will radiate in lambda=510-720 nm region, the activated ion Nd+3 will radiate in lambda=920-1100 region. The luminous transform layer exists in thin film shape, thin dispersed inorganic fluorescent powders are filled inside said thin film, the distributed distance is 20 times diameter of average powder, and the light-transmission rate of said thin film is 80-88%, the light scattering value is 4-6%. The volume density of said inorganic fluorescent powders in luminous transform layer is 0.1-0.25%. The luminous quanta rate is 0.8-0.95 when the shortwave is activated. The total efficiency of said solar battery is increased to 20 %.x=0.001-0.30;y=0.001-0.1;z=0.005-0.05; andp=0.0005-0.1.Preferred Composition: The luminous transform layer comprises ethide vinyl acetate polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Method of preparing cobaltosic oxide is(A) using cobalt mine as raw material, lixiviating, purifying and obtaining 50-150 g/L cobalt liquid;(B) adding ammonia, polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cetane trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), polyethylene PEG (1000) or water-soluble amylum according to 0.05-10 wt.% of cobalt into cobalt liquid as complex cobalt salt solution;(C) preparing 80-230 g/L precipitator solution by dissolving ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate and filtering;(D) adding complex cobalt salt solution and precipitator solution exceeding 10-30% of theoretical weight into reaction kettle by using co-current charging method; and(E) filtering, rinsing and drying the precursor, calcining it at 220-900 degrees C, performing thermal decomposition, obtaining a signal-crystal-shaped or sphere-like cobaltosic oxide with purity of greater than or equal to 99.5%.Preferred Condition: Preparing cobaltosic oxide using temperature 30-90 degrees C, pH value of is 5.0-9.0, stirring speed is 400-2000 rpm. Preferred Parameters: Method of preparing cobaltosic oxide the precursor prepared by complex-homogeneous precipitation method is sphere-like. Precursor prepared with complex-homogeneous precipitation method is sphere-like.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is orthodichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrollidone, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, cyclohexanone or ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A phenyl amine composite of formula (5) is added to silicon coupling agent, and reacted at 50-150 degrees C under inactive gas, after reaction is completed un-reacted agent is removed by vacuum distillation to obtain organic silicon composite with aniline structure. The mole ratio between silicon coupling agent and aniline is 2:1-20:1. The obtained organic silicon composite with aniline structure is dissolved into organic solvent, excess sodium acetate, diazo salt solution of electronic acceptor of formula: A-N2+ is dripped at temperature of -10 to 10 degrees C, after completion of reaction water is deposited, and the deposition is collected to obtain organic silicon prepolymer of formula (6). The mole ratio between diazo salt and organic silicon composite is 0.5:1-1.5:1. The obtained organic silicon prepolymer is dissolved in organic solvent, spinned to form film, and polarized using electric field of 3000-5000 V and 50-120 degrees C to obtain organic silicon polymer.R1-R5,R,A=same as defined above;andx=2-50.Preferred Condition: The phenyl amine composite (5) and silicon coupling agent are reacted for 5-50 hours. The organic silicon prepolymer is polarized for 1-5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyphenyl thioether resin has particle size of 60-200 micron. The graphite has particle size of 80-200 micron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A lead acid storage battery has lead polar column in which acid-proof epoxy resin filling agent is filled, and the surface is dried at room temperature for 4-6 hours and solidified at 25 for 7 days or 80 degrees C for 3 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anhydride: The anhydride is alicyclic hydrocarbon containing anhydride chosen from methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, methylnadic anhydride, methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methyl tetrahydrobenzoic anhydride or their mixtures. Preferred Amine: The tertiary amine is benzyl dimethylamine, benzoperoxide, or DMP-30 (RTM: tertiary amine accelerator). Preferred Process: The trivalent chromium complex is 2-ethylhexoic acid chromium that is obtained by adding aqueous solution of chromic nitrate into aqueous solution of 2-sodium ethylhexonoate, reacting mixture in hexane, washing 2-ethylhexoic acid chromium with 5% diluted sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, and drying under reduced pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is bisphenol A epoxy resin such as E-51 epoxy resin, E-44 epoxy resin or E-39D epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium ion battery electrolyte contains 0.0001-0.1 wt.% of thermal initiator. Preferred Component: The thermal initiator is peroxide initiator, azo initiator or oxidoreduction initiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The chemical cross linker monomer is double functional group acrylic ester monomer of formula CH2=C(R1)CO2(CH2CH2O)n1-R2-(CH2CH2O)n2-CO-C(R1)=CH2. The polymer having physical crosslinking is polyvinylidene fluoride, polyfluortetraethylene, or polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer. The septum substrate is polymer composite microporous membrane having a thickness of 6-30 (preferably 2-15) mu m, and a porosity of more than 30%.R1=H or CH3;R2=-CmH2m-, -C6H4-, -CO-C6H4-COO-, -(CH2CH2O)m- or radical with heterocycle;n1=0-10;n2=0-10;andm=0-10.Preferred Method: The step of forming modified septum forms a modified solution. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of the chemical cross linker monomer and the polymer is 10:90-50:50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second substrate includes a flexible polymer and a flexible metal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pyro-electric cell comprises from any one of lithium niobate (LiNbO-3), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3), lithium niobate osmium (LiNbOs), triglycerin sulfate, zinc oxide (ZnO) and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The quaternary ammonium salt is lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quaternary ammonium salt is tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, ionic liquid nuclear transport factor 2 i.e. (EMIm)NTf2, and human bone morphogenetic protein nuclear transport factor 2 i.e. (BMPy) NTf2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the oxidation reduction electrode pair (I2:LiI) is 1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic peroxide is dialkyl peroxide-type organic peroxide. The sealing film further comprises cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-5 mass parts). Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl acetate in ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorption unit comprises a coil made of copper/titanium alloy. The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit comprises a copper panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit are made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The fiber length of the apparently crimping fibers is 3-7 mm. The synthetic fiber has zigzag, spiral and/or ohmic crimp shapes provided along the length direction. The area ratio of component (a) and component (b) in fiber cross-section of the latently crimping fibers is 65/35-35/65. Preferred Composition: The apparently crimping fibers are synthetic fibers containing thermoplastic resin having crimp number of 5-25 crimp/inch. The latently crimping fibers are conjugate fibers having component (a) of propylene copolymer having melting point of 110-147 degrees C. The component (b) of latently crimping fibers is polypropylene having melting point of 158 degrees C or more, or polyethylene. Preferred Process: The propylene copolymer is obtained by copolymerizing one or more alpha -olefin other than propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The radio transceiver implements the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15 communications standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal layer is aluminum layer, silver layer or silver-aluminum alloy layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic polymer layer is made from photo-curable material, heat-curable material or self-curable material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor p/n junctions of first and second sub-cells, comprise gallium arsenide or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer comprises molybdenum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metals are palladium, iridium, rhodium and/or platinum. The transition metal is cobalt, iron, molybdenum and/or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic ring is 2-(1H-pyrrole-3-yl pyridine). The nitrogen containing low molecular weight compounds are pyridine and/or phenanthroline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin consist of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating resin is selected from anyone of polysulfone, polyether-sulfone, polyether ether ketone and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid-electrolyte layer contains lithium, sulfur, and phosphorus. The negative-electrode active material layer is formed with lithium metal or lithium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of heat resistant tape is selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyether imide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide and polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The strong base solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic solution is toluene, benzene or carbon disulfide. The fullerene is C60 and its ramification or C72 and its ramification.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The multi-hole molding board is multi-hole aluminum oxide molding board, multi-hole silicon oxide molding board or polymer filter membrane. The multi-hole molding board has thickness of 0.2-100 microns and hole-diameter of 10-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The sulfonate having branched ether skeleton in a molecule, has an ether bond of formula: (-R-O)m-R' (1), and structural units of formula (2,5). The sulfonate having branched ether skeleton in a molecule is an ether bond-containing compound of formula (3) or oxygen-containing compound of formula (6). The branched ether bond-containing sulfonate is of formula (4). The nonaqueous solvent is cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate, preferably vinylene carbonate.R,R3,R4=2-4C alkylene or crown ring;R',R5,R6=1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkylene bonded with -SO3M' or crown ring, where portion(s) of H of R, R3-R6 and R' is optionally substituted by fluorine, and in the crown ring, portion(s) of oxygen is optionally substituted by sulfur or nitrogen;M'=alkali metal;m,r=1-10;M=alkali metal, preferably lithium;R1=1-8C alkylene or aromatic ring, where portion(s) of H is optionally substituted by fluorine;R2=1-3C saturated hydrocarbon;n=1-4;o,p=0-10;andq=1 or 2.Preferred Property: The content of sulfonate in nonaqueous electrolyte is 0.05-10 mass% with respect to whole quantity of nonaqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The additive is used at 0.1-10 wt.% based on amount of final electrolytic solution. EXAMPLE - A lithium secondary battery was fabricated by interposing polyethylene between positive and negative electrode plates manufactured by mixing conductive and active material to binder solution. An electrolytic solution obtained by dissolving 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate at 3:7 weight ratio with lithium-difluoro-oxalateborate (3 wt.%), was added to battery subjected to pre-charging at 50% capacity. The change in thickness of battery was determined before and after the formation process. The battery was left to stand at 55 degrees C and area specific impedance was measured every 2 weeks. The thickness of the battery was increased by 22% for control pre-charged at 10% and less than 10% for samples pre-charged at 50-100%. The interval between electrodes was increased with vinylene carbonate compared to sample with new additives. Thus, swelling phenomenon was decreased by degassing and the lifespan of battery was prolonged even at high temperatures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyolefin is polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles having an acid absorption function are zeolite, hydrotalcite, calcined hydrotalcite or hydrotalcite oxide. The inorganic particles having a water absorption function are zeolite, calcined hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite oxide or magnesium sulfate hydrated with 0-3 water molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The absorption sheet has resin layers containing no inorganic particles, with which resin layers both surfaces of the absorption layer are laminated. The resin in the absorption layer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes. The resin in the resin layer containing no inorganic particles comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polymethyl methacrylate or polymer including chain of N-isopropyl acrylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel oxidizing catalyst has oxides of zirconium, cerium and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel oxidizing catalyst has platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises triple junction amorphous silicon solar cell(s). The photovoltaic device includes back-reflecting structure between substrate and solar cell(s), and top conducting layer between solar cell(s) and protective coating. The photovoltaic device includes current collection grid between top conducting layer and protective coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The top conducting layer comprises indium-tin-oxide (ITO). The transparent conductive material layer comprises a layer of ITO or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protective coating comprises silicone based material layer. The protective coating is a spray deposited coating of a silicone based material. The polymer comprises polyimide. The substrate comprises a thin web of metal or polymer. The protective coating includes transparent conductive material layer on top layer of a silicone based material. Preferred Properties: The protective coating is 0.01-2, preferably 0.5-2 mil thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The drainage conduit in communication with water removal channel has a pillar made of hydrophilic material such as plastic including polyoxy methylene, elastomer, ceramics and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather-containing glass, plastic, metal, timber and/or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The metal colloid particle is coated by coating, spraying, printing, discharging and/or transferring process. The coating method is chosen from inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system and/or spray system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal colloid particles are chosen from gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. Preferred Properties: The metal colloid particle has average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. The metal colloid particles are globular form, polygon shape, or non-uniform shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing protective agent is chosen from amino group, amide group or imide group. The oxygen-containing protective agent is chosen from carbonyl, carboxyl, aldehyde group, or amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The void filling material is made of water repellent paste, polyelectrolyte or resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: In the fuel cell system above, the anion supply means comprises additional means to add the compound which contains the anion in the humidifying water. The anion is a water-soluble compound. The anion supply means also comprises a means to carry out electrolysis dissolve in the anion to the humidifying water; a film comprising a compound containing the anion formed in inner surface of the humidification means; and a solid comprising a compound thrown in the humidifying water. Preferably, the compound containing the anion is a slightly soluble compound, where the slightly soluble compound is countercation selected from alkaline-earth metal, an earth metal, a transition metal (except iron (Fe)), and a rare-earth-metal element. The anion is an oxygen-acid anion which uses a constitutent element selected from phosporus (P), silicon (Si), Molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W). The anion supply means supplies the anion to the humidifying water using a compound with a carboxyl group, a compound with a phosphoric acid group, the oxide of tungsten, a -containing hydroxide, the oxide of molybdenum, or a -containing hydroxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Base Material: The base material is ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather, glass, plastic, metal, timber and/or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles of the metal colloid particles consist of gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. The metal colloid particles have an average particle diameter of 1-60 nm, and globular shape, polygonal shape, or amoeba shape. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is applied on the base material by spraying, printing, discharge, coating and/or transfer, or by inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: Nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group, and/or imide group. Oxygen containing in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The frequency of microwave is 890-940 MHz, 2400-2500 MHz, or 5725-5878 MHz. The irradiation time of microwave is 0.1-60 minutes. Preferred Element: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group, and/or imide group. The oxygen contained in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or amide group. Preferred Particles: The metal colloid particles comprise metal chosen from gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium, and iridium, preferably gold. Preferred Properties: The metal colloid particles have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. The metal colloid particles are granular particles having globular shape, polygon shape, or amoeba shape. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is coated on the base material by spraying method, printing method, discharge method, transfer method, and/or inkjet method, and using disperser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system. Preferred Material: The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather containing glass, plastic and metal, timber and tile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles comprising metal colloidal particles contain gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium or iridium, preferably gold. The metal colloidal particles have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm and are globular form, polygonal or in the form of amoeba. Preferred Process: The metal colloid is coated on the base material by coating, spraying, discharge or transfer method, or by inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system. The wavelength of ultraviolet ray is 254-365 nm. Preferred Material: The base material is ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather containing glass, plastics, metal, timber or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group or imide group. The oxygen in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde or imide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The base material is ceramics, cement, concrete, stone, textiles, paper, leather glass, plastic, metal, wood and tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal particles are gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. The shape of metal colloid particles is globular, polygon or amoeboid. Preferred Property: The infrared rays has infrared peak wavelength of 1-2.20 mu m. The metal colloid particles has average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is coated on base material by spraying, printing, discharging and transferring process using inkjet method, screen printing system, dispenser system, reverse printing method, slit coat method or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The protecting agent contains nitrogen originating from amino group, amide group and imido group. The protecting agent contains oxygen originating from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group and amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The optical supply unit is a light source which irradiates a light to the photocatalyst. The optical supply unit supplies the external light of fuel cell system to photocatalyst. The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is a hydrophilic organic solvent or its aqueous solution, having less surface tension than water. The solvent is a liquid mixture of ethanol and water. Preferred Condition: The drying is performed at saturated vapor pressure in presence of solvent for 2 hours or more. The film thickness of the polymeric thin film is determined by the formula: L=(Vx dIx CN)/(dNx Ax 100), where L is layer thickness of the polymeric thin film in cm, V is volume of dripped polymer solution in cm3, dI is density of polymer solution in g/cm3, CN is concentration of polymer solution in weight%, dN is density after polymeric drying in g/cm3 and A is area of glassy carbon substrate in cm2. Preferred Property: The polymeric thin film has film thickness of 10 mu m or less and surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or less. EXAMPLE - Glassy carbon substrate having diameter of 10 mm and area of 0.785 cm2 was polished using alumina paste. Then, the substrate was ultrasonically cleaned using hot water and degreased using 99.5 volume% of ethanol. Then, the substrate was cleaned using pure water. Then, Nafion (RTM: alcohol solution) (5 weight%) was diluted using ethanol and was dripped on glassy carbon substrate. Then, the substrate was dried at 25 degrees C, and the solvent was evaporated at saturated vapor pressure for 10 hours, to form polymeric thin film. The obtained polymeric thin film had excellent surface flatness and ultra film thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coated metal layer consists of titanium or titanium alloy. The film growth suppression layer consists of conductive paint with carbon and/or noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte condensation system is made of polypropylene containing variable amount of elastomeric material compatible with polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The fiber contains carbon or ceramic containing material. The fiber coating material selected from group of a glass, glass foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fiber coating material selected from group of a metal, particularly copper and aluminum. POLYMER - The fiber coating material selected from group of thermoplastic, silicone, polyacrylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fiber coating material selected from group of acrylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material is metallurgical-grade silicon with purity of 98-99.5%. The lining material of autoclave used in dipping process is metal titanium or resin. Preferred Process: The raw material is cracked to 50-300 items.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lithium-ion batteries may be of polymeric electrolyte-type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sintering conductive material and the thermosetting conductive material has silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sintering conductive material consist of organic vehicle and organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosetting resin consists of epoxy-based thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal of metal clusters is selected from gold, tungsten, copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, palladium, rhenium, male aluminum, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and platinum (preferably palladium).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent top cover and the absorber elements are formed of a polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optimized germane (GeH4) to disilane (Si2H6) ratio is provided for forming high efficiency single junction solar cell during i-layer deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is metal salts including lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, lithium bromide, sodium bromide and potassium bromide, imidazolium iodides, and/or their metal salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of acidic functional group to basic functional group is 1:1-1:20, preferably 1:1. The two oligomers have radius of gyration of 6-50 Angstrom . The basic functional group is 5-30C heteroaryl group containing nitrogen heteroatom. The acidic functional group is carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, and/or sulfonic acid. The first oligomer having basic functional group at both ends of the molecule has formula R1-X(R2X)n-R1, preferably C5H5N-O-((CH2)2-O)n-C5H5N, C5H5N-CH2O-((CH2)2-O)n-CH2-C5H5N, or C5H5N-CH2O-((CH2)3-O)n-CH2-C5H5N. The second oligomer having acidic functional group at both ends of molecule has formula Y-R3-X(R2X)n-R3-Y, preferably COOH-Ph-O-((CH2)2-O)n-Ph-COOH, COOH-Ph-O-((CH2)3-O)n-Ph-COOH, or HO-(O)S(O)-Ph-O-((CH2)2-O)n-Ph- HO-(O)S(O).R1=5-30C heteroaryl group or heteroarylalkyl group containing nitrogen as heteroatom (all optionally substituted);R2=optionally substituted 1-5C (hetero)alkyl;R3=1-10C alkyl, 6-30C aryl(alkyl), 2-30C heteroaryl(alkyl), 5-20C cycloalkyl, 2-30C heterocycloalkyl, 1-30C alkylester, 1-30C arylester, or 2-30C heteroaryl ester (optionally substituted);X=O, S, Se, or Te;Y=carboxylic acid functional group, phosphoric acid functional group, or sulfonic acid functional group;andn=1-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first enzyme is glucose oxidase. The second enzyme is bilirubin oxidase or laccase. The first and second enzymes are immobilized with respect to the first and second nanomaterials by electrochemical or microwave-assisted process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are porous silicon. At least one of the first and second nanomaterials is single-wall carbon nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene, nano onion, and/or nanocomposite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises 100 mM beta -D-glucose in pH 7 phosphate buffer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are polymeric substrates or nanotube membranes. Fullerene molecule(s) is chemically tethered to the first and second nanomaterials, respectively. The electrolyte is immobilized in pores of porous polymer, preferably PTFE. A biocompatible polymer encompasses the biofuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The personal digital assistant is equipped with a code division multiple access (CDMA) transceive, and a global positioning system (GPS) transceiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic binder utilizes a glass frit of the mixture in which a raw material mixed among silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), boric oxide (B2O3), and sodium oxide (Na2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode has packing density of 2.5-3 g/cm3, when active material is lithium manganate, and packing density of 3.3-3.8 g/cm3, when active material is lithium cobaltate. The cathode contains graphite as active material. The battery is packed by a laminate material. Preferred Properties: The organic compound has lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy of -1.5 to 0 eV. Boron and oxygen are contained at depth of 0.1-1 mu m in cathode by analyzing peak by secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurement. The peak of boron and oxygen contains decomposition product of organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent contains linear carbonate and cyclic carbonate. Preferred Compound: The organic compound is preferably of formulae (2,3). Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains 0.05-5 mass% of organic compound, 0.1-3 mass% of vinylene carbonate, cross-linking-type polymer and solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The cross-linking-type polymer is acrylic-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material of cathode is graphite, amorphous carbon, lithium, lithium alloy or lithium ion included carbon. Preferred Ion: The electrolyte cation is lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The radical high molecular compound is obtained by polymerizing cyclopentadiene compound of formula (1), and is used as active material of anode. A radical high molecular compound of formula (2) is used as reaction material or product.X=sulfur, oxygen, -NH- or -N(CH3)-;Y',Z=single bond, oxygen, amide, ester or 1-6C alkylene;andR1,R2=monovalent organic group having nitroxyl radical, H, 1-6C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy or cyano, and at least one is monovalent organic group having nitroxyl radical.Preferred Method: Bonding of radical high molecular compound (2) is carried out with electrolyte cation, and discharge reaction is carried out. Reverse reaction of discharge reaction is then carried out. The bonding of radical high molecular compound is cleaved with electrolyte anion, and reverse reaction of discharge reaction is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is of formula: (A+-X1-)a(H+X2)b.A+=organic onium cation;H1=Bronsted acidic portion;X2=Bronsted-acid residue;a=0.5-1;b=0.5 or less;anda+b=1.Preferred Process: An organic-inorganic composite contains sol-gel solution obtained by uniformly mixing Bronsted acidic ionic liquid and methyl alkoxide monomer. Preferred Property: The proton-conductive glass has proton-conductivity at -20 to 300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer is a block copolymer. The fluorocarbon unit is vinylidene fluoride. The copolymer contains 10-50 mol% of oxymethylene unit and has weight average molecular weight of 10000-1000000. The copolymer further has units of formulae: -O-CH2CH2-, -O(CH2)p-CH(CH3)- and -O-CHR1-CHR2-.p=1-2;andR1,R2=1-3C hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead material consists of aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and metal plated copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell module has sealing units comprising polypropylene resins or polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of sealing is polypropylene resin, polyolefin-type resin, or polyethylene-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bank layer contains carbon, and ceramic that contains silicon atom which is silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photoelectric transducer array also has bank layer that isolates conversion part from organic photoelectric transducers. The bank layer has organic macromolecular material of a photosensitive resin which is a polyimide type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The application layer is made of an electroconductive paste consisting of silver, copper, aluminum or nickel. The base material of the support is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amount of nickel in the periphery portion of porous nickel collector is 250-700 g/m2. The amount of nickel in the porous nickel collector is 160-320 g/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The nonwoven fabric consists of polyolefin-type resin. The peripheral portion of collector is edge portion having thickness of 6 mm. The content of active material which filled portions other than periphery portion is 100-320 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon has volume average particle diameter of 0.1-500 nm. The chemical shift of condensed ring-aromatic compound carbon 6-membered ring and sulfonic acid group bonded with amorphous carbon, is detected by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface with half value width of 5-30 degrees is detected in powder X-ray diffraction. The amorphous carbon has volume average particle diameter of less than 500 nm. Peaks other than the diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface are not detected for amorphous carbon, in powder X-ray diffraction. Preferred Composition: The carbon is acetylene black. The solvent is water. The sulfonic acid density of the amorphous carbon is 1.6-8 mmol/g. The amorphous carbon is fluoridation processed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains a resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyarylene copolymer is of formula (5). Preferred Component: The polyarylene copolymer has sulfonic acid-containing group of formula (6).Y'=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, (CF2)l, and -C(CF3)2-;Z=(CH2)1, -C(CH3)2-, -O-, or -S-;Ar=aromatic substituted by -SO3H, -O(CH2)pSO3H or -O(CF2)pSO3H;p=1-12;m,n=0-10;andk=1-4. EXAMPLE - 4,4'-Difluoro benzophenone (in g) (50.91), 4-chloro-4'-fluoro benzophenone (15.64), 2,2'-bis-(3-phenyl-l-hydroxyphenyl) propane (75.28) and potassium carbonate (44.23) were added and reacted under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a reaction mixture. Then, N,N-dimethyl acetamide (313 ml) and toluene (125 ml) were added, stirred and refluxed at 150 degrees C to obtain a reaction liquid. The obtained reaction liquid was heated at 165 degrees C for 3 hours, and 4-chloro-4'-fluoro benzophenone (7.82) was added to obtain a reaction product. Further, methanol (2 ml) was added and reacted to obtain chlorine-containing compound of formula (I). The aromatic compound had excellent stability. The solid polymer electrolyte containing polyarylene copolymer had high workability. The proton conduction film had excellent methanol resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal of metal complex is copper or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar chip is comprised of silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium antimony, or indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar system utilizes a commercial UV resistant polyethylene foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: In solar hot water container, the storage space is filled with hollow body and the hot water wash round the hollow body at 30-100 degrees C. The hollow body in soluble fill is brought into a solar hot water container. Preferred Components: The total volume of the hollow body is 1-1.5 cm3. The hollow body in the outline essentially exhibits a spherical shape. The hollow body for the increase of the contact area exhibits another recess and/or cavity. The hollow body filled with carboxylic acid amide and/or carboxylic acid ester is completely airtight. The ratio of the container volume to total volume of the fill is 0.5:1-0.85:1. The hollow body for the carboxylic acid amide and/or carboxylic acid ester is obtained from: plastics comprising e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyamide, polyester and polycarbonate; or metals comprising e.g. aluminum, copper, bronze, brass, ferritic steel or austenitic alloyed steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylic acid amide and/or carboxylic acid ester exhibits a melting point of 30-110 degrees C and a heat of fusion of at least 160 J/g. The carboxylic acid amide is acetamide, propionamide, caproamide, caprinamide, pelargonamide, lauramide, myristinamide, palmitinamide, stearinamide or N-stearyl stearamide. The carboxylic acid ester is n-1-4C-alkyl stearate, n-1-4C-alkyl palmitate, glyceryl trilaurate, glyceryl tripalmitate, glyceryl tristearate, 1,2-ethylene-bis-stearate, 1,2-ethylene-bis-palmitate, diethylene glycol-distearate, diethylene glycol-bis-palmitate and/or stearamidoethyl stearate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell membrane electrode unit either comprises the electrode of the ionic liquid and/or the membrane, optionally in combination with the protonic acid, preferably phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains at least a perfluoroalkyl group of formula (CnF2n+1), preferably a trifluoromethyl or pentafluoroethyl group. The ionic liquid comprises compounds from (I)-(V).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The porous membrane matrices of the fuel cell membrane are directly treated with electrolytes or in a solution containing an organic solvent, and the solvent is subsequently evaporated to form self-bearing film. The porous membrane matrices are polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and/or polyethyleneterephthalate based system or oxide, preferably nanoparticular systems. The above compounds are contained in the porous carrier by evacuation/ventilation cycle, where the membrane sample is evacuated repeatedly and alternatively and with a solution containing the compounds, such that all the gas residues in the pores are removed. The framework of the porous matrix is charged with the above compounds in a concentrated solution and in a high pressure autoclave. Preferred Components: The above compounds are impregnated preferably in basic polymer or polymer matrix, optionally with other liquid electrolyte, preferably phosphoric acid. The basic polymer is polybenzimidazole, poly(pyridine), poly(pyrimidine), polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polyquinoxaline, polythiadiazole or poly(tetrazapyrene). A porous fleece functions as a porous carrier, whose lower portion contains an evacuated filter frit, where above compounds are applied on the filter frit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The metal powder contains silver powder (in weight%) (10-90) and aluminum powder (10-90). The silver powder contains ball-shaped silver powder (95-75) and sheet-shaped silver powder (5-25). Preferred Compounds: The organic medium is tetraethyl orthosilicate. The glass powder is zinc borosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is gel-form resin such as silicon gel with 1/4 concentration of 10-200 at 25 degrees C, hardenable silicon with liquid viscosity of 500-10000 MPa.seconds at 25 degrees C, preferably 800-3000 MPa.seconds. Preferred Properties: The content of resin is 0.1-50 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of resin and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy powder. The volume ratio of hydrogen-adsorbing alloy powder to the inner volume of the container (D) is preferably 50-70%. The ratio of the strain ( alpha (200)) generated on the surface of the wall of the hydrogen storage container (E) and the strain ( alpha (50)) generated on the surface of the wall of the hydrogen storage container (E) is 1.4 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An additional polymeric film with embossed V-grooves and reflective coating is attached to the interconnector to provide the reflective structure. The polymeric film is made by liquid or soft resin coated, embossed, cured and reflective coated direct into the interconnector. The reflective coating may be a silver, aluminum, gold or reflective polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating liquid is made of PTFE of mass of carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell comprises fuel electrode, air electrode and electrolyte film interposed between the two electrodes. The fuel electrode or air electrode contains electrode catalyst. EXAMPLE - Resorcinol (in g) (1.65) was dissolved in solution containing ion-exchange water (4.35), ethanol (5.75) and 5M hydrochloric acid (0.15 ml). Then, Pluronic F-127 (RTM: surfactant) (0.945) was added, and dissolved completely. Triethyl ortho acetate (1.2) and 37% formaldehyde (1.35) were added and stirred at 30 degrees C for 20 minutes. The obtained reaction solution was moved to a container and heated at 105 degrees C for 6 hours, to obtain orange solid. Then, the obtained solid was moved to quartz boat and heated at 20-800 degrees C, to obtain carbon meso-porous substance (0.8) as black lump. The obtained carbon meso-porous substance had mean pore diameter of 7-8 nm and specific surface area of 600 cm2/g, according to nitrogen adsorption measurement. The obtained carbon meso-porous substance was then ground in mortar, to obtain carbon meso-porous substance powder. Then, the obtained powder (100 mg) was added to aqueous solution (3.3 ml) of tetraammineplatinum (II) nitrate (89.1 mg), stirred and dried. Dichloromethane (40 ml) was then added, stirred, distilled, heated and dried, to obtain electrode catalyst supported with platinum (30 wt.%). The electrode catalyst had high activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor solution comprises 200 proof ethanol. The substrate of the photo-anode is a spectrally transparent cyclic-olefin copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strips of the cut web is deposited on to a substrate, which is made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte comprises a compound of formula (2) containing a repeating unit of formula (3). The polymer comprises compound of formula (5).R1-R7=H, optionally substituted 1-6C alkyl, or halo;R8-R14=H, optionally substituted 1-6C alkyl, or halo;Ar=tetravalent aromatic or aliphatic organic group;X=single bond, -O-, -S-, 1-6C alkylene, -C(CF3)(CF3)-, or -C(CH3)(CH3)-;n=10-1000; andR=substituent comprising formula (1). EXAMPLE - In an atmosphere of nitrogen, second-generation dendrimer carbon-bromine (3.2 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran in a flask, and polyhydroxystyrene (0.5 g), potassium carbonate (1.2 g), and 18-crown-6 (0.2 g) were added to the solution and mixed at 80 degrees C. After reacting for 12 hours, the resulting product was poured into 1:1 mixture of water and methanol to form a precipitate. The precipitate was filtered to obtain polymer powder. The polymer powder was dried at 60 degrees C for 24 hours. The polymer powder was dissolved in a sulfuric acid solution and reacted at 80 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction product was poured into ether to form a precipitate. The precipitate was filtered and dissolved in water. The solution was purified. The polymer electrolyte solution with phosphoric acid and 4-hydroxymethylimidazole as cross linker was heat treated at 180 degrees C for 30 minutes. A polymer electrolyte membrane was obtained and had a tensile modulus of 38%. The polymer electrolyte had a higher ionic conductivity, preferably 0.07 S/cm at 80 degrees C and 0.05 S/cm at 120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha olefin is ethylene. The alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, and/or monomethyl maleic acid. The silane coupling agent is gamma-chloropropylmethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(beta-methoxyethoxy)silane, gamma-vinylbenzylpropyltrimethoxysilane, N-beta-(N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl)-gammaaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gammamethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, gamma-mercaptopropylmethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and/or N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The organic peroxide is 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-betylperoxy)hexane-3, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tertbutylperoxy)hexane, dicumyl peroxide, alpha, alpha1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tertbutylperoxy)valerate, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)cyclohexane, 1,1 -bis(tertbutylperoxy)-3,3,5 -trimethyl-cyclohexane, tert-butylperoxybenzoate, and/or benzoyl peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refractory material arranged on inner surface of core is made of alumina cement, alumina-silica cement, sol-gel binder or thermo-chemically compatible materials made of alumina, silica and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temperature stable sealant is made of polymeric material, elastomer, silicone elastomer, geopolymer, glass sealant and cementitious ceramic sealant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst of the catalyzed surface is platinum, palladium or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inlet manifolds of the fuel cell plates are lined with porous, non-electrically conductive flame arresting material such as aramid fiber, aramid fabric, fiberglass, ceramic or treated organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The back cover comprises a polyvinyl fluoride polymer. The first layer of transparent material is a thermosetting plastic, preferably ethyl vinyl acetate. The weight mitigation layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate and an ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer is the resin material containing microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acid is sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Element: The anode contains ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is alcohol and/or polyhydric alcohol, or heterocyclic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The organic binder contains polyvinyl alcohol or modified polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The dye compound is poly(disilanylene oligo thienylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is chosen from methanol liquid, ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether (DME), formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution, and sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cartridge contains a resin layer that is excellent in oxygen barrier property. The resin material is chosen from an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terepthalate, a polycarbonate, a polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of oxygen and inert gas is 1/2 or less. The compound having aromatic ring is chosen from aniline, pyrrole or thiophene and its derivatives. Preferred Property: The baking process is performed in inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The soft aluminum metal layer of outer cover conforms to JISA8021P-0 standards. The hard aluminum metal layer of outer cover conforms to JISA3003 P-H18 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The mesh sheet is formed by knitting fiber containing resin or rubber mixed with electroconductive adjuvant, in lattice shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst composite component has linear expansion coefficient of (-)50-50 mu mx m-1 degrees C-1. Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst layer is coated with catalyst slurry. The catalyst slurry contains platinum carrying carbon powder, ionomer, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acryl polymer further has a structural unit (C) induced from 10-40 mass% of (meth)acrylonitrile. The total content of structural units (A-C) contained in the acryl polymer is 100 mass%. The acryl polymer is polymerized using a carbonate-type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Preferably the content of thermoplastic resin is 55-98 weight%, more preferably 60-94 weight%, penetrating hole material is 2-45 weight%, more preferably 5-40 weight% and opening agent is 0-15 weight%, more preferably 1-10 weight%. Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyolefin-type resin, aliphatic polyester-type resin, polyester-type resin containing aromatic component, ( alpha )-olefin carbon monoxide copolymer, polyimide-type resin, fluorine resin and polysulfone-type resin. The penetrating hole and opening is fibrillated in the form of nonwoven fabric. The perforated material comprises resin chosen from polyphenylene-ether-type resin, styrene resin, and/or saturated hydrocarbon-type resin. The porous component is chosen from film-form having thickness of 2-200 mu m, sheet-form having thickness of 200-5000 mu m, filament-form having diameter of 2-5000 mu m and hollow-filament having diameter of 2-5000 mu m. Preferred Properties: The softening point of perforated material is 150 degrees C or more. The porous component has air permeability of 0.5-500 seconds/100 cc.25 mu m thickness and porosity of 30-90%. The porous component has air permeability of 0.5-500 seconds/100 cc.25 mu m thickness and porosity of 30-80%. The porous component has air permeability of 0.1-80 seconds/100 cc.25 mu m thickness and porosity of 40-85%. The mean-diameter ratio of penetrating hole and opening is more than 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hollow transparent solid housing is made of acrylic fiber or transparent plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The M is a material from niobium (Nb), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W). The semiconductor particulates comprise an elementary substance semiconductor, compound semiconductor, and/or perovskite compound; and an oxide comprising metal selected from Ti, zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), Zn, indium (In), lanthanum (La), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), W, tin (Sn), Nb, magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc), samarium (Sm), gallium (Ga), indium (In) and/or TiSr. The conductive layer contains conductive metal oxide selected from indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, ZnO-(Ga2O3 or Al2O3), tin-based oxide, antimony tin oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate is plastic substrate selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide, triacetylcellulose, polyethersulfone and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface comprises at least one polar group of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, mercapto, amino, halo, cyano, alkoxy, epoxy, and sulfonyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The thin film devices are silicon based thin film devices comprising one of individual sheets, or a continuous web selected from glass, polyimide, or stainless steel; deposited with amorphous, crystalline or partially crystalline silicon P-I-N along with metal conductor layers. The devices are at least 1 m x 0.5 m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier coating is selected from silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, or titanium carbide coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The first electrical potential (P1) is 0 mV and second electrical potential (P2) is 2500 mV with respect to neutral reference. An acidic electrolyte (preferably Lewis acid or peroxy acid) at least as strong as boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex is substituted for boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal ion is chosen from group (IIIA) element, group (IVA) element, group (VA) element, group (VIA) element, group (VIIA) element, group (VIII) element, group (IB) element, group (IB) element, group (IIIB) element and group (VIB) element, preferably scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium, and element of lanthanoid and actinoid series.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The monomer is deprotonated by a base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron-donating organic material is conjugated-system polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polyester-type resin layer contains 5-40 weight % of titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesion layer provided in the sheet is made of polyester-type resin chosen from the polyester polyurethane group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains niobic acid nitride containing niobium element, and strontium or barium, titanic acid nitride containing lanthanum, beta -germanium nitride containing germanium element with different valence, or niobium oxide containing niobium element with different valence. The catalyst is dispersed on an electroconductive powder carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite substance has defect which consists of six carbon holes which lacked 6-membered ring carbon. The catalyst contains palladium and palladium as dimer molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode layer contains metal oxide-containing lithium. Preferred Process: The anode layer, solid-electrolyte layer, and cathode layer are formed by dry-cleaning process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The substrate has thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm. The secondary battery has surface roughness of 20 nm or less. The substrate has bending elastic modulus of 3-4 GPa. The water absorption of substrate is 1% or less. Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate type-compound and photoinitiator. The photocurable composition further contains 4-functional mercaptan type-compound of formula (I).R3=1-5C alkylene group.Preferred Process: A water-vapor barrier film is laminated on at least one surface of substrate, and outer periphery of secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte contains urethane (meth)acrylate type compound, ethylenic unsaturated compound, supporting electrolyte salt, photoinitiator, ionic liquid, and inorganic particle with average particle diameter of not greater than 1 mu m. The supporting electrolyte is bis trifluoromethane sulfonimide lithium and/or bis-pentafluoroethane sulfonimide lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conjugated polymer of formula (I) is preferably of formula (1).Q1,Q2,R,h=same as defined above;andAr2=same as defined above, preferably group of formulae (II,IV,IX).The content of conjugated polymer is 0.1-10000 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Boron-containing compound (in g) (6.2171) of formula (A), bromine-containing compound (0.5085) of formula (B), oxygen-containing compound (6.2225) of formula (C), nitrogen-containing compound (0.5487) of formula (D), toluene (100 ml), dichlorobis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (II) (7.6 mg) and sodium carbonate (24 ml) were added, and stirred for 3 hours. The obtained reaction mixture was washed and organic phase was dropped into methanol, precipitated, filtered and dried, to obtain conjugated polymer (7.72) having number average molecular weight of 1.2x 105, and weight average molecular weight of 2.9x 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is made of methanol, ethanol, propanol, formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, ethylene, glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte layer is made of poly perfluoro sulfonic acid, trifluoro styrene derivative, polybenzimidazole, aromatic polyether ketone sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shape maintenance polymer layer is made of resin such as urethane, acrylic resin, or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode contains lithium complex oxide containing vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The content of the silylated carbonate in a mixed solvent is greater than or equal to 10 vol.%. Preferred Component: The carbon material, having graphite material as main component, is natural graphite, artificial graphite, coke, carbon black, pyrolytic carbon, carbon filter or organic polymer compound baked object. Preferred Definition:    m,n=1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The device utilizes a locating ring that is a cylinder shape supporting frame made of stainless steel material. The cathode is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The functional coating layer is made of polyethylene fluoride resin, polyethylene wax, polypropylene fluoride resin, polypropylene wax, polysiloxane resin, acrylic resin, liquid paraffin, polyester resin, Oleamide, erucic acid and fatty acid ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric conduction yarn is made of mixture of copper, constantan, strong copper, albata, nickel chromium triangle, aldary, nickel alloy, chrome, titanium alloy, stainless steel, carboform, kufasa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electric conduction yarn is made of tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transverse optical collector modules and the lengthwise optical collector modules are made up of polycarbonate (PC), PVC or acrylic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive plate of the theft-proof storage battery structure applies a slab lattice with a silkscreen shape that is co-axle compounding weaved by a lead-selenium-copper-aluminum alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pin of the fuse is a copper wire whose surface is tinned.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The periphery of the box body has frames which are made of aluminum and alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metal pipe casting is made of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The foundation plate is made of ceramic or fortified glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The films include aluminum. The foundation plate is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foundation plate is made of transparent plastic. The resin includes silicone, polyvinyl butyral or vinyl acetate synthesis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additives: The electrolyte is added with additive that is vinylene carbonate (VC). Preferred Composition: The solvent comprises (wt. parts) DMC 20-30 parts, EC 12-21 parts, EMC 35-55 parts, and PC 5-16 parts. The concentration of additive is 1.5-4.0%, preferably 2.0-3.0%, of the total mass of the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Preparing rubber material comprises (a) plasticating: adding ethylene propylene rubber EP35 and ethylene propylene rubber EP4640 to Banbury mixer, and plasticating under rotate speed of 36 revolutions/minutes for 1 minute; (b) milling: opening charging door to add ZnO, anti-aging agent, form release agent TM-80, one half carbon black, and milling for 1.5 minutes; adding naphthenic oil, Si-69, white carbon black and remainder carbon black for milling for 1.5 minutes, then adding stearic acid; discharging sizing from Banbury mixer after temperature of milling chamber is greater than or equal to 120 degrees C, adding it to roller mixer via lifter; cooling the sizing on rotary bowl of the roller mixer, adding three kinds of accelerants and S when temperature is lowered to less than or equal to 150 degrees C; taking down sheet after even milling and leaving for use; and (c) vulcanizing: preparing rubber material to semi-finished product with specified shape on the roller mixer, adding it to forming die, providing with vulcanization formation under vulcanization temperature of 150 degrees C at 15MPa and vulcanization duration of 30 minutes; and obtaining material for reservoir.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A low resistance grid electrode is prepared by using platinum, gold, silver, titanium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front electric contact layer is made from fluorine-doped stannic oxide film or aluminum-doped zinc oxide film. The transparent back electrode is made from aluminum-doped zinc oxide film. The adhesive layer is made from vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode slurry comprises (pts.wt.) ferric lithium phosphate (60-90), and a conductive agent (5-25). The conductive agent comprises graphite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive agent comprises acetylene black, or acetone black. The organic solvent comprises acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, isobutyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, or ethyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anode slurry comprises (pts.wt.) a polymer (5-20), and plasticizer (5-15). The polymer comprises polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene polymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylate, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, or acrylic acid polymer. The plasticizer comprises dimethylphthalate, dibutyl phthalate, ethylene carbonate, carbonic allyl ester, diethyl carbonate, or di-n-propyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The underlay comprises a transparent conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanometer oxide semiconductor film is zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, or zirconium oxide. The inorganic acid comprises nitric acid, vitriol, or hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid comprises acetic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The underlay comprises a transparent conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte may be a mixed water solution of sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride or hydroxide with a concentration of 2-10 mole/L. Preferred Materials: The positive electrode membrane comprises lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium cobalt nickel manganese oxide (LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). It may be doped with less than 50 mole% lithium, magnesium, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, zinc, copper, or lanthanum. The pseudocapacitance performance material may be LiMn2O4, vanadium oxide (VO2), lithium vanadate (LiV3O8), or iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte may be a mixed water solution of acetate with a concentration of 2-10 mole/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte comprises 2-30 vol.% polymer. Preferred Material: The pseudocapacitance performance material may be polyphenylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The septum is taken from a group of polyethylene, polypropylene or polypropylene radiation-grafting film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separating film is composed of glass fiber, polyethylene (PE), poly propylene (PP) and PTFE plastic. The insulating resin of seal stop gel of the energy stored pre-constructing unit is poly propylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PTFE, epoxy resin, acrylonitrile butadiene and styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conversion layer is filled with a transparent polymer of ethyl-vinylacetate or polycarbonate type. The polymer is filled with fluorescent powder containing alpha -alumina-titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene is C60 or C60/C70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carotenoid comprises beta -carotene, lycopene, xanthin, zeaxanthol, astaxanthin or phytoflavin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte composition of plumbic acid accumulator contains dispersion medium (28-32), inorganic acid solution (66-70), gas-phase nanosilicon dioxide (1.8-2.1), dispersant (0.02-0.1) and foam suppressor (.02-0.1). The dispersion medium is deionized water. The inorganic acid solution is sulfuric acid solution and phosphoric acid solution. The weight ratio of sulfuric acid solution and phosphoric acid solution is 30-70/1. The concentration of sulfuric acid is 1.4-1.8. The concentration of phosphoric acid solution is 1-1.3. Preferred Properties: The dispersion medium has resistance of 16 megohm/cm or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersant is one or more of Y-ammonia propyl-triethoxysilicane, polyoxythylene sorbitan sorbitol stearate, fatty alcohol polyethenoxy ether, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid-acrylate-sulfonate polymers, and Polyether modified organosilane dispersant SF-722 (RTM: dispersant). The foam suppressor is polyether foam suppressor, organic silicon foam suppressor, and/or ester foam suppressor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal nitrate is prepared by dissolving metal oxide in nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic complexing agent is EDTA or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film former is alcohol-acid resin, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, epoxide resin, urethane resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate or acrylic acid. The impregnant is Sherwood oil, turpentine, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, glycol, propanediol, acetone, acetylacetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, methyl-butyl ketone, methyl-isobutylketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethoxyethane, glycol ether, glycol isopropyl ether or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The additive is polysiloxane, alkylated siloxane modified polyether, alkyl ammonium salt of multipolymer, polyether multipolymer, terpilenol, polyacrylic ester with epoxy functional group, electro-conductive graphite or acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conditioner utilizes a heat insulating polypropylene random (PPR) plastic plate to escape from sunlight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The immersing agent is water or aqueous solution of fatty alcohol polyethenoxy ether (1-5 weight%). The fatty alcohol polyethenoxy ether is of formula: RO-(CH2CH2O)n-H.R=6-18C alkyl;andn=6-10.Preferred Compound: The non-oxidative gas is helium, neon, argon, xenon, radon or nitrogen. Preferred Condition: The immersion is carried out for 8-48 hours and is processed under blending. The heating temperature is 500-750 degrees C and the heating time is 1-24 hours. The immersing time is 10-40 minutes. Preferred Process: The solid substance is washed using water for 2-4 times before heating. The amount of water used is 1-5 times weight of solid substance. The obtained carbon material is washed using water, to remove floater. Then, filtered and dried. The amount of water is 1-5 times weight of carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic solvent is two or more than two of vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, methyl mthyl carbonate, sulfolane, methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl vinyl amine and nitroethylene. The electrolyte is one or more of lithium phosphate hexafluoride, lithium borate tetrafluoride, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoborate, tetramethyl amine tetrafluoborate, tetrapropyl amine tetrafluoborate, tetrabutyl amine tetrafluoborate, trimethyl ethyl amine tetrafluoborate, diethyl dimethyl amine tetrafluoborate, N-ethyl-N-methyl pyrrolidine amine tetrafluoborate. Amine hexafluorophosphate such as tetraethyl amine hexafluorophosphate, tetramethyl ethyl amine hexafluorophosphate, trimethyl ethyl amine hexafluorophosphate, triethyl methyl amine hexafluorophosphate, diethyl dimethyl amine hexafluorophosphate to be randomly combined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation plate is made of foldable soft material polyethylene glycol terephthalate or Makrolan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflection-reducing protective film is aluminum oxide film, silicon nitride including hydrogen film, or silicon dioxide film. Preferred Method: The reflection-reducing aluminum oxide protective film is prepared on metal substrate surface using anodizing method at 20-80 V and - 10 to 50 degrees C for 0.5-30 minutes, where anodizing solution is oxalate acid solution or chromic acid (0.5-5.0 mol/L). The method further comprises immersing aluminum foil metal substrate into electrolyte for advance surface treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode layer is indium tin oxide or gold film. The cathode is from alkali metals or alkaline-earth metals. It contains aluminum, silver, or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium film has a thickness of 5-500 Angstrom . Preferred Component: The solvent of dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium solution is alcohol, ester, and ether. It is ethyl acetate, Sherwood oil, preferably isopropanol, isooctanol, and ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass or polyester film. The anode decorating layer is a composite film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and sodium polystyrenesulfonate. The photoelectric active layer is a composite film of poly paraphenylene vinylene derivative and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-methanofullerene. Preferred Parameter: The rotating speed for spin coating is 1000-5000 revolutions/minute. The temperature for vacuum drying is from room temperature to 250 degrees C; and the time is 5 minutes-48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic salt electrolyte is lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of the multi-hydroxyl polymer and the polymer containing ether is 400-20000. Preferred Condition: Removing moisture of polymer gel electrolyte substrate in the first step is implemented in vacuum oven at 60-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is a thermosol such as ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer or polyvinyl glutaral. The flexible film is polyvinyl fluoride co-extruded film or polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkalescent anion exchange resin is from styrene series, epoxy series and/or acrylic acid series resins having primary, secondary or tertiary amine group. The strong-alkali anion exchange resin is from styrene series resin, epoxy series resin and/or acrylic acid series resin having quaternary ammonium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymerization catalyst is a palladium component. The coupling agent having aromatic-containing group and functional group is chosen from thiol-type coupling agent and silane coupling agent. The palladium complex comprises phosphine compound as ligand of formula: P(R1)3.R1=benzene-containing group of formula (V) or group of formula: -C(R2)3;R2=hydrogen or (un)substituted hydrocarbon;andR3-R7=hydrogen, (un)substituted (hydrocarbonoxy, hydrocarbon disubstituted amino, hydrocarbon mercapto, hydrocarbon carbonyl, hydrocarbonoxy carbonyl, hydrocarbon disubstituted amino carbonyl or hydrocarbon sulfonyl), preferably hydrogen or (un)substituted hydrocarbon.Preferred Process: The base material having aromatic ring-containing group is obtained by reacting coupling agent having aromatic ring, functional group and base material. Preferred Compound: The structure comprises electroconductive base material and aromatic polymer chain having aromatic-containing group of formula: asterisk-Ara((Ar')i-Xa)p. The electroconductive base material comprises metals, noble metals or oxide.i=number average degree of polymerization of repeating structure Ar'.Preferred Property: The mean value of longest and shortest chain of aromatic polymer chain is 0.1 nm-10 cm. Preferred Definitions:    M=-B(OQ1)2;and    Ar'=bivalent group containing aromatic ring chosen from monocyclic aromatic ring, fused polycyclic aromatic ring, aromatic-ring accumulation or bridged polycyclic aromatic ring, preferably bridged polycyclic aromatic ring which is fluorene diyl group, and monocyclic aromatic ring which is phenylene group, or pyridinylene group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary flexible seams are a metal hinge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary flexible seams are a rubber sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The front breast perimeter is enlarged over that of a standard Magnum type blow molded polyethylene decoy body by about one quarter inch to about three quarters inch along a 1 one half inch wide band.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is organic ion chosen from imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt, alicyclic quat, ammonium salt and/or aliphatic quat. The ionic liquid contains dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer of light reflection surface, consists of aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fillers include ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. The hardening resin for sealing the diode comprises silicon, silicone rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, fluororubber or ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tension plate is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS304 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The half value width of carbon coated metal component measured in G band and D band of Raman scattered spectrum is 50-200 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: A thermosetting property composition comprises hemiacetal ester compound and epoxy resin containing cyclohexane-ring structure. The ratio of mole equivalent of hemiacetal ester group of component (A) and mole equivalent of epoxy group of component (B) is 0.2-2. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 specific hemiacetal ester compounds such as cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid tetrakis-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)ester of formula (A), cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid tetrakis-(tetrahydro-pyran-2-yl)ester and cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid tetrakis-(1-propoxy-ethyl)ester are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (in g) (20), deionized water (36.7) and tetrahydrofuran (300) were mixed, stirred at 95 degrees C for 5 hours and filtered to obtain 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid. Then, obtained 1,2,3,4-cyclobutane tetracarboxylic acid (14.6 weight parts), 2,3-dihydrofuran (35.4 weight parts), AP-8 (RTM: mixture of mono-2-ethyl hexyl phosphate and di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphate) (0.05 weight parts) and methyl ether (50 weight parts) were mixed to obtain cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid tetrakis-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)ester. Resin composition was formed using the obtained cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid tetrakis-(tetrahydro-furan-2-yl)ester. The obtained resin composition had excellent storage stability and light transmittance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solution containing metal source includes ionic species chosen from chlorate ion, perchlorate ion, chlorous acid ion, hypochlorous acid ion, bromate, nitrate ion and nitrite ion. The metal source contains metallic element selected from calcium, chromium, strontium, niobium, molybdenum, antimony, tellurium, barium, tungsten, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium, gadolinium, gallium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises preparing a metallic complex of formula XLn, and transforming the amine functional group using nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. iridium(bis(phenylpyridine)(bipyridine-phenyl-diazonium))dihexafluoro phosphate of formula (Ia) and ruthenium(bis(bipyridine)(bipyridine-phenyl-diazonium))trihexafluoro phosphate.    EXAMPLE - A solution of 4'-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (100 mg) and tetrakis(2-phenylpyridine-C2-N')( mu -dichloro)diiridium in methanol/dichloromethane (30 ml) was refluxed under argon medium for 8 hours. Potassium hexafluoro phosphate was treated with the obtained reaction mixture. The obtained crude was worked up to give iridium(bis(phenylpyridine)(bipypyridine-phenyl-diazonium))dihexafluoro phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rigid, thermally insulating end block is made of alumina, calcium silicate or vermiculite based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible sheet is made of steel or an alloy of titanium, aluminum or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible sheet is made of a fabric of ceramic fibers, metal wire mesh or a composite material based on glass, Kevlar (RTM: light, strong para-aramid synthetic fiber) or carbon fibers embedded in polyester or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer may include semiconductors, dyes, quantum dots, metal nano-particles, conductive polymers, conductive small molecules or combinations. The collector material may be poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, or doped or undoped polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steel mesh is coated with titanium nitride, indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide. A charge carrier acceptor material of porous photoactive charge carrier material is selected from group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, sulfide, selenide, telluride, silicon and conducting organic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises steel mesh coated with molybdenum, tungsten, carbon-rich stainless steel or boron-rich stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: An insulation tape attached to at least a part of an outer portion of the electrode assembly comprises a polymer material selected from the group consisting of a polymer containing an ester group, a polymer containing a carboxy group, polyvinylfluoride, polybutadien, and polyisoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The segment is made from raw sheet plastic e.g. ingot and pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The segment is made from raw sheet plastic e.g. ingot and pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The segment is made from raw sheet plastic e.g. ingot and pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The optoelectronic device has an electrode and a transparent electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core nanoparticles contain copper. The portion (A) and portion (B) of core nanoparticle contains gallium, indium and/or aluminum. The transparent electrode contains layer of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains dispersant, binder and/or resin, emulsifier, anti-foaming agent, defoaming agent, dryer, solvent, filler, extender, thickening agent, film conditioner, anti-oxidant, flow and leveling agent, plasticizer and/or preservative. The transparent electrode contains transparent conductive polymeric layer. The transparent conductive polymeric layer contains poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene doped with poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrocatalytic metal is a platinum group metal (platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium and osmium), gold, silver, base metal and/or an alloy (such as platinum-ruthenium, platinum-palladium, platinum-chromium, platinum-cobalt, platinum-iridium-cobalt or palladium-gold). The first carbon material is carbon blacks, graphite's, carbon annotates (single wall carbon nanotubes, double wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes), carbon nanofibres, carbon nanohorns, carbon nanocoils, mesocarbon microbeads or ordered porous carbons (micro, meso and macro).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrocatalyst ink further comprises: an additional material, preferably porogen; and ion-conducting polymers, surfactants, rheology modifiers, hydrophobic agents and other binders. The organic solvent comprises one or more solvent comprising N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N-ethylacetamide, N,N-dipropylacetamide or N-methyl-N-ethylacetamide, preferably N,N-dimethylacetamide or acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is made of thermally conductive silicon elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery case is made of aluminum laminated sheet including resin layer and metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The driving circuit receives power from a power supply unit that is composed of universal serial bus (USB) connector terminal connected to USB port of a computer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A stamp with predetermined texture pattern is compressed on the substrate of the photoelectric converter, in which the stamp may be made of nickel or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles are particles of gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, lanthanum and iridium, preferably gold. The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather, glass, plastic, metal, timber and tile. The acidic-gas atmosphere is an atmosphere which vaporizes an acid (A). Preferred Property: The metal colloidal particles are granular particles having globular shape, polygon shape or amoeba shape, and have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is originated from amino group, amide group and/or imide group. The oxygen contained in the protective agent is originated from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group and/or amide group. The acid (A) is chosen from formic acid, acetic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkoxy group is butoxy group. The aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid. The organic amine is tertiary amine, preferably phenanthroline. EXAMPLE - 1.1 M 1-bromo butane dimethyl formamide solution (130 ml), 3,4-dihydroethyl benzoate (in g) (11), potassium carbonate (9) and dimethyl formamide suspension solution (120 ml) were reacted at 90 degrees C for 18 hours, cooled, extracted, solvent was removed and recrystallized, to obtain white solid of 3,4-butoxy ethyl benzoate. Then, 3,4-butoxy ethyl benzoate (15) and ethanol solution (200 ml) containing sodium hydroxide (4) was refluxed for 12 hours. Further, the reaction solution was cooled and ether (200 ml) and 1 N hydrochloric acid were added. Subsequently, solvent was removed, dried and recrystallized, to obtain 3,4-dibutoxy benzoic acid (9.1). Then, 3,4-dibutoxy benzoic acid (0.83), 12 N hydrochloric acid (0.60 ml), europium oxide (0.18) and ethanol (30 ml) were refluxed. Then, phenanthroline (0.19) was added, white solid were filtered, neutralized, washed with ethanol and water, and dried, to obtain europium complex of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agents: The cross-linking agent is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane. The content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-3 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of copolymer. The film further contains a cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-3 mass parts) and a silane-coupling agent (0.1-0.7 mass parts). The cross-linking adjuvant is triaryl cyanurate and/or triaryl isocyanurate. The silane-coupling agent is gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cation contains platinum ion, palladium ion, rhodium ion, ruthenium ion, nickel ion, gold ion, iridium ion, osmium ion and tungsten ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The electroconductive metal preferably contains silver metal and plated metal. The electroconductive metal has blackening layer. Preferred Material: The translucent electroconductive material further has transparent conductive layer containing electroconductive metal oxide particles such as stannic oxide particles in which stannic oxide or antimony is doped, or indium-tin oxide particles, and conductive polymer. Preferred Properties: The easily bonding layer has swelling rate with respect to water preferably of 50% or less. The thin wire pattern has metal thickness of 0.2-30 mu m, and width of 1-30 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The easily bonding layer contains acrylic resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin and/or styrene-butadiene rubber, preferably acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent film is formed of polycarbonate type resin, acrylic resin and polystyrene type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A membrane-electrode assembly has gas diffusion electrode joined on both surfaces of the proton-conductive film. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell is provided with the membrane-electrode assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silicon-oxygen-bond rate of the cross-linked electrolyte is 70-98%. The molecular weight of silyl group of the silylating agent added to the hydroxyl group is 150 or more. Preferred Composition: The silyl group of the silylating agent added to the hydroxyl group contains a hetero atom as a constituent atom. The cross-linked electrolyte has organic-inorganic composite structure containing carbon atom (10-50 weight%). Preferred Compound: The hetero atom is fluorine atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and/or sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat conduction portion is made of metal which is selected from group consisting of copper, silver, aluminum, nickel, copper zinc alloy, stainless steel, platinum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A dye sensitized solar cell consists of cathode, nano crystal metal oxide containing ruthenium-bipyridine complex as dye sensitizing agent, the electrolyte and counter electrode. The counter electrode is fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass containing platinum. The dye sensitizing agent is covalently bonded with nano crystal metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocrystal metal oxide contains nano crystal titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phthalocyanine has gamma -type, alpha -type or beta -type, preferably beta -type crystal structure. The phthalocyanine is of formula (II): X-MPc-(OR')n.M,Pc,X,n=same as defined above;andR'=H, alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or aryl group.The phthalocyanine is preferably oxy titanium phthalocyanine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains polymer matrix chosen from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate and polythiophene, preferably polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic compounds have a cation and anion. The cation is tetra-alkyl ammonium, tetra-alkyl phosphonium or trialkyl sulfonium, where the alkyl residue is selected from same or different residues if necessary unsaturated alkyl residues, alkali or alkaline earth metal cations complex or molecular complexing agent. The anion is selected from halide, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate, alkyl and aryl sulfate, alkyl and aryl sulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroaluminate, alkylborate, alkyl carboxylate, bi(perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl) or amides. The alkali or alkaline earth metal cation is sodium or potassium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molecular complexing agent is polyether, amino polyether, thio polyether, which is selected from closed or open macrocyclic chain. The ionic liquid with a cation is selected from imidazolium, imidazolinium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, quinolinium or isoquinolinium. The macrocyclic polyether is substituted (15)crown-5 or (18)crown-6. The macrocyclic aminopolyether is an aza(15)crown-5- substituted or aza(18)crown-6-, where one or preferably two of the oxygen atoms containing in (15)crown-5- or (18)crown-6- are replaced by nitrogen or substituted (2.2.2)krypton or (2.2.1)krypton compound. The macrocyclic thiopolyether is a thio(15)crown-5- or thio(18)crown-6-substituted, where an oxygen atom containing in (15)crown-5- or (18)crown-6- is replaced by sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cathode is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, Li2Ti3O7, Li2TiO3, or LiTi2O4), titanium dioxide (TiO2), or cobalt oxide (CoO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The separator comprises polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene microporous membrane and/or glass fiber cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The absorbing layer is cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon, or cadmium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The underlay of metal material is not stainless steel foil, molybdenum foil, copper foil, aluminum foil, or titanium foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The underlay of polymer is polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt is derived from sulfonic acid and a primary or secondary amine. The salt is derived from a bronsted acid (comprising sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, or phosphonic acid) and an amine (comprising ammonia, an aliphatic amine, an alicyclic amine, or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The branched side chains is bonded to at least one acid or base for forming the salt. The branched side chain comprises a dendrimer obtained by repeatedly bonding a repeating unit. In (I), acid or base for forming the salt forms the salt with 1 equivalent or less of a corresponding base or acid for forming the salt. The main chain comprises a poly vinyl alcohol, polyallylamine or a polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, where each of the branched side chains comprises 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylpropionic acid and a (-CH-CH2-NH2) group bonded to an N atom in the polyallylamine. EXAMPLE - Polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (10 g) and dimethylaminopyridine (3.8 g) were dissolved in pyridine (30 g). The pyridine solution was mixed with a solution prepared by dissolving 2,2-bis-hydroxymethylpropionic acid (bis-MPA) anhydride (41.3 g) in dichloromethane (150 ml). The resultant mixture was stirred at the room temperature. After 3 days of the reaction, water was added to the reaction mixture to hydrolyze the excess bis-MPA anhydride. The solvents were distilled off, and the residue was washed with water and dried to obtain of a condensed product precursor (22.2 g). The precursor (22.2 g) was dissolved in methanol (1 l), and to the obtained solution was added Amberlite (RTM: Ion-exchange resin) (30 ml). The mixture was maintained at 40 degrees C and, then Amberlite (RTM: Ion-exchange resin) was removed. The residue was concentrated, washed with dichloromethane, and dried to obtain polymer (14.4 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strap is made from a pliable material such as a rubber or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cap insert is made of copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A heat-activated transparent adhesive comprises ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reinforcement member is made of a plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The powder is an inorganic powder formed from a group consisting of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, cerium dioxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zinc oxide, yttrium oxide, Lead Zirconate Titanate, Lead-Lanthanum-Zirconate-Titanate, lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate, barium titanate, hafnium oxide, strontium titanate and their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte inactive powder is coated onto an appropriate part with binder that is formed from a group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, PTFE, styrene-butadiene rubber and high polymeric polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separation film is made of polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Module: In the module, an expansion tank can be added to absorb the small expansion of the liquid that occurs as a result of the change in the temperature, in order not to press the walls module. A pump and an external circuit can also be added to the module that incorporates a filter to constrain the flow of clear liquid to ensure that the heat dissipation is more effective and also allow the purification or replacement of the liquid. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The platform of the lower side has 2 Universal serial bus connection. The card readers for all memory cards such as Flash, Secure digital card, Extreme digital card, Multimedia card are integrated on the front side in the charging communication platform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The panel units are made of a thermoplastic material e.g. polycarbonate or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rechargeable battery is a lithium polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon is carbon black and/or acetylene black. The electrochemical active materials are zinc (Zn), manganese oxide (MnO2), lithium manganate (LiMn2O4), lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), nickel oxides (Ni(OH)2), MH alloy, lead, lead sulfide (PbSO2), lead oxides (PbOx), or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical battery includes antifreeze in the electrolyte. The antifreeze is glycol. The organic materials are hydrophilic organic materials. Preferred Composition: The antifreeze is present at 0.02-0.03 g/ml electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic-inorganic composite additive comprises (g/ml electrolyte) polyethylene terephthalate (0.012-0.014), Carbowax(RTM: polyethylene glycol) (0.012-0.016), polyvinyl acetate (0.012-0.015), ammonium sulfate (0.015-0.018), and sodium bisulfate (0.022-0.026). Preferred Property: The polyethylene terephthalate, Carbowax(RTM: polyethylene glycol), and polyvinyl acetate have molecular weight of 75000-800000, 44000-160000 and 86000-350000, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidizer is ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric nitrate (Fe(NO3)3), iron (III) sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), ammonium peroxydisulfate ((NH4)2S2O8), or H2O2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conducting polymer monomer is aniline, pyrrole, 1-methyl pyrrole, thiofuran, or 3,4-diethyl thiofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer comprise silicon dioxide. The electrically-conductive layers comprise a transparent conductive material including a transparent conductive oxide selected from indium-tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc oxide:aluminum, tin oxide or tin oxide:fluorine. The transparent substrates are glass substrates. The semiconductor layers comprise semiconductor materials selected from cadmium sulfide, gallium sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium telluride, gallium telluride, silicon carbide, silicon, gallium arsenide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, copper-indium selenide, Cu(In,Ga)S2, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and/or chalcopyrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically-conductive layers comprise metallic material selected from gold, aluminum, silver or molybdenum. The current collector layer comprises silver, aluminum and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier layer comprise poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The semiconductive material of the semiconductive layer, is embedded in an organic conductive polymer. The semiconductor layers comprise semiconductor materials selected from poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) and/or (6,6)-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The carbon support is carbon black, graphitization carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube or activated carbon.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains a water-repellant substance and hydrophilic polymer.The load of platinum in catalyst is 0.1-60 wt.%.The catalyst is coated to a support of carbon paper, carbon felt, carbon honeycomb, ceramic honeycomb or metal honeycomb.Preferred Property: Platinum contained in catalyst has particle diameter of 0.5-100 nm.Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is methanol aqueous solution.Preferred Agent: The exhaust gas of anode of fuel cell is used as oxidizing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The water-repellant substance is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer or polyvinylidene fluoride.Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer is perfluoro carbon sulfonic acid-type polymer, polyacryl amide, polymethacryl amide, polystyrene sulfonate or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Each fluid circulation zone (20) also has a fluid inlet (24), a fluid outlet (36), a main fluid distributor (26) opening into the inlet and a main fluid collector (34) opening into the outlet. Each individual channel (38) has a width of 0.1-1 mm and is at least partially coated with a catalyst, specifically of iron-nickel alloy, polymer or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The holding members are made of plastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metals are aluminum and/or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The metal-surface processing composition further contains 10-40 mass% of oxazoline group containing resin (D). The resin (D) contains 2 or more oxazoline groups in one molecule. Preferred Compound: The resin (A) is polyallyl amine. Preferred Material: A metal material contains surface treated layer obtained by coating metal-surface processing composition on a metal. Preferred Property: The thickness of the surface treated layer is 5-1000 mg/m2. Preferred Process: A metal laminate film is obtained by laminating a film layer comprising thermoplastic resin on surface treated layer of the metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene is 20C fullerene, 36C fullerene, 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 80C fullerene, 84C fullerene, 120C fullerene, or Zeppelin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The amphiphilic block copolymer is obtained by introducing fullerene as a radical trap agent, when radical polymerizing a liquid crystalline methacrylic-ester monomer which comprises an amphiphilic block copolymer. The amphiphilic block copolymer is of formula (1):A=hydrophilic polymer chain;B=halogen;F=fullerene;R1=H, or alkyl group;a=5-500;l=4-30;C=liquid crystalline mesogen chain of formula: -X-(R2-Y')m-R3;X,Y'=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group or optionally substituted bivalent heterocyclic group;R2=single bond, -CH2CH2-, -CH2O-, -OCH2-, -C(=O)O-, -OC(=O)-, -C?=C-, -CH=CH-, -CF=CF-, -(CH2)4-, -CH2CH2CH2O-, -OCH2CH2CH2-, -CH=CH-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2-CH=CH-, -N=N-, -CH=CH-COO-, -OCO-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CO- or -CO-CH=CH-;R3=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, mercapto, nitro, or amino;andm=1-4.Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer chain is poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylamide), poly(methacrylate) having hydrophilic side chain, or poly(acrylate), poly(methacrylate) or poly(acrylate), poly(styrene), or vinyl polymer having mesogen side chain, long-chain alkyl side chain or hydrophobic side chain. Preferred Film: The cylinder is orientated in the perpendicular direction with respect to the surface of the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The linear fluoro polyether compound (A) is of formula: HO-CH2-CH2-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-CH2-CH2-OH. The silicate compound is a methoxysilane oligomer obtained by hydrolyzing and partially condensing the methoxysilane compound of formula: (CH3-O-)3Si-X.X= methyl, ethyl or methoxy;andp+q=8-12.Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains silicate compound (B) (in weight parts) (11-44) with respect to linear fluoro polyether compound (A) (100). Preferred Process: The reaction of linear fluoro polyether compound and silicate compound is carried out in presence of transesterification catalyst. EXAMPLE - Fluoro link E10H (RTM: linear fluoro polyether compound having at least two hydroxyl groups in one molecule and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule) (in weight parts) (100), MS-51 (RTM: silicate compound) (22) and di-n-butyl tin dilaurate (0.1) were mixed and heated at 80 degrees C for 4 hours, to obtain resin composition. A film of thickness 5 mm was produced using the obtained resin composition and vulcanized at 150 degrees C for 3 hours, to form a sample. The produced sample had excellent solvent resistance, adhesiveness based on JIS K6850 and low permeability for iodine and acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrophobic segment has structure of formulae (2,3).Ar1,Ar2=bivalent aromatic group having electron attractive group, preferably at least one group of formulae (I-IV);o=3-50, preferably 20 or less;andp=integer greater than or equal to 2. Preferred Definition:    n=2 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent layer formed on the convex surface and concave surface is made of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflection layer formed on the concave surface is made of silver, aluminum or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The arc-shaped concave surface is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The conducting polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer resin is novolac resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The principal chain of graft copolymer is fluorine-type polymer. The fluorine-type polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride. The graft copolymer is bonded with styrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thickness of aluminum foil is measured in accordance with JIS1N30 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive polymeric materials which are polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrrole, polyacetylene or their derivatives contains dopant of halogen, Lewis acid, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base electrode is indium tin oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, Invisicon (RTM: Flexible transparent conductive coating) or transparent conductive oxide. The backside electrode is aluminum. The alkali is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic developer solution comprises lactic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent protective film is formed of ethylene vinyl acetate, epoxy resin or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor layer comprises copper-gallium, indium hydroxide, optionally with elemental gallium; or comprises copper nanoparticles and indium-gallium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar solvent is selected from aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, nitriles, alkoxyalcohols and/or iso-propyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from substituted celluloses, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylenoxides, polyacrylonitriles, polysaccharides, nitrocelluloses and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The polar solvent is selected from polyglycols, polyethers and/or polyols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ferroelectric substrate comprises a perovskite, a variant of a perovskite structure, a tungsten-bronze structure, a bismuth oxide layered structure, a water-soluble ferroelectric, a ferroelectric organic polymer, or a ferroelectric ceramic-polymer (preferably lead-titanate (PbTiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode comprises metal and/or metallic oxide. The metal comprises copper, gold, silver, platinum (Pt), titanium (Ii), indium, tin, strontium, and/or lanthanum. The metallic oxide comprises indium-tin-oxide, strontium-titanate (SrTiO3), and/or strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO3). The catalytically active material comprises one monolayer of the metal or one unit cell of the metallic oxide. The catalytically active material comprises Pt, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, nickel, vanadium, Ti, and/or aluminum (preferably Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The coating layer further has a layer having cationic polymer and cross-linking agent capable of cross-linking cationic polymer. The cationic polymer contains polyethylene imine, primary amine-grafted acrylic resin, polyallyl or its derivative or polymer having carboxylic acid. The cross-linking agent is a compound having isocyanate group, glycidyl group, carboxyl group and/or oxygen group. The adhesive layer contains a resin composition having acid-modified polyolefin resin, isocyanate compound and silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell is selected from dye-sensitized solar cells, polymer solar cells, silicon solar cells, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, and hybrid inorganic-organic solar cells; and further comprises a polymer gel electrolyte, ionic liquid, conjugated polymer, ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles and/or conjugated polymers mixed with electron acceptor nanoparticles. The photoelectrode is a transparent conducting and light trapping window in the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element of Group III is selected from Al, In, Ga, and B. The film is doped in an amount less than 75 atomic percent. The nanostructures comprise single crystalline undoped or doped ZnO and are aligned in a direction normal to the substrate. The nanostructures are selected from nanowires, nanorods and/or nanotips. The nanostructures comprise ZnO doped with In or Ga. The substrate is selected from glass, gold, aluminum, steel, silicon wafers, SiO2, and polyimide. The dye and/or polymer molecules are bonded to the nanostructures. The dye is selected from Ru-based, Fe-based, and phthalocyanine-based dyes. The zinc oxide alloy is MgxZn1-xO.x=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer molecule is selected from poly(alkyl)thiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polyvinyldifluoride, and their copolymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - The ink is formed by mixture with water or by mixture with organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The step of forming non-oxide quantum nanoparticles includes preparing metal nanoparticles containing elements of Groups IB, IIIA, VIA or a IB-IIIA-VIA alloy, by laser ablation, nucleation from vapor, exploding wires by electrical current surge, thermal decomposition of organometallic compounds, sonolysis, pulse radiolysis, electrochemical reduction or chemical reduction. The method further involves capping the nanoparticles with an organic material. The Group IB element is copper (Cu), the Group IIIA element is indium (In) and optionally includes gallium (Ga) and the Group VIA element is selenium (Se) or sulfur (S) and a stoichiometric ratio of the Cu, In and Se or S in the liquid is approximately CuIn1-xGax(S or Se)2, where x is 0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic material is a small molecule with low boiling point (preferably trioctyl phosphine oxide, trioctyl phosphine, triphenyl phosphine, pyridine, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), ethane thiol, tetrahydrofuran, ethers, ammonia, amines (methylamine, ethylamine, ethylene-diamine) or acetonitrile, especially pyridine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The compound having aromatic ring is aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or their derivatives. Preferred Process: The backing is carried out at in non-oxidizing atmosphere. EXAMPLE - Working electrode consisting of carbon paper and platinum board were kept in the non-aqueous acid containing aniline monomer (0.5 mol/L) and phosphoric acid (1 mol/L) and electrolytically polymerized at current of 5 mA/cm2. Polyaniline was electrodeposited on carbon paper. Then, the polyaniline was washed with ion exchanged water, vacuum-dried for 24 hours, heated at 900 degrees C for 1 hour and baked, to obtain carbon fiber. The obtained carbon fiber had high air permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton conduction film contains a benzene-containing structural unit of formula (4). The film-electrode structure contains benzene-containing structural unit (1) (0.5-100 mol%) and benzene-containing structural unit of formula (A) (0-99.5 mol%).A',D=direct bonding, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)p-, -(CH2)p-, -CR'2-, cyclohexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, -O- or -S-;B'=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;R1-R16=H, fluorine atom, alkyl group, halogenated alkyl group, aryl group, allyl group, nitro group or nitrile group;s,t=0-4;p=1-10;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or halogenated hydrocarbon group;andr=0 or positive integer. Preferred Definitions:    A,B'=phenyl group, biphenyl group, naphthyl group, anthracenyl group or phenanthrenyl group.    A and B' are combined together to form condensed-ring structure containing naphthalenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl or benzo derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive layer is formed using adhesive agent (4) having polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine resin is tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene copolymer resin, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer resin, tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer resin and polyvinylidene fluoride. The aromatic-hydrocarbon type-resin is polyether ether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer comprises poly-(3-hexylthiophene), poly-(octylthiophene) and/or polythiophene. The polymeric phase further comprises a semiconducting polymer. The semiconducting polymer comprises poly-(phenylene vinylene), poly-(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly-(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly-(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole and/or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first p-n junction or the second p-n junction comprises at least one material selected from nitrides of III group, phosphides of III group, and arsenides of III group. The transparent metal oxide layer comprises at least one material selected from indium tin oxide, cadmium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, and zinc oxide (ZnO). The DBR comprises at least two different materials selected from PI, BCB, PFCB, epoxy, Su8, indium tin oxide, silicon nitride (SiNx), spin-on glass (SOG), silica (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and magnesium oxide (MgO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal layer comprises at least one material selected from beryllium gold alloy (BeAu), germanium gold alloy (GeAu), nickel gold alloy (NiAu), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive layer comprises at least one material selected from polyimide (PI), benzocyclobutene (BCB), perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB), epoxy resin, and silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin is non-perhalo polymer, tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer and/or polyvinylidine fluoride. Preferred Property: The melt viscosity of fluororesin at temperature of 50 degrees C higher than melting point is 1x 102-1x 105 Pa.seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module comprises back surface production sheet with external resin layer as outer surface. EXAMPLE - Coating agent containing acrylic resin as main component was coated is on bi-axial-stretching polyester film. Then, adhesive resin layer was laminated on both sides polyester film. Then, DyneonTHV X610G (RTM: ternary-polymer resin of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride) was coated on the adhesive resin layer to form external resin layer. On the other adhesive resin layer, polyvinyl fluoride of thickness 15 mu m was laminated to form inner surface resin layer. Thus, back surface protection sheet was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcoholic solvent is chosen from methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. The hydrocarbon-based solvent is chosen from xylene, toluene, ethyl benzene, chloroform and o-dichlorobenzene. The content of alcoholic solvent and hydrocarbon-based solvent contained with respect to 100 weight parts of vinyl-type monomer is 10-400 weight parts and 10-200 weight parts, respectively. The weight ratio of alcoholic solvent and hydrocarbon-based solvent is 95:5-10:90. The vinyl-type monomer contains styrene and/or its derivative(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base film contains a fluorine-type polymer chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: A membrane electrode assembly is formed by providing an electrode catalyst layer containing electrolyte and the catalyst on both sides of an electrolyte film, and a gas-diffusion layer on the outer side of each electrode catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of metal-oxide microparticles is 1-50 mass% with respect to total amount of metal-oxide and carbon carrier, by metal atom conversion. Preferred Components: The metallic element in the metal-oxide microparticles is zirconium, titanium, yttrium, niobium, tin, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, aluminum and/or cerium. The metallic element in the platinum-type metal catalyst microparticles is platinum, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, rhenium, iridium, copper, gold and/or silver. The carbon carrier is carbon black. EXAMPLE - Oxy zirconium nitrate (6 g) was dissolved in a solution of pure water (400 cm3), ethanol (40 cm3), and pH was adjusted using nitric acid. Carbon black (12.6 g) having BET specific surface area of 800 m2/g was injected into the solution, stirred, and dispersed for 10 minutes to obtain a reaction mixture. Aqueous ammonia solution was added and stirred for 6 hours, and precipitate was filtered. The obtained precipitate was baked at 230 degrees C and dried to obtain solid-zirconium-oxide-supporting carbon black. The product had a BET specific surface area of 524 m2/g and particle diameter of 7 nm. Dinitro diamine platinum was supported on the product and reduced at 200 degrees C, to obtain a catalyst powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Film: A polybenzoxazole precursor is dissolved in an organic solvent, the solution is expanded on the support and dried to obtain self-supportive polybenzoxazole precursor film. The obtained film is peeled and heat-processed to obtain film containing polybenzoxazole. Preferred Property: The film has arithmetic mean height on the surface of 4 nm or less. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Dihydroxy benzidine (10.81 g), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (140 g) were stirred with trimethyl silyl chloride (25 mL) for 1 hour under nitrogen atmosphere, 2-chloro terephthalic acid (11.87 g) and lithium carbonate (7.13 g) were added to obtain polymer solution. The obtained solution was pulverized, filtered, and dried to obtain polybenzoxazole solution. The obtained solution was used to form film having arithmetic mean height of 36.11 nm and 37.34 nm based on JIS B0601(2001), maximum height of 3.57 nm and 3.77 nm, Young's modulus of 8 GPa, and thermal expansion coefficient of 19.1 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid having proton conductivity is an amorphous carbon in which sulfonic acid group is introduced. The crosslinking agent has methylol groups in the molecule in which all the methylol groups are bonded with aromatic ring. The crosslinking agent is dihydroxy compound of formula (I or II), compound having phenyl structural unit of formula (III or IV), and compound having hydroxyl structural unit of formula (V or VI).R1-R4=H, 1-10C alkyl or methylol group.Preferred Property: The hydrogen ion exchange capacity of solid acid is 0.5-10 meq/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder resin consists of aromatic polymer. The binder resin is polyether ketone or polyether ether ketone, and phenol resin. The binder resin has sulfonic acid group. Preferred Process: The crosslinking agent carries out crosslinking reaction through portion other than solid acid, and sulfonic acid group of binder resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: An adhesive layer is provided at processing surface of nozzle component. The adhesive layer is formed using adhesive agent (4) having polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Article: The first resin system comprises a thermosetting resin impregnated into the sheet at a level of 5-35 wt.%. The first resin system comprises a resin selected form polybenzoxazine resin, and/or epoxy resin. At least one structure formed on one of the major surfaces of the sheet comprises channel along the surface of the sheet. Preferred Process: The first resin system is at least partially cured prior to surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet. The surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet involves embossing a channel along the surface of the resin-impregnated sheet. The second resin system is applied to the sheet at a level of 0.1-9 wt.%. The second resin system comprises a methacrylate resin. The heat curable polymerizable monofunctional and polyfunctional methacrylate resin is applied to the surface treated sheet at a level of 0.05-10 (preferably 0.2-6) wt.%. The second resin system comprises a dye, and a free radical initiator. The free radical initiator comprises a substituted azonitrile compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The particles having group IB element(s) are alloy particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding particles of group VIA element to the liquid ink through a group VIA vapor; mixing the particles with an organic or inorganic solvent or with water to form the liquid ink; adding water-compatible dispersant; fluxing agents; and surfactants, polymers, binders, modifiers, detergents and/or additives. The forming a suspension of non-oxide quantum nanoparticles includes sonochemical synthesis of nanoparticles having selenium with copper or indium or gallium. EXAMPLE - Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) (20 g) was heated at 100 degrees C, degassed and flushed with nitrogen, and added with indium chloride (2.2 g), copper chloride (1 g) and trioctylphosphine (TOP) (15 ml) to obtain a bright yellow liquid. The obtained liquid was heated at 80 degrees C for 0.5-1 hour, and then temperature was raised to 250 degrees C. The heated temperature was added with trioctylphosphine selenide (TOPSe) (20 ml) and TOP (20 ml), stirred at room temperature for 48 hours to obtain a 1 M TOPSe clear solution, heated at 250 degrees C for 24-36 hours, cooled at 60 degrees C, and added with methanol to obtain particles. The solution was subjected to centrifugation to separate the precipitate to obtain nanoparticles. TOPO-capped copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) nanoparticles was mixed with water and an optional dispersant in an aqueous liquid to form a copper-indium-gallium-diselenide ink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The material used for current collector is selected from group comprising gold, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acid copolymer comprises polymerized residues of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. The ionomer is a derivative of parent acid copolymer. The ethylene acrylate ester copolymer contains polymerized residues of alpha -olefin and acrylate ester. The transparent material is chosen from glass and fluoropolymer. The encapsulant layer (B) comprises thermoplastic film or sheet chosen from poly(vinyl butyral), ionomers, ethylene vinyl acetate, acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), acoustic poly(vinyl butyral), polyvinylbutyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene, polyolefin block elastomer, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomer and epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unsaturated organic acid or salt is acrylic acid monomer, unsaturated sulfuric acid or its salt. The initiator is organic peroxide initiator, azo initiator or water solubility initiator. The acrylic acid monomer is acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, potassium acrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, potassium methacrylate or acrylamide. The crosslinking agent is maleic acid, glutaric dialdehyde, diacrylamide, boric acid or borax. Preferred Composition: The membrane comprises (pbw): crosslinking agent (0.001-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first conductive substrate of the photoelectrode and second conductive substrate of counter electrode comprise first and second substrates that are made of a transparent polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyether sulfone (PES). The separation membrane includes one or more selected from among polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, cellulose, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or includes a thin polymer separation membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. POLYMER - Preferred Components: The polymer further comprises the product of the reaction with an epoxy such as N,N,N',N,-tetraglycidyl-4,4'-methylenedianiline (preferred), 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate (cycloaliphatic epoxy) and diglycidyl ether bisphenol A. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. 2,7-dinitro-9,9-dioctylfluorone of formula (Ia) and 2,7-diamino-9,9-dioctyl-fluorone.    EXAMPLE - 2,7-dinitro-9,9-dioctylfluorene (27.84 g) was dissolved in absolute ethanol (90 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (50 ml). Palladium on carbon (5%) was subsequently added. The mixture was placed on a hydrogenator and shaken under hydrogen (40 per square inch) for 4 hours. The mixture was filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to afford a red-brown liquid. The crude product was dissolved in chloroform and stirred with decolorizing charcoal for 1 hour. The solution was filtered and worked up to give 2,7-diamino-9,9-dioctyl-fluorone (22.36 g, 91.76 %).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton conductive membrane includes repeating units of formulae (2), (3), and (4). In formula (2),A=direct bond, -O-, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -(CF2)i, -(CH2)j-, -CR'2-, cyclohexylidene, or fluorenylidene;i, j=1-10;R'=aliphatic, aromatic, or halogenated hydrocarbon;D=direct bond, or -O-, -CO-, -(CH2)j- and/or -CR"2-;R"=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon;Ph=fused aromatic ring;R1-R20=H, F, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, allyl, aryl, NO2, and/or nitrile;l, t=0-4;q= greater than or equal to 2;p=0-1; andn+p=1;In formula (3),D=-O- and/or -CR"2-;R"=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon;Z1=groups of formulae (4-1)-(4-3);Ph=a group of formula (5-1);q= greater than or equal to 2;t=0-4;p=0-1 (preferably 0.01-1); andn+p=1;In formula (4),X=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)i-, or -C(CF3)2-;Z=direct bond, or -(CH2)i-, -C(CH3)2-, -O- and/or -S-;i, j=1-10;Ar=aromatic group having a substituent, e.g. -SO3H, -O-(CH2)rSO3H, or -O-(CF2)rSO3H;r=1-12;j, k=0-10; andh=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorescent dye is selected from perylene or terrylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material contains resin such as polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. Preferred Medium: The dispersion medium is polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The precursor has diffraction peak at 32-36 degrees in diffraction angle 2 theta measured by X-ray (CuK alpha ray) diffraction method. The half value width of the diffraction peak is 5-20 degrees . The peak position of bond energy of 4f of platinum of precursor measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is 0.5-1.5 eV high-energy side from the peak position of bond energy of 4f of platinum. Preferred Process: The reduction process is a heat process performed in inert atmosphere or reducing environment. The catalyst is reduced by contacting and dispersing a reducing agent with carbon carrier supported with precursor and compound (A) in a solution, or is reduced by contacting a reducing agent with carbon carrier supported with precursor and compound (A), and dispersing in a solvent in which compound (A) does not dissolve. Preferred Compound: The metallic element is vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, rhenium, iridium and/or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The thickness of polypyrrole layer is 5-20 nm, and is less than or equal to 20 % when thickness variation is represented with coefficient of variation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The hydrogen production anaerobic ultra thermophilic bacteria is Thermococcus kodakaraensis, preferably T.kodakaraensis KOD1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen-production apparatus is equipped with an alkaline solution supply unit (50) to supply alkaline solution to a cultivation tank (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The support is porous support. The support is natural sponge, synthetic sponge, activated carbon, cermic, ion exchange resin, zeolite, porous stone, molten slag, cellulose acetate fiber, glass bead, carbon, silica gel, sand, alumina, molecular sieve and/or titanium oxide. The carbon source is pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid salt and/or starch type polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A concave portion (115) is formed in the joint surface of resin component(s), to form a cavity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or propyl alcohol. The solvent has higher solubility parameter than that of the resin components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin components contain acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin. Preferred Conditions: The pressurization process is performed at 50 degrees C or less. The solvent is inhaled between the resin components according to capillary action. An atmospheric-pressure plasma processing is performed during surface-modification process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cells are multi-crystalline solar cells, thin film solar cells, compound semiconductor solar cells, or amorphous silicon solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell includes second encapsulant layer laminated to opposite side of solar cell layer from encapsulant layer(s). The second encapsulant layer comprises the composition or composition containing ionomers, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), acoustic poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl butyral) thermoplastic polyurethane, PVC, metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate copolymer, acid copolymers, silicon elastomers, or epoxy resins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(vinyl butyral) composition contains (wt.%) triethylene glycol di-2-ethyl hexanoate plasticizer (20-25). The encapsulant layer(s) is laminated to light-receiving side of solar cell layer. The solar cell laminate includes incident layer as an outer layer of laminate on light-receiving side of the solar cell layer. An incident layer is made of transparent material. The transparent material is glass and/or fluoropolymers. Preferred Properties: The interlayer sheet optionally has compressive shear strength of greater than or equal to 1000, preferably 1000-2500 lb/in2, pummel value of greater than or equal to 1, preferably 2-7, elongation at 50% of greater than or equal to 300 lb/in2, elongation at 20 % of 8-15 N/mm2, and/or thickness of 20-45 mils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive glass is inorganic conductive glass or soft and transmutable organic conductive glass. The vacuum cold spraying process uses air current in lance to make particle of nanometer structure complex TiO2 powder speedup and spray finishing bounces conductive glass substrate surface and forms TiO2 film in low-pressure room. The organic matter is organic carboxylic acid, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid and/or methyl-acrylate. Preferred Methods: The method is treated by heat treatment, UV irradiation treatment, microwave irradiation treatment, electron beam irradiation treatment for TiO2 deposited on conductive glass surface, and make organic matter deviate from internal of TiO2 film by the type of vaporization or decomposition. The method comprises separating organic matter from TiO2 film by vaporization or decomposition, carrying out strengthening treatment of TiO2 elementary particles of internal of film of TiO2 film to further strengthen connection between TiO2 particles, and between TiO2 particles conductive glass. The connection strengthening treatment is two or more titanium(IV) chloride, UV irradiation treatment, microwave irradiation treatment, electron beam irradiation treatment, chemical vapor deposition treatment, hydro-thermal treatment or hydrotherm treatment. Preferred Property: The TiO2 compound powder is 0.05-2 mu m, original particle size of nano-crystalline TiO2 is 1-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is sulfuric acid. The water is distilled water or de-ionized water. Preferred Composition: The particle diameter of the SiO2 is 35-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: An average particle diameter of the waterborne acrylic polymer is 0.1-5% based on an average particle diameter of the anode active material, preferably 0.1-1 mu m. The water-soluble polymer has a viscosity in a 1 wt.% solution of 100-2000 mPa.s at 25 degrees C. Preferred Components: The waterborne acrylic polymer is polyethylacrylate, polyethyl(meth)acrylate, polyisopropylacrylate, poly(iso)propylmethacrylate, polybutylacrylate, polybutyl(meth)acrylate, polyhexyl(meth)acrylate, polyethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, and/or polylauryl(meth)acrylate. The water-soluble polymer is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, (hydroxy) methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, and/or casein. The binder is present at 1-15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the anode active material. A weight ratio of the waterborne acrylic polymer to the water-soluble polymer is 0.1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole injection layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), polyaniline-CSA, pentacene, copper phthalocyanine, poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, poly(1-methoxy-4-(O-disperse Red 1)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, polypyridiazine, polyisothia-naphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or its derivatives. The photoactive layer is a blend layer comprising conductive polymer and an electron acceptor. The conductive polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, poly(1-methoxy-4-(O-disperse Red 1)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, polypyridiazine, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or its derivatives, preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene). The electron acceptor is fullerene or its derivatives, nanocrystals, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods and/or carbon nanowires, preferably (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The anode is coated with slurry comprising an anode active material containing lithium transient metal oxide, organosulfur compound and conductive polymer. The cathode is coated with slurry comprising cathode active material containing graphite, polyacenic carbon and metal lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer electrolyte film is made of polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyacetal resin, vinyl chloride resin, polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin and acrylic resin. The separator has a micro-porous film made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The thermoplastic polymer is polycarbonate or polyester-polycarbonate. Preferred Dye: The fluorescent dye is perylene and/or terrylene. Preferred Compound: The diffuser is an organic diffuser chosen from poly(acrylate), poly (alkyl methacrylate), poly (tetrafluoroethylene), silicone and/or hydrolyzed poly(alkyl trialkoxy silane), where alkyl groups have 1-12 carbon atoms. Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic composition further comprises an additive chosen from filler, antioxidant, heat stabilizer, light stabilizer, ultraviolet light absorber, plasticizer, mold release agent, lubricant, antistatic agent, flame retardant, anti-drip agent and/or gamma -stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery further comprises a porous separator and organic carbonate solvent(s) selected from ethylene carbonate, diethylene carbonate, or propylene carbonate. The phosphazene compound(s) of formula (I) comprises 2-10 phosphorus-nitrogen units, homotrimer(s), heterotrimer(s), and one or more of 5 compounds, e.g. a group of formulae (1)-(3). The two pendent groups are bonded to the phosphorus atom through linkage with oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, or polonium; and do not comprise a halogen atom. The phosphazene compound(s) is not poly(bis(methoxyethoxy-ethoxy))phosphazene.X,Y=O, S, Se, Te, or Po;n=1-10; andm, z=1-6. EXAMPLE - A cathode comprising lithium cobalt oxide deposited on an aluminum and polymer current collector; and an anode, comprising carbon deposited on a copper and polymer current collector were separated with a porous plastic separator. The electrodes and separator were placed in an air tight cell case. A solution of hexa-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol-phosphazene-trimer saturated with lithium hexafluorophosphate was inserted into cell case, such that all gas bubbles were eliminated. The resulting battery was electrically connected to an automatic cycler. The battery cell was repeatedly charged and discharged. Electrochemical performance was monitored automatically with each cycle. After 100 cycles, the battery performance was observed as essentially unchanged. This indicated that initial resistance of the battery was maintained for the full test period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidation-reduction pair contains iodine or iodine compound. The element is boron or nitrogen. The compound having element which coordinates with oxidation-reduction pair is a monomer compound of formula (I) or polymer compound formed by polymerizing the monomer compound, or compound of formula (II).R1-R3=monovalent organic group having polymeric group at terminal;a-c=1-4;d-f=1-10;andg=1-4.The bonding position (b) is bonded with bonding position (a) of other repeating units, and bonding position (c) is substituted by H or monovalent organic group. Preferred Property: The polymer compound has molecular weight of 10000-1 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dialkoxysilane contains amino group chosen from 3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane or N-3-(amino ethyl)-3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene copolymer composition contains ethylene copolymer, and weatherproofing stabilizer additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer, and antioxidant. The ethylene copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene, unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The tetrafluoroethylene is continuously charged at a constant temperature under a constant pressure of a reactor. The fluoromonomer is continuously charged to maintain constant molar ratio Mt/Mm of 0.5-2.5, preferably 1-2. Preferred Method: The fluoromonomer is successively added at regular intervals, or continuously added to maintain constant fluoromonomer per unit time.Mt=tetrafluoroethylene repeating units;andMm=fluoromonomer repeating units. EXAMPLE - A fluoromonomer (I) (SMD-4) (0.675 g), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (AK-225) (4.074 g), 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (0.0023 g), and methanol (0.0009 g) were charged in three 10 ml capacity reactors, and heated at 65 degrees C. A tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was charged under 1.297 MPa (gauge pressure) and continuously charged to keep a constant pressure. The k value was set at 1.39. At every 0.0711 g of continuously charged TFE gas, 0.0866 g of SMD-4 was added as a solution of 33 wt.% SMD-4 in AK-225. One polymerization was stopped after 1 addition at 1.3 hours, the second after 2 addition in 1.7 hours, and the last after 10 addition in 4.9 hours by addition of 0.005 g of Topanol-A as a chemical quencher. The reactors were cooled to room temperature and the non-reacted TFE was discharged. The polymers were washed with hexane twice, vacuum dried at 80 degrees C for 16 hours, and obtained 481 mg, 608 mg, and 1509 mg of polymer respectively. The SMD-4 content of the polymers were measured by Raman was 26.6, 27 and 26 mol %, respectively. The polymer yield did not necessarily agree with the expected value, but the polymer composition closely agreed with the expected value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The hollow column structure is perpendicular to the polymer film surface, and has a diameter of 1-100 nm. The semiconductor material has a weight ratio of 40-80%, and is N-type. The N-type semiconductor material comprises light-absorbing semiconductor materials, and/or carbonaceous materials. Preferred Components: The substrate comprises inorganic light emitting diode, or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-absorbing semiconductor material comprises CdS, CdSe, or CdTe. The substrate comprises a slide, carbon-coated slide, indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, silicon oxide, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material comprises carbon 60 or 70 derivatives (preferably (6,6)-phenyl-61C butyric acid methyl ester (PC61MB); or (6,6)-phenyl-71C butyric acid methyl ester (PC71MB)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film comprises conducting polymers (preferably poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(para-phenylenevinylene), or polyfluorene; especially poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)). The block copolymer comprises conducting polymers comprising a first copolymer and a second copolymer, and has a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 1.6. The first copolymer and the second copolymer are immiscible. The first copolymer comprises L-polylactic acid, meso-polylactic acid, polylactic acid, or polycaprolactone. The second copolymer comprises poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(para-phenylenevinylene), or polyfluorene. Preferred Method: The polymer film is formed on the substrate by spin coating. The first copolymers are removed by hydrolysis. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humidity-controlling component comprises solution(s) from lithium chloride, potassium acetate, magnesium chloride, potassium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, sodium bromide, cobalt chloride, sodium nitrite, strontium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, potassium bromide, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, strontium nitrate, barium chloride, potassium nitrate, and/or potassium sulfate. The humidity controlling solution is contained within a material from a porous particulate substance, zeolite, natural clay, or inorganic gel. The humidity-controlling component comprises a metal salt having an alkali or a rare earth metal halide, metal nitrate, metal sulfate or metal phosphate. The target gas is carbon dioxide. Preferred Method: The method further comprises maintaining a relative humidity of the air gas stream within the electrochemical cell at 70-85%, generating hydrogen, and storing the hydrogen in an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humidity controlling solution is contained in a material comprising an organic polymer gel or a porous membrane. The active material comprises an amine or an imine functional group(s); or amine-functionalized polymer and/or amine-functionalized copolymer. The amine functional moiety comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and/or triethanolamine. The imine functional moiety comprises polyethyleneimine. The polymer and copolymer comprises polystyrene, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyarylene oxide, or polycarbonate. The active material is 1,8-diazabicyclo undec-7-ene; tetrahydro pyrimidine; or N-methyl tetrahydro pyrimidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic peroxide is chosen from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy) hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(butylperoxy)hexyne, alpha , alpha '-bis(tert-butylperoxy)diisopropyl benzene, dicumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide and 3-di-t-butyl peroxide. The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber which has 2 or less hydroxyl groups in a molecule. The mass ratio of organic peroxide and ultraviolet absorber is 1:0.1-1:3.5. The mass ratio of organic peroxide and hindered amine-type light stabilizer is 1:0.1-1:10. Preferred Property: The ultraviolet absorber has maximum absorption wavelength of 320-350 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ultraviolet absorber and hindered amine-type light stabilizer contained with respect to 100 mass parts of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-0.7 mass parts and 0.1-2.5 mass parts, respectively. The content of vinyl acetate unit contained with respect to 100 mass parts of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-30 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous spacer layer contains semiconductor particles or insulating particles made of a material (A) chosen from titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony pentoxide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon oxide, alumina, copper aluminate, strontium titanate, strontium-copper oxide and silica/glass beads and a metal carbonate (C) such as magnesium carbonate and/or calcium carbonate and a metal sulfate (D) such as calcium sulfate and/or barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor particles or insulating particles is made of heat-resistant polymer (B) such as crosslinked silicone resin, crosslinked polystyrene, crosslinked acrylic resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, aromatic polyamide resin, polyimide resin, polyamide-imide resin and/or crosslinked polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The fibers are carbon, polyamide, polyester, aramid, polyvinyl alcohol, viscose, cellulose, polyolefin, especially polyethylene or polypropylene, polysulfone, especially polyether sulfone or polyphenylene sulfone, polyarylene sulfide, especially polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, polyimide or polybenzimidazole fibers, or mixtures of these. The coating is produced from fluorinated, unsaturated or cyclic monomers, especially heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate or heptadecafluorodecene. The plasma contains a crosslinking agent with at lest two reactive groups, especially ethylenically unsaturated groups, particularly vinyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred features: The fibers are in the form of spun-bonded fabrics, meltblown fabrics, staple fiber nonwovens, wet nonwovens are hybrid materials containing them. The coating is hydrophobic and/or oleophobic. The structure is electrically conducting. The coating has a thickness below 200 nm. The structure is made up of conductive fibers which have been carbonized or graphitized and has a density of 0.1 - 0.5 g/m2, a thickness of 80 -500 mu m and an electrical conductivity of 10 - 300 S/cm in the fabric (sic) and 30 -220 S/cm2 at right angles to it. The monomer is sprayed into the plasma chamber as small droplets. The reaction is carried out under a pressure of 0.7 - 1.3 bar in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, especially at atmospheric pressure. The fibers are treated before reaction with a plasma in an inert gas or activated with air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The elastomeric block is hydrogenated butadiene, hydrogenated isoprene, hydrogenated chloroprene, isobutylene, polyisobutylene (70 vol.% and less than 95 vol.% of the tri-block copolymer) and ethylene copolymers with alpha-olefins. The plastic block is copolymer of styrene, styrene derivatives, methyl methacrylate and methacrylate derivatives, indene, indene derivatives, vinylpyridine, vinylpyridine derivatives, and vinylcarbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: A fuel cell (1) consists of an electrolyte film containing polyelectrolyte, provided between a pair of electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The basic compound is heterocyclic compound which has an endocyclic nitrogen atom, or an imidazole-type compound of formula (1 or 2).R1=H or CmHmNH2;m=1-3;R2=H or CnH2n+1;andn=1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-type polymer is chosen from vinylidine fluoride hexofluoropropylene copolymer and vinylidine fluoride hexofluoropropylene tetrafluoroethylene trinary copolymer. The fluorine-type polymer is of formula (3-5).M,X,m,R2,n=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - Solution (20 mass%) of polyvinylidine fluoride and N-methyl pyrrolidone and solution (20 mass%) of imidazole and N-methyl pyrrolidone were mixed in weight ratio of 4:1, and refluxed at 80 degrees C for 60 hours. The reaction solution was then casted on a glass substrate and heated at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes and 180 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain polymer film with film thickness of 25 mu m. The obtained polymer film was impregnated into 85% phosphoric acid solution for 4 hours, to obtain electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had excellent heat resistance and proton conductivity. A fuel cell formed using the obtained electrolyte film, had excellent electric power generation performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel stored in the storage tank is chosen from group consisting of ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether (DME), formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution or sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cartridge comprises a resin layer which is excellent in oxygen barrier property consists of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The microcircuit card conforms to ISO 7816 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery is made of resistive and flexible material such as nylon and PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic inorganic particles have a diameter 1/500 to 1/10 of the diameter of the carbon black particles. The hydrophilic composite comprises (wt.%) resin binder (1-45); conductive filler (50-98); and hydrophilic carbon black aggregate (H1) (0.5-45). Preferred Components: The hydrophilic inorganic material is selected from zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide and/or aluminum oxide. The conductive filler is one carbonic material selected from carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes and/or graphite. Preferred Method: The hybrid particles are formed by particle-hybridization between the carbon black particles and the hydrophilic inorganic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polycarbonate, nylon, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyurethane, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polyphenylene sulfide, and the thermosetting resin is epoxy resin or phenol resin. EXAMPLE - A hydrophilic carbon black aggregate composition (test) comprising (wt.%) polyphenylene sulfide resin (PPS) (25), artificial graphite (70) and hydrophilic carbon black aggregate (5) was prepared. A control composition was prepared in a similar manner as that of the test composition without using hydrophilic carbon black aggregate. The test/control compositions were evaluated for electrical conductivity and water intake. The test/control compositions showed electrical conductivity of 100/103 S/cm and water intake of 7.5/6 wt.% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains 0.5-30 mass parts of compatibilizing agent (C) with respect to 100 mass parts of components (A,B). The agent (C) is hydrogenated conjugated diene-type polymer having hydrogenation rate of 10% or more and/or copolymer obtained by polymerizing vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound and vinyl cyanide compound in the presence of polypropylene resin. Preferred Component: Alternately, rubber-reinforced vinyl resin is obtained by polymerizing vinyl monomer in the presence of a non-diene rubber polymer, which is ethylene- alpha -olefin-type copolymer rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The diodes have plastic covered heat sinks to dissipate heat at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61215.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fin is a non-electrically conductive polymeric material. The box portion is constructed of a substantially rigid, electrically insulating, and thermally conductive ABS plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is chosen from methanol liquid, ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution and sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is chosen from ethylene vinyl alcohol, copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat sink is constructed of black anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesion layer includes titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The assisting layer comprises poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(dimethylsiloxane), silicone rubber, surlyn, epoxy resin, poly-urethane, poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), cellulose acetate, polystyrene, polyethylene, poly(vinylchloride), polyimide, Novolac (RTM: cross-linked phenolformaldehyde polymer resin), or Sylgard (RTM: silicone elastomer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The hardness of granular acetylene black is 2-8 gf/piece based on JIS K 6219-3:2006. Preferably the average maximum particle diameter of 0.2-0.8 mm and average particle diameter of 0.3-0.5 mm. Preferred Process: The granular acetylene black is obtained using acetylene black original powder having iodine absorption number of 85-95 mg/g and dibutyl phthalate absorbed quantity of 160-200 ml/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A composition comprises resin, rubber and granular acetylene black. The content of granular acetylene black is 5-150 mass parts. Preferred Components: The resin is polystyrene resin, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer resin or polyethylene resin. The rubber is a natural rubber, silicone rubber or butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dopant is iodine, phosphorus, or boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The synthetic polymer is polypyrrole (PPY) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filter and the filter housing are coupled by a plastic porous mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The electrically conductive polymer compound is formed by polymerizing a monomer mixture containing cyclopentane-containing compound of formula (C) and/or oxygen-containing compound of formula (D), as main component. Alternatively, electrically conductive polymer compound is formed by polymerizing a monomer mixture containing sulfur-containing compound of formula (G), and by detaching hydrogen atom.R1-R4=H and 1-4C alkyl, and nitrogen-containing compound of formula (1);andR,Y',m=same as defined above.Preferred Composition: The monomer mixture contains pyrrole having one hydrogen atom substituted by 1-4C alkyl, thiophene, and/or one hydrogen atom substituted by 1-4C alkyl. The electrically conductive polymer compound is of formula (B or H, E, A and F).R1-R3,m=same defined above.The active material further comprises metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proton-conductive substituent is sulfone group. The solid amine fused salt and aromatic high molecular compound are mixed, molded, heated and sulfonated to obtain the proton conductive film. The heating is performed at 280-300 degrees C. The amine fused salt is alicyclic amine fused salt or aliphatic amine fused salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic high molecular compound is polystyrene, preferably syndiotactic polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer is a polymer gel electrolyte layer or solid electrolyte layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene derivative and the electron donor are in a mixture layer on one of the pair of electrodes. Electron donor is a high molecular weight heterocyclic compound such as porphyrin, phthalocyanine, polythiophene, copper-phthalocyanine complex. Preferred Method: The mixture layer is formed by applying a mixture containing the fullerene derivative and electron donor or vapor depositing the fullerene derivative and electron donor. R1=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl, 2-10C alkynyl or of formula (3);    R3=1-5C alkyl, 2-5C alkenyl or 1-5C alkynyl;    M=Fe or Ru;    n=0-5;and    L=H, halo, alkoxy, alkyl, alkyne, alkene, aryl, alkylidene, vinylidene, allenyliden, thiolate, amide, phosphine, carbonyl, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, NH2, ketone or cyclopentadienyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The primary barrier layer contains aluminum foil, and the barrier layer has plastic film having barrier property. Preferred Process: A deposition thin film layer of an inorganic compound is formed on the plastic-film surface. Preferred Compound: The compound is chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesion-improvement layer comprises polyester-type resin and/or polyester-polyurethane type resin cross-linked by cross-linking agent(s) chosen from alkylated melamine and polyisocyanate. Preferred Film: The transparent base film, white film, and weather-resistant film are extended polyester films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer film base material contains non-electro-conductive inorganic particles. The heavy ion is oxygen, iron and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of one or more types of monomer chosen from group (A), and protonic polar solvent is 20-90:80-10. Preferred Components: The protonic polar solvent is methanol and/or isopropanol. The one or more types of monomer chosen from group (A) is a non-polar monomer, and a monomer which has functional group convertible into proton exchange group by a proton exchange group. Preferred Composition: The protonic polar-solvent solution contains monomer (1-80 mol%) which consists of group (B) which is a cross-linking agent with respect to one or more types of monomer (20-99 mol%) chosen from group (A). Preferred Process: In ion-irradiation process, the potential track which received damage by high-energy heavy-ion irradiation has penetrated the film. The manufacture of functional film further involves etching process. The generated radiation damage is etched chemically or thermally after the ion-irradiation process, and a through-hole is formed in the film base material, by newly utilizing a radiation and the active type produced by irradiation in any one of plasma for the obtained hole punching film base material in the active type, the vacuum, or inert-gas atmosphere which remains in the potential track location which received damage by ion irradiation, and one or more types of monomer chosen from group (A) is graft polymerized. Preferred Condition: The temperature of graft polymerization is 10-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The lamination integration is carried out to outermost sheet layer on both surfaces of intermediate sheet layer. Preferred Component: The intermediate sheet layer is low melt flow rate layer and both-sides outermost sheet layer is high melt flow rate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic material is polyacetal, modified polyphenylene oxide, acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene rubber, polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyamide elastomer, polypropylene, polyethylene, and/or ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent inorganic material is glass, quartz crystal or quartz, white calcite, topaz, spinel, tourmaline, cristobalite, diamond, zirconia, or sapphire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The partial spherical surface of the transparent inorganic material is coated with metal or semiconductor, preferably, titanium or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The eluent is constituted by light polyacetal reagent of grade 1 used in excess, or a mixture of light polyacetals of grade 1 and 2 comprising less than or equal to 34 mol.% of light polyacetal of grade 2. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R3 = H; and    R1, R6 = 1-8C.    EXAMPLE - Amberlyst 15 (RTM: Macroreticular ion-exchange resin) was used in a column of liquid chromatography for the separation of products. The 5 mm diameter was thermostatically controlled at 45 degrees C and was fed with a continuous flow of dimethoxymethane (DMM) (1.5 ml/minute). The reservoir of DMM was thermostated at a temperature of reaction. In upstream of the column, the injection-valve was used for injecting trioxane dissolved in the DMM into the column. Then the reaction was done during the trioxane passage in the column and the output of column was collected. The flow of DMM in the column was 1.5 ml/minute and the amount of injected trioxane was 0.03 moles. Then the obtained product was further worked up to obtain a polyoxymethylenedimethylether with a purity of greater than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoro-resin comprises PTFE, polyperfluoroethylene-propylene, or fusible PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound (X) is crown ether. The crown ether is crown ether(s) from 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, or an organic compound having a structure in its molecule. The polymer electrolyte membrane contains cerium ions and the organic compound (X) (provided that the inclusion compound (Y) is regarded as a mixture of them) in a total amount of 0.5-80 mass%; or the organic compound (X) in a ratio of 0.2-1.2 moles/mole of the cerium ions (provided that the inclusion compound (Y) is regarded as a mixture of them).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer electrolyte is a sulfonic acid group-containing perfluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic-hydrocarbon type electrolyte film contains polyether ketone, polyether sulfone or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium nitride (LiN(SO2CF3)2), lithium boron fluoride (LiBF4), lithium chloride (LiClO4) an/or lithium nitride (LiN(SO2F2CF3)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oligo ethylene oxide chain containing methacrylic ester is of formula (1 or 2) as cross-linkable controlling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The highly branched polymer has polymerizable functional group is of formula (3). Preferred Method: The cross-linkable method of ethylene oxide and highly branched polymer is formed by radical-polymerization method or electron-beam polymerization method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source contain carbon particles and/or carbon precursor. The carbon particles are acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-resistant-resin oriented-film layer made of polyamide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having lone pair in an atom or a molecule is group (XV) or group (XVI) element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having unsaturated bond in a molecule is alkene, alkyne, aromatic compound, ketone, aldehyde or imine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is novolak-type resin. Preferred Property: The resin has electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-ion cross-link phosphonated fullerene contains phosphorus-containing compound (H-C-C-PO(OH)2) having 1-12 partial structure, and sulfonic acid-containing compound (H-C-C-SO3H) having 1-12 partial structure. A phosphonated agent (LiPO(OEt)2), and a sulfonation agent (K2SO3) are used during manufacture of metal-ion cross-link phosphonated fullerene. A solvent is dioxane or solvent containing aqueous solution of dimethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive film contains fluorine type or hydrocarbon type matrix polymer. The matrix polymer is a perfluoro sulfonic acid type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of cable clamp comprises modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene ether and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is made of gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, aluminum gallium arsenide or copper- indium- selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene copolymer is Surlyn (RTM: random copolymer poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid)) or Elvax (RTM: ethylene vinyl acetate resin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the first compound comprises polyalkyleneoxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkylether, polyalkyleneimine, polyalkylenesulfide, or corresponding copolymers or mixtures. The polymer of the second compound comprises polyalkyleneoxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkyleneimine, polyalkylenesulfide, polyvinylidenehalide, or corresponding copolymers or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second charge separating layer comprises ((6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester) and (6,6)-phenyl-71C butyric acid methyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second charge-separating layer comprises poly-(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b1)dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    Z = substituted imidazole of formula (f), NH3, P(CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3)3;    R = CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH2CH3 or CH2CH2CH2CH3; m = 2-4;    n = 3;    W1 = C(ACH2-)4, C((AO)pA-)4, C((ANH)pA-)4, (-A)2N(AO)pAN(A-)2 or (-A)2N(ANH)pAN(A-)2;    A = CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2- or -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-;    Q = H or CH3;    p = 0-40; and    X = C(ACH2-)4, C((AO)pA-)4, C((ANH)pA-)4, (-A)2N(AO)pAN(A-)2, (-A)2N(ANH)pAN(A-)2, N(A)3, N((AO)pA-)3 or N((ANH)pA-)3.    Provided that when n is 2, W1-(Z)2 is (D)-W1-(Z)2 or (D), D is CH2CH3, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(OCH2CH3)(CH2OH), -(p-CH2CH2)Ph or -Si(OH)(CH3).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 5 compounds (I) is specifically claimed i.e. polyacrylic acid, (O2CCH2OCH2CH2OCH2CO2)-2, (O2CC10-H20-CO2)-2, (dicarboxy terminated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene))-2 and ((O2CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2)2)-4 (Ia). The use of 5 compounds (II) is specifically claimed i.e. (CH3-imid-CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2-imid- CH3)+2, (trismethylimidazoleisobutylCH3)+3, (H3NCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH3)+2, ((NH3CH2CH2)3NH)+4 and ((CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2)3P-C10H20-P(CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3)3)+2 (IIa).    EXAMPLE - HO2C-Tetraethylene glycol-CO2H (1 g) and chloro methyl imidazole-tetraethylene glycol-imidazole methyl chloride (1.77 g) were dissolved in de-ionized water (5 ml) then a solution of silver nitrate (1.53) in de-ionized water (2 ml) was added drop by drop under vigorous agitation. The precipitate compound (silver chloride) was isolated by filtration under nitrogen and the filtrate was concentrated and dried under vacuum at 170 degrees C for 3 hours to lead to a clear colorless viscous oil of HO2C-tetraethyleneglycol-CO2H with Cl(CH3)imid-tetraethylene glycol-imidazole methyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive grid layer is also made of a transparent conducting oxide. The semiconductor p-n junction comprises a copper indium gallium diselenide-cadmium sulphide (CIGS-CdS) p-n junction. The barrier layer above the top transparent electrode layer comprises at least one of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive grid layer is made of a non-transparent metal or metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The aromatic hydrocarbon type ion exchange membrane contains ion group-containing aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer having ion exchange capacity of 0.3-3.5 meq/g. The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer is a polyarylene ether-type compound having sulfur-containing group of formula (1) and cyano-containing group of formula (2) as a structural unit.Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y'=sulfone or ketone group;X=H of monovalent cationic group;andZ=ether, thioether or bivalent aliphatic group.Preferred: The surface degree of plane orientation of the surface with a higher surface degree of plane orientation is 2 or less. The aromatic hydrocarbon type ion exchange membrane has curl degree of 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte composition contains 50-80 mass% of diethyl carbonate, less than or equal to 40 mass% of ethylmethyl carbonate and greater than or equal to 10 mass% of dimethyl carbonate. Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte composition contains carbonate with multiple bonds between carbon-carbon atoms and a high molecular compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular compound is polyvinylidene fluoride. The packing unit consists of laminated film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The anode and cathode are conducted at 100-120 degrees C. The maximum value of short circuit current flowing into short circuit unit is 3-20C (electric current value at the time of charging or discharging of battery for 1 hour is set to 1C). Preferred Unit: The short circuit unit has a terminal (T1) connected with anode and a terminal (T2) connected with cathode and opposing terminal (T1) through an insulation component melted at predetermined temperature. The short circuit unit is provided in interior of exterior component (30), in which battery element is accommodated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator contains a resin material having a polyolefin, polypropylene and/or high-density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wiring element comprises gold, indium-tin oxide, indium-zinc oxide, nickel and palladium. The elastic protection unit contains carbon, metal, electroconductive oxide and electroconductive organic substance.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive polymeric layer formed between organic semiconductor layer and transparent electrode layer consists of vanadium pentaoxide, tetrafluoro tetracyano quinodimethane and polyethylene sulfonic acid. The organic semiconductor layer consists of polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrrole, polyacetylene or their derivative, phthalocyanine, benzidine, oxadiazole, triazole, phenanthroline, triphenylamine polymer, aluminum quinolinol complex and styryl amine. The elastic protection unit contains heat resistant engineering plastics having polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacetal and/or epoxy group, and adhesive material having rubber, acrylic resin and silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound is chosen from porphyrin derivative, phthalocyanine derivative, salen derivative, nitrile derivative, pyridine derivative and/or phenanthroline derivative. Preferred Condition: The baking process is carried out at 300-1000 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The proton-conductive hydrocarbon type electrolyte is sulfonated polyether-ether-sulfone (SPEES), sulfonated polyimide or poly 2-acrylimido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferably the content of monocyclic aromatic-compound acetylene is 10-50 mol%. The polycyclic aromatic acetylene is naphthyl acetylene derivative. The monocyclic aromatic compound acetylene is phenyl acetylene derivative. EXAMPLE - Rhodium(norbornadiene)chloride dimer (6 mg), triethylamine (0.15 ml) and toluene (2 ml) were mixed, and 1-naphthyl acetylene (100 mg) and 4-n-butylphenyl acetylene (104 mg) were added into the resulting solution and polymerized to obtain polymer. The obtained polymer was stirred at room temperature, filtered and dried to obtain poly((4-n-butylphenyl acetylene)0.5-co-(naphthyl acetylene)0.5)copolymer. The obtained copolymer had excellent solubility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An insulator layer of the solar cell is silicon oxide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lens group of the solar cell consists of ultraviolet ray cured resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material of support structure and porous metal sheet are made of aluminum. The surface layer of porous metal sheet is made of silver, copper, nickel and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow path structural material is made of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface layer of separator is formed of elements selected from group comprising gold, platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, silver, copper. The surface layer of current collection board contact is selected from group comprising copper, silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electrolyte resin (A,B) is fluorine-type electrolyte resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent insulation substrate is made of quartz glass, glass-ceramic material, borosilicate glass and soda lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection electrode pattern is made of tungsten, titanium, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin layer is made of silicone resin, acrylic resin, alicyclic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyether sulfone type polymer of formula (II).X=sulfide or sulfonyl group;Ar=bivalent coupling group-containing aromatic ring of formula (III-1)-(III-5);d,e,f,g,j,z,l,p,q,r,t=0-4;a=1-5;andb=0-5, preferably 0.Preferred Property: The equivalent weight per sulfonic acid group of aromatic hydrocarbon type ionic conductive polyelectrolyte is 300-3000. Preferred Process: The aromatic hydrocarbon type polymer and mercapto alkyl sulfonic acid such as mercapto propane sulfonic acid having halogeno alkyl group such as halogeno methyl group, are coupled and further oxidized to obtain aromatic hydrocarbon type ionic conductive polyelectrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfide or sulfonyl group;    n=1;and    m=3.    EXAMPLE - Nitrobenzene (4000 ml), dimethoxy methane (330 g), thionyl chloride (440 g), anhydrous tin (150 g) and polyether sulfone (530 g) were polymerized at 60?oC for 12 hours, pulverized with methanol, and dried at 80?oC to obtain chloro methylated polyether sulfone (630 g). The obtained polyether sulfone, N,N-dimethyl formamide (500 ml), sodium salt of mercapto propane sulfonic acid (25 g) and potassium carbonate (20 g) were reacted at 65?oC for 25 hours, pulverized and dried at 80?oC to obtain sulfo propyl thiomethylated polyether sulfone (50 g) of formula (VI). The obtained sulfone provided sulfo propyl thiomethylated polyether sulfone film having ion exchange group equivalent weight of 700, proton conductivity of 0.023 S/cm, swelling property of 7%, film thickness of 51.8 ~mm and methanol flex of 0.024 mmol/cm2/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The electrical energy storage device is a secondary battery in which the electrode reaction is carried out in an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The structural element (I) is of formula (a1 or a2), or repeating unit (b1-b5). The active material comprises the compound (10-100 wt.%) containing the structural element (I). The active material has a spin concentration of 1021 spins/g or more. Preferred Definitions:    G=group of formula (a);    R1-R4=methyl optionally substituted by F, Cl, OH, -COOH, -COOCH3 or -O-COCH3;    R6=1-6C alkyl or 2-6C alkenyl;    R5=H, 1-6C alkyl, 2-6C alkynyl, 5-6C cycloalkyl, -C(O)R6 or 1-6C alkyl substituted by Cl;    y=2;and    E=divalent group of formula (k).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The gas comprises oxygen. The spacers comprise a material selected from gold, silver, platinum, and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes comprise gold, platinum, silver, palladium, ruthenium, ferro-based alloys, copper, aluminum, nickel, nickel foam cadmium, and/or lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spacers comprise a material selected from isoprene, neoprene, butyl rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, silicones, tetrafluoropolyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, perfluorinated polyethylene, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesives of the first and second gasket webs comprise pressure sensitive adhesives, heat activated adhesive, or UV curable adhesives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion exchange group is sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or ammonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ion exchange group with respect to total monomer repeating unit of norbornene type ring-opened polymer hydrogenated substance is 10 mol% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carbon carrier contains sulfur atom and/or nitrogen atom. The carbon carrier is carbon black, carbon nanotube or fullerene compound. Preferred Metal: The metal component is chosen from gold, tungsten, copper, cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, palladium, rhenium, osnium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The ligand is an organic material containing carbon atom and hydrogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dialkoxysilane having double bond, is 3-(meth)acryloxy propyl dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene copolymer is copolymer of ethylene ionomer and vinyl acetate, copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylate and/or copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid, preferably copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. The copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, contains vinyl acetate (10-40 wt.%). The crosslinkable ethylene copolymer composition is formed by add-mixing peroxide having half-life temperature of 140 degrees C or less, for 1 hour into mixture containing components (A and B). The crosslinkable ethylene copolymer composition further contains a crosslinking adjuvant having an allyl group, and a weatherproofing stabilizer additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, an optical stabilizer and an antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The tungsten or molybdenum is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent. The tungstic acid or molybdic acid is dissolved in solvent containing water to which hydrogen peroxide is added. Then, the hydrogen peroxide is decomposed using catalyst containing platinum. Further, solvent is removed and polyvinyl alcohol is added, to obtain complex-compound solid electrolyte of tungstic acid compound or molybdic acid compound. EXAMPLE - Tungsten powder (0.36 g) was oxidized using 3% hydrogen peroxide solution (20 cc) and was dissolved. Then, the hydrogen peroxide is decomposed in the solution using platinum catalyst. Subsequently, polyvinyl alcohol (28 cc) having average degree of polymerization of 3100-3900 and saponification degree of 86 to 90% was added while dissolving metallic component, to obtain raw-material aqueous solution. The obtained aqueous solution was filled in polystyrene petri-dish having diameter of 90 mm. Then, dried at 50 degrees C and water was removed from solvent, to obtain film in petri-dish. The formed film was removed, heated at 100 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The obtained film had ionic conductivity of 1.0x 10-2 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isocyanate compound (B) is an organic isocyanate compound which has at least 2 isocyanate groups in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The prepolymer further contains a reaction catalyst such as urethane reaction catalyst. The component (A) has at least 2 hydroxyl groups in a molecule. The fluororesin is fluoropolyether compound having a perfluoropolyether structure in its principal chain. The fluoropolyether compound is of formula (1): HO-CF2(-O-CF2-CF2-)p(-O-CF2-)qCF2-OH.p+q=8-32.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin sheet is nonwoven fabric preferably electroconductive fiber. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of thermoplastic resin with respect to thermosetting resin is 10:90-40:60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The monomer having sulfonic group is compound of formula (1), compound of formula: CH2=CHCH2SO3Y', and/or compound of formula: CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H. The monomer having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds is at least one compound of formulae: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH=CH2, (CH2=CHCONH)2CH2- and (CH2=CHCOOCH2)3CCH2CH3.X,Y'=H or alkaline metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is made of extruded aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is made of extruded aluminum or black anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sink is constructed of extruded aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intervening layer is a thermally conductive polymer. The thermally conductive polymer is an elastomer. The heat sink is constructed of a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fluid source delivers metal ions such as silver, nickel, zinc or tin containing electrolyte to the surface of substrate and electrode. The electrode is made of titanium, platinum, copper and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A binder used is e.g. polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Lithium (Lia) Mb nitrogen (Nic) cobalt (Cod) oxygen (Oe) is used as an active material for the positive electrode, in which M is one metal chosen from a group of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), indium (In), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo), 0 less than a less than 1.3, 0.02 less than or equal to b less than or equal to 0.5, 0.02 less than or equal to d divide by c+d less than or equal to 0.9, 1.8 less than or equal to e less than or equal to 2.2, b+c+d=1, and 0.34 less than c.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorption section contains silicon germanium, aluminum gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, copper indium selenide, copper indium gallium selenide, silicon and germanium. The amplification medium contains gallium nitride, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium antimonide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layer is formed over the seed layer by immersing the seed layer and electrode in an electrolyte that contains copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper pyro-phosphate and copper fluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The apparatus for forming metal layer on flexible solar cell substrate comprises fluid source that delivers metal ion consisting of copper, silver, nickel, zinc or tin on the metallized surface. The metal layer comprises silver, nickel, zinc and tin. An additional metal layer is formed over the metal layer by immersing the metal layer on electrolyte that contains metal ion comprising tin, silver, copper, gold, lead and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous material is made of hydrophilic foam or expanded fibrous material. A hydrophilic coating containing silicon oxide, is formed on the porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The vinyl silane is at least one of vinyl tri-ethoxy silane or vinyl tri-methoxy silane. The free radical initiator is a peroxide. The polymeric material comprises a polyolefin polymer grafted with an unsaturated organic compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation and at least one carbonyl group. The unsaturated organic compound is maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layers are formed of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) or tin oxide (SnO2). The substrates are formed of conductive polymer. The metal oxide layer is formed of material selected from group consisting of titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide. The counter electrodes are made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material used for energy generation is chosen from metallic, nonmetallic, organic, inorganic, metal organic, silicon, silica, silicate, ceramic, composite, polymer, plastic, organic composite thin film, organic composite coating, inorganic composite thin film, inorganic composite coating, organic and inorganic composite thin film, organic and inorganic composite coating, thin film crystal lattice nanostructure, active photonic matrix, flexible multi-dimensional film, screen or membrane, microprocessor, micro electromechanical system (MEMS) or nano electromechanical system (NEMS) device, semiconductors, semiconductor materials including complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), silicon on insulator (SOI), germanium, quartz, glass, inductive, conductive or insulation materials, integrated circuits, wafers, microchips, microfluidic or nanofluidic chips, single nanowire, nanotube or nanofiber, bundle of nanowires, nanotubes or nanofibers, cluster, array or lattice of nanowires, nanotubes or nanofibers, single optical fiber, bundle of optical fibers, cluster, array or lattice of optical fibers, cluster, array or lattice of nanoparticles, designed or shaped single nanoparticles of different length, nanomolecular structures, nanowires, dots, rods, particles, tubes, spheres and/or films, nanoparticles suspended in liquids or solutions, nanoparticles in powder form, nanoparticles or nanostructures, nanopatterned materials, nanopatterned nanomaterials, nanopatterned micro materials, micropatterned metallic materials, microstructured metallic materials, metallic micro cavity structures, metal dielectric materials, metal dielectric metal materials, anode, cathode, paint, coating, powder or film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is urethane resin, acrylic resin or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic-element material has a photovoltaic element including electron-accepting organic material arranged between a cathode (4) and an anode (2). The electron-accepting organic material is fullerene derivative. EXAMPLE - Poly(3-butyl thiophene) (in mg) (0.5) having polymerization degree of 145, poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (4.5) having polymerization degree of 120, phenyl 61C butyric-acid methyl ester (5) and chloroform (1 ml), were added into a sample bottle and subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 2 hours, to obtain a reaction solution. Subsequently, an anode and cathode were formed. Then, the obtained reaction solution was dripped on a layer including polyethylene dioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate, to obtain an organic-semiconductor layer and a photovoltaic element was obtained. The obtained photovoltaic-element material had short-circuit-current density of 7.35 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.59 V, fill-factor value of 0.50 and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.17%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A solar cell is formed by sealing or interposing sealing film, and subjected to cross-linking integration between surface-side transparent protection component and back surface side protection component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. The content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-0.7 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer. The cross-linking agent is 1,1-di(tert-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane. The cross-linking agent is an organic peroxide chosen from tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl monocarbonate and/or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5 di(tert-butylperoxy) hexane. The sealing film further contains a triaryl cyanurate and a triaryl isocyanurate as a cross-linking adjuvant. The content of cross-linking adjuvant is 0.1-1 with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer. The sealing film further contains a (~c )-methyacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane as an adhesion improvement agent. Preferred Property: The cross-linking agent has half-life temperature of 80-120?o C for 10 hours. EXAMPLE - Ethylene acetic-acid vinyl copolymer (in mass parts) (100), 1,1-di(tert-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane (0.6), cross-linking adjuvant (0.5), and (~c )-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (0.3) were added and blended to obtain a reaction mixture. The obtained reaction mixture was molded at 80?o C to form a film having thickness of 600 ~m m. The sealing film suppresses the generation of foaming. The solar cells having sealing film had excellent durability and external-appearance characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: 50 mol% or more of the hydroxyl group is substituted by carbonate group and the remaining hydroxyl group is substituted by isocyanate compound residue. EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran (in g) (90), LM-15 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol having saponification degree) (16.1) and pyridine (9.5) were mixed in a nitrogen-substituted flask and cooled to 0-10?o C. Then, methoxy butyl chloroformate (20) was dripped, temperature was raised to 20?o C and stirred for 48 hours. Further, toluene (200 ml) was added to the reaction liquid, followed by washing thrice with saturated salt solution (200 ml). The organic layer (upper liquid) was separated from the reaction liquid, dried using magnesium sulfate, solvent was removed and dried, to obtain rubber-like carbonated polyvinyl alcohol was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium secondary battery has the anode containing an anode active material, an electroconductive agent containing carbon black (in wt.%) (21-43), graphite (21-36), and a binder (29-43) containing activated carbon. The content of polyvinylidene fluoride is 29-43 wt.%. The anode contains lithium complex oxide of formula (1): Li1+ alpha MnxM1yM2zO2, where M1 and M2 are cobalt, nickel, aluminum, boron, iron, magnesium and/or chromium, x+y+z=1, x is 0.2-0.6, y is 0.1-0.5, z is 0.05-0.5 and alpha is 0.01-0.3. Preferred Properties: The content of electroconductive agent is larger than the content of the binder. The lithium secondary battery has absolute value of the change ratio of cell voltage change in 20-30% DOD in 6C rate of 0.008V/DOD% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The activated carbon contains palm husk as a raw material. The cathode active material is carbonaceous material having carbon-net-surface interlayer of 0.39 nm or less. Preferred Component: The electroconductive agent contains carbon black and graphite. Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the activated carbon is 1700 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The electrolyte liquid is of formula (I, II, III or IV) or lithium boron complex formula (V).R1-R10= H, fluorine, chlorine, 1-3C alkyl or fluorinated alkyl.Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate or methyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multivalent anion is ion of sulfate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-) and/or hydrophosphate (HPO42-). The inorganic porous body is made with metal oxide of alumina, silica, titania and/or zirconia. It is made with material that forms inorganic sol. It is formed from suspension liquid of mixed polymer fine particle and inorganic material. The inorganic sol forming material is inorganic colloid. The proton donating functional group that modifies the surface in spherical hole is Broensted-acid functional group, which is a functional group of sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and/or carboxylic acid. Preferred Property: The inorganic porous body has a porosity of 70-90%. The equivalent weight value of inorganic porous body is 350-90000 g/mol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The electrolyte material is an ionic liquid. The imidazolium cation is an ethyl imidazolium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first material is an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin that is a copolymer compound of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene while the second material is a polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid is air, water, nitrogen, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back-electrode is made of aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises urethane polymer, acrylic polymer, fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 66, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The sealant is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), RTV silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer layers are poly-para-xylylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive ions of the amorphous silicon thin films are arsenic ion, phosphorus ion and bromine ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The under coat processing is a process which applies an under coat agent that consists of a mixture of acrylic polyol, isocyanate compound and silane coupling agent. The overcoat processing is a procedure for applying an overcoat agent which includes a mixture of water soluble polymer, metal alkoxide and silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The porous modification catalyst layer is flat layer. The outer peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer has a fuel flow path having circular, elliptical, rectangular or polygonal cross-sectional shape, in inner region of barrier layer. The modifier integrated fuel cell further has an oxidizing agent gas flow path on inner peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer. Preferred Device: The modifier integrated fuel cell has two or more adjacent electricity generating components electrically interconnected in series by interconnector, on electrically insulating porous substrate pipe. The electrically generating component has the layered structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The constituent material of porous modification catalyst material is nickel as main constituent, and mixture of stabilized zirconia, porous ceramics and porous cermet. The constituent material of barrier layer is stabilized zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, zirconia, alumina and magnesia. The constituent material of hydrogen separation and anode material is multilayer film comprising palladium film, palladium alloy film, vanadium, niobium or tantalum film, group V metal film and group V metal alloy film. The constituent material of electrolyte layer contains a pervoskite compound having the compositional formula: A'B'O3.A'=barium, strontium or calcium;andB'=cerium or zirconium optionally substituted by rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is made of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonated cellulose type compound has 50 mol% or more of hydroxyl group substituted by carboxyl group of formula: -OC(=O)OR8. A portion or whole of hydrogen atom of remaining hydroxyl group in the structure is substituted by isocyanate compound residue. EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran (in g) (90), Nippon soda HPC-L (RTM: hydroxy propyl cellulose) (10) and pyridine (9.5) were added in trinitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was cooled at 10 degrees C. Then, methoxy butyl chloroformate (20) was added slowly and stirred uniformly. The temperature was raised to 20 degrees C and stirred continuously for 48 hours. Toluene (200 ml) was further added and organic layer was separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated salt solution (200 ml), dried and rubber-like carbonated cellulose-type compound was obtained. The gel-form electrolyte film formed using the carbonated cellulose-type compound had favorable electric conductivity, without leakage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connector is selected from RJ-45 connector, PCI-E power supply connector, and S-ATA power supply connector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The blowing agent comprises mineral particles or polymeric balls of methyl polymethacrylate and acrylic acid/methyl methacrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises a ceramic or a polymer. The metal is silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum or nickel. The metallic nanoparticles comprise a cap or coating on it. The cap or coating comprises an inorganic cap or coating (preferably silica) or organic cap or coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cap or coating comprises polymer (preferably intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or alkane thiolate, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hardening agent is a boron trichloride-monoethylamine-complex. The epoxy resin is bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The liquid of fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion has a pH of less than 3, preferably 0.5-3. Preferred Monomer: The fluoro monomer having sulfonic-acid precursor functional group is a fluorovinyl compound of formula: CF2=CF-(A)l-(CF2CFY1-O)n-(CFY2)m-SO2X.Y1,Y2=fluorine, chlorine or perfluoroalkyl;n,l=0-1;m=0-5 when n is 0, and 1-5 when n is 1;X=fluorine or chlorine;andA=-O- or -CF2O-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is obtained by emulsion-polymerizing fluoro monomer and ethylenic fluoro monomer, and adjusting the liquid of dispersion to acidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin contained in bus-bar electrode and adhesive layer is selected from group consisting of epoxy resin, imide resin and phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell has a hole blocker layer made of titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode comprises lithium metal, lithium intercalation compound, or lithium alloy as active anode species. The second electrolyte solvent is free of contact with the anode. The first and/or second electrolyte solvents contain lithium salts. The second electrolyte solvent is in a region between the polymer gel layer and cathode current collector. The cathode comprises sulfur as cathode active species. The second electrolyte solvent contains polysulfide species to greater extent than the first electrolyte solvent. The first electrolyte solvent is free of polysulfide species. A ratio of polysulfide solubility between two electrolyte solvents is greater than 2:1.The ratio of lithium depletion (wt.%) per duty cycle of two electrolyte solvents is less than 0.2:1. The two electrolyte solvents are immiscible. The filter comprises alumina, aluminum oxide hydroxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, or lithium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The lithium battery includes polymer gel layer (24) in contact with the anode preferably anode containing polymer layer coated in sequence, or lithium. The polymer gel layer contains first electrolyte solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin in the compatible resin layer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer or copolymerized polymer containing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer basic structure. The adhesive layer is formed with urethane type adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate is nanotube, nanofiber or nanowires, preferably one-dimensional carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The surface-modified carbon-containing substrate is patterned by crystallizing polymer at nucleation sites located on the surface-modified carbon-containing substrate and orienting crystals formed by polymer crystallization. The patterning process comprises forming and uniformly orienting single-crystal rods having axis substantially perpendicular to an axis of one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate. The physical vapor deposition is carried out by controlling an environmental factor such as vacuum pressure or heating temperature, to produce a substantially periodic pattern. The patterning process further comprises removing portion of polymeric material by etching, solvent dissolution or heating, and covalently bonding a compound to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate to inhibit localized polymeric crystallization. The physical vapor deposition is performed at room temperature, without using a solvent. Preferred Properties: The single-crystal rods have interval periodicity of 24-55 nm, preferably 23-42.5 nm, more preferably 30-40 nm. Preferred Material: A centipede-shaped or necklace-shaped nanohybrid material comprises crystal attached to the carbon-containing substrate, the crystals are formed by physical vapor deposition. The crystals are periodically located along an axis of the carbon-containing substrate. The crystals have an axis oriented substantially to the axis of the carbon-containing substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon 6, 6, polyethylene oxide or poly(phenylene sulfide). The polymeric material is oriented parallel to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acid acceptor contains magnesium hydroxide. The acid acceptor of back surface side sealing film is acid accepting particles such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, trilead tetraoxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide, calcium carbonate or hydrotalcite-containing compound. Preferred Properties: The acid acceptor has average particle diameter of 0.1-4 mu m, preferably 0.1-0.9 mu m. The amount of acid acceptor is preferably 0.5-5 mass parts in back surface side sealing film. The acid acceptor in back surface side sealing film has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The back surface side sealing film further contains coloring agent. Preferred Composition: The light-receiving-surface side sealing film contains an ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer (100 mass parts) having vinylacetate (5-50 mass parts), and coloring agent (2-10 mass parts) with respect to an acid acceptor (0.01-0.15 mass parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film comprises (wt.%): indium (less than 10), ferric oxide and indium (III) oxide (less than 5), and indium ferrate (less than 5). Preferred Condition: There are greater than or equal to 25 disc-like structures within 0.25 microns2 area on film surface. The disc-like structures are oriented at 40-140degrees relative to the film surface plane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The precursor solution is iron acetylacetonate and indium acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The regioregular polythiophene is a homopolymer/copolymer, 3-alkyl substituted polythiophene and polythiophene soluble in halogenated aromatic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The slugs can be made of graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The structural support can be made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The structural support can be covered by polytetrafluoroethylene on the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alpha -olefin is selected from ethylenes, propylenes, 1-butenes, 1-pentenes, 1-hexenes, 1-heptenes, 3-methyl-1-butenes, and/or 4-methyl-1-pentenes. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is selected from acrylic acids, methacrylic acids, itaconic acids, maleic acids, maleic anhydrides, fumaric acids, and/or monomethyl maleic acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The front-sheet encapsulant layer is formed of a second polymeric sheet comprising a second polymeric composition selected from poly(vinyl butyral), ionomers, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), acoustic poly(vinyl butyral), polyvinylbutyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyvinylchloride (PVC), metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, acid copolymers, silicone elastomers and epoxy resins. The incident layer is formed of transparent material selected from glass and fluoropolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The foam is a two-part polyurethane and closed cell foam. It is low density (i.e. greater than or equal to 0.5 lb/feet3) foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoactive layer comprises nanoparticles of materials selected from selenides, sulfides, tellurides, titanium oxides, tungsten oxides, zinc oxides and/or zirconium oxides. The semiconductive material comprises indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mesh comprises metallic material selected from silver, gold, copper, aluminum, palladium, platinum, titanium, stainless steel or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises a flexible polymer such as polyethylene naphthalate or polyethylene terephthalate. The semiconductive material comprises a partially-transparent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atoms comprise hydrogen and carbon atoms. The gas comprises a hydrogen and a methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The electrolytic polymerization process is performed in presence of an anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The organometallic complex catalyst is a transition metal complex compound catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: Further the polymer having aromatic ring-containing repeating unit of formula (b) is manufactured.X,Q1,R,k=same as defined above;andM=hydrogen or counter ion. Preferred Definitions:    Q1=polyfluoroalkylene group having 1-10C polyfluoroalkylene or 1-10C ether property-containing oxygen atom, or group of formula (-(CH2)mOCFY'(CF2)n-);    Y'=fluorine or tirfluoromethyl;    m=1-8;    n=0-8, where sum of m and n is 9 or less;and    k=0.    EXAMPLE - Dicyclopentadiene (in g) (8.9) and sulfonyl fluoride-containing compound of formula (CH2=CHCH2OCF2CF2SO2F) (36) were heated at 180 degrees C and subjected to Diels-Alder reaction using allyl ether compound to obtain tetrafluoro-ethanesulfonyl fluoride-containing compound of formula (1). Then, palladium complex compound catalyst of formula ((tert-Bu3P)Pd(CH3)Cl) (0.07 mmol), trifluoromethane-containing compound of formula (NaB(3,5-(CF3)2C 6H3)4) (0.01 mmol) and obtained tetrafluoro-ethanesulfonyl fluoride-containing compound (2 mmol) were mixed and dissolved in hexane/methanol to obtain tetrafluoro-ethanesulfonyl fluoride-containing polymer of formula (a1-1) having number average molecular weight of 21000 and weight average molecular weight of 24200. The obtained polymer had excellent heat resistance, mechanical strength and chemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film contains mixture resin of polyester-type resin and polyolefin-type resin, or polyester-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat resistant resin is polyvinylidene fluoride and its derivatives. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyolefin, ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer, polymethylmethacrylate, ethylene-methylmethacrylate copolymer and its derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is an electroconductive glass or plastic plate.Preferred Conditions: The ratio of concentration and flow ratio of silane in the reaction chamber is 1-20%. The process-gas pressure in the reaction chamber is 1-2000 mTorr, and the substrate-processing temperature is from room temperature to 350degrees C. The vapor deposition is plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The silicon-hydrogen and silicon-carbon chain are formed in partial bonds on the surface of silicon atom. The silicon quantum point portion fabric layer has a thickness less than 100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas material of the silicon quantum point inactivation layer is gas which can produce hydrogen gas, methane, or other hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode component is platinum. The hydrogen-storage material is palladium or palladium group alloy having average particle diameter of 2-50 nm. The content of palladium in the hydrogen-storage material is 10-80 atomic% with respect to catalyst component. The electroconductive support contains carbon material as main component. Preferred Property: The particles of catalyst component are granular form and has average particle diameter of 2-50 nm. The hydrogen-storage material discharge hydrogen at 0-1 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coupling group has solvolysis proof property or heat resistance. The connection pattern contains carbon-oxygen bond or carbon-carbon bond. The ionic functional group is sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group or carboxylic acid group. The catalyst material has a structure of formula: -(R11)n11-((Ar11)n12-((R12)n13-A1)n14)n15.R11,R12=divalent, trivalent or tetravalent coupling group;Ar11=aromatic hydrocarbon group or heterocyclic group containing di, tri, tetra, penta or hexa valent coupling group;A1=ionic functional group;n11,n12,n13=0 or more;n11+n12+n13=1 or more;n14=1-10;andn15=1-3.The catalyst material contains a polymer coupled to the surface of the carbon material, and the ionic functional group is coupled to the polymer through a coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic matrix has carbon, fluorine, oxygen, hydrogen and silicon. The structure in the matrix is silicon-silicon, silicon-oxygen-silicon, silicon-oxygen-carbon and silicon-carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stack has an electrolyte membrane comprising polybenzimidazole doped with acid, or alkyl sulfonated polybenzimidazole, alkyl phosphated polybenzimidazole, phosphate containing acrylic-monomer-polymer, complex of polybenzimidazole/strong acid, complex of basic polymer/acid polymer, or their derivatives, or sulfonated polyphenylene derivative or a sulfonated poly ether-ether-ketone, or proton conductive electrolyte membrane(s) with nanoholes, organic-inorganic proton conductive electrolyte membrane, a NAFION(RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer) ziconium phosphate electrolyte membrane, NAFION 117 doped with phosphoric acid, or an electrolyte membrane strengthened with apatite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic and carbon nanostructures exhibit type II band offset. The inorganic nanostructures are silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), Si/Ge or Ge/Si core/shell, SiGe alloy, and/or Sn, Si and/or Ge containing alloy nanostructures. The inorganic nanostructures are capped with organic ligands. A portion(s) of inorganic nanostructures are elongated. The elongated inorganic nanostructures are (non)-randomly oriented in composite material optionally with primary alignment direction perpendicular to the surface of material. The carbon nanostructures comprise fullerenes carbon nanotubes. The inorganic and carbon nanostructures are contained in single layer. The material comprises at least two sublayers. The inorganic and carbon nanostructures are contained in separate sublayers and are dispersed in matrix material (112). The material includes electron transporting conjugated organic small molecules. The weight ratio of inorganic nanostructures to carbon nanostructures in the material is 10:1-1:10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The matrix material comprises conductive polymer. The small molecules are tetracyanoquinodimethane, perylene (derivatives), (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, or diphenyl-p-t-butylphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-containing polymer is 5-50 mass% and solvent is 50-95 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of liquid composition. The content of polyhydric alcohol is 5-50 mass% and monohydric alcohol is 5-50 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of solvent. Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is dihydric alcohol, and is chosen from ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol. The monohydric alcohol is ethanol. The fluorine-containing polymer is a copolymer containing monomer having fluorine-containing structural unit of formula (1): CF2=CXaXb and monomer having trifluoromethyl-containing structural unit of formula (2): CF2=CF(OCF2CFXd)sO(CF2)tW'. Preferably the monomer having fluorine-containing structural unit of formula (1) is of formula: CF2=CF2, and monomer having trifluoromethyl-containing structural unit of formula (2) is of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2CF2SO2F.Xa,Xb=fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen or trifluoromethyl;Xd=fluorine or trifluoromethyl;s=0-2;t=1-3;andW'=precursor group converted into sulfonic acid group by hydrolysis.Preferred Property: The moisture content rate of solvent and liquid composition is 5 mass% or less. The ion exchange capacity of fluorine-containing polymer is 0.8-1.3 meq/g drying resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The module has electric lead made of flat aluminum wire, and edge housing to couple the flat aluminum-based wire to a round copper-based wire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The module has a moisture barrier selected from butyl tape or butyl tape that is loaded with desiccant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A pottant layer between the photovoltaic cells and either the transparent module layer or the backside layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl butyral, ionomer, silicone, thermoplastic polyurethan, thermoplastic elastomer polyolefin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene vinyliden, fluorinated ethylene-propylene, saturated rubber, butyl rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, flexibilized epoxy, epoxy, amorphous polyethylene terephthalate, urethane acrylic, acrylic or other fluoroelastomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): (I) is prepared by reacting 4-(hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one with a sulfonyl halide compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 33 New sulfonate group and cyclic carbonate group-containing compounds (I), e.g. 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl allyl sulfonate, 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl methyl sulfonate, 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl ethyl sulfonate, 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl propyl sulfonate, 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl butyl sulfonate, are claimed.    EXAMPLE - 4-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (50 g) and allylsulfonyl chloride (57.5 g) were added to acetonitrile (500 mL). Triethylamine (58.5 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture. The reaction mixture was agitated at room temperature for 24 hours. Work up gave 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl allyl sulfonate (75.5 g; 81% yield). An electrolyte composition comprising 2.0 parts by weight 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl allyl sulfonate had discharge capacity maintenance of 89.3%. An electrolyte composition without 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl allyl sulfonate had discharge capacity maintenance of 73.2%. A battery comprising 1,3-dioxolan-2-onylmethyl allyl sulfonate showed a higher heat emission peak temperature as compared to a battery using no additive for the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocrystalline metal oxide comprises a nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. The negative electrode comprises a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and the counter electrode comprises FTO glass with thermally deposited platinum. The dye sensitizer is adsorbed and covalently bound on the nanocrystalline metal oxide. The phthalocyanine compound is oxytitanium phthalocyanine. The nanocrystalline metal oxide comprises the dye as a dye sensitizer. The solar cell has a structure of electron donor/electron acceptor, where the electron donor comprises the dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) has a crystal structure comprising gamma , alpha and beta (preferred) forms. (A) further comprises a polymer matrix. The polymer matrix is polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (preferred), polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates or polythiophenes. The dye sensitizer comprises a rutheniumbipyridine complex. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Thiophene derivative is processed with n-butyl lithium and reacted with trimethyl boric acid derivative, to obtain oligo phenyl ester of boric acid. The obtained compound is reacted with binaphthol derivative in presence of tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine) palladium catalyst, to obtain the cholesteric liquid crystal compound. Preferred Compounds: The cholesteric liquid crystal compound has S configuration of formula (2) or R configuration of formula (3).R,n=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - 2-propyl-3"'-methyl quarter thiophene (in g) (3) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cooled to -78degrees C. n-butyl lithium hexane solution was added and the mixture was heated to 0degrees C. THF solution of trimethyl boric acid was added and the mixture was heated to room temperature. 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane diol (1.04) was added and stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was distilled off and quarter thiophenyl ester of boric acid (2.2) was obtained. The obtained compound (0.52) and (S)-binaphthol derivative (0.41) were reacted in presence of tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (58 mg). 10 wt.% sodium carbonate aqueous solution was added and the contents were refluxed for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled and the precipitated product was filtered. The obtained precipitate was dissolved in THF and filtrate and concentrated, to obtain orange crystals of cholesteric liquid crystal compound (0.21). The obtained liquid crystal compound had favorable charge transport characteristic and stable cholesteric vitreous state at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is made of gallium-arsenide (GaAs) based, indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs) based, cadmium-telluride (CdTe) based, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) or copper-indium-gallium-selenium (CuIn(Ga)Se2) based or combination of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode has lithium cobalt dioxide as an active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The arrester lug is made of aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin layer on a polymer base or a foil is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylenetherephthalate, polyetheretherketon, polyacrylonitrile, polytetrafluoroethylene, or polyimide. The thin layer is made of an adhesive, in particular a thermoplastic adhesive. The separator is made of polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The material used for the insulating layer is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the insulating layer is selected from the group of silicon, silicon oxide, and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes are made of an electrically conductive material that is selected from the group of copper, nickel, tin, silver, gold, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, palladium or metal alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the insulating layer is selected from the group of organic lacquer, pertinax, ethylene vinyl acetate foil and plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell has anti-reflective film containing titania or alumina at light receiving surface. The columnar optical element is made of borosilicate salt glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shading element contains 10-50 weight% of fluorinated silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alloying metal deposited on the target material is selected from the group consisting of platinum and aluminum. The target material is doped with dopant selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline inorganic solid such as calcium hydroxide reacts with gas existing between fuel electrode and solid state methanol container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The film is made of ethylene propylene diene methylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second cell technologies are selected from the group consisting of prismatic, cylindrical, polymer and nickel metal hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes a base material containing a metal (e.g. stainless steel); and a first layer containing a carbon (e.g. graphite) or hydrocarbon, on the base material. The first layer preferably comprises carbon black and/or graphite particles mixed with an organic resin. The porous surface layer comprises silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive is selected from silicone resin, acrylic resin, alicyclic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent electroconductive adhesive is configured to contain at least one of a silicone resin, an acrylic resin, an alicyclic acrylic resin, a liquid crystal polymer, a polycarbonate, and a polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Pottant layers arranged on a backplane layer are formed of ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises polyacrylic acid, sodium polyacrylate, polymethacrylic acid, or sodium polymethacrylate. Preferred Property: The weight ratio of the remaining acrylic monomer to the total weight of the polymer and the remaining acrylic monomer is less than or equal to 3000 (preferably less than or equal to 400) ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic gas penetrating layer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection sheet is selected from stainless steel, golden foil, titanium metal, graphite material, carbon metal composite material or metal alloy sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material for upper frame pallet and lower frame pallet is selected from polystyrene (PS), syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS), polyethersulfone (PES), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) or poly(vinyl octanal acetal) (PVO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises a ceramic. The precursor composition comprises glass particles. The cap or coating may comprise glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feature comprises indium-tin oxide or antimony-tin oxide. The precursor composition comprises metal particles or metal precursor compound, where metal includes silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum or nickel. It further comprises metal oxide particles. The metallic particles comprise an inorganic cap or coating comprising silica. The feature comprises a metal-glass composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cap or coating may comprise organic cap or coating; and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is wax, styrene allyl alcohol, polyalkylene carbonate, polyvinyl acetal, cellulose based material, tetradecanol, trimethylolpropane or tetramethylbenzene. It may comprise dimethylacetamide. The substrate comprises a polymer. The cap or coating comprises a polymer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and conductive polymer, sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, or polystyrene/methacrylate,. EXAMPLE - A precursor composition contained (g) silver metal powder (102.9), silver oxide (7.8), silver nitrate (15.2), terpineol (10.1) and SOLSPERSE 21000(RTM: Not defined) (1.5). The precursor composition was deposited and was heated to 250degrees C. The resulting conductive features had a resistivity that was less than 6 times the bulk resistivity of pure silver. The material was very dense and had low porosity. This mixture was analyzed in a TGA and showed a conversion to silver at 270degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The metallic particles may comprise a cap or coating including an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The rotor is made of stainless steel such as SUS316.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The Lewis acid compound is an aluminum compound of formula (3): AlXoR3-o.o=0-3;X=chlorine atom, bromine atom or iodine atom;andR=1-4C hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acrylic-ester monomer is a carbonyl-containing compound of formula (2): CH2=CH-C(=O)-O-R1.R1=1-4C hydrocarbon or 3-20C mono-cyclic or polycyclic cycloalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The water-vapor barrier layer is formed by vapor-deposition of a metal foil, a metal oxide or a nonmetallic inorganic acid compound on surface of the base material which such as the adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copolymer (a) comprises an unsaturated dibasic acid (a1) which has ethylenically unsaturated double bond, a monomer (a2) which does not have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group, and monomer (a3) which have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The solar-cell back sheet further has an adhesive layer and a plastic film laminated on the weather-resistant resin layer, and a plastic film and an adhesive layer laminated between the weather-resistant resin layer and the water-vapor barrier layer. Preferred Film: The plastic-film base material is a polyethylene-terephthalate film which is colorless or colored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Portion: The electro-conductive pattern board has a non-electro-conductive portion (4) which does not have electro-conductivity, where the electro-conductive portion and the non-electro-conductive portion are formed as one layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane coupling agent is of formula: Y'-Si((CH3)n)-X'(3-n).X'=alkoxyl;Y'=epoxy or acryloyl;andn=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: An acid is doped with the polythiophene derivative, the polymeric group is capable of polycondensation of the silane coupling agent, and the functional group reacts with the acid. The polythiophene derivative is a poly (3,4-alkylene dioxythiophene) in which sulfonic acid is doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode contains gas-adsorption material such as carbon (C) as main component constituent. The collector is made of stainless steel which has iron (Fe) as main component alloyed with chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The negative electrode active material contains carbon or a lithium-transition metal composite oxide and the positive electrode active material contains a lithium-transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The polymer further contains phenoxy-containing structural unit of formula (7).Ar4=Ar2;andn=2 or more.The mol% (n1) of structural unit (1) when Ar1 is group of formula (3), mol% (n2) of structural unit (1) when Ar1 is group of formula (4), mol% (n3) of structural unit (5), mol% (n4) of structural unit (6), and mol% (n5) of other structural units satisfy the relationships given by, (n1+n2+n3+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5) = 0.9-1, (n1+n2)/(n1+n2+n3+n4) = 0.05-0.7, and (n2+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4) = 0.01-0.95. In the polymer, portion(s) of monomer component is a terminal dihydroxy compound of formula (12).n=0 or more, preferably greater than 1 and 10 or less.Preferred Property: The polyelectrolyte composition has an ion-exchange capacity of 0.3-5 meq/g. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2,Ar3=group of formula (8, 9, 10 or 11);and    Z2,Z5=sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer further has structural unit of formula (7). Portion(s) of monomer component contained in sulfonic acid group-containing polymer is terminal hydroxy compound of formula (12).Ar4=bivalent aromatic group;m=more than 1 and 10 or less;andn=2 or more.Preferred Composition: The ratio of sum of structural units (n1-n4) and sum of structural units (n1-n5) is 0.9-1. The ratio of sum of structural units (n1,n2) and sum of structural units (n1-n4) is 0.05-0.7. The ratio of sum of structural units (n2,n4) and sum of structural units (n1-n4) is 0.01-0.95, where n1 is mol% of structural unit (1), when Ar1 is structural unit of formula (3), n2 is mol% of structural unit (1), when Ar1 is structural unit of formula (4), n3 is mol% of structural unit (5), n4 is mol% of structural unit (6), and n5 is mol% of other structural units. Preferred Property: The polymer electrolyte membrane has ion exchange capacity of 0.3-5 meq/g. The polymer electrolyte membrane has 3 or more layers, in which ion-exchange capacity of outermost layer(s) is larger than that of inner layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2,Ar3=bivalent aromatic group of formulae (8-11);and    Z2,Z5=sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The titanic acid fiber is tetratitanic acid fiber, and has average fiber diameter of 0.01-1 mu m and mean fiber length of 1-50 mu m. The titanic acid fiber is contained in an amount of 0.1-10 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte is hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte. The hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte comprises aromatic polymer and sulfonic acid group, and is preferably polyarylene ether type compound, polyarylene sulfide type compound, polyarylene type compound, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone or polyether ketone type polymer. The hydrocarbon type polymer has aromatic group-containing repeating unit of formula (1) or of formula (2): -(Ar1-Z1-Ar-Z1)-.X=-S(=O)2 or -C(=O)-;Y'=H or monovalent cation;Ar1=aromatic group having electron attractive group;Z1=oxygen or sulfur;andAr=bivalent aromatic or aliphatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A fuel reformer (10A) has fuel modification-catalyst apparatus (13) which modifies raw material and mineral fuel (11) of the hydrocarbon type fuel cell to reformed gas (12), carbon monoxide-transformation apparatus (15) which transfers carbon monoxide generated in fuel modification-catalyst apparatus using carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst, air supply line (18) which supplies air, and carbon monoxide removal apparatus (17) which removes carbon monoxide into fuel gas (16).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The active ingredient is copper, cobalt, chromium, iron and/or nickel. Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst further contains a co-catalyst that improves transformation of carbon monoxide to active ingredient. The co-catalyst is zinc oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum dioxide and/or titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The alumina spinel structure has pore diameter of 4-15 nm, and specific surface area of 60-150 m2/g. The content of co-catalyst is 0.5-10 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation board consists of tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer or tetrafluoroethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric sheet is made of PTFE sheet. The sticker peripheral portion in exterior packing portion is made of polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and/or phosphonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material of conductive polymer is interacting by pi-pi stacking. The functional group is introduced into the surface of the fine line form or cylindrical carbon material. The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material is complexes by interaction of functional group and conductive polymer. The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material is single layer and multi wall carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanotube and fullerene. Preferred Processes: The conductive polymer is a polymer formed by polymerizing a monomer containing compound chosen from aromatic-amine compound of formula (I or II), thiophene compound of formula (III) and/or pyrrole compound of formula (IV).R1,R6=H, methyl or ethyl;R2-R5,R7-R10=H, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy, 6-12C aryl, 6-12C aralkyl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen or nitro;andR11-R14=same as R2 except 6-12C aralkyl.The conductive polymer is a polymer formed by polymerizing aniline, polymerizing 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene, and polymerizing pyrrole, 3-methyl pyrrole, 3-butyl pyrrole and/or 3-octyl pyrrole as monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The onium cation is quaternary-class ammonium cation (I). The quaternary-class ammonium cation is aliphatic type ammonium cation, imidazolinium cation and/or imidazolium ion. Preferred Liquid: The non-aqueous liquid is methanol, ethanol, propanol, hydrazine, formalin, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene-oil, liquefied natural gas and/or liquefying dimethyl ether, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol or their mixtures. Preferred Process: The non-aqueous liquid is supplied outside by applying a direct current voltage to the non-aqueous electricity responsive gel, and non-aqueous liquid is discharged from the gel. The non-aqueous liquid or fuel is supplied outside by repeating replenishment by discharge and absorption of non-aqueous liquid from gel by applying direct current voltage. The non-aqueous electricity responsive gel is incorporated in an apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous electricity responsive gel which absorbs a non-aqueous liquid (B) is gelable to polymeric bridge component (A). EXAMPLE - Acrylic-acid (in g) (360), pentaerythritol triaryl ether (1.08) and water (1140) were mixed, cooled, and dissolved oxygen was reduced. 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (0.36), hydrogen-peroxide solution (3.1) and L ascorbic acid (0.38) were added to the resulting solution as polymerization initiator, and polymerized to obtain water-containing gel. The obtained gel was subdivided, and aqueous-solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (2573) and imidazolinium cation were added to the gel, methanol was distilled, dried, and dried product was ground to obtain bridge component. The obtained bridge component had absorbed quantity with respect to methanol of 100 g/g. Thus, non-aqueous electricity responsive material was obtained. The obtained material had excellent absorption capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron conductive substance is silicon dioxide or carbon. The catalyst consists of a metal chosen from a group containing gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte consists of proton conductive polymer. The proton conductive polymer is a sulfone group-containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon. The electrode consists of proton conductive substance such as sulfonic acid group-containing perfluorocarbon, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The density of the pitch type carbon short fiber is measured according to JISK 7112 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber filler is formed of polypyrrole, poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), polyacetylene, polyaniline and a polymeric organic complex material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the board body is poly styrene, steel-polymer-steel, polyethersulfone, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polysulphone, polypropylene, polyphenylsulfone, poly vinyl methyl oxazolidinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A portion of the first external conductor is adhered to a polymeric film, which is adhered to the front surface. The polymeric film comprises polyester. The semiconductor apparatus further comprises an adhesive between the polymeric film and the front surface, where adhesive is operable to adhere the polymeric film to the front surface. The adhesive has thermoplastic properties. Preferred Property: The polymeric film has a thickness of 6-100 mu m. The adhesive becomes fluid when subjected to 60-170, preferably 80-150degrees C. It has a thickness of 20-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Arrangement: The intermediate sheet layer is completely covered with outside sheet layers along the circumferential direction. The intermediate sheet layer and outside sheet layers are laminated along the thickness direction of the adhesive sheet. Preferred Property: The thickness of outside sheet layer along the thickness direction of the adhesive sheet is 30% or less with respect to adhesive-sheet thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The slightly soluble cerium compound is chosen from cerium phosphate, cerium oxide, hydrated cerium, cerium carbonate, cerium oxalate, cerium fluoride, cerium tungstate and cerium salt of heteropolyacid. The electrolyte film comprises cation exchange membrane having two or more layers having high molecular compound, and layer having slightly soluble cerium compound. Preferred Composition: The content of slightly soluble cerium compound is 0.3-80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound having sulfonic acid group is a fluoropolymer having sulfonic acid group. The fluoropolymer having sulfonic acid group is a perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group. The perfluorocarbon polymer is a copolymer containing perfluoro vinyl-containing polymer unit of formula (CF2=CF-(OCF2CFX)m-Op-(CF2)n-SO3H), and tetrafluoroethylene-containing polymer unit.m=0-3;n=1-12;p=0 or 1;andX=fluorine or trifluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Cerium nitrate (24 mg) was dissolved in water (500 mL), and ion-exchange membrane containing perfluorocarbon polymer having sulfonic acid group was immersed in resulting solution, and then membrane was immersed in aqueous solution of phosphoric acid. Then, distilled water (5.1 g), platinum-containing catalyst powder (1 g) having specific surface area of 800 m2/g and fluorine-containing copolymer of formula (CF2=CF2/CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)2SO3H) were mixed to obtain catalyst layer coating liquid. The obtained coating liquid was coated on the polypropylene base film to obtain catalyst layer. The catalyst layer was provided on both surfaces of ion exchange membrane to obtain electrolyte film. Polymer electrolyte fuel cell was formed using the obtained electrolyte film. The obtained fuel cell had excellent electric-power generation and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The cross-linking of fluorine resin film is carried out by irradiating electron beam of 80-1200 kGy absorption dose to fluorine resin film. Preferred film: The fluorine resin film is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer film. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film of 25 mu m thickness was irradiated with electron beam of 1000 kGy at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere, and vacuum heat-processed at 150degrees C for 6 hours. The ETFE film was then cooled to room temperature and again irradiated with electron beam of 10 kGy at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere. The film was then introduced into solution containing styrene (in mass parts) (10), toluene (10) and azobisisobutyronitrile (0.001), and heated at 60degrees C for 16 hours, such that graft ratio was 43.7%. The graft-polymerized film was immersed in 0.2 mol% chlorosulfonic acid/dichloroethane liquid mixture, and hydrolyzed to obtain solid polymer electrolyte membrane having sulfonic acid group. The obtained solid polymer electrolyte membrane had proton conductivity of 0.10 S/cm at room temperature and methanol permeability coefficient of 0.87x 10-7 m2/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The potassium titanate fiber is potassium hexatitanate fiber and potassium octatitanate fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mount substrate is molded using thermoplastic resin, and/or thermosetting resin, ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The molecule is used as substituent of one portion of acidic radical. The molecule has 2 or more hetero atoms in one molecule. The hydrogen exponent (pH) of cross-linkable electrolyte is 9 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The case is made in a loaded thermoplastic material e.g. glass fiber, by molding, and the cover is made in a non-loaded plastic material by molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module has a structure obtained by integrating units. The solar cell module has a crystalline-silicon cell (3) sealed with a sealing agent (2) containing fluorescent resin composition between a front cover (1) and a back cover (4). The solar cell module consists of fluorescent resin composition containing rare-earth-metal complex (0.05-1 mass%). The content of ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer in the sealing agent is 50 mass% or more. The front cover contains glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex is a complex of europium or samarium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex contains three ligands such as carboxylic-acid residue, (beta )-diketone compound and/or nitrogen-containing-heterocyclic-ring compound. The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex is of formula (I or II).R=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;Ln=rare earth metal;R1,R3=aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;R2=H, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;A=-CH=CH-group;andn=0 or 1.Preferred Compound: The carboxylic-acid residue is aliphatic or aromatic-dicarboxylic-acid residue. The nitrogen-containing-heterocyclic-ring compound is 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridyl. The (beta )-diketone compound is of formula (III): R1-COCHR2COR3.R1-R3=same as defined above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer contains ethylene units (60-90 mass%) and vinyl-acetates units (10-40 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The baking electrode is made of silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The baking electrode is made of silver. The base of the solar cell panel is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base of the solar cell panel is made of plastic or high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises polymeric material such as cellulose derivative, polyacrylic acid, vinyl alcohol and/or their derivatives, ionomers, copolymers and cross-linking materials, preferably polyolefin derivative, urethane derivative or styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing frame comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains lithium manganate or lithium cobaltate as active material and the cathode contains graphite as active material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel electrolyte contains sulfonate (in mass%) (0.1-3) and/or vinylene carbonate and its derivative(s) (0.1-3), and lithium complex (0.1-3) of formula (1).Z=halogen, (un)substituted 1-10C alkyl, polyfluoroalkyl, (un)substituted 4-20C cyclic hydrocarbon or XR5;X=oxygen, sulfur or NR6;R6=H or (un)substituted 1-10C alkyl;R5=(un)substituted 4-20C cyclic hydrocarbon;n=0-4;A1=oxygen, sulfur or NR7;A2=oxygen, sulfur or NR8;R7,R8=H, halogen, (un)substituted 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C polyfluoroalkyl or 4-20C (un)substituted cyclic hydrocarbon;L=methylene group or single bond;M=boron or phosphorus;B1,B2=carbonyl, (un)substituted alkylene or polyfluoroalkylene;andm=1-3.R7 and R8 may combine to form a ring system. When M is boron, 2m+n is 6 and when M is phosphorus, 2m+n is 4. The solvent is cyclic carbonate or linear carbonate except propylene carbonate. The sulfonate is cyclic sulfonate ester, cyclic disulfonic acid ester or chain-shaped disulfonic acid ester. The cyclic sulfonate ester is 1,3-propane sultone or 1,4-butane sultone. The cyclic disulfonic acid ester is methylene methane disulfonate, ethylene methane disulfonate or propylene methane disulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymerizable functional group of the monomer and oligomer is acrylate group or methacrylate group. The monomer has weight average molecular weight of 200-1000 and the oligomer has weight average molecular weight of 1000-50000. The oligomer has 4-100 polymerizable functional groups in a molecule. The cross-linkable polymer comprises 2 types of the monomer and 1 type of the oligomer. The oligomer is contained in an amount of 5-70 mass% of the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The adsorption agent floor reproduce by vacuum side lower than normal pressure. Preferred Components: The CO adsorption agent is the material which made greater than or equal to 1 type of supporter which is silica, alumina or polystyrene-type resin support the halogenated copper (I) and/or halogenated copper (II). The adsorption agent reduced-process the material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The osmium complex is currently fixed onto the polymer, when the coordinating region of the polymer has a coordinating osmium of the osmium complex or when the polymer binds with the ligand of osmium complex. The enzyme electrode is chosen from chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, cyanide, cobalt, acetate, ammonia, nitric oxide, pyridine, and imidazole coordinated to osmium. The enzyme electrode is a compound with which the substrate of the oxidoreductase can become a biotic nutrient.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substrate is chosen from alcohol, saccharide and aldehyde.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer that fixes with the osmium complex is styrene/maleic acid anhydride copolymer, methyl vinyl ether/maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(4-vinyl-benzyl chloride) copolymer, poly(allylamine) copolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine) copolymer, poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(N-vinyl imidazole), and poly(4-styrene sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion is chloride ion, bromide ion, boron tetrafluoride ion, nitrate ion, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ion, hexafluorophosphate ion or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic fluid is chosen from compound containing anion and cation. The cation is imidazolium cation having alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, ether, allyl or amino alkyl as substituents in first and third positions, or quaternary ammonium cation having alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, ether, allyl or aminoalkyl as substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The carbon dioxide facilitated-transport membrane is obtained by supporting gel layer formed by adding 2,3-diaminopropionic acid to polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer gel membrane, to hydrophilic porous film. The gel layer supported by hydrophilic porous film is coated and supported by hydrophobic porous film. A chemical substance chosen from ionic fluid or glycerin, polyglycerol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene imine, polyallylamine and polyacrylic acid is added as an additive for promoting carbon dioxide permeability into polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer gel membrane. The gel layer is obtained by gelatinizing, after casting cast solution containing aqueous solution containing 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer and additive, to hydrophilic porous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The cathode capacitance with respect to anode capacitance is 90% or less. The upper limit voltage at the time of charging is set to lower than the highest reaction voltage in the charging voltage curve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic polymer compound having pi -electron conjugated clouds in the molecule, has structure of formula (1, 2 or 3).X=sulfur or oxygen;R1-R4=chain-shaped aliphatic group, H, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, nitro or nitroso group;R5,R6=H, chain or cyclic aliphatic group containing oxygen atom, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, boron or halogen;X'=nitrogen;andX1-X4=sulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The n-type semiconductor is made of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide or tungsten oxide. Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution comprises iodine at 0.05-0.3 mol/L and iodide salt at 0.6-2.4 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The counter-electrode is platinum having a catalyst function, or a mesh formed using a carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye made to adsorb to the n-type semiconductor is an organic transition metal complex-type dye containing bipyridyl group(s), a phthalocyanine-type dye, a naphthalocyanine-type dye, a merocyanine-type dye, a cyanine dye, a porphyrin-type dye, a rhodanine type dye, an indole-type dye, a quinoline type dye or a benzothiazole-type dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The counter electrode is coated with a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bond is made of epoxy resin, epoxy diluting agent, and liquid carboxy Buna-N rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The perovskite-type oxide fine particles have average particle diameter of 1-20 nm. Preferred Composition: The noble metal contains oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranes of the battery holding and dispensing apparatus comprise polymer film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas barrier material layer comprises a polyester polymer (preferably polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)) or a polyolefin polymer (preferably polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP)). The hydrophobic porous material layer is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylenen (PP), or polyethersulfone (PES). The material of the anode catalyst layer comprises Pt/Ru alloy, carbon material particles plated with Pt/Ru alloy, or carbon material particles plated with Pt. The material of the cathode catalyst layer comprises Pt alloy, carbon material particles plated with Pt alloy, or carbon material particles plated with Pt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte salt includes at least one selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, and/or lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide. The cathode active material contains a complex oxide containing lithium. The anode active material contains a carbon material or a material containing at least one metal element and a metalloid element capable of forming an alloy with lithium as an element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent includes at least two elements selected from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stack includes a polymer electrolyte membrane requiring humidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The ratio of a discharge capacity of the positive electrode and a discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (B1) (i.e. battery discharge capacity/positive electrode discharge capacity) is less than or equal to 0.9. The negative electrode active material is graphite. The negative electrode is produced from a mixture slurry in an aqueous solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound having an imide bond is polyimide of formulae (I) or (II). The average particle diameter of the polyimide powder is 0.1-15 mu m.Ar=aryl group;n=not defined. Preferred Definitions:    a=0-0.15;    x=0.25-0.45;    y=0.25-0.35;    z=0.25-0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The incompatible resin is polymethyl pentene. The layer structure of a composite film consists of 3 layers (A/B/A) or 2 layers (A/B). Preferred Parameter: The thickness of skin layer (A) is greater than or equal to 7% of the total film thickness. The cleavage intensity between laminated films and base material layer (B) is greater than or equal to 950 g/15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The non-woven fabric consists of polyallylate, polyethylene terephthalate and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes on the uneven layer consists of zinc oxide and indium tin oxide respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate consists of a film chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide and polyallylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An adhesive layer containing copolymerization acrylic resin is formed at the surface of solar cell component, and solar cell component sheet is formed. The layer(s) of solar cell component is a gas barrier layer containing inorganic acid compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The principal chain of the polymer component is a carboxyl group acrylic rubber of formula (1). The cross-linking is formed by hexamethylenediamine in the carboxyl group.y,z=integer;andR=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The end plates are made of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The cathode collector has surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or more. The cathode collector is copper foil, copper alloy foil, or metallic foil having copper layer or copper alloy layer at the surface. Preferred Electrode: The anode contains lithium transition metal composite oxide of formula: LiaNixMnyCozO2, as anode active material, where a, x, y and z are 0-1 such that x+y+z is 1. The theoretical electric capacitance ratio of the anode with respect to cathode is 1.2 or less. The cathode active material layer contains graphite powder of average particle diameter of 3-15 mu m added by an amount of 3-20 wt.% with respect to the cathode active material. Preferred Particles: The average particle diameter of the silicon particles and silicon alloy particles is 25 mu m or less. The microcrystal size of the silicon particles and silicon alloy particles is 100 nm or less. The silicon particles and silicon alloy particles are produced by thermal decomposition or heat reduction of material containing silane compound, and pulverizing and classifying the obtained lump of silicon and/or silicon alloy. The silane compounds are monosilane and/or trichlorosilane. The purity of silicon particles is 95% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of the polyimide resin is 100000 or less. Preferred Definitions:    R=functional group of formula (2 or 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic polymer is made up of aromatic-hydrocarbon. The metal-oxide hydrate is selected from the zirconium-oxide hydrate, stannic-oxide hydrate and tungsten-oxide hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The nonwoven is made of stainless steel. Preferred Component: The nonwoven with a fine mesh structure has an aluminum silicate coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating on the fine mesh structure takes the form of a polymer with acid or alkali residues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electronic device is a solar cell. The free radical initiator and the coagent is present. The free radical initiator is a peroxide. The module further comprises at least one glass cover sheet. The free radical initiator is a photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material is in the form of a monolayer film in intimate contact with at least one face surface of the electronic device. The polymeric material further comprises a scorch inhibitor (0.01-1.7 wt.%). The polymeric material further comprises a polyolefin polymer grafted with an unsaturated organic compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation and at least one carbonyl group. The unsaturated organic compound is maleic anhydride. The polymeric material further comprises a vinyl silane (0.1 wt.%). The vinyl silane is at least one of vinyl tri-ethoxy silane and vinyl tri-methoxy silane. The polyolefin copolymer is crosslinked such that that the copolymer contains less than or equal to 70% xylene soluble extractables as measured by ASTM 2765-95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The free radical initiator is a peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material comprises polyolefin grafted with maleic anhydride, and vinyl tri-ethoxy silane and vinyl tri-methoxy silane of 0.1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The trivalent phosphorus ligand is bidentate phosphorus ligand of formula (4), triaryl phosphine or trialkyl phosphine. The bivalent nickel compound is halogenated nickel.B=methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene ferrrocene-1,1-diayl, 1,1-oxybis(2,2-phenylene), xanthene-4,5-diyl, phenoxazine-4,6-diyl, 1,1-binaphthyl-2-2-diyl, 1,1-biphenyl-2,2-diyl or (2.2)-para cyclophane-4,12-diyl, preferably ferrocene-1,1-diayl or 1,1-oxybis(2,2-phenylene) ;andAr6=6-20C aryl optionally substituted by fluorine, trifluoromethyl or 1-20C alkoxy, preferably phenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl or 4-trifluoromethylphenyl. EXAMPLE - Brominated nickel (in mg) (17), triphenyl phosphine (80 mg), zinc powder (100), di(2,2-dimethyl propyl)-4,4-dichlorobiphenyl-2,2-disulfonic acid (400) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (3 ml) were added to reaction container, and polymerized at 70degrees C for 4 hours in presence of nitrogen. Thus, reaction mixture containing polyarylene having biphenyl repeating unit of formula (A) was obtained. The obtained polyarylene had weight average molecular weight of 38000 and number average molecular weight of 18000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate of the beam trap is formed of polymer e.g. polydimethylsiloxane, acrylate, which offer better resistance against ultraviolet ray degradation.
EXAMPLE - A solution of a sulfochlorinated polyetherketone (0.25 g) in dimethyl sulfoxide (2.25 g) was mixed with a solution of phosphonated Radel R polyphenylsulfone (2.75 g) in dimethyl sulfoxide (24.75 g). The mixture was spread in a thin film on a glass plate and dried at 130degrees C. The membrane was released and treated with 10% hydrochloric acid at 90degrees C for 48 hours and with water at 90degrees C for 48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective film consists of polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte material is an ionic group-containing block copolymer containing ionic group-containing block (B1) and ionic group-free block (B2). The ratio of molar quantity of blocks (B1,B2) is 0.2-5. The ionic group-containing copolymer is aromatic polyether ketone-type polymer. The ionic group is sulfonic acid group. The sulfonic acid group concentration of blocks (B1,B2) is 1.7-5 mmol/g and 0-0.5 mmol/g. Preferred Blocks: The block (B1) contains diphenyl methanone structural units of formula (P1,P2). The block (B2) contains divalent group-containing structural unit of formula (Q1): -(Z1-C(=O))a-(Z2-O)b-.Z1=divalent organic group containing aromatic ring, and does not contain ionic group, preferably phenylene;Z2=divalent organic group containing aromatic ring, and does not contain ionic group, preferably benzene-containing groups of formulae ((X-1)-(X-5)), or phenylene;a,b=positive integer;andA=divalent organic group containing aromatic ring, preferably benzene-containing groups of formulae ((X-1)-(X-7)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal phosphate is a compound containing phosphorus, oxygen and element (M) represented by formula: MP2O7 or M1-xJxP2O7.M=tin, titanium, silicon, germanium, lead, zirconium and/or hafnium, preferably tin;J=aluminum;andx=0.001-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film containing metal phosphate and binder is formed. The binder is fluororesin such as polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Tin oxide (in g), alumina (2.549) and 85% dark phosphoric acid aqueous solution (322.7) were added to beaker and heated at 300degrees C. Further, ion-exchange water was added to adjust the viscosity of reaction mixture, and viscous paste was obtained. The paste was transferred to alumina crucible and heated in electric furnace at 650degrees C for 2.5 hours, and cooled to room temperature to obtain metal phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate was pulverized and the obtained powder was filled in metal mold and molded to form pellets of metal phosphate. The proton conductivity of metal phosphate pellets was 0.13 Scm-1 at 250degrees C and 0.11 Scm-1 at 200degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound containing phosphorus is phosphoric acid. The compound containing element (J1) is hydroxide of element (J1). Preferred Process: The compound containing element (M), compound containing element (J1) and phosphoric acid are reacted, to form a reaction material. The reaction material is then heat-processed to obtain metal phosphate. Preferred Property: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of metal phosphate has maximum diffraction peak existing at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 21-23degrees , and does not have diffraction peak at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 25.5-26.5degrees , when powder X-ray diffraction measurement is carried out using copper K-alpha ray source at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 20-90degrees . Preferred Composition: The metal phosphate is a compound containing element (M), phosphorus and oxygen, where a portion of element (M) is doped by element (J1). The metal phosphate is of formula: M1-xJ1xP2O7.M=tin, titanium, silicon, germanium, lead, zirconium and/or hafnium, preferably tin;J1=aluminum;andx=0.001-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: A film is formed of metal phosphate and binder. The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Tin oxide (in g) (143.2), aluminum hydroxide (3.9) and phosphoric acid (322.7) were added to beaker and heated at 300degrees C. Ion-exchange water was added during heating to adjust the viscosity. The obtained viscous paste was transferred to an alumina crucible and heated in an electric furnace at 650degrees C for 2.5 hours, and cooled to room temperature to obtain metal phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate was pulverized using a mortar, and the obtained powder was filled in a metal mold and molded at pressure of 2 t/cm2 to obtain pellets. The pellets had proton conductivity of 0.29 Scm-1 at 200degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The support materials having an average diameter of 1-10 mu m comprise aluminum, zirconium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, or magnesium. At least one support material comprises gamma or alpha alumina or monoclinic zirconia. The substrate comprises a ceramic, metallic or cermet material. It may comprise a monolith honeycomb. It may comprise zirconium oxide and alumina. Preferred Conditions: The calcining temperature is 1000-1500degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst material contains less than or equal to 5 wt.% catalytic component. The catalyst comprises less than or equal to 1000 (preferably less than or equal to 500) g active metal per m3 substrate. Preferred Materials: The active metal comprises nickel (Ni), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), or gold (Au).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate may comprise a metal foil, a plate or wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate may comprise a foam. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was prepared by adding rhodium nitrate to particles of alpha -alumina having a surface area of 7 m2/g to obtain particles with 10 wt.% rhodium to obtain a catalytic component and separately calcining the catalytic component and a support component consisting of alpha -alumina particles at 1200degrees C for 6 hours, and combining the catalytic component and support component at a weight ratio of 1:10. The catalyst material was wash coated onto a 20 pores per inch zirconia-toughened alumina reticulated foam monolith substrate to form a catalyst. The aged catalyst produced 23.6% carbon monoxide, 1.37% methane, 0.05% residual hydrocarbons, and 21.6% hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The second current collector is made of zinc, or aluminum. The first current collector and the third current collector are made of steel, brass, or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second current collector is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or polytetra fluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The component (A1) contains organic light emissive material(s) and adhesive material(s). Preferred Properties: The adhesive material and organic light emissive material are soluble in solvents or a mixture of miscible solvents. The adhesive material is transparent to a light emitted from the organic light emissive material. The adhesive material is cured at 50-250degrees C under an UV irradiation. The organic light emissive material is most abundant material on weight basis in the composite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic light emissive material contains poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyphenylene, polythiophene, polyquinoline, polyfluorenes, poly(vinylcarbazole), polystyrene with quarter phenylene segments, poly(disilanylene oligo thienylene), tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum and/or coumarin. The adhesive material contains epoxy, acrylate, acrylimide, isocyanate, polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde or unsaturated polyester. EXAMPLE - A component (A) containing polyethylene terephthalate substrate was coated with indium tin oxide layer and polyethylene dioxy thiophene layer. A component (A1) containing polyethylene terephthalate substrate was coated with indium tin oxide layer and poly(9,9-dioctyl fluorenyl 2,7-diyl) layer and blended with an adhesive material. The component (A) and component (A1) were laminated by irradiating UV light for 30 seconds to obtain organic light emitting diode having excellent current voltage brightness and efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The multi-walled sheets are composed of translucent thermoplastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet material is a rubber made of styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) copolymer, styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymer and styrene-butylene-ethylene-styrene (SEBS) copolymer or ethylene-propylene diene (EPDM) rubber or hydrogenation acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) or silicon rubber or fluororubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fuel cell produces electric power using the fuel containing alcohol (preferably ethanol). Preferred Components: The monomer with greater than or equal to 2 of carbon-carbon double bonds is propen-2-yl methacrylate, N-((3-vinyl-1,2-oxaziridin-3-yl)methyl) acrylamide and 2-(acryloyloxymethyl)-2-ethylpropane-1,3-diyl diacrylate. The monomer with sulfonic acid group is of formula (1), CH2=CHCH2SO3Y or N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-sulfonylethyl) acrylamide.X,Y=H or alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The porous material is a textile material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier layer contains thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin, ceramic adhesive and glass. The thermosetting resin is chosen from silicon resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, silicone resin, diallyl phthalate resin, alkyd resin and/or polyurethane resin. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polystyrene resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, urethane resin, fluoro resin, polyether ether ketone resin and/or polybutylene terephthalate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Sol: The rare earth element-type oxide sol is chosen from cerium-oxide sol, yttrium-oxide sol, neodymium-oxide sol and/or lanthanum-trioxide sol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The coating layer has single-layer structure (A) having a layer containing rare earth element-type oxide sol or rare earth element-type oxide sol and silane coupling agent, single-layer structure (B) having a layer containing a mixture of cationic polymer (0.1-30 mass%), rare earth element-type oxide sol (70-99.9) and cross-linking agent which cross-links cationic polymer, or multilayer structure (C) having a layer containing mixture of rare earth element-type oxide sol, silane coupling agent and cross-linking agent which cross-links cationic polymer. Preferred Agent: The cross-linking agent contains compound having functional group chosen from isocyanate group, glycidyl group, carboxyl group and/or oxazoline group. Preferred Film: The base material layer is extending polyamide film or extending polyester film. Preferred Compound: The cationic polymer contains ion polymeric complex having polyethylene imine, primary-amine graft acrylic resin, polyallyl amine or its derivative, aminophenol and/or carboxylic acid    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive resin layer contains acid modified polyolefin-type resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The component is made of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) resin or polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid proton dissociative vinyl monomer is vinyl sulfonic acid. The cross-linking agent is triaryl isocyanurate having isocyanate group (N-C=O). The hydrophobic porous base material is polyolefin base material having weight average molecular weight of 500000 or less. EXAMPLE - Vinyl sulfonic acid (in weight parts) (50), triaryl isocyanurate (50) and photoinitiator (0.1) were mixed to form homogenous liquid having moisture content of 0.1%. The obtained homogenous liquid was impregnated into polyethylene porous membrane having thickness of 38 mu m, porosity of 43%, air-permeability of 610 seconds /100cc and weight average molecular weight of 28000. The microporous film was removed from the homogenous liquid. Then, vinyl sulfonic acid and triaryl isocyanurate impregnated in the film were polymerized and stored in oven at 50degrees C for 24 hours and polymerization was completed, to obtain a film. The obtained film was removed and water-washed. The excess electrolyte adhering to the film surface was removed to obtain an electrolyte film. The obtained electrolyte film had proton-conductivity of 11 S/cm2, methanol permeability of 4 kg/m2.day, and had no appearance defects.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The polar solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Preferred Group: The ionic group is chosen from sulfonic acid group, salt of sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, salt of phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and salt of phosphoric acid group. Preferred Compound: The aromatic dihalogen compound is of formula (2).X=fluorine, bromine, chlorine and/or iodine;Z=group chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphoric acid group, alkyl sulfonate group or their salt;andY'=sulfonyl or carbonyl group.Preferred Method: Monomer containing ionic group is polymerized in combined state with water. Water is removed at temperature from boiling point of polar solvent to temperature more than boiling point of organic polar solvent by 20degrees C in normal pressure. The temperature of reaction system during removal of water is temperature from boiling point of solvent to temperature less than boiling of solvent by 20degrees C. Preferred Property: The polymer has logarithm viscosity of 0.1-3 dl/g at 30degrees C in N-methyl pyrrolidone solution using Ubbelohde viscometer. Preferred Definitions:    n=1 or more, preferably 3 or more;    Z1=OH group;and    Z2=oxygen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The photocrosslinkable group is of formulae (3,4).R=methyl;andn=1-4.Preferred Polymer: The polymer has sulfonic acid group content of 0.3-5 meq/g. The polymer further has sulfonic acid group-containing structure of formula (9) and aromatic group-containing structure of formula (10).X,Y'=same as defined above;Z5,Z6=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;andAr2=bivalent aromatic group, preferably group of formulae (5-8), more preferably group of formula (8).Preferred Composition: The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (9,10,1,2) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) and other repetition structures containing photocrosslinkable group is 0.9-1. The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (9,1) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) is 0.05-0.7. The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (1,10) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) is 0.01-0.95. A polymer composition contains the polymer (1-100 wt.%) and in which at least one portion of photocrosslinkable group of polymer is photocrosslinked. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group chosen from group of formulae (5-8), preferably group of formula (8);    Z1-Z4=oxygen atom;and    s1,s2=3 or more.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (in g) (30), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (17.3), SPECIANOL-DPE-PL (RTM: terminal hydroxyl group-containing phenylene ether oligomer) (88.89), 4,4-dichloro benzophenone (4.51), 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) propane (4.6), potassium carbonate (27.31) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (434.69) were added to flask, heat-stirred at 190-200degrees C and reacted for 13 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and added to water. The resulting product was washed and dried at 115degrees C to obtain sulfonic acid group-containing photocrosslinkable polymer. A polymer electrolyte membrane was manufactured using the polymer with excellent workability and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonation agent is an alkyl benzenesulfonic acid, preferably 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl benzene-3-sulfonic acid or 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl benzene-6-sulfonic acid, more preferably 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene-2-sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The discharged solution is regenerated and the solution containing regenerated sulfonation agent is circulated and supplied to the reaction tank. The solution is regenerated by carrying out washing and/or extraction treatment of solution with sulfuric acid, and carrying out liquid separation and decantation processing. The solution after regeneration is adsorbed using adsorption agent, and filtered. The sulfonated high polymer film is continuously washed to remove the residual sulfonation agent, and dried. Preferred Film: The high polymer film containing aromatic group is graft high polymer film obtained by graft polymerizing vinyl-type monomer having an aromatic group, in a base-material high polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fuel: The gelatinized fuel is embedded under the fuel penetration suppression material, or encapsulated with a shell film of fuel penetration suppression material. The fuel penetration suppression material is a casing which provides fuel penetration prevention property to gelatinized fuel. The shell film and gelatinized fuel are integrated by ionic bond, hydrogen bond, electrostatic bond, coordinate bond, Vander Waals bonding, cross-linking bond or covalent bond. Preferred Method: The direct reaction of gelatinized fuel and re-liquefacient is carried out and volatile fuel is discharged. The re-liquefacient reacts with gelatinized fuel in presence of a re-liquefying inducer, gelatinized fuel is re-liquefied and volatile fuel is discharged. Preferred Compound: The volatile fuel is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, formalin, hydrazine and/or sodium boride. The re-liquefacient is ammonium salt, glycol chitosan, polyelectrolyte, ascorbic acid, stearic acid, peptide and/or sodium hydrogen carbonate. The gelatinizer is polyacrylic acid, polyacryl amide, polyethylene glycol, cross-linking type polyacrylic acid and/or cross-linking type polyacryl amide. The material of shell film is gelatin and/or vegetable polysaccharide. Preferred Conditions: The volatilization temperature of volatile fluid is increased more than boiling point of gelatinized fuel. The evaporation rate of volatile fuel is reduced from evaporating rate of volatile fuel simple substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working solution has 8 to 10 percent of oleic acid, 2 to 3 percent of tri-ethanol amino, 2 to 4 percent of potassium hydroxide (KOH), 1 to 1.5 percent of sodium laurylsulfate, 1 to 2 percent of sodium molybdate, and 1 to 2 percent of borax.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working solution has 1.5 to 2 percent of glycerine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The working solution has 4 to 6 percent of rosin, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of silicone oil, and 1.5 to 2 percent of emulsifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal agent is gold, silver, copper, nickel, tungsten, aluminum, manganese, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lower and upper sections are composed of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total content of the compounds (A,B) is 5-20 wt.%. The molar ratio of contents of compounds (A,B) is 99.5/0.5-35/65.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic indium compound (A) is acetone indium. The organometallic compound (B) is organic tin compound (which is acetylacetone tin compound), organic titanium compound, organic zinc compound, organic zirconium compound, organic tungsten compound and/or organoaluminum. The photoinitiator (E) is 2-methyl-1-(4-4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholino-1-one. The solvent (F) is alkyl phenol and/or alkenyl phenol, and dibasic acid ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The monomer (C) has functionality of 3 or more and contains functional group which cross-links the resin (D). The number of functional group and average acid value of the alkaline-soluble component of the monomer (C), are 2.5 or more and 50 mgKOH/g or more. The average acid value of the resin (D) is 50 mgKOH/g. Preferred Compounds: The monomer (C) and/or resin (D) are acrylic-type and/or meta-acryl-type compounds. Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains thioxanthone-type sensitizer (G) and cellulose resin (H) (3 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflecting layer consists of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The concentrator has a diaphragm of polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, silicone coated polyester netting, a polyester foil of Mylar (RTM: Not defined) or fiber glass fabric. The pressure chamber wall consists of ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene, high-strength polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The body or housing of the harvesting apparatus is formed of clear polycarbonate or acrylic or toughened glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The unit to secure anode, electrolyte and cathode is metal tube, metal framework, metal structure or metal plate, or ceramic adhesive, and comprises current collector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The pervoskite is lanthanum cobaltate, (La1-xSrx)0.9Cr0.5Mn0.5O3-~d, Sr2Mg1-xMnxMoO6-~d, Ba1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-~d, or La1-xAxCo1-yFeyO3-~d, where A is strontium, barium or calcium, x, y is 0-1 and delta is less than 1. The cathode is La1-xSrxMnO3-~d, La1-xCaxMnO3, La1-xSrxFeO3, La1-xSrxCoO3, La1-xSrxCo1-yNiyO3-~d, La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3-~d, La1-xSrxNi1-yFeyO3-~d, SrFexCoyO3-~d, Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3, La2NiO4 or YBa2Cu3O3-~d. The electrolyte is (ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08, (Bi2O7)0.75(Y2O3)0.25, (La2O3)0.95(SrO)0.05, BaTh0.9Gd0.1O3, La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3, (Ce2)0.8(GdO0.5)0.2, (ZrO2)0.9(Sc2O3)0.1, (ZrO2)0.9(Y2O3)0.1 or (ZrO2)0.87(CaO)0.13, preferably yttrium stabilized zirconia or scandium stabilized zirconia. The anode is nickel electroless plated with copper, gold and/or silver. The current collector and metal tube, metal framework, metal structure or metal plate comprises iron or chromium as main component, and carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nitrogen, titanium and/or aluminum as auxiliary component. Preferred Adhesive: The ceramic adhesive is Aremco 571 (RTM: ceramic adhesive).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The organic fuel is coke, natural gas, propane, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, coal, graphite, biomass and/or polymeric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic ions are selected from sodium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second encapsulant layer comprises a composition selected from acid copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ionomers derived from partially or fully neutralized acid copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), polyvinyl acetal), polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, linear low density polyethylenes, polyoJefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers and epoxy resins. The additional polymer layer in first encapsulant layer is selected from copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ionomers derived from partially or fully neutralized acid copolymers of alpha - olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), polyvinyl acetal), polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, linear low density polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers, and/or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyelectrolyte emulsion has volume average particle diameter of 100 nm to 200 mu m, measured by dynamic light scattering method. Preferred Electrolyte: The polyelectrolyte is aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer. The polyelectrolyte containing segment having acidic group is of formula: -(Ar1-X)m-. The polyelectrolyte containing segment does not having ion-exchange group is of formula: -(((Ar2-X)a-Ar3-Y-((Ar4-X')b-Ar5-Y')c)n-(Ar2-X)a-Ar3)-.Ar1=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group;m,n=5 or more;X,X'=single bond or bivalent group;a-c=0 or 1;Ar2-Ar5=bivalent aromatic group, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, optionally substituted 6-20C aryl, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C acyl optionally having substituent, optionally substituted 6-20C aryloxy or optionally substituted aryl carbonyl;andY,Y'=oxygen or sulfur atom.The polyelectrolyte contains 200 ppm or less of good solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous material of the porous structure, contains porous material made of gamma-alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive fine particles are made of carbon black, gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carbon precursor is polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose or sugars.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The glass component contains borosilicon glass and iron oxide (0.1-5 mass%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Capsule: The capsule is formed using thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The performance evaluation of electrode catalyst is alternately determined using the voltammogram area and catalyst specific surface area of the catalyst metal contained in the electrode catalyst. A binder chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride is used at the time of voltammogram planimeter measurement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor of the connecting lead wire is formed from metal selected from copper, aluminum, silver, and gold, or tough pitch copper, low oxygen copper, oxygen-free copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper, or high purity copper with purity of not less than 99.9999 percent. The plating layer is selected from nickel, silver, tin, zinc, chromium, gold, palladium, ruthenium, and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer comprises a mixture of an electronically conductive polymer and a proton-conducting polymer, preferably poly(perfluoro sulfonic acid), sulfonated PTFE, sulfonated perfluoroalkoxy derivatives of PTFE, sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated poly(ether ketone), sulfonated poly(ether sulfone ketone), sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated styrene-butadiene copolymers, sulfonated polychlorotrifluoroethylene, sulfonated perfluoroethylene-propylene copolymer, sulfonated ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer, sulfonated polyvinylidenefluoride, sulfonated copolymers of polyvinylidenefluoride with hexafluoropropene and tetrafluoroethylene, sulfonated copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polybenzimidazole (PBI), and/or their chemical derivatives, copolymers or blends. The electronically conducting polymer is sulfonated polyaniline, sulfonated polypyrrole, sulfonated polythiophene, sulfonated bi-cyclic polymer, and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: During the methanation reaction, an index gamma indicating a reaction selectivity of carbon dioxide (CO2) (concentration of CO2 in the concentrated hydrogen-containing gas after the methanation reaction/concentration of CO2 in the concentrated hydrogen-containing gas before the methanation reactionx100) is greater than or equal to 50%. Preferred Composition: The CO2/CO concentration ratio after the methanation reaction is greater than or equal to 50.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The selective permeation membrane is made of palladium and/or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode contains lithium complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte contains a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The amorphous carbon (B) has particle size distribution of greater than or equal to 500 nm when amorphous carbon (A) is not contained. The particle size distribution of amorphous carbon (A) is less than 500 nm. Preferred Process: The chemical shift of 6-carbon condensed ring aromatic compound and sulfonic acid bonded in carbon NMR spectrum in amorphous carbon (A) and (B) is detected. The diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface with half value width (2 theta ) is greater than or equal to 5-30 degree is detected in powder X-ray diffraction. The amorphous carbon (A) and (B) is introduced in fluorine atom. Preferred Component: The solvent is water. The composition contains resin. Preferred Composition: The sulfonic acid density of amorphous carbon (B) is 1.6-8 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is made of group consisting of vinyl chloride resin, silicone resin and petroleum asphalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The normal temperature fused salt has an anion component of formula (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5): N(R1SO2)(FSO2)-, N(FSO2)2-, C(R1SO2)2(FSO2)-, C(R1SO2)(FSO2)2- or C(FSO2)3-. The normal temperature fused salt has a cation component of formula (6): N+R3R4R5R6.R1,R2=perfluoroalkyl group;andR3-R6=alkyl group, alkoxy alkyl group, aralkyl group or aryl group.R1 and R2 optionally form a ring system. R3, R4, R5 or R6 form a ring system, and optionally contain a hetero atom. EXAMPLE - 2-acrylamide 2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (in g) (10.36) and silver carbonate (8.28) were mixed. To the mixture, solution of acryloyl oxyethyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (101 mmol) and methanol (100 ml) was dripped, mixed for 4 hours and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated and recrystallized to obtain transparent crystals of salt monomer. The salt monomer (10) was dissolved in methanol (30 ml). To the mixture, benzoyl peroxide (0.03) was added, mixed and polymerized at 60degrees C for 60 minutes. The resulting solution was dripped in acetone (1500 ml) to obtain white solid precipitate. The obtained white solid precipitate was filtered and dried at 60degrees C for 2 hours to obtain polymer of salt monomer (6.5). Polymer of salt monomer (0.5), lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone) imide (0.5) and N-methyl-N-propyl-pyrrolidinium bis (fluoro sulfonyl) imide (9) were mixed. To the mixture, solution of methanol/acetonitrile in volume ratio of 1:1 was added and dissolved. The obtained solution was casted on Teflon sheet and heated at 110degrees C for 2 hours to obtain film-like ionic conductive electrolyte having ionic conductivity in room temperature of 5.7x 10-3 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal is platinum. The working electrode is carbon paper. An electrode has the composite and a porous support (6). Preferred Condition: The current density of electric current applied between working electrode and counter electrode is -100 mA/cm2 to 50 mA/cm2. The fiber is baked in non-oxidizing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is aniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound vapor deposition layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer contains acrylpolyol, isocyanate and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The laminated film has plastic film formed on both surfaces of base material through adhesive layer. The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film which is a hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The raw material monomer for producing conductive polymer is a complex five-membered ring compound chosen from thiophene or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The electrode catalyst contains oxidation-reduction catalyst, which is transition metal chosen from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, silver, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt and/or molybdenum or their oxide. The photocatalyst is supported by an electroconductive compound, which is a carbon-containing material chosen from carbon black, graphite, activated carbon, fibrous graphite tube, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene and mesoporous carbon. The photocatalyst contains 1-1000 ppm of alkali metal. Preferred Film: The silicon oxide film is a baked film containing alkali metal. Preferred Property: The silicon load per 1 m2 surface area of photocatalyst is 0.1-2 mg. The pore is not derived from silicon oxide film, measured by pore volume distribution in 20-500 Angstrom region by nitrogen absorption process. The photocatalyst has specific surface area of 120-400 m2/g. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is anatase-type titanium oxide and/or rutile-type titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The warp structure comprises phosphorus doped silicon. The weft structure comprises boron doped silion and copper. The lower side of the solar panel comprises plastic or rubber coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A space between the protrusions and the bottom of modular board is filled with silicon sand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The meander shaped heating body is formed of a tube made of copper or its alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The meander shaped heating body is formed of a tube made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer side of the adhesive strip consists of polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, fluorine resin, silicone resin, polyphenylsulphide resin, silicone rubber or polyetherimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyzer is made of nickel oxide, cerium oxide or molybdenum oxide. The porous isolation layer provided between the electrodes is made of zirconium oxide, silicon oxide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic: Polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is made of composition of polypropylene (pp) and polyethylene (PE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium perchlorate, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone imide), or preferably lithium trifluromethane sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection frames are made of polyethylene terrapthalate (PET) macromolecule material. A material of the seal layer is fluorin rubber or polyethylene or poly-chloroethylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid fuel includes molecular compound which is a clathrate compound. The clathrate compound has host molecule formed in guest molecule. The host molecule is a polymolecule type compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gel fuel includes gelatinizer which is dibenzylidene D sorbitol and cellulose derivative which is hydroxypropyl cellulose.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The gel fuel further contains cellulose derivative, polyethylene glycol and/or partial saponified type polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glue spots are made of material or a combination of materials selected from the group of silicone with ultraviolet catalyst and polyurethane. The resin is mode of a material or a combination of materials selected from the group of: cured resin type 0E9500, cured resin type CE100-7 and cured resin type NT620.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The semi transparent substrate comprised at least one of silicone, silicone resin, reinforced silicone, reinforced silicone resin, high temperature polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The band gap layer is formed using hydrogen-, chlorine-, and fluorine-containing gases. The band gap layer including SixCy is formed by adding methane (CH4) or another carbon-containing gas. The band gap layer including SixNy is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or ammonia (NH3). The band gap layer including SixOyN2 is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2). The first doped layer, band gap layer, and second doped layer are formed by adding H2, thereby reducing a split-atomic-bond occurrence in films forming layers of the device. The n-type layer is formed, using substantially hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition, by using a primary gas mixture including silane (SiH4), where primary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 20-150 sccm, and a secondary gas mixture, including about 5% PH3 and 95% H2, where secondary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 1-5 sccm, while substrate is heated to a temperature of 150-300degrees C at a pressure of 30-600 mT using a filament current of 30-100 A and a deposition time of 300-600 seconds. The chemical composition of graded band gap layer is smoothly transitioning in sequence of SixGe1-x, Si, SixCy, SixNy, SixOyN2, in a light direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conjugated polymer comprises poly-paraphenylene, poly-p-phenylenevinylene, poly-thiophene, poly-fluorene, poly-pyrrole, poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)p-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(3-hexylthiophene), or their copolymer or derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second active material is lithium titanate material of structures Li4Ti5O12, LiTi2O4, Li2TiO3, and/or LixTiyO4. The second active material is titanium dioxide, tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide, molybdenum dioxide, niobium oxide, lithium tungstate, lithium molybdate, vanadium oxide, lithium ferric oxide, lithium ferrous oxide, and/or ferric oxide. The current collector of negative electrode comprises aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal sheet is made of aluminum. The surface layer of the metal sheet is made of the silver, copper, nickel, and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulation layer contains thermosetting resin in semi-hardened state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The outer side of packing component is formed with metal foil, preferably stainless steel foil (5D,5U).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The inner side of packing component is formed with a sheet-like thermoplastic resin of electrically resistant solution liquid. The thermoplastic resin is formed using polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound vapor deposited layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The product of self bias value and plasma density of the processing surface after performing low temperature plasma processing at 100-1000 V.second.m-2, is 200-2000V. Plastic films (11,12) are laminated on the front and reverse surface of the base material through adhesive layers (40,41). The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal board of the PTC element mainly contains nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The PTC element comprises conductive polymer with a positive temperature coefficient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic phosphonic acid derivative has phosphorus hydrogen bond and content of 0.01-5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition comprises further a high molecular compound containing polyvinyl formal, polyacrylic acid and/or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate film contains polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate composition containing 0.05-30 wt.% of ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester of formula (1 or 2).X1=bivalent aromatic residue having two bonds;X2=1, 2 or trivalent aromatic residue, where at least one of X1 and X2 is naphthalene residue;n=1, 2 or 3;A=monovalent hydrocarbon residue-containing group of formula (A or B);R1,R2=monovalent hydrocarbon residue;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paste is made of ethylcellulose resin soluble in a terpineol type solvent. The oxide in the oxide layer is silicon oxide with base of hydroxypropylcellulose resin soluble in propylene glycol type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles of the layer of metal catalyst particle supported carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of platinum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum, selenium, tin, ruthenium, palladium, tungsten, iridium, osmium, rhodium, niobium, tantalum, lead, bismuth, platinum or platinum containing alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The composite plate is formed by overlapping two plates among four plates of superfine glass fiber plate, polypropylene plate, polyvinyl chloride plate and polyethylene plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antenna layer comprises anthracene, 9,10-dicholoroanthracene, or 9,10-dipenylanthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rigid thermoplastic rigid thermoplastic layer is selected from polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene terphthalate, polystyrene, styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer, polyolefins, poly(vinyl chloride), chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), imidized acrylic polymer, an acrylic polymer, and their copolymers. The intermediate layer that is a blend of polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and volume ratio of PVDF to PMMA is from 30:70-70:30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The porous carbon material layer contains a carbon material chosen from carbon black, activated carbon, and graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell comprises a photo-electrode (10) which includes a conductive substrate and a metal oxide nanoparticle layer formed on a surface of the conductive substrate and which is dyed with a photosensitive dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer contains a polymer resin chosen from phenol resin, epoxy resin, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A supporting salt selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiC1O4, LiSO3CF3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 and LiN(SO2C2F5)2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Active metal alloying metal is selected from the group consisting of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), tin (Sn), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), bismuth (Bi), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), gallium (Ga), inidum (In) and antimony (Sb).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Anolyte comprises a solvent consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, esters, formates, lactones, sulfones, sulfolane and combinations. Anolyte comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of EC, PC, DEC, DMC, EMC, THF, 2MeTHF, 1,2-DME or higher glymes, sufolane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, and combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery conforms to JISD5301 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filling portion of the lead storage battery is made of polyolefin resin such as polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat cycle test of the solar cell module is performed in accordance with JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photopolymerizable base of the organic thin film contains a vinyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The light emitting layer contains single luminescent material. The amount of luminescent material forming light emitting layer in hole transport layer is 5-50 wt.%. The hole transport layer contains high molecular compound (30 wt.% or more) having weight average molecular weight of 20000 or more. The hole transport layer further contains heat and/or photosetting material. The hole transport material has heat and/or photocurable functional group. The organic electroluminescent element has a positive hole injection layer (3) provided between anode and hole transport layer. Preferred Material: The hole transport material contains aromatic compound of formula: -(Ar1-N(-Ar2)-Ar3)n-(Ar4)m-.Ar1-Ar4=4-60C (un)substituted heterocyclic group containing conjugate bond or 6-60C substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group containing conjugate bond;n,m=0-10000;andm+n=1-20000.Preferred Property: The average value of difference of solubility parameter (SA) of light emitting layer host material or luminescent material in light emitting layer and solubility parameter (SB) of material other than light emitting layer host material or luminescent material in hole transport layer is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is a conductive resin composition containing plastic paint as resin and electroconductive filler. The plastic paint contains fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst particles comprising noble metals supported on holder, a polymeric electrolytic solution and water are mixed and stirred. Ethanol is added to the stirred solution, and catalyst ink is manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The reflection preventing film has minimum reflectance value at wavelength of 400-800 nm. Preferred Process: The reflection prevention layer is coated before crystal orientation of polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate film, and is dried, extended and heat processed. EXAMPLE - Methyl methacrylate (64 mol.%), ethyl acrylate (24 mol.%), N-methylol acrylamide (5 mol.%) and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (7 mol.%) were mixed to obtain acrylic resin (in wt.pts) (64) having glass transition temperature of 42degrees C, copolymer (26) of methyl methacrylate (40 mol.%) and 2-isopropenyl oxazoline (60 mol.%) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (10) were mixed to obtain reflection prevention layer coating agent. Manganese acetate (0.03), dimethyl-naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were mixed and transesterified at 150-238degrees C. Then, antimony trioxide (0.024) and trimethyl phosphate (0.023) were added to the resulting solution and heated at 135degrees C, and polymerized to obtain polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate. The obtained polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate was extruded at 170degrees C and extended to obtain polyester film. Then, obtained reflection prevention layer coating agent was coated on polyester film, heated and extended to obtain reflection preventing film. The obtained film had light transmittance of 89.6% and excellent reflection prevention property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion exchange group is an acid group (preferably a strong acid group or a super strong acid group, especially a sulfonic acid group).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: In the block copolymer, the weight composition ratio of the segments having the ion exchange group to the segments having no ion exchange group is 3/97 to 70/30. The at least one of the segment having the ion exchange group is the segment of formula (Ia). The ion exchange capacity is 0.5-4 meg/g.x and y=0 or 1;x+y=1 or 2;z=0-2. EXAMPLE - Dipotassium 4,4'-difluorophenylketone-3,3'-disulfonate (4.50 g), potassium 2,5-dihydroxybenzenesulfonate (2.71 g) and potassium carbonate (1.71 g) were added to a flask equipped with an azeotropic distillation apparatus under argon atmosphere, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (30 ml) and toluene (30 ml) were added. After work up, a hydrophilic polymer having weight average molecular weight of 22000 and ion exchange group density of 5.7 meq/g was obtained. Separately, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (3.94 g), 4,4'-difluorodiphenylsulfone (5.04 g) and potassium carbonate (2.60 g) were added to a flask equipped with an azeotropic distillation apparatus under argon atmosphere, and DMSO (45 ml) and toluene (30 ml) were added. After work up, a hydrophobic polymer having weight average molecular weight of 39000 was obtained. Successively, after the reaction solution was adequately cooled to room temperature, the reaction solution of the hydrophilic polymer was added dropwise to the reaction solution of the hydrophobic polymer, and the reaction mass of the hydrophilic polymer was adequately washed with DMSO (20 ml) to be fed and then, the reaction solution was stirred at 130degrees C for 20 hours while keeping warm. After work up, a block copolymer (12.05 g) having weight average molecular weight of 122000 was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The emulsifying agent may be OP10 or NP9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The emulsifying agent may be dodecyl sodium sulfate. The solvent is 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethyl formamide. The initiator is dibenzoyl peroxide or vazo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The monomer is added in an amount of 1.5 mL in 0.5-1.5 hours. Preferred Property: The molecular weight of polyglycol in polydiethylene glycol monoacrylate is 100-600.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-conductive inorganic material has silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer binder is carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cells comprise active layers containing organic compound, polymeric organic compound or conjugated polymeric organic compound (preferably polythiophene organic compound).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional group of acrylic resin further comprises isocyanate compound more than bifunction. The fluorine-resin film base material comprises resin composition having fluorine resin and acrylic resin, and which are polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, poly tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer or tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer. Preferred Composition: The compounding ratio of fluorine resin and acrylic resin are different. The compounding ratio of acrylic resin is 99-50 wt.% and compounding ratio of fluorine resin is 1-50 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl methacrylate type acrylic resin were mixed and used as the fluorine resin film base material. Then, polyethylene-terephthalate film having thickness of 50 microns, was subjected to annealing treatment and used as the polyester film base material. Then, polyester polyol, isophorone-diisocyanate and xylylene diisocyanate were mixed to obtain polyurethane adhesive. Then, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylate (meth)acrylic acid hydroxyethyl, isophorone-diisocyanate and xylylene diisocyanate were mixed to obtain acrylic resin coating agent. Then, obtained acrylic resin coating agent was coated on fluorine resin film base material to obtain acrylic resin coat layer. Then, obtained polyurethane adhesive was formed on the acrylic resin coat layer. Then, polyester film base material and fluorine resin film base material were bonded and aged at 60degrees C for 5 days, and laminated to obtain sheet. Solar cell module was formed using the obtained sheet. The obtained solar cell module had excellent weather resistance, and maintained electric output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binding layer is formed from polyolefin group, polyimide (PI), PVC, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and/or polyethyleneoxide (PEO). The insulating layer is formed from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon nanotube is single walled carbon nanotube. Preferred Particles: The photosensitive nanoparticles comprise quantum dot, nanorod, nanobipod, nanotripod, nanomultipod or nanowire, preferably quantum dot. The photosensitive nanoparticles consists of alloy of cadmium-selenium, zinc-selenium, lead-selenium, indium-phosphorus, silicon-germanium, cadmium-tellurium, cadmium-mercury-tellurium, group II-VI material, group II-IV material, group III-V material, lead sulfide, zinc sulfide, silicon or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hole conducting polymer is poly-3-hexyl thiophene, poly-3-octyl thiophene, poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4- phenylene vinylene) or polyethylene thioxy thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic liner is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic body is made of resin e.g. hard rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The polyacene group structural unit has structure of formulae (a-g).n=1-100. EXAMPLE - Bell fine APF15001 (RTM: polyacene type material) (4 g) and fuming sulfuric acid (62.8 g) were added to Erlenmeyer flask and heated. Then, ice (200 g) and pure water (100 ml) were added, stirred and centrifuged for 15 minutes, to obtain precipitate. The precipitate was washed with pure water and centrifuged. The process was repeated 5 times, until the pH of supernatant liquid became neutral. Then, the obtained precipitate was dried at 100degrees C to obtain sulfonated polyacene (electrolyte for fuel cell) having sulfonic-acid group introduction rate of 0.160plus minus 0.003 meq/g. Sulfonated polyacene (50 mg) was mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (50 mg). Then, dimethylformamide (0.355 g) was added, to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was supplied to polytetrafluoroethylene mold, dried and molded with a press at 80degrees C, to obtain pellet having thickness of 0.652 mm. The pellet was made into a disc-shaped product. The obtained product had conductivity of 1.89 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The photopolymerizable functional group containing compound is isocyanate alkyl (meth)acrylate having (meth)acryloyl group or (meth)acrylate type compound having (meth)acryloyl group. The silicon compound having hydroxyl group is bis hydroxy alkyl siloxane of formula (1): HO-Rx-(Si(Ry)2-O)n-Si(Ry)2-Rx-OH.Rx=bivalent group;andRy=H, -CH3, -C6H5, -O-CO-CH=CH2, -O-CO-C(CH3)=CH2, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2CH2CH3.The perfluoropolyether compound is bis hydroxy perfluoropolyether of formula (2): HO-CH2CF2-O-(CF2CF2O)p(CF2O)q-CF2CH2OH.p,q=integer.The isocyanate is diisocyanate. The composition further contains photoinitiator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer (A) is obtained by copolymerizing silicon compound having hydroxyl group in both the terminal, isocyanate and photopolymerizable functional group containing compound. The copolymer (B) is obtained by copolymerizing perfluoropolyether compound having hydroxyl group in both the terminal, isocyanate and photopolymerizable functional group containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode and the anode are made of platinum. The anode is a platinum gauze.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance to be converted at the anode, is acetic acid, an alkali metal salt of acetic acid, an alkaline earth metal salt of acetic acid or an ammonium salt of acetic acid (preferably potassium acetate). The substance converted at the anode, is a dicarboxylic acid, an alkali metal salt of dicarboxylic acid, an alkaline earth metal salt of dicarboxylic acid or an ammonium salt of dicarboxylic acid (preferably sodium salt of succinic acid i.e. sodium succinate). The electrolyte is an organic electrolyte, which comprises a mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte comprises a salt (e.g. imidazolium salt) which is liquid at room temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing of electrolyte cell is made from a chemically-inert polymer such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The gas-permeable membrane is made of a microporous perfluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wavelike current collector is fixed in the flow reaction area by epoxy resin macromolecule adhesive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The setting agent is a peroxo salt that is ammonium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cross-linking agent is N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide in combination with N,N,N',N'-tetramethylene diamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate comprises single crystal silicon, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, Group II/VI or Group III/V materials. The support substrate comprises glass or quartz. The support substrate comprises an organic material, a metal material, a dielectric material or a semiconductor material. The passivation material comprises oxygen, fluorine, bromine, carbon species and hydrogen species. The bottom region of photovoltaic material in the partially-processed semiconductor substrate, comprises boron doping, phosphorus doping or arsenic doping.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support substrate comprises metallurgical-grade polysilicon or alloy-grade polysilicon. The support layer of partially-processed semiconductor substrate, comprises metallurgical-grade polysilicon material or alloy-grade polysilicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate is selected from the group of single crystal silicon, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, group II/VI material and group III/IV material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glue layer is selected from the group of glass, eutectic material and polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hollow cylindrical tube may also be formed of a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material that generates gases via thermal decomposition comprises organic peroxides, carbonate compounds, azo compounds, hydrazide compounds, and/or carbazide compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer forming the first member and the polymer forming the second member comprise silicone resins, acrylic resins, urethane resins, epoxy resins, rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyacetaldehyde, polyformaldehyde, polypropylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, or polyvinylidene fluoride. Preferred Material: The hollow cylindrical tube is formed of a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophobic inorganic particles are selected from silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), calcium oxide (CaO), yttria (Y2O3), and strontium oxide (SrO) (preferably silica).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic particles are composed of a hydrophobic polymer or a hydrophobic silane-based compound. The hydrophobic silane-based compound is hexamethyldisilazne (HMDS), trimethylchlorosilane (TMSCL), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), or dimethyldichlorosilane (DDS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is an ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is at least one liquid chosen from quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt, piperidinium salt and pyrrolidinium salt. Preferred Compound: The polyvalent onium salt compound is at least salt chosen from compound of formulae (I-III).R1-R7=alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryl or hydroxyaryl in which one or whole portion of R1-R3 and R4 and R5 is optionally bonded with each other to form a ring optionally having nitrogen atom, and optionally having unsaturated bond and/or substituent;X=anion;Q=nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom;Y1-Y3=hydrocarbon group optionally containing hetero atom;m=2 or more;n=1 or more;ring A=5 or 6 membered aromatic ring formed using nitrogen atom, oxygen atom or sulfur atom;andp=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The amount of lamellar clay mineral and/or organically modified lamellar clay mineral, and polyvalent onium salt compound is each 1-60 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of the electrolyte solution. Preferred Element: A photoelectric transducer element comprises a photoelectrode (4) containing a transparent conductive film and metal oxide semiconductor porous film, a counter electrode (5) arranged facing the photoelectrode, and the gel-like or solid electrolyte interposed between the two electrodes. A dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a photoelectric transducer element and a photosensitizing dye supported on the metal oxide semiconductor porous film of the photoelectric transducer element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: R is covalently bonded to the fullerene by (4+2) cycloaddition, 1 or 2 covalent bonds, or two carbon-carbon bonds at a fullerene (6,6) position.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fullerene comprises 60C, 70C or 84C fullerene. The p-type material comprises a conjugated polymer soluble or dispersible in organic solvent or water. It comprises a regioregular polythiophene. The device further comprises hole injection layer(s) comprising a polythiophene. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.1-4.0 wt.% p-type material and 1 wt.% n-type material. Preferred Definitions:    R=indene optionally substituted with OH, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, optionally substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkoxy, thioalkyl, thioaryl, thioheteroaryl, thiocycloalkyl, thioheterocyclic, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, heteroaryloxy or heterocyclyloxy, halo, nitro, or aminoacyl; and    n=1-3.    EXAMPLE - Photovoltaic device was prepared comprising patterned indium tin oxide anode on glass substrate, a 30-nm thick hole injection layer comprising 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS), a 100-nm active layer comprising poly(3-hexylthiophene) blended with 60C-indene bis-adduct (fullerene adduct), and a calcium/aluminum bilayer cathode. The device had Jsc of 9.43 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.84 V, fill factor of 0.64, and efficiency of 5.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrofluorocarbon is a pentafluoropropane isomers, difluoromethane, difluoroethane isomers, trifluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane isomers, pentafluoroethane isomers, hexafluoropropane isomers, heptafluoropropane isomers, pentafluorobutane isomers, fluoroethane isomers, difluoropropane isomers, trifluoropropane isomers, tetrafluoropropane isomers, fluoropropane isomers, hexafluorobutane isomers, decafluoropentane isomers, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropane, perfluorobutane, perfluorocyclobutane, and difluoropropane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inorganic semiconductor particles in the layer are formed by heating the precursor component at greater than 50degrees C. The inorganic semiconductor particles in the layer are formed by irradiating the precursor component with an energy of greater than 1 eV. Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor contains a photo active layer. The magnitude of the layer containing inorganic semiconductor particles is 0.5-500 nm. The inorganic semiconductor particles are sulfide, selenium or telluride. The inorganic semiconductor particles are semiconductor elements. The inorganic semiconductor particles are carbide, phosphide, nitride, antimonide or arsenide, or oxides. The organic semiconductor matrix is at least a semiconductor polymer is formed used. The semiconductor organic matrix is a low-molecular organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The building element is a photovoltaic cell, preferably a hybrid photovoltaic cell. The active element is a photo detector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor polymer is polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrrol and its derivative. The low-molecular organic compound is phthalocyanine or perylene. EXAMPLE - Zinc acetate, copper, indium trichloride, thioacetamide and poly(p-xylene tetrahydrothiopheniumchloride)-precursor were dissolved in a solvent mixture such as pyridine, water and ethanol and/or complexed to form a layer. The layer was heated to form a zinc sulfide-copper indium sulfide mixed crystals in a polyphenylene vinylene-polymer matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The deposition is carried out by the dispersion of the particles in the electrolytic solution and sedimenting the particles on the electrode surface. The process comprises modification of the metallic oxide particles by grafting on the surface of the groups having acidic properties, before deposition. The modification of the metallic oxide is carried out by contacting the particle with an aqueous solution containing acid group to be grafted, drying and calcining the particles. Preferred Components: The metallic oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, barium titanate, magnesium oxide and lithium aluminate. The metallic oxide particles are aluminum oxide particles modified by sulfate ion. The electrolytic solution is lithium and solvent or its mixture. The solvent is polar aprotic type, preferably polyethylene glycol dimethylether. The lithium salt is lithium perchlorate. The film of metallic oxide particles is deposited on the electrode surface during the operation of an electrochemical cell comprising an anode formed by the electrode and a cathode, where the anode and the cathode separated by an electrolytic solution. The electrochemical cell is used as battery, where the deposition of the metallic oxide particle takes place before battery starts operating and during the first cycle of the battery operation. The anode and the cathode are horizontal or approximately horizontal. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon monoxide removal catalyst layer comprises metals selected from the group containing platinum, ruthenium, palladium, gold and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Anode and cathode conductors are coated with e.g. conductive polymer. Sheets of insulating film comprise mylar, while the anode and cathode flow fields comprise carbon cloth or carbon paper coated with Teflon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of metal mesh comprising material such as stainless steel, copper, nickel, copper alloy or nickel alloy. The catalysts are made of metal oxide or salt selected from manganese, cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion layer is made of hydrophobic carbon material and PTFE binder. The slurry comprises hydrophilic carbon material, PTFE binder and catalysts mixed with water, methyl alcohol or isopropyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The insulating unit can be made of silica gel, or non-conductive ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode is made of platinum, graphite, or carbon nanotube. Preferred Components: The electrolytic solution comprises 0.5-5% fluoride, preferably hydrofluoric acid, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, and/or ammonium fluoride; and 5-30% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium sulfate, chromic acid, or acid solutions (preferably sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The titanium alloy is an alloy of Ti-6Al-4V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating unit is made of plastic, rubber, or polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base is made from lightweight plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises a compound from organo-functional silanes, amino-functional silanes, chlorosilanes, fluorosilanes, silazanes, 6-azidosulfonylhexyltriethoxysilane, bis((3-ethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine, N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5 -dihydroimidazole, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, diethoxyphosphate ethyltriethoxysilane, 5,6-epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane, bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)amine, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-methyldimethoxysilane, bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)disulfide, bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl)tetrasulfide, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, chloropropyltriethoxysilane, chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-isocyanate propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-isocyanate propyltriethoxysilane, mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriacetoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyl tris-(butanone oxime) silane, methyl oximino silane, methyl tris(methyl ethylketoximo) silane, tetramethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyl tris-(butanone oxime) silane, vinyl oximino silane, vinyl tris-(methyl ethyl ketoximo) silane and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The screw shaft is manufactured by ferritic stainless steel in accordance with SUS430, SUS434, or SUS405 standards. The screw shaft is manufactured by martensitic stainless steel in accordance with SUS403, SUS410, or SUS431 standards. The screw shaft is manufactured by austenitic stainless steel in accordance with SUS201, SUS301, or SUS305 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The moldings are made of nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel cell further has a moisture-content holding unit formed using resin having water absorptivity or hydrophilicity, or fiber having water absorptivity or hydrophilicity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The rhodium porphyrin is supported by an electroconductive support such as carbon black. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R8=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 examples for rhodium porphyrin of formula (1), such as tetra-(p-sulfophenyl) porphinato rhodium of formula (3), and tetrakis (4-carboxy phenyl) porphyrinate are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Tetra-(p-sulfophenyl) porphyrin (in mg) (40) and tetra-carbonyl di-m-chloro dirhodium (I) (Rh2Cl2(CO)4) (38) were dissolved in dimethyl formamide (100 ml), and heat-refluxed at 130degrees C for 3 hours and 30 minutes. The solution after reflux was concentrated, and dissolved in methanol to obtain tetra-(p-sulfophenyl) porphinato rhodium of formula (3). The obtained tetra-(p-sulfophenyl) porphinato rhodium was dissolved in methanol by concentration of 0.6 mM. Carbon black (50) having specific surface area of 250 m2/g was added to the porphyrin solution (250 ml). The resulting solution was stirred for 3 hours, and solvent was removed to obtain tetra-(p-sulfophenyl) porphinato rhodium supported carbon catalyst. The obtained catalyst had high stability and high catalyst activity with respect to electrochemical oxidation reaction of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide was effectively and efficiently oxidized with low overvoltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The corrosion resistant metal wire material is a wire consisting of titanium. The electroconductive catalyst material film consists of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of triaryl isocyanurate and trimethylol-propane tri(meth)acrylate contained in sealing film is 10:90-90:10. The content of triaryl isocyanurate and trimethylol-propane tri(meth)acrylate with respect to ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are 0.1-10 mass% and 0.01-4 mass%, respectively. The content of organic peroxide and crosslinking support agent with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are 0.1-5 mass parts and 0.1-10 mass parts, respectively. The sealing film further contains dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone type ultraviolet absorber and silane coupling agent. The content of vinyl-acetate unit contain with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-36 mass%.Preferred Compounds: The organic peroxide (organic-forming oxide) is dialkyl peroxide of formula (1), peroxy ester of formula (2) and/or peroxy ketal of formula (3)R1=1-3C alkyl group;R2=ethylene, ethynylene group or phenylene group;R3=3-5C branched alkyl group or phenyl group;R4=3-5C branched alkyl group;R5=6-9C branched alkyl group;R6=3-8C branched alkyl group;andR7,R8=1-8C linear or branched alkyl group, where R7 and R8 optionally combine and form a ring. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl group;    R2=ethylene;    R3,R4=t-butyl group;    R5=2-ethylhexyl group;    R6=t-hexyl group;and    R7,R8=3,3.5-tri methyl cyclohexyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst amount of bivalent nickel complex is 1-25 mol% with respect to dihalogeno benzene compound.Preferred Compound: The bivalent nickel complex is halogenated nickel complex. The trivalent phosphorus ligand is bidentate ligand of formula (5).Ph = unsubstituted phenyl; ands = 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Dihalobenzene compound of formula (1) and dihaloaryl compound of formula X'-(((Ar1-Y)a-Ar2-Z((Ar3-Y')b-Ar4-Z')c)q(Ar1-Y)a-Ar2)-X' (3) is co-polymerized in the presence of bivalent nickel complex, trivalent phosphorus ligand and zinc to obtain polyarylene-type polymer containing segment of formula (2) and segment of formula -(((Ar1-Y)a-Ar2-Z((Ar3-Y')b-Ar4-Z')c)q(Ar1-Y)a-Ar2)- (4).a-c = 0 or 1;q = 5 or more;Ar1-Ar4 = bivalent aromatic group optionally substituted with 1-18C alkyl, 1-10C alkoxy, 6-10C aryl, 6-18C aryloxy or 2-20C acyl;Y,Y' = direct bond, bivalent group, -CO-, -SO2-, -C(CH3)2- or -C(CF3)2-;Z, Z' = -O- or -S-; andX = chlorine, bromine or iodine. Preferred Definitions:    m = 1;    R1 = H; and    A = alkoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 203 specific dihalobenzene compounds of formula (1) are disclosed, such as methyl 5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic-acid, ethyl 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic-acid, n-propyl 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic-acid, isopropyl 2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic-acid, and n-butyl-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonic-acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The nano tin dioxide is nano particle, nano line or nano stick. The nano line or nano stick has one-dimensional structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is 1-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine or dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer has proton conductivity, and has repeating units of structures (II) or (III).A, A', B or B'=0-4 substituents; andX=bivalent group including single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material contains at least lithium cobalt oxide containing aluminum or magnesium in a solid solution, and zirconia is firmly attached on the surface of the lithium cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - The precursor composition is printed in a lithographic printing process, a gravure printing process, a flexo printing process, a screen printing process, or a drop on demand printing process. The precursor composition is printed in an ink jet printing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cap or coating comprises silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cap or coating comprises an organic cap or coating. The cap or coating comprises sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cap or coating comprises a polymer. The cap or coating comprises an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, or polystyrene/methacrylate. The cap or coating comprises polyvinyl pirolydone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solar radiation shielding dispersion contains compound tungstic acid compound dispersion containing compound tungstic acid compound fine particles dispersed in predetermined medium, and carbon black dispersion containing carbon black fine particles dispersed in predetermined medium. Preferred Property: The compound tungstic acid compound fine particles and carbon black fine particles have particle diameter of 1-800 nm. Preferred Particles: The surface of compound tungstic acid fine particle is coated with oxide containing silicon, zirconium, titanium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Medium: The medium is a resin or glass. The medium is preferably polyethylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polystyrene resin, polypropylene resin, ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer, polyester resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, fluororesin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin and/or polyvinyl butyral resin. The medium has plate shape or thin film form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of structural unit (1) and structural unit (2) is 99/1-10/90. The content of trivalent aromatic group is 30 mol% or less. Preferred Compound: The sulfonated aromatic polyimide is random copolymer and/or block copolymer. The sulfonated aromatic polyimide further has a structural unit of formula (12).Ar=same as defined above;andR3=bivalent aromatic group which does not have sulfonic acid group. Preferred Definitions:    R3=trivalent aromatic group which does not have sulfonic acid group.    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-bis (4-amino phenoxy)biphenyl-3,3'-disulfonic acid (BAPBDS) (1.056 g), triethylamine (TEA) (0.78 ml) and m-cresol (13 ml) were added. Subsequently, 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride (NTDA) (0.671 g) and bezoic acid (0.43 g) were added to the resulting mixture, heated at 80degreesC under nitrogen gas atmosphere for 4 hours, stirred at 180degreesC for 10 hours and cooled. Further, (alpha),(omega)-aminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane oligomer (APPDMS1) (0.450) was added to the resulting solution and stirred at 80degreesC for 4 hours. Then, isquinoline (0.23) was added to the resulting solution and stirred at 180degreesC for 20 hours, to obtain a polymerized liquid. The obtained polymerized liquid was cooled to 80degreesC. Then, m-cresol (10 ml) and acetone was added to the polymerized liquid, and filtered. The deposited solid was separated, washed using isopropanol and dried to obtain a copolymerized sulfonated polyimide NTDA-BAPBDS/APPDMS1 of formula (13).    x/z=4/1;and    m=9.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water content material includes sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst at the cathode side is iron, nickel, cobalt or silver. The catalyst at the anode side is cobalt, nickel or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The material containing alcohol includes methanol, ethanol or propanol. Preferred Material: The anion exchange membrane material contains anion exchanger in which anion exchange group is introduced to styrene/divinyl benzene copolymer, as base material. The anion exchange group is quaternary ammonium group or pyridinium group such as -CH2-N(CH3)3OH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive materials are selected from boron carbide, titanium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier surface is made of elastomeric polymers. The conductive materials are selected from conductive polymers and metal-coated polymers. Core materials are selected from polysaccharides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conducting materials are metal layer made by albata, copper, nickel, silver, kufil or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier of oxygen is hydrogen peroxide, preferably in liquid form, or air. The methanol is dissolved in water and has a concentration of 5-95 (preferably 40-70) wt.%. The hydrogen peroxide is dissolved in water and has a concentration of 3-10 wt.%. The reaction generates carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide is stored. The catalyst on the side of the anode comprises 5-20 wt.% Te.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst on the side of the cathode comprises anthraquinone or quinone, and is embedded in phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The projections comprise metal. Preferred Dimension: The coating of carbon has a thickness of 0.1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises vapor-deposited parylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shock absorbing material is made of ethylene propylene diene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a first polymer of formula (I) and a second polymer of formula (II). The polymer comprises at least one polymer in the form of block, random, periodic and/or alternating polymers. The polymer comprises at least two distinct polymers and is obtained via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (preferably obtained by reaction of materials comprising at least one aromatic difluoride). The polymer is doped with at least one ion conductor (greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 150, especially greater than or equal to 200, particularly greater than or equal to 250-300) wt.% and acid (preferably sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, heteropolyacids, antimonic acid and/or phosphatooantimonic acid, especially phosphoric acid). The polymer is in the membrane form.X=chemical bond, optionally substituted alkylene (preferably 1-10C alkylene), optionally substituted aromatic group (preferably five or six-membered carbocyclic aryl or aromatic or heteroaromatic rings optionally substituted by mono to tetra moieties such as hydrogen, halogen atoms, amino groups, hydroxyl groups, cyano groups or alkyl groups such as methyl or ethyl groups), hetero linkage (O, S or NH), carboxyl or sulfone;Y1=sulfone, carbonyl or phenyl phosphinoxide unit;T1=1,4-phenylene;n=positive integer;andx and y=not defined.Preferred Fuel Cell: The assembly or fuel cell comprises a membrane electrode assembly of an anode-membrane-cathode sandwich. Each electrode in the sandwich structure comprises separate layers containing a substrate layer, a gas diffusion layer and a reaction layer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elongated core is made of polybenzamidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystryrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Kit: The rapid-test kit of clenbuterol hydrochloric acid comprises two absorbent papers (1) and (7) that are set on PVC battery (2), cellulose nitrate membrane (3) that is set on PVC battery between the two absorbent papers. One end of the cellulose nitrate membrane contacts one absorbent paper. The other end is contacted with glass fiber (6) located on PVC battery. The other end of the glass fiber is contacted with the other absorbent paper. The kit further comprises clenbuterol hydrochloric acid-BSA antibody (4) separated from each other and anti-pig IgG antibody (5) that are adsorbed on cellulose nitrate membrane. Preferred Method: Manufacturing the rapid-test kit of clenbuterol hydrochloric acid comprises: (1) preparing a reactant; (2) preparing the kit; (3) assembling and cutting of reaction system; and (4) assembling and disassembling the kit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The vapor transmission element has an elongated tube, and cavity is a lumen of the tube. The openings are configured to reduce flow of non-gaseous fuel through the openings. The fuel source has several vapor transmission elements in non-gaseous fuel. The vapor transmission element comprises a hydrophobic material, and is a diffusion tube. The fuel source further has a valve having slit capable of selectively reducing the passage of gaseous fuel from the vapor transmission element and out of the outlet, a diffusion tube, and a carbon dioxide getter in fluid communication with the fuel. The housing further has an inlet for non-aqueous fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The non-aqueous fuel is a gel or a liquid. The fuel is alcohol, preferably methanol. Preferred Component: The housing contains a fire-retardant material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A semiconductor formed between electrode layers, contains polythiophene, polyalkylthiophene, polydihexylterthiophene, polythienylene vinylene or polyfluorene derivative. The semiconductor also contains conjugated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The sulfonic acid-containing pendant groups are -R1-SO3H, preferably -O-CF2-CF2-CF2-CF2-SO3H or -O-CF2-CF(CF3)-O-CF2-CF2-SO3H.R1=optionally branched perfluoroalkyl or 1-15C perfluoroether comprising 0-4 O atoms.The fluorinated polytriazine comprises trivalent groups of formula (II) linked by divalent groups R11.R11=optionally branched, at least partially fluorinated alkyl or 1-15C ether comprising 0-4 O atoms, preferably -C4F8-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The intimate mixture is embedded in a porous supporting matrix, preferably a porous polytetrafluoroethylene web. EXAMPLE - A polymer electrolyte was made by emulsion co-polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with CF2=CF-O-(CF2)4-SO2F. The resulting polymer electrolyte was a perfluorinated polymer with acidic side chains of formula -O-(CF2)4-SO3H. The resulting mixture was an acid dispersion at 18-19% polymer solids. This dispersion was concentrated in vacuo to 38% solids and then mixed with n-propanol to give the desired 20% solids dispersion in a water/n-propanol solvent mixture of 40% water/60% n-propanol. Ammonium hydroxide was added to the polymer dispersion in 1.1 equivalents relative to the sulfonic acid groups in the polymer to convert the sulfonic acid groups to ammonium sulfonate groups. Perfluoroadiponitrile bisamidine was added to achieve an 80/20 wt. ratio of neutralized polymer to bisamidine. Polymer membranes were cast and cross-linked by knife coating this suspension onto a glass plate, drying at 80degreesC for 10 minutes and annealing at 200degreesC for 30 minutes. The thickness of the resulting films was 30 microns. An infrared (IR) spectrum of the material of the membrane revealed a peak at 1555 cm-1 representing triazine. This demonstrated that trimerization occurred in the presence of the neutralized sulfonate functions of the polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The filler is fibrous, has average fiber diameter of 0.1-40 microns and mean fiber length of 1-50 mm, and is contained in an amount of 1-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic polymer is polysulfone having sulfonate portion coupled with the deactivated aromatic ring adjacent to the sulfone functional group of polysulfone. The sulfonated aromatic polymer has repeating unit of formula (1).m,n=positive integer;n/m+n=0.001-1, preferably 0.1-0.8;Y'=-S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -C(O)- or -P(O)(C6H5)-, preferably -SO2- or -CO-;Z=single bond, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -C(CF3)(C6H5)-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2- or -P(O)(C6H5)-, preferably single bond or -C(CF3)2-;A=sulfonate group of formula: -B1-(X-B2)m1-SO3M;B1,B2=coupling group;X=group containing sulfur atom;M=cation;andm1=1 or more.The sulfonate portion is proton type, sodium type or potassium type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the silicon nitride release material powder is less than or equal to5 microns. EXAMPLE - About 100 g silicon nitride release material powder was prepared. Water (170 mL) was added, stirred for 10 minutes, kneaded 3 hours, and stirred for 10 minutes. Results showed that by stirring and kneading, iron contained in the silicon nitride release material powder was reduced significantly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar collector comprises a base layer of beryllium semiconductor, antimony-aluminum semiconductor, gallium semiconductor, germanium semiconductor, iridium semiconductor or indium semiconductor; and another layer of beryllium semiconductor, antimony-aluminum semiconductor, gallium semiconductor, germanium semiconductor, iridium semiconductor or indium semiconductor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon mixture comprises cyclohexane, methlycyclohexane, cis-decalin, trans-decalin, n-dodecane, tetralin, dipentene, and diethlybenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of sum total thickness of the layer of biaxially oriented film with respect to the thickness of the seal film is 10% or more. The biaxially oriented film contains 0.02 mass% or less of high temperature volatile substance. A resin layer having weather resistance is further laminated on the surface of the seal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microporous layer includes a binder that is formed either of a polymer of polyvinylidene, fluoride, fluorotheylene propylene or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film in the optical interface consists of silicon nitride, titanium dioxide (TiO2), niobium oxide (Nb2O3) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The charge collecting layer comprises stainless steel, carbon, graphite, gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium or their oxides. The conductive layer comprises copper, metal oxide, metal alloys gold, platinum, silver or graphite. The protective film comprises polymer film, stainless steel, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium, metal oxides, alloys, polymeric materials, siloxane or ceramic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fiber material is carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The fiber layer is partially cured before molding. Removing water and partially curing are carried out together. Preferred Component: The powder resin comprises a phenolic resin. The fiber mat is 40-80 wt.% powder resin before carbonization. Preferred Property: The powder resin has an average particle size of 40-100 microns. The screen has a mesh size smaller than the powder resin's average particle size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sulfonyl groups are homogenously distributed in the polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2, Ar1, Ar2 = T;    T = benzen-1,3-diyl, benzen-1,4-diyl, naphthalen-1,6-diyl, naphthalen-2,7-diyl, naphthalen-1,5-diyl, naphthalen-1,7-diyl, benzen-1,2-diyl, biphenyl-4,4'-diyl, biphenyl-3,3'-diyl, biphenyl-3,4'-diyl, (1,1',2',1'')terphenyl-4,4''-diyl, 9,9-diphenyl-9H-fluorene or 5 aryl compounds e.g. of formula (a-c);    Z = O, S, alkylene, -CF2-, -CH2-, -O-CF2-, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, -Si(R5)2-, -P(O)(R5)-, -P(R5)-, -CO-, -C(CF3)2-, -C(CF3)(Ph)-, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CH3)(Ph)- or -C(CH3)2-;    R5 = H, CH3, -(CH2)CH3 or Ph;    Ph = phenyl;    X = CH3, CEt3, CMe3, CF3, NMe2, NH2, F, Cl, Br, O-Ph, Ph or SO3R5;    R3 = T or H; and    n = 130-300.    EXAMPLE - Polyphenylene polymer of formula (II) (7.02 g) was added to a flask under argon and dissolved in methylene chloride (6% solution by weight). The solution was cooled to -50degreesC and chlorosulfonic acid (4.30 g) (diluted in chloroform 20 ml) was added dropwise over 15 minutes and vigorously stirred under an argon atmosphere and worked up give a sulfonated polyphenylene polymer of formula (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery holder is made up of polyolefin-type resin or polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin portion fitted to open hole is selected from the group of chloroprene rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chlorosulfonated-polyethylene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, polyurethane rubber, natural rubber and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal particles are chosen from alloys of platinum, iridium, palladium, cobalt, nickel and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is a polyamide-type resin or a polyurethane-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The concealment layer is an aluminum-vapor-deposition layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concealment layer is a black-ink layer consisting of black ink containing carbon black (50-70 mass%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the resin film is 10-30 microns, and the resin film is a white resin film. Preferred Composition: The adhesive contains an emulsion-type acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive composition comprising 2-14C (meth)alkyl acrylate, acrylic-type copolymer (100 mass parts) obtained by polymerizing polar group-containing vinyl monomer, and tackifying resin (3-20 mass parts). The acrylic-type copolymer is of (meth)acrylic acid, and n-butyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. The tackifying resin is a rosin-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is amide type solvent or sulfoxide type solvent. The sulfonate portion is proton type, sodium type or potassium type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred polymer: The sulfonation aromatic polymer is a sulfonation polysulfone and the sulfonation portion is provided in the deactivation aromatic ring adjacent to the sulfone functional group of polysulfone. The sulfonation aromatic polymer contains repeating unit of formula (1) or its salt.Y=-S-, -S(O)-,-S(0)2, -C(O)-, and/or P(O)(C6H5)-;Z=single bond, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2, C(CF3)(C6H5)-, -C(O)-, -S(O)2-, and P(O)(C6H5)-;m,n=positive integers;n/n+m=0.001-1;A=sulfonate group and formula(2): -B1-(X-B2)m1-SO3M;B1,B2=coupling group;X=base containing sulfur;M=cation;andm1=integer greater than or equal to 1.Preferred Membrane: The electrode membrane contains electrically conductive materials and binder containing carbon material which consists of fine particles of catalyst metal. The binder uses the dispersion liquid with particles, having volume average particle size of 1-200 nm. Preferred Definitions:    n/n+m=0.1-0.8;    Y=-S(O)2-, or -C(O)-;and    Z=single bond, or -C(CF3)2-.    EXAMPLE - 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride were reacted with sulfuric acid. Then, sulfonation poly(arylene ether sulfone) was reacted with the obtained compound to obtain sulfonation polysulfone of formula (3). 5% aqueous solution of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of platinum support carbon (15) and obtained sulfonation polysulfone (2) were mixed and coated on polytetrafluroethylene film containing reinforced material. Then, heated at 40degreesC and dried to obtain electrode membrane. The obtained electrode membrane was laminated and arranged to form electrode membrane assembly. The obtained electrode membrane assembly had favorable adhesiveness.    n/n+m=0.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The modification catalyst and carbon monoxide catalyst has carrier that supports nickel (Ni), and copper/cerium oxide (Cu/CeO2). The nano pores in the carrier consist of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connections of the power energy-storage supply are power output connection, universal serial bus (USB) connection, FireWire400 connection, FireWire800 connection, registered jack (RJ-45) connection, 5 volt connection, 12 volt connection, big 4PIN connection, small 4PIN connection, 8PIN connection, peripheral component interconnect-expression (PCI-E) power output connection, serial-advanced technology attachment (S-ATA) power output connection, 24PIN main power output connection or battery jar connection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber is methyl fibrin, Dura fiber, woody fiber, polypropylene short fiber, brucite fiber, or the mixed fiber comprising of the methyl fibrin or 2divide by 3 weight methyl fibrin and 1divide by 3 weight dura fiber. The light aggregate is vitrified micro bubbles or polyphenylene grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The temperature measurer is sealed by material such as plastic plug e.g. silica gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is a bi-axially-oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The primer is poly(vinyl amine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material contains 50 wt.pts or more of binder with respect to 100 wt.pts of the carbonaceous aggregate. The press-molded product is formed by cold-space hydrostatic press method. The carbon material does not contain compound having graphitization catalytic activity. The mesopore of the IUPAC definition obtained by analyzing the nitrogen adsorption-and-desorption isothermal line at 77 K obtained by Barrett-Joyner Halenda method is 0.03 ml/g or less. The carbonaceous aggregate contains carboniferous system calcined coke, petroleum type calcined coke or raw coke, and artificial or natural graphite. The carbon material has average particle diameter of 5-60 mu m, maximum particle diameter of 100 mu m or less and specific surface area of 20 m2/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wet chemical treatment involves application of an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state electro-optic material is made from Lithium niobate and lithium tantalite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base layer comprises a polyimide, acrylic resin, and/or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbonic acid compound (24) produced in the treatment portion and water, are separated using an isolation portion (6). Water quantity in the hydrogen supply portion is controlled by water quantity adjustment unit, and pressure and temperature in hydrogen supply portion is adjusted by pressure regulation unit and temperature regulation unit. The hydrogen supply portion has hydrogen product supply portion for supplying hydrogen product. The energy supply system has heat exchange portion for controlling temperature of water and hydrogen. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen product contains particles containing material chosen from magnesium, nickel, iron, vanadium, manganese, titanium, copper, silver, calcium, zinc, zirconium, cobalt, chromium and aluminum, and has a water-soluble film covering surface of hydride of the particles. The water-soluble film contains a material (M), which dissolves by contact with water. Water contains water vapor. The particles discharge hydrogen by reaction with water. The particles include material capable of discharging hydrogen in hydration reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material (M) is chosen from aqueous epoxy resin, aqueous epoxy resin, aqueous urethane resin, aqueous acrylic resin, aqueous polyester resin, aqueous acryl silicone resin, aqueous fluororesin, and aqueous silica-organic hybrid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler particles consist of inorganic particles such as titania and/or alumina of rutile type. The positive-electrode active material layer contains lithium cobaltate with aluminum or magnesium and zirconia on lithium cobaltate surface. The positive electrode contains aluminum trioxide. The non-aqueous electrolyte impregnated into a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes consist of lithium salt such as lithium hexafluoro-phosphate or lithium tetrafluoro-borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder consist of copolymer including acrylonitrile unit or polyacrylic acid derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The boron containing compound is selected from potassium borate, sodium borate, zinc borate, and/or boric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The bridging material is a polyelectrolyte, a metal ion, an electrically conductive nanoparticle, polyoxometalate, semiconductors, ruthenium oxide, indium tin oxide, or titanium oxide, or surface oxidized carbon colloid. The catalyst nanoparticle contains platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface ligand has a peripheral functional group having a property suitable to ensure solubility in hydroxylic solvent, water, lower molecular weight alcohol, methanol, ethanol, and/or isopropanol. The surface ligand has a peripheral functional group having an ability to couple to a bridging material. The peripheral functional group is capable of interacting with a surface functional group on a conductive electrode substrate. The covalently-bound ligand bearing a peripheral functional group has a charge opposite to or chemical reactivity amenable with that of the surface functional group. The catalyst nanoparticle further includes a material capable of binding to the peripheral functional group. The surface ligand is negatively charged. The platinum nanoparticle is covalently bound to tris-(4-phosphonatophenyl)phosphine. Preferred Parameters: The coupling is electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, or covalent bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary coolant is at least one fluid selected from water, ethanol, acetic acid, and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The feed stream reacts with the catalyst at 150-300degreesC, and flow rate of 2,000-40,000 vol/vol/hour. Preferred Compounds: The catalyst further contains alumina, gamma-aluminum trioxide, silica, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide and/or pseudo-boehmite. The catalyst support is chosen from crystalline alumino-silicate, molecular sieve, (beta)-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, alumino silicate with regular lattice structure, alumina, titania, ceria, zirconia and/or their mixture. Preferred Property: The catalyst support has 4 diameter of 6.3 Angstrom, and pore volume of 0.3-1 cm3/g. Preferred Process: The catalyst contains ruthenium is impregnated on the support, and delivers a concentration of 0.5-4.5 wt.% with respect to total weight of the catalyst. The catalyst comprising metal forms a metal carbonyl specious on a support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: In the fuel cell, at least one of the electrodes comprises the proton-conductive electrolyte. The fuel cell further comprises a fuel separator (6), where the pair of electrodes comprises an anode disposed adjacent to the fuel separator; and an oxidizing agent separator (5) where the pair of electrodes comprises a cathode disposed adjacent to the oxidizing agent separator. The fuel separator and the oxidizing agent separator comprise several flow paths. The electrodes comprise a catalyzing layer and a support layer; a porous carbon support layer and a porous metallic catalyst layer; and a hydrophobic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material (M1) further comprises a reinforcing agent mixed with the poly(phosphophenylene oxide). Preferred Membrane: The membrane has a thickness of 30-100 microns. The proton conductive membrane further comprises a reinforcing agent, and mixed basic polymers. Preferred components: The poly(phosphophenylene oxide) is a random copolymer of formula (I). The poly(phosphophenylene oxide) is synthesized by oxidizing and polymerizing phosphophenols of formula (II) and (III). The phosphophenols are synthesized in a one-operation process by reacting catechols of formula (IV) (preferably 3-methyl catechol) with diphosphorus pentaoxide. The reinforcing agent comprises polytetrofluoro ethylene.R=H, alkyl, ester, phenyl, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfoamidic acid or phosphoric acid;n=100-100000.The a, b, and c refer to a ratio of the three compounds in parenthesis of formula (I). The ratio of a to b+c is 3:5-6:2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wafer: The semiconductor wafer is a single crystal silicon, compound semiconductor or polycrystalline silicon. Preferred Property: A cured material of the adhesive agent has glass transition temperature of 40degreesC or more and storage elastic modulus of 0.5-10 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode material also includes boron, nitrogen, silicon or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The epoxy resin is comprised of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacetal, polycarbonate, acryl, acrylonitrile styrene butadiene rubber, or melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive rubber sheet is made of silicone rubber, fluororubber, acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber, polyurethane rubber, nitrile rubber, hydrogenation nitrile rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene rubber, propylene rubber, butyl rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, natural rubber, isopropene rubber, chloro plane rubber or ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The light-heat energy conversion board utilizes steel board as a base board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of the cathode cleat is selected from one of the anticatalyst non-conductive engineering plastic base plate, epoxy resin base plate, macromolecule plasticized base plate, and resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adapter comprises direct alcohols fuel cell which is feed in a liquid such as methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A solution containing 0.5-2 wt.% of silicone group resin e.g. dimethyl silicone is applied for forming the silicone group resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Aluminum oxide or silica oxide is used as the inorganic oxide that constitutes the inorganic oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - An aluminum foil is used as the barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A polyurethane-based adhesive is used as the adhesive that constitutes the adhesive layer. The polyolefin of the front face side resin film is polyethylene. The back face side resin film comprises polyethylene naphthalate or polyethylene terephthalate as a principal component. The substrate film of the barrier film comprises polyethylene terephthalate as a principal component. The voltage endurable film comprises polyethylene terephthalate as a principal component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred properties: The content of polypropylene having molecular weight of 5x 104 or less, is 4.5 mass% or less, preferably 3 mass% or less. The polypropylene has fusion heat of 100 J/g or more. The ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of polyethylene of the porous layer (A) and porous layer (B), is 5-300. The polypropylene of porous layer (B) has weight-average molecular weight of 6.5x 105 or more and fusion heat of 95 J/g or more. The content of the polypropylene of porous layer (B) is 5-95 mass%, preferably 30-70 mass%. The polypropylene has weight average molecular weight of 6x 105-2x 106. The ratio (Mw/Mn) of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of polypropylene, is 5 or less, preferably 2.5 or less. The multilayered microporous membrane has thickness of 3-200 mu m, porosity of 25-80%, air permeability of 20-2000 seconds/100cc, pin puncture strength of 2,000 mN/20 mu m or more, shut down temperature of 120-140degrees C, and meltdown temperature of 17Odegrees C or more. The polypropylene has fusion heat of 90 J/g or more. Preferred Composition: The polyethylene of the porous layer (A) is same as polyethylene of porous layer (A), and the polyethylene has weight-average molecular weight of 2x 105 or more. The multilayered microporous membrane comprises a two-layered structure comprising porous layer (A) and porous layer (B), a three-layered structure comprising porous layer (A), porous layer (B) and porous layer (A) or a three-layered structure comprising porous layer (B), porous layer (A) and porous layer (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate of bipolar plate element contains stainless steel, high alloy steel, titanium, titanium alloy, aluminum and/or aluminum alloy. The stainless steel is carbonized material group metallic compound of M23C6 type, M4C type, M2C type and/or MC type, and boride group metallic compound of M2B type, where M is metallic compound capable of forming carbonized material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate of plastic sheet-like structure is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyimide. The adhesive layer contains tackifier chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon resin, rosin group hydrocarbon resin or terpene group hydrocarbon resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound having alkylene oxy group is of formula (1).R2=(un)substituted alkylene;R3=H or methyl;n=1-30;andm=1-3.When m is 1, R1 is alkoxyl, aryloxy, phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid ester, methacryloyl ethoxy phosphoric acid, acryloyl ethoxy phosphoric acid, acryloyloxy, or methacryloyloxy, when m is 2, R1 is bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon, and when m is 3, R1 is trivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon. The compound having alkylene oxy group is nonaethylene glycoldi(meth)acrylate and/or tetra-ethylene glycoldi(meth)acrylate. Preferred Composition: The content of compound having alkylene oxy group is 0.01-5 mass pts with respect to 100 mass pts of ethylene-(polar monomer)copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene-(polar monomer) copolymer is ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=ethylene, or -CH2CH(CH3)-;and    n=1-16.    When m is 1, R1 is acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte is a polymer having sulfonic acid group or phosphonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermally insulating foam material comprises an expanded polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The matrix of conductive material comprises of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyanilines, polyacetylenes, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyanilenes, polyfluorenes, polynapthalenes, polyphenylene sulfides and polyparaphenylene vinylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte particles are composed of silver ion conductor and sulfide-based lithium ion conductor, crystalline lithium ion conductor, amorphous lithium ion conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cathode material further comprises a conductive aid such as graphite and/or carbon black. The cathode material is in the form of at least one layer supported by the current collector. Preferred Compositions: At least one of the first side and the second side of the current collector supports 22-30 mg of the cathode material per square centimeter of the first side and/or the second side. The cathode material comprises 85-92 wt.% iron disulfide, and 2-6 wt.% graphite. The slurry comprises 55-70 wt.% iron disulfide, and 2-5 wt.% binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The anode comprises lithium. The current collector comprises a foil having a thickness of 20-35 mu m. The current collector comprises aluminum, and/or an alloy comprising aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons. The slurry has a viscosity of 3000-5000 mPas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The cathode material further comprises at most 5 wt.% binder such as polyvinylidene fluorides or styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymers (preferred).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The formaldehyde-free polymeric binder system is water-soluble reaction product obtained by reacting of alkanolamine with carboxylic anhydride, and treating resulting product with a base. The binder system comprises polyacid component (a) having acid groups, anhydride or salt derivatives, and polyhydroxy component (b) having hydroxyl groups. The binder system contains a heat-curable aqueous composition consisting of at least one carboxyl-containing addition copolymer (a) synthesized from ethylenically unsaturated mono and/or dicarboxylic acid (in wt.%) (50-99.5), ethylenically unsaturated compound (0.5-50) chosen from esters of ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and monoesters and diesters of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with an amine having at least one hydroxyl group, a monomer (b) (upto 20), beta -hydroxyalkylamine (c) having relatively high functionality, and optionally surfactant (d).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The man-made vitreous fibers is glass wool, glass filaments, ceramic fibers, basalt fibers, slag wool, stone wool and/or rock wool. The insulation comprises black mineral wool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of roughening regions in electrode plate is measured in accordance with JIS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The reactive intermediate layer contains liquid acrylic type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The acid-receiving agent is chosen from magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, trilead tetraoxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide (II), calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkyleneoxy group-containing compound is of formula (I): R1-((R2O)n-(C=O)-C(-R3)=CH2)m.R2=(un)substituted alkylene;R3=H or methyl;n=1-30;m=1-3;andR1=alkoxyl, aryloxy, phosphoric acid, phosphoric-acid-ester, methacryloyl ethoxy phosphate, acryloyl ethoxy phosphate, acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy, when m is 1, and bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon and trivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon, when m is 2 and 3 respectively.Preferred Compound: The alkyleneoxy group-containing compound is nonaethylene glycol-di(meth)acrylate and/or tetraethylene glycol-di(meth)acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of alkyleneoxy group-containing compound and acid receiving agent are 0.01-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=ethylene or -CH2CH(CH3)-;    n=1-16;and    R1=acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy, when m is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The porous insulating layer contains electrically insulating fiber dispersed in a base-material layer formed using a polymeric material chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, and polypropylene. The electrically insulating fiber is cellulose fiber, aramid fiber, polyimide fiber, polyphenylene sulfide fiber, and/or polyethylene terephthalate fiber. The porous heat-insulating layer contains a heat absorption agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semi permeable reflecting film consists of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent resin film in the semi permeable reflecting film consists of silver, aluminum, nickel, gold, copper, platinum, and metal powder of palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The liquid fuel is a volatile fuel consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether or its aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Bag: The fuel storage bag is molded from laminate film having an adhesive layer of polyethylene, polypropylene and ionomer resin, barrier layer which consists of aluminum foil, polyvinylidene chloride, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer or aluminum or silica vapor deposition film, and surface layer consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, cellophane, paper, cloth and non-woven fabric. The outer container consists of synthetic resin, glass or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The inorganic pore membrane has spherical shape provided with approximately uniform internal diameter. The pores are three-dimensionally arranged inside the inorganic porous membrane, and are mutually connected between pores and communication port formed between pores. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte material is an ionic liquid. The inorganic porous membrane is formed from metal oxide chosen from alumina, silica, titania and zirconia. The inorganic porous membrane is formed with material, which forms inorganic sol, or suspension liquid in which polymeric fine particles and inorganic material are mixed. The inorganic sol forming material is inorganic colloid. The proton donating functional group is Broensted acid-type functional group chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and carboxylic acid group. Preferred Properties: The diameter of spherical pore is 20-1000 nm, preferably 50-500 nm. The porosity of inorganic porous membrane is 70-90% by volume ratio. The equivalent weight of inorganic porous membrane is 350-90000 g/mol. The concentration of proton donating functional group is 0.01-2.8 mmol/g per inorganic porous membrane unit mass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The product further has additional layer comprising polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The proton exchange membrane comprises a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide glass, and is deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode current collector comprises titanium, gold, copper, chromium, tungsten, and/or tantalum. It comprises an approximately 200 Angstrom thick titanium layer followed by approximately 600 Angstrom thick gold layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial polymer comprises at least 20 wt.% poly(propylene-carbonate) and at least 5 wt.% photoacid generator, and is removed by thermal decomposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anode and cathode are arranged on recessed portions formed on a support made of polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particles are made of a rutile-type titania and/or alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is nickel, silver, cobalt, vanadium, ruthenium, iron, manganese, copper, or preferably platinum. The metalated carbon nitride is metalated with two metals, preferably cobalt and iron, or platinum and ruthenium. A portion of the carbon nitride is bonded to carbon cloth. The supported catalyst further comprises 25-75 wt.% VULCAN XC-72(RTM: carbon black). Preferred Method: The carbon nitride is metalated in the presence of methanol. The carbon nitride is treated with a strong organic base prior to metalating the carbon nitride. Functional groups on the carbon nitride are modified with an organochloride prior to metalating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The strong organic base is pyridine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode is coated with a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is a xerogel particle, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hollow body is made of a material comprises steel, stainless steel, copper and aluminum. The extinguishant comprises a material of sodium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wafer: The semiconductor wafer is a single crystal silicon, compound semiconductor or polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sodium impurity concentration and iron impurity concentration of manganese dioxide is 0.1 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous film consists of polycarbonate-type resin or polyallylate-type resin, as raw material having bisphenol A structural unit as a main structural unit. Preferred Properties: The porous film has thickness of 5-200 microns. When one microliter of solution having viscosity of 0.00001-1 Pa.second, is dripped on the surface of porous film, the contact angle is 60degreesC or less in 1000 microseconds or less. When the contact angle after 100 microsecond is (theta)100 and after 1000 microseconds is (theta)1000, then the ratio of (theta)1000/(theta)100 is 0.9 or less. Preferably contact angle (theta)1000 is 60degreesC or less. Preferred Composition: The porous film is manufactured using a polymer solution. The polymer solution (in weight parts) (100) consists of water-soluble polymers (1-40), resin (5-30 wt.%) and solvent (70-95 wt.%). The weight ratio (b/a) of water soluble polymer (b) with respect to resin (a), is 0.1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Assembly: The membrane electrode assembly further has anode side blocking layer between anode catalyst layer and electrolyte film. The anode side blocking layer suppresses or prevents crossover of hydrogen from cathode catalyst layer to electrolyte film. The ratio of thickness of anode catalyst layer, anode side blocking layer and electrolyte film is 10:1:250-1:10:25. Preferred Components: The cathode side blocking layer is formed using porous component containing functional material. The porous component containing functional material is mesoporous silica having pore diameter of 10-100 Angstrom . The porous component is arranged by a direction which does not bar the movement of proton ion. The anode side blocking layer has a structure in which functional material is contained in hydrocarbon-type film or organic-inorganic hybrid film. The proton conductivity of the functional material is 0.001-0.5 S/cm2. Preferred Polyacid: The polyacid is formed using element containing cobalt, manganese, vanadium, palladium, molybdenum, tin and tungsten. The polyacid has Keggin-type structure shown by formula: (H3M12PO40).mH2O, where M is cobalt, manganese, vanadium, palladium, molybdenum, tin or tungsten, and m is 6-12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode side catalyst layer contains catalyst complex (in mass parts) (10-50) with respect to electrode catalyst (100). The catalyst complex is more than 6-membered ring compound. The material, which comprises the blocking layer, contains functional material comprising polyacid. The weight ratio of functional material of cathode side blocking layer and catalyst metal of cathode catalyst layer is 1:0.01-5. The weight ratio of functional material of anode side blocking layer (2a) with respect to catalyst metal of anode catalyst layer (3a) is 1:0.001-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: A sensor (10) is set up in each of the reaction kettles, and is linked to the water-bath heating layer and the solvent compartment. A pipe (8) is provided between the solvent compartments of the reaction kettles. It is linked to an electromagnetic circulation control valve (9). A vacuum connect pipe (11) is linked to an electromagnetic vacuum control valve (5). A charging tube (1) is provided on the solvent compartments of the high-located reaction kettle linked to the electromagnetic circulation control valve, a charging septum pump (17) and a charging pipe (18). A vacuum pipe (15) and a vacuum pump (16) are outwardly linked to the solvent compartments of the reaction kettle. A layout pipe (13) and the electromagnetic circulation control valve are outwardly linked on the solvent compartments of the low-located reaction kettle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Methanol is used as material in the extraction step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteroacid is perfluosulfonic acid, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid, or phosphor tin acid. The conducting polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole. The metal powder is copper, silver, or gold. The metal organic compound is titanic acid ester or silicon ester. The metal salt is sodium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin composition further contains coupling agent (in wt.pts) (0.01-10) with respect to mixture (100) of polymer (A) and copolymer (B). The thermoplastic resin composition is obtained by heat processing polymer (A) and copolymer (B) in presence of organic peroxide. Preferred Polymer: The polymer (A) is isotactic propylene polymer (A1) or syndiotactic propylene polymer (A2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The abrasive grain is made of one or more materials from alumina, silicon carbide, zirconia, glass, nylon, or stainless steel. Preferred Property: The abrasive grain has a mean particle diameter (d=50) of 6-30, preferably 6-20 mu m. The graphite powder has a mean particle diameter (d=50) of 20-70 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition includes 10-30 pbw of the thermosetting resin and 0.1-1.5 pbw of the internal mold release agent per 100 pbw of the graphite powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material on the negative electrodes is a lithium titanate material (e.g. LiTi2O4, Li2TiO3, and/or LixTiyO4; or preferably Li4Ti5O12); or titanium dioxide, tungsten dioxide, tungsten trioxide, molybdenum dioxide, niobium pentoxide, lithium tungsten dioxide, lithium molybdenum dioxide, vanadium oxide, lithium ferric oxide, lithium ferrous oxide, and/or ferric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liquid crystal polymer contains a metal and/or a metallic compound. EXAMPLE - p-acetoxy benzoate, 4,4'-diacetoxy biphenyl and terephthalic acid were polycondensed under reduced pressure at 410degreesC to obtain liquid crystal polymer. The obtained polymer (50 mass parts) and silicon dioxide (50 mass parts) with average particle diameter of 2 microns were melt-kneaded, extruded, cooled and pulverized to obtain ground material having average particle diameter of 5 microns. The obtained material (8 mass parts) and coal tar pitch (92 mass parts) containing free carbons (1 mass%) were mixed at 450degreesC for 30 minutes to obtain mesocarbon pellets in pitch matrix. The obtained pitch matrix was extracted, filtered, dried at 120degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere, and baked at 600degreesC for 3 hours to obtain elliptic-spherical shape mesocarbon pellet. The obtained pellet was graphitized at 3150degreesC for 5 hours under non-oxidizing atmosphere to form mesocarbon pellet graphitized material having excellent external appearance. The obtained material provided secondary cell having excellent discharge capacitance, initial-stage charging property and cycle characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The permeation layer comprises aluminum oxide particle and titanium oxide particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon foam material includes graphite foam. The secondary material may include phosphate glass or silicate glass. The electrolyte includes an acidic solution, preferably sulfuric acid. The polar solvent includes water or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar solvent may include methanol or acetic acid. The solvent includes a non-polar substance, xylene or methylene chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The secondary material includes a thermoplastic polymer, preferably polyvinylalanine, polystyrene, and/or polycarbonate. The composite foam comprises wood. Preferred Properties: The composite foam has a resistivity value not greater than 50000 micro-ohm-cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guide material consists of resin material chosen from polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyether imide, ultra-high density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorine resin and polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The prism is made of acrylic or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Heat shrinkage tube is made of one or more materials selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene propylene rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, and Teflon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic raw material includes alcohol, fossil fuel, ether, or liquid raw material containing hydrogen. The organic raw material includes methanol and dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer includes polyimide resin foam, a polyimide adhesive agent, and/or a polyimide film. The intermediate layer includes foams filled with gas having a thermal conductivity lower than air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black-filled oxide, a carbon black-carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon black-filled oxide or a conductive glass. The first layer or second layer of solid volume is a semiconductor layer, or a semiconductor junction containing an absorber layer and a junction partner layer disposed on the absorber layer. The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer comprises indium selenide (In2Se3), indium sulfide (In2S3), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium-indium sulfide (CdInS), cadmium-zinc sulfide(CdZnS), zinc-indium selnide (ZnIn2Se4), cadmium sulfide (CdS), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconia (ZrO2) and/or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises an epoxy or a conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst component is of formula (1): PtaMb.M=element chosen from cobalt, chromium, iron, nickel, iridium, rhodium, palladium, silver and gold;a=0.5-1;b=0-0.5;anda+b=1.Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of catalyst component is 6-15 nm. Preferred Material: The electroconductive material is powder or porous structure which comprises 85 mass% or more of carbon. A raw material of the catalyst component is a chloride of platinum, nitrate of platinum or dinitro di-amine complex salt of platinum. The raw material of the catalyst component is dissolved/dispersed in a liquid phase. Preferred Composition: The content of catalyst component with respect to the electroconductive material is 30-70 mass%. Preferred Method: The catalyst component which is supported by the electroconductive material, is heat processed in an inert-gas atmosphere at 300-1200degreesC, a reducing gas atmosphere at 300-1200degreesC or an oxidizing gas atmosphere at 500degreesC or less, to obtain electrode catalyst. Preferred Gases: The inert gas is chosen from helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and nitrogen. The reducing gas contains hydrogen (1-00 volume%) as a reducing component, and helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and/or nitrogen as a balance gas. The oxidizing gas contains oxygen (0-1-30 volume%) as oxidizing component, and helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and/or nitrogen as balance gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of liquid fuel is 10-100 volume%. The hydrophilic water adjusting component is formed using metal oxide chosen from ruthenium, vanadium, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, rhodium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tantalum, iridium, platinum, gold, tin and silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic water adjusting component is formed using water absorptive polymer chosen from starch type, cellulose type, polyacrylate type or polyvinyl alcohol polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphoric acid ester with aryl(s) is a triphenyl phosphate. The compound having a sulfone structure is 1-propene sultone, 3-propene sultone and/or anhydrous 2-sulfobenzoic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound is polyvinyl formal, polyacrylic acid, or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer contains self-adhesive polypropylene, self-adhesive polyethylene, ethylene vinyl alcohol, acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive and/or copolymer of low density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate. The synthetic resin layer consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and/or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula (3) is reacted with halide-containing compound of formula (4) in the presence of halogenating agent, to obtain aromatic compound.A=same as defined above;andX=F, Cl or Br.Preferred Compound: Hyper branch aromatic polymer formed using aromatic compound, is a block copolymer of aromatic compound (5) having sulfonyl chloride group in both terminal or mono terminal, preferably graft copolymer of aromatic compound having sulfonyl chloride group in principle chain, and sulfur group-containing structural unit of formula (6).B',D=coupling or -O-;n=2-50;Y'=-SO2- or -CO-;Z=-SO2-, -CO-or -C(CF3)2-;andm=1-50. EXAMPLE - 4-fluorobenzene sulfonic acid sodium (in g) (2.9), resorcinol (0.66), potassium carbonate (2.5), sulfolane (24 ml) and toluene (20 ml) were mixed and reacted at 150degreesC for 2 hours, and the water generated during reaction was removed. The reaction mixture was filtered and dissolved in hydrochloric acid solution. Then, m-phenylene dioxy bis benzene sulfonic acid sodium was added to the reaction mixture and vacuum dried. The resultant mixture was cooled and refined using hexane and dichloromethane, to obtain monomer (1.58) with yield of 57%. The obtained monomer had excellent purity and thermal stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The current collecting tab holder is made of an insulating resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous cathode layer and the porous anode layer are made from an ink consisting of platinum, carbon, binder, and a vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The binder of metal catalyst comprises atom chosen from palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), Osmium (Os), Ruthenium (Ru), Iridium (Ir), etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Anode mix contains positive electrode active material such as manganese dioxide and nickel oxy hydroxide. Water absorption agent in anode mix and cathode mix is polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder layer of the collector electrode is formed from a tin-bismuth alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An insulating layer that increases electrical separation between the anode and cathode electrical contacts includes an insulating polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanowire comprises indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, antimony doped tin dioxide, fluorine doped tin dioxide, or titanium dioxide; has a diameter of 5-60 nm and a length of 5-500 microns. The nanoparticles comprise zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide or tin dioxide; has a diameter of 5-20 nm. The electrolyte comprises iodine ion and iodine complex ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The support material comprises a porous ceramic material. The support material comprises gamma-lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2), alpha-LiAlO2 (preferred) or beta-LiAlO2. The alpha-LiAlO2 powder has a particle size of 0.09 microns. The support material comprises a powder having a particle size of 0.1 microns, and comprises 50% of a total volume of the mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precursor mixture is heated to 60-400degreesC. The mixture of support material and alkaline precursor material is dispersed in water by blending the mixture for 120 minutes. The dispersed mixture is dried by heating the mixture to 120degreesC for 24 hour time period, and heating the mixture to 400degreesC for 1 hour time period under an airflow. The method further comprises comminuting the coated support material and/or sieving the coated support material to eliminate particles larger than a predetermined size. The comminuting step comprises milling the coated support material using yttrium stabilized zirconia grinding media having 6 mm diameter. At least one additive component is added to the mixture of the coated support material and the dispersant. Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium nitrate or lithium hydroxide. The lithium acetate has a particle size of less than or equal to50 microns. The alkaline precursor material comprises 50% of the total volume. The additive component comprises aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium acetate (preferred), lithium acetate anhydrate, or lithium oxalate. The dispersant comprises at least one of fish oil and polymeric dispersant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first seal is an O-ring formed of a fluoride group rubber. The second seal is a coating softer than the first seal, or a room temperature vulcanizing coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lighting module is made of synthetic plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The vented lower component housing is manufactured from polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The card shell conforms to a standard e.g. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7810.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrically conductive material is platinum (preferred), gold, carbon, or carbon nanotubes. The electrolyte layer comprises a solid electrolyte or a gel-type electrolyte containing ions that undergo redox reactions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The modifying step comprises coating the surface of the counter electrode with a coating solution containing the compound (1) by a coating technique consisting of dip coating, spin coating, screen printing, spray coating, roll coating, blade coating, gravure coating, or doctor blading.Preferred Components: The coating solution comprises at least one solvent selected from alcohols, ketones, ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, amides, pyrrolidones, hydroxyesters, anilines, hexane, terpineol, chloroform, toluene, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent (B) is a compound forming a compound having ester bond and/or amide bond, ester bond, and/or amide bond. The crosslinking agent (C) has 2-10 allyl group and 1-5 hydroxyl group. The synthetic rate of gel (GA) is 0.10 wt.%, after allowing to stand at 40degreesC for 12 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbate is zeolite, silicas, molecular sieve, activated carbon, clay minerals and/or porous glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made pf stannic oxide dope iridium oxide and antimony oxide dope stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealant is made of fluororesin or silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte layer consists of polymer electrolyte membrane material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate-like substrate contains iron, nickel, titanium or their alloys. The noble-metal layer contains gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises a transparent silicone resin for molding the light emitting device inserted into the reinforced glass to waterproof the light emitting device; and a silicone or epoxy resin for molding the control box to waterproof the battery or capacitor and the circuit board in the control box.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material of layer (1) is polymethyl methacrylate. The base material of layer (2) comprises colloidal gold and/or polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate. The layer (3) is a composite material containing nano particles of semiconductors and/or inorganic oxides chosen from poly(3-octyl (thiophene)), polyphenylene vinylene derivative, fullerene, cadmium selenium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and/or 2,4-bis(4-(2'-thiophene-yl)phenyl) thiophene. The polyphenylene vinylene derivative is poly(2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl hexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyl octoxy)-p-phenylene vinylene). The base material of layer (4) comprises gold, silver, aluminum, colloidal calcium, polymer and/or conductive oxide. The base material of optically transparent layer (5) which is deposited on layer (4) comprises insulating oxide or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive active layer includes cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selinide, copper indium selinide, gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first monomer is 2,5-dibromo-3-octyl-thiophene; and the second monomer is 2-(2,5-dibromo-thiophen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole. The second product is 1-phenyl-2-thiophen-3-yl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole. The second monomer is made of a material selected from oxidiazo-group, triazole-group, quinoxaline-group, imidazole-group or triazine-group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process for preparing thiophene polymer of phenanthrenyl imidazole (I) involves obtaining a first product by reacting bromophenol and Grignard reagent of formula C8H17MgBr in presence of a catalyst (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel dichloride; obtaining the first monomer from the first product and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS); obtaining a second product by reacting 3-formylthiophene, phenanthrenequinone and aniline in acetic acid as a solvent for ammonium acetate; obtaining the second monomer from the second product and NBS; and processing a polymerization of the first monomer and the second monomer through the Grignard metathesis (GRIM). The GRIM has a maximum adding ratio of 80% of the second monomer and 20% of the first monomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example give.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The apparatus conforms to a standard e.g. Ingress Protection 65 .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains gelatinization resin having polar functional group. The re-liquefying ion generating resin is a re-liquefying ion generating agent. The polyelectrolyte is a cationic polyelectrolyte or an anionic polyelectrolyte. The gelatinization resin and re-liquefying ion generating resin are chosen from strong polarity ion exchange resin, weak polarity ion exchange resin and/or chelate resin. The polyelectrolyte is chosen from polyacrylic-acid cross-linking component, polyethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol derivative, polyacrylamide and/or polyethylene imine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal complex is made of cobalt, iron, chromium, manganese, copper, magnesium and vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal complex is made of porphyrin, phthalocyanine, salen, quinone, or ethylenediamine. The anion replacement film has a cation group that is selected from pyridinium group, alkyl ammonium group and imidazolium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive tape for winding stopping is made from polyolefin, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is methanol, ethanol, methanol water, or ethanol-water mixed solvent. Preferred Process: Peeling of the assembly structure is promoted at frequency of 1-100 Hz for 1-30 minutes. Solid-liquid separation is centrifugation or filter separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foaming stopper is molded of expanded polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal protective layer is a chromium layer, titanium layer or a zirconium layer. The metal foil is made of aluminum. The metal protective layer is applied in vacuum chamber for plasma treatment with oxygen plasma.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base foil is made of plastic, particularly polyamide layer and polyethylene terephthalate layer. The functional plastics layer is made of polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin layer is made of material selected from metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and/or mixture of metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black-filled oxide, a carbon black-carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon black-filled oxide or a conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises an epoxy or a conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte film contains glass electrolyte, and the interposed portion contains glass. Alternately, the electrolyte film contains perovskite-type solid oxide electrolyte, and the interposed portion contains perovskite-type solid oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat processing is carried out at 900-1400degreesC. Preferred Composition: The amount of hydrogen gas is 1-5 vol.% with respect to phenol resin composition. EXAMPLE - PR-50087 (RTM: phenol resin) (1000 wt.pts) was heated at 80degreesC in an electric furnace for 3 hours, and again heated at 100-400degreesC, cooled and pulverized to obtain carbon precursor. The obtained powdery carbon precursor was heated at 1100degreesC under hydrogen and nitrogen atmosphere in the volume ratio of 3:97, for 3 hours to obtain carbon material. The cathode was formed using the obtained carbon material, and secondary battery was formed using the cathode and anode. The secondary battery had excellent charge and discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cross-linked polymer fine particles contain cross-linked polyacrylic acid, cross-linked polymethacrylic acid ester and/or cross-linked polystyrene. The fine particles have average particle diameter of 5-50 microns. 50-5 mass% of the cross-linked polymer fine particles are blended with respect to 50-95 mass% of polyolefin in the insulating layer. An adhesive layer containing acid modified polyolefin resin is laminated on the surface(s) of the insulation film as outermost layer. A sealant layer is laminated through the adhesive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst preferably contains less than 30 wt.% and more than 10 wt.% of nickel and less than 30 wt.% and more than 10 wt.% of calcium oxide. The total amount of nickel and calcium oxide is more than 5 wt.% and less than 70 wt.%. The catalyst further contains alumina. Preferred Condition: Gasification is carried out at temperature of 500-900degreesC, preferably 700-800degreesC, and partial combustion rate of 0.01-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon-containing material is wood-type biomass, plastic, refuse derived fuel, general waste or refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The effective Mulliken charge is 0.005 eV or more and the band gap is 0.6 eV or less. The content of boron and nitrogen with respect to carbon is 1 wt.% or more. The protrusion portion is coupled with the atomic net surface by covalent bond, ionic bond, and/or metallic bond. The protrusion portion chemically couples the atomic net surface of the layer in a discrete position. The interlayer distance of adjacent molecule is 0.7-2 nm. Preferred Component: The protrusion portion is a molecular chain consisting of an organic monomer chosen from ethylene, styrene, isoprene, and 1,3-butadiene. The molecular chain is 1 or less with respect to 0.01x10-20 m2, preferably 0.007x10-20 m2, of the layer of molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton-conductive group is sulfonic acid group. Preferred Compounds: The reactive compound is a compound containing polyvalent metal or a compound having 2 or more functional groups which can carry out ionic reaction with the proton-conductive group. The functional group is amino group and/or phosphine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The high-molecular compound having aromatic unit is polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, and/or their copolymers or derivatives, preferably polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene sulfide, and/or polyethylene-polystyrene graft copolymer. The compound having no aromatic group is of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene, and/or their derivatives.X1-X4=H, methyl, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3, or OC4H9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The capacitor layers are made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The capacitor layers form a polymer-capacitor, which has a planar layer structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tray is made of polypropylene and the tubing is made of ethylene propylene diene rubber or PVC plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The electrolyte is one of an aqueous bath and an ionic bath. The electrolyte is a proton exchange membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The getter electrode comprises at least one of ruthenium, iron, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, magnesium, nickel, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, yttrium, titanium, platinum, gold, iridium, and/or palladium (preferably platinum, gold, iridium, and/or palladium). The fuel cell catalyst electrode comprises one of a platinum alloy, a transition metal, and a cathode catalyst containing at least one transition metal and at least one chalcogen. The transition metal is selected from ruthenium, iron, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese, magnesium, nickel, osmium, rhodium, tungsten, rhenium, yttrium and/or titanium. The cathode catalyst comprises transition metal in elemental form capable of reducing oxygen and at least one chalcogen in elemental form disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The alloy consists of 5-49 (preferably at least 20) at.% palladium, 51-95 (preferably at least 20) at.% ruthenium, and up to 10 (preferably less than 5) at.% other metal. EXAMPLE - Carbon black (2.25 g) was dispersed in water (250 mL). The slurry was transferred to a beaker, and stirred at ambient temperature and the volume was made up to 300 mL with water. Ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) (3.17g) was dissolved in water and palladium (Pd) nitrate (15.66g) and platinum (Pt) nitrate (1.52 g) were added. The volume was made up to 100 mL with water and this solution was added to the carbon slurry together with sodium hydroxide (1M) at variable rate to maintain the pH at 7.0. After the addition was complete the slurry was stirred for 3.5 hours (pH = 6.8) and then filtered. The catalyst was washed and dried overnight at 105degreesC to give a yield of 5.91g. A portion (3.09g) of the dried material was fired at 200degreesC in 5% hydrogen/nitrogen (ramp up 5degreesC/minute) for 30 minutes. The yield was 2.62 g. The weight % loading of the metal on the catalyst was: Ru 23.5%, Pd 23.5% and Pt 4.5%. Membrane electrode assembly containing the electrocatalyst showed improved activity per mg of Pt over membrane electrode assembly containing PtRu alloy catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light-scattering particle is selected from an oxide, a sulfide, carbide or a nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell has electron donor comprising a polythiophene and an electron acceptor comprising a fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transfer layer is made of the electro-conductive polymer e.g. polyethylenedioxythiophene/polystyresulfonate (PEDOT/PSS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The safety film includes 20-50, preferably 20-40 wt.% expansible graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The safety film comprises 20-50 wt.% polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode lead consists of metal plate like aluminum plate, copper plate, nickel plate, copper plate with nickel coating or stainless steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The back sheet further has a primer layer (14) containing mixture of an acryl polyol, an isocyanate compound and a silane coupling agent on the film base material layer. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide. Preferred Definition:    R2=isocyanurate having polymerizable isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low melting point fusible alloy piece is bismuth-indium type alloy or bismuth-indium-tin type alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The linear macromolecule further has nitrogen cationic group in a molecule. The linear macromolecule having ionic group is obtained by polymerizing monomer molecule, which is in liquid state at 40degreesC. The weight average molecular weight of linear macromolecule having ionic group is 300000 or more by polyethylene glycol conversion, when measured by gel-filtration chromatographic analysis. The weight fraction of linear macromolecule having ionic group is 50 wt.% or less with respect to other substances in the polymer electrolyte. The linear macromolecule having ionic group is shown by formula (1).m=1-10;n=1-5;R1=H or 1-3C alkyl;R2-R4=1-5C alkyl, and are optionally connected to form cyclic structure containing hetero atom chosen from oxygen, sulfur and fluorine atom;andA=anion molecule.Preferred Electrolyte: A monomer having double bond is polymerized to obtain linear macromolecule having ionic group. Impurities are removed from the obtained linear macromolecule. The resulting linear macromolecule, ionic liquid, lithium salt and other organic solvents are mixed. 90% or more of organic solvents are evaporated to obtain polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte does not contain tetrafluoroborate (BF4) ion. The polymer electrolyte, a cathode containing lithium metallic compound having titanium atom, and anode are combined to obtain polymer electrolyte battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water soluble polymer is chosen from polyethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol methyl ether, polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, polyethyleneglycol dicarboxy methyl ether, polyethyleneglycol bis carboxymethyl ether, polyethyleneglycol methacrylate, polyethylene block-polyethylene glycol and block copolymer of polyoxypropylene and polyoxyethylene. Preferred Method: The chemical crosslinking method is performed after physical crosslinking method. The physical crosslinking is a heat-bridge crosslinking or photo crosslinking. The heat-bridge crosslinking is performed at 6-180degreesC. The photo crosslinking is performed using illumination radiation of 100-600 nm. The chemical crosslinking is performed using a crosslinking agent such as bifunctional aldehyde crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic compound is thiadiazole compound, pyridine compound, and/or phenylene compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Catalyst: The counter electrode contains a conductive polymer catalyst (6) having catalytic activity for oxidation-reduction pair. The conductive polymer catalyst is composed of polymer of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte membrane has phosphoric acid and/or derivatives of phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises polyazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane exhibits a chain length with greater than five silicon atoms. Preferred Process: In the Muller-Rochow-synthesis, hydrogen gas is filled, in the first step. The polymerization of disilane is similar to the polymerization of ethylene. The silane is obtained from the self-ignited silane containing hydrogen, for the stationary fuel cells. The silane is obtained from a silane with long chain length, such that there are no longer self-ignited, mobile fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is equipped with a silane tank and lead from the silane direction to the pyrolysis area. The pyrolysis area and fuel cell have a joint wall at least in an area, in which the fuel cell is strongly heated. The joint wall contains a good heat conductor. The fuel cell is equipped with the separating device, which is separated after the pyrolysis of the hydrogen-containing silicon. The fuel cell comprises a solid material collecting space, and a hydrogen branching pipe, which flows into a hydrogen reservoir. The hydrogen branching pipe is branched off into the area, in which the hydrogen is introduced into the fuel cell. The supply of the silane and the withdrawal of the silicon are carried out through two tubes, from which the silicon from the solid collecting area is removed and filled in another silane tank. The silicon obtained by pyrolysis is brought from the supply-area for hydrogenation and led back after the hydrogenation as silane to the supply-area. An integrated standardized exchange container with the silicon withdrawal is inserted into the solid collecting area as alternative to the tube. An integrated exchangeable gas compressor or liquid container is inserted into the engine system, during the silane supply as alternative to the tube. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The suction cup is made of a light transmissive material e.g. PVC, thermoplastic elastomers and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode comprises an N-type semiconductor material, or N-type semiconductor material and conductive material; and is supported by or disposed in the electron donating matrix. The anode comprises titanium oxide (TiO2), silver or gold. The network comprises a primary collection branch and the interconnected acicular branches are connected to the primary collecting branch. The primary collection branch comprises gold, silver, copper, or carbon. The network is in a tree configuration, and is formed by printing a solution on the layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The anode comprises a polymer comprising an electron acceptor domain and the electron donating matrix comprises an electron donating polymer comprising an electron donating domain. The electron acceptor domain and the electron donating domain are incompatible. Preferred Method: The method further comprises depositing on the network a composite comprising a donor polymer and an environmentally stable binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The layer of polymer glue is made of ethylene vinyl acetate, and a heat collecting metal plate is coated with a layer of electrical insulator that is made of ethylene vinyl acetate polymer glue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The low melting glass composition comprises glass frits.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thick film getter comprises at least one zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thick film getter comprises at least one active metal particle dispersed in curable organic binder. The thin film getter comprises a material selected from aluminum, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, and zinc film layers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hermetic barrier package comprises a multilayer barrier foil containing a compressible polymeric film layer adjacent the anode. The compressible polymeric film layer adjacent the anode is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene and an ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst comprises carbon particles selected from carbon black and acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is formed of material such as titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni) and gold (Au) having corrosion resistance with respect to the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strip shaped adhesive sheet consists of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is made of poly vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transmission layers are formed from poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT)/ polystyrenesulfonate (PSS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The two laminar co-flowing fluids are a fuel and an oxidant. The fuel and oxidant are included a single electrolyte solution, or in a dual electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent tubular casing comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, flint glass, or cereated glass. The cylindrical substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer is In2Se3, In2S3, ZnS, ZnSe, CdInS, CdZnS, ZnIn2Se4, CdS, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of reflective material is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel, or steel. The cylindrical substrate comprises metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent tubular casing comprises fluoropolymer, poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), perfluoro alkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA), nylon, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The cylindrical substrate comprises a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly tetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The stretching test of electrode material is performed according to JISZ-2241 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film is made of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyimide (PI), tetra fluoro ethylene resin (PTFE) and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer is selected from the group consists of ethylene and vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin film is a fluorine-resin film. The polymerizable monomer has styryl group in isomerism element. EXAMPLE - Styrene-trimethoxysilyl styrene co-graft was irradiated to ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene co-polymerized film having thickness of 25 microns under nitrogen atmosphere. Azobisisobutyronitrile (2.5 mg) and toluene (in g) (15) were added and blended to obtain initiator solution. The irradiated ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene co-polymerized film and obtained initiator solution were added, heated at room temperature for 15 minutes to obtain reaction mixture and graft polymerized at 63degreesC for 16 hours to obtain graft polymerized solution. Further, the graft polymerized solution was washed with xylene and cross-linked with solution containing hydrochloric acid (3) and dimethylformamide (22) at room temperature for 16 hours. Cross-linked film was sulfonated with solution containing chlorosulfonic acid (0.047) and dichloroethane (20 mL) at 25degreesC for 6 hours. Then, washed with dichloroethane and water, hydrolyzed, and dried at 100degreesC for 2 hours to obtain electrolyte film. The solid polymer electrolyte component had excellent chemical stability and dimensional stability. The direct methanol type fuel cells using solid polymer electrolyte component reduces the transmittance of methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate is resin film substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode plate is polychlorinated biphenyl or graphite plate or metal plate. The wavelike current collector has a conductive substrate coated with copper film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separation takes place over a selective membrane permeable for carbon dioxide. The catalyst layers contain platinum, ruthenium, or their alloys, and platinum, tin or their alloys. The metallized end contains an additional passivation layer, particularly from nickel or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The methanol is used as fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating is made of a material selected from a group of polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, polyoxymethylene and ethylenpropylendien-copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The slots or holes can be made in a dielectric of glass; ceramics; ceramic coated steel; or glass coated steel, copper, brass, or aluminum. The dielectric cover can be made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrodes are made of electrically conductive foils, thin films, fibers, matrixes, pedestals, hairs, fabrics, meshes, powders, elastic polymorphic surfaces or films on surfaces. The semiconductor bodies are made of arsenic doped silicon, phosphorus doped silicon, silicon carbide, indium arsenide, copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2), copper (indium gallium) diselenide (Cu(InGa)Se2), copper indium sulfide (CuInS), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), Cadmium telluride (CdTe), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), aluminum gallium phosphide (AlGaP), germanium or their layers. The electrodes are made from electrical conductors of gold, platinum, palladium, silver, tin, aluminum, antimony, lead, copper, zinc , titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, nickel, carbon, silicon, iron, chromium, vanadium, niobium, zirconium, indium, or their alloys; or conductive compounds of tin oxide, zinc oxide or boron doped diamond. A scatterer is made of particles of titanium dioxide. The phosphor is made of zinc sulfate doped with copper, silver, or yttrium aluminum garnet. The semiconductor is made of doped silicon spheres with flat side(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The slots or holes are made in a dielectric of polyimide plastic, polyaramide plastic, polyester, fluorinated hydrocarbons, silicone rubber coated steel, silicone fluorocarbon coated steel or aluminum, or plastic coated steel or aluminum. The apparatus has dielectric cover made of light transmitting plastics, fluorocarbon plastics, or silicone fluorocarbons. A scintillator is made of anthracene doped plastic or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material comprises oxides of at least one element selected from silicon, zinc, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, ruthenium, tin, cerium, lead, strontium, sodium, calcium, bismuth and/or boron (preferably silica).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal-containing particles include metal selected from silver, copper, gold, palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, titanium or their alloys (preferably silver).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a silane such as hexamethyl disilazane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispersant is selected from an ammonium salt or sodium salts of polyacrylic acid; styrene acrylic polymer; condensed naphthalene sulfonate; polymerized alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid; a phosphate of an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene-oxide (EO-PO-EO) block polymer; an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO)-acrylic polymer; and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a siloxane e.g. ethylene oxide functional siloxane such as Gelest 2-methoxy(polyethyleneoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The piezo material is lead zirconate titanate (PZT).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The flexible substrate is formed from polyester or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of plastic from a fiber-reinforced or reinforced plastic, particularly a polyurethane or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Construct: The constructs (c2) and (c3) are formed from several of the first predetermined molecular structures. Preferred Components: The first predetermined molecular structure is selected from a trimeric, pentameric and/or hexameric building block. The several assembled first generation constructs form the second generation construct through bonding, and several assembled second generation constructs form the third generation construct through bonding. The bonding is selected from covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, lipophilic/hydrophilic and/or van der Waals bonding. The second and third generation constructs are capable of aiding in the generation of electricity. The inner surface area of the second and third generation construct is hydrophobic or hydrophilic. When the outer surface area of the second generation construct is hydrophobic, then the inner surface area is hydrophilic; and when the outer surface area of the second generation construct is hydrophilic, then the inner surface area is hydrophobic. The second and third generation constructs are photoluminescent. The first predetermined molecular structures forming the second and third generation constructs are connected by connectivity units. The connectivity unit is a metal salt. In the method (m1), the first construct is a heterotrimer; and the second construct is a homotrimer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous pumping element is glass-particle-packed fused silica capillaries, porous borosilicate glass, in situ polymerized porous monoliths, bulk-micromachined and anodically-etched porous silicon, aluminum oxide, porous silicon and porous titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The secondary porous structure layer and the dielectric wick is polyvinyl alcohol sponge, glass microfiber, cotton paper, cotton cloth, wool felt, polyurethane foams, cellulose acetate, crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone and polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The system contains borohydride compound chosen from sodium borohydride (NaBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), ammonium borohydride (NH4BH4), beryllium borohydride (Be(BH4)2), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4) 2), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), zinc borohydride (Zn(BH4)2), aluminum borohydride (AI(BH4)3), polyborohydrides, methylene borohydride (CH3)3NBH3 and/or sodium cyano borohydride (NaCNBH3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made from stainless steel or other metal materials that are able to resist chemical corrosion from gaseous fuel of the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel comprises methanol liquid. The fuel is a liquid fuel, or a gaseous fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The injection moldable polymer materials comprise polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polysulfone (PSU), liquid crystal polymer (LCP) and their compounds. The wave-shaped current collector is fixed in the reactive zone by epoxy AB glue or epoxy resin polymer adhesive (preferably epoxy AB glue).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The micro temperature sensor includes thin film formed of titanium or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The detecting membrane of humidity senor is coated with benzocyclobutene (BCB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent oil-repellency film contains trifluoromethane group. The transparent fine particles are translucent silica, alumina or zirconia. The co-catalyst used with silanol condensation catalyst is ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound. Preferred Group: The one side of functional group (A) and functional group (B) is epoxy and other side is amino or imino. Preferred Process: The transparent fine particles are covered with the water-repellent oil-repellent film. The water-repellent oil-repellent film is covalently bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The transparent fine particles are connect-fixed on surface of transparent base material by covalent bond. The covalent bond is formed by reacting functional groups (A,B). The transparent fine particles are bonded with one end of functional group (A), and other end bonded with functional group (B). The film compound (1) has functional group (A) at one end of the surface of transparent fine particles. The film compound (1) bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The functional group (B) reacts with one end of functional group (A), and forms a covalent bond on the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (2) bonded with the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (A) and film compound (B) are covalently bonded through silicon on surface of transparent fine particles and transparent base material. Preferred Property: The transparent fine particles have size of 100 nm or less. Preferred Layers: The water-repellent oil-repellent film, film compound (1) or film compound (2) is monolayer. A layer of transparent fine particles covers the surface of transparent base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The condensation catalyst is organo metallic type catalyst containing tin, zinc, aluminum and/or titanium, preferably aluminum chelate compound. The aluminum chelate compound is acetyl acetone modified aluminum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of R1 in silylated organo polysiloxane is 32 mass% or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-6C alkyl, preferably methyl;and    R2-R4=methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The monomer (m3) is compound of formula (1), compound of formula:CH2=CHCH2SO3Y' and/or compound of formula CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H. The monomer (m4) is compounds of formulae: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH=CH2, (CH2=CHCONH)2CH2 and/or (CH2=CHCOOCH2)3CCH2CH3.X,Y'=H or alkali metal.Preferred Composition: The content of resin (IV) is 37-95 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The positive electrode active material contains transition-metal compound. The transition-metal is chosen from manganese, cobalt and nickel. Preferred Property: The transition-metal compound is capable of occluding-discharging lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer electrolyte layer contains compound having oxyalkylene structure, and lithium supporting electrolyte. The compound having oxyalkylene structure is polyethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymer, or polyalkylene-glycol derivative. Preferred Process: The polyalkylene-glycol derivative is a polymer obtained by polymerizing a boron-containing organic compound of formula (1), or its compound.B'=organic group which has boron atom;Z1-Z3=acryloyl group, methacryloyl group or 1-10 hydrocarbon group;AO=2-6C oxyalkylene group;l,m,n=0-100;andl+m+n=1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductivity filler is made of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-water soluble resin contains heat resistant nitrogen containing aromatic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A radically polymerizable monomer (D), which does not have sulfonic acid functional group, and capable of copolymerizing with monomer (A), is added under coexistence of components (A-C) before polymerization of monomers (A,B). The monomer (A) has repeating unit of ethylene oxide and phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a resin film substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The upper and lower solar cell layers are bonded by transparent adhesive (502).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar module is covered with an anti-reflection coating, e.g. silicon nitride. The profile has a metal, particularly aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The propylene polymer has a Vicat softening temperature (Tv) as measured based on the melting point (Tm) by ASTM D 1525, satisfying the relationship given by, Tv = (0.234xTm(power)1.277)-Tm. The resin composition has a melt flow rate of 0.05 g/10 minutes or more at 230degreesC.Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer is propylene-ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer consisting of (in mol%) structural units (45-92) derived from propylene, structural units (5-25) derived from ethylene, and structural units (3-30) derived from 4-20C alpha-olefin.Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains coupling agent (0.1-5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of polymer and copolymer). The resin composition is obtained by melt-kneading the components in the presence of an organic peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer has a structure of -(1,4-phenyl-(CH2)4-1,4-phenyl-O)a-(1,4-phenyl-SO2-1,4-phenyl-O)b-(1,4-phenyl-1,4-phenyl-O)c-(1,4-benzenesulfonic acid-SO2-1,4-benzenesulfonic acid-O)d- or -(1,4-phenyl-(CF2)4-1,4-phenyl-O)a-(1,4-phenyl-SO2-1,4-phenyl-O)b-(1,4-phenyl-1,4-phenyl-O)c-(1,4-benzenesulfonic acid-SO2-1,4-benzenesulfonic acid-O)d-.a=0.1-100 molar%; andb, c, d=0-50 molar%.The repeat unit includes G and G', where G attaches to an aromatic ring associated with P and G' attaches to an aromatic ring associated with Q.G, G'=H, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, sulfonamide, or imidazole. EXAMPLE - A polymer composition comprising polymer 2 had conductivity of 0.056 S/cm at 80degreesC, ion exchange capacity of 1.107, glass transition temperature of 214degreesC, and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) adhesion of 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the membrane/electrode assembly, at least one of the pair of electrodes contains conductive material comprising a carbon material containing fine particles of a catalyst metal and a binder. The binder is an aromatic polymer containing at least one ion exchange group. The binder contains the sulfonated aromatic polymer (I). The dispersion comprising ionic polymer particles having a volume-average particle size of 1 to 200 nm is used with the binder. The binder contains polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyfluorene and/or polyphenylene. Preferred Definitions:    Y1 = S(O)2 or C(O); and    Z = a single bond or C(CF3)2.    Where n/n+m is 0.1-0.8, and the sulfonate moiety is a proton type, sodium type or potassium type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gel polymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrlonitrile or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal is sodium or potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of infrared-absorption spectrometry material further involves converting carboxylate group and/or carboxyl group of fluoro electrolyte polymer into carboxylato group, and boiling the fluoro electrolyte polymer with organic liquid at 180degreesC or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluoro electrolyte polymer has repeating unit (A) (5-15 mol%) originating in halo sulfonyl-group containing per halo vinyl ether of formula: CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFY1-O)n-(CFY2)m-SO2X.Y1,Y2=F, Cl or perfluoroalkyl group, preferably F;n=0-3, preferably 0;m=2-6;X=F, Cl, Br, I or -NR1R2;andR1,R2=H, alkali metal, alkyl group or sulfonyl containing group.The fluoro electrolyte polymer further contains repeating unit (B) (15-95 mol%) originating in halo sulfonyl-group containing per halo vinyl ether, and co-polymerizable ethylenic fluoro monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic iodide and an ionic liquid contained in the electrolyte is 50 wt.% or less. The copolymer further contains a tertiary-amine segment of formula (3): -(CmH2m)R2N(CnH2n)-.R2,m,n,-=same as above defined.Preferred Method: During formation of electrolyte layer of dye-sensitized solar cell, a mixture containing iodinated hydrocarbon-compound of formula (4): R1I and iodine (I2), is used.R1=(un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A polyelectrolyte is selected from the group which consists of sulfonation polyether sulfone (S-PES), sulfonated poly benzimidazole (PBI), sulfonated polybenzoxazole (PBO), sulfonated poly phenoxy benzoyl phenylene (PPBP), and sulfonated polyether ether ketone (PEEK).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The anti-reflective film is provided on a translucent base material (2). The translucent base material is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of the surface of the fine particles is exposed to external environment. The metal alkoxide is silicon alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aromatic compound has number average molecular weight of 500-50000. Preferred Composition: The polyarylene has a bivalent coupling group-containing structural unit (U) of formula (3).Y'=bivalent coupling group chosen from -CO-, -SO2, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)p- and -C(CF3)2-;p=1-10;Z=bivalent coupling group chosen from direct bonding, -C(CH3)2-, -(CH2)p-, -O- and -S-;Ar=aromatic group having sulfonic acid group;m,n=0-10;andk=1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A polymer electrolyte consists of polyarylene. EXAMPLE - Resorcinol (in g) (87.44), 4,4'-difluoro benzophenone (205.36), 4-chloro-4'-fluoro benzophenone (52.45), potassium carbonate (175.61), 9,9-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl)fluorine (92.76), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (1250 ml) and toluene (500 ml) were reacted at 155degreesC in a flask for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was stirred at 160-165degreesC for 5 hours. Then, 4-chloro-4'-fluoro benzophenone (30.37) was added and stirred for 3 hours. The reaction solution was then poured into methanol and reaction material was solidified. The deposited substance was filtered and dried, to obtain aromatic compound (347) having number average molecular weight of 4100 by polystyrene conversion and weight average molecular weight of 6600. The obtained aromatic compound had benzene-containing structural unit (S-1) of formula (1) and benzene-containing structural unit (T-1) of formula (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic peroxide (A) is dialkyl peroxide of formula: R3-O-O-C(-R1)(-R1)-R2-C(-R1)(-R1)-O-O-R3. The organic peroxide (B) is peroxy ester of formula: R4-O-O-C(=O)-O-R5 and/or peroxy ketal of formula (III).R1=1-3C alkyl, preferably methyl;R2=ethylene, ethynylene or phenylene, preferably ethylene;R3=3-5C branched alkyl or phenyl, preferably t-butyl;R4=3-5C branched alkyl, preferably t-butyl;R5=6-9C branched alkyl, preferably 2-ethylhexyl;R6=3-8C branched alkyl, preferably t-hexyl;andR7,R8=1-8C linear or branched alkyl, and optionally couples to form 5-9C ring, preferably 3,3.5-trimethyl cyclohexyl.Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of organic peroxide (B) with respect to organic peroxide (A) is 1/99-9/91, preferably 2/98-8/92. The amount of organic peroxide with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-5 mass parts. The sealing film further contains a cross-linking support agent (0.1-5 mass parts) with respect to ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (100), dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, and a silane coupling agent. Preferred Properties: The yellowing degree of sealing film after maintaining at 85degreesC and relative humidity of 85% for 1000 hours based on JIS-C-8917 is 1.5 or less according to JIS-K-7501. The yellowing degree of sealing film after maintaining at 63degreesC and relative humidity of 53% for 1000 hours under ultraviolet irradiation of 1000 W/m2 based on JIS-C-8917 is 2 or less according to JIS-K-7501.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The vinyl acetate unit content of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer with respect to 100 mass parts is 10-36 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The fluorine resin film (A) comprising fluoro resin polymer consisting of ethylene/tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoro ethylene resin and/or tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoro propylene copolymer. Preferred Agent: The adhesive layer (B) comprising and adhesive agent is chosen from ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetal resin and/or silicone resin. Preferred Resin: The resin sheet (C) comprising resin containing non-fluorine is polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Blocks: Block (I) is of formula: (-(-R1-E-)a-(-R2(-Zc)-E-)b-)n, and block (II) is of formula: (-(-R1-E-)c-(-R3-E-)d-)m.R1=functional group containing H, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, phosphorus, or sulfur, and carbon or silicon;R2=alicyclic hydrocarbon or aromatic group optionally substituted by fluorine, alkyl, or fluorine-substituted alkyl;R3=substituted alicyclic hydrocarbon or aromatic group containing vinyl bond and/or ketone which can form photocross-linking;Z=functional group containing strong acid group (-SO3Y') or proton-conduction group (-OY'), preferably (-(-R1-E-)f-(-R2(-X)-E-)g-)l;Y=H or alkali metal;E=coupling group of R1-R3;a,c,f=0 or more;b,d,e,n,g,l=1 or more, with n preferably being 2-20;andm=greater than 1, preferably 2-20.The proton-conduction group is sulfonic acid group. Preferred Property: The block copolymer has a number average molecular weight of 5000-500000. Block (II) has a photopolymerizable functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water absorbing inorganic component has a hydroxyl group, and contains an element chosen from metal and silicon and/or oxygen. The metal and silica is titanium or an element chosen from silicon, tin, aluminum and/or zirconium. The solid electrolyte composition contains metal and silicon (0.1-10 wt.%). The water absorptive inorganic material has a group chosen from alkenyl group, epoxy group, sulfonic acid group and isocyanate group.Preferred Process: The organic component is bonded with a water absorptive inorganic component through bonding chosen from alkylene bonding, -C(OH)-C-O- bonding, -C(OH)-C-N- bonding, bonding having a nitrogen containing three-membered-ring structure of formula (I), sulfone bonding, urethane bond and urea bond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic component contains sulfonic acid group (2.20 wt.%) containing a structure chosen from aliphatic group and alicyclic group having substituent and aromatic group having substituent and hydrocylic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive resin is chosen from resin containing sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polybenzothiazole, sulfonated polybenzoxazole, sulfonated polyphenylene ether or sulfonated polyphenylene ether sulfone, fluorine and/or sulfonic acid group. The solid electrolyte composition has a cross-linked structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition contains fatty acid amide (less than or equal to450, preferably greater than or equal to200 ppm). The fatty acid amide is olefinic bisoleamides (preferred), erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleamide, N,N'-ethylenebisoleamide, N,N'-ethylenebis erucamide, N,N'-dioleyl adipamide, and/or N,N'-dierucyladipamide. Preferred Properties: The composition has haze value of less than or equal to20, and stick temperature of greater than or equal to25degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene copolymer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, preferably ethylene alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hermetic barrier package comprises a low permeability epoxy adhesive bead surrounding the anode and an oxygen and water vapor resistant cover attached to the adhesive bead providing an anode expansion gap between the cover and the anode. The cover is chosen from metal, glass and ceramic. The thin film battery comprises a lithium-ion battery containing an anode chosen from silicon, tin, and silicon-tin alloys, and lithium battery containing a metallic lithium anode. The thin film battery comprises a cathode (20) chosen from lithium-cobalt-oxide, lithium-nickel-oxide, lithium-manganese-oxide and vanadium oxide, solid lithium phosphorus oxynitride electrolyte containing an aluminum ion dopant and a sulfide ion dopant. Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of aluminum ion and phosphorus ion is 0.1-0.3, and sulfide ion and phosphorus ion in the electrolyte is 0-0.2. The solid lithium phosphorus oxynitride electrolyte comprises a composition of formula: LitPxAlyOuNvSw, where 5x+3y is 5 and 2u+3v+2w is 5+t, and the ratio of aluminum and phosphorus is 0.1-0.3, x is 0.94-0.85, y is 0.094-0.26, u is 3.2-3.8, v is 0.13-0.46, w is 0-0.2, and t is 2.9-3.3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The hermetic barrier package comprises a multilayer barrier foil containing a compressible polymeric film layer. Preferred Compound: The compressible polymeric film layer is chosen from polyethylene and ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The diffused layer is formed using metal. The gas channel is filled with filler containing hydrophobic material, and the water channel is filled with filler containing hydrophilic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrically resistant solution liquid layer comprises a linear fluoropolyether compound (A) having perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain and at least two alkenyl groups in a molecule, an organosilicon compound (B) having at least two hydrosilyl groups in a molecule, and hydrosilylated reaction catalyst (C), or linear fluoropolyether compound (D) having perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain and at least two hydroxyl groups in a molecule, an isocyanate compound (E) having at least two isocyanate groups in a molecule, and urethanated reaction catalyst (F). The linear fluoropolyether compound (D) and isocyanate compound (E) are reacted beforehand and a prepolymer is formed. Preferred Compound: The linear fluoropolyether compound (A) is compound of formula: R1-(CF2-CF(-CF3)-O)n-R2. The linear fluoropolyether compound (D) is compound of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-OH.n=200-2000;R1,R2=alkenyl;andp+q=8-32.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine-resin layer is an adhesive agent which consists of hydroxyl group of fluorine-containing copolymer which contains hydroxyl group, and reactive hardener. The polypropylene layer consists of non-expanded polypropylene layer (16). The non-expanded polypropylene layer is a layer containing ethylene-propylene random copolymer layer. The base material layer is polyester layer or polybutylene-terephthalate layer. The battery packaging material further consists of coating layer formed using slipping agent, on the surface of base material layer. Preferred Properties: The polypropylene layer has melt index of 5-30 g/10 min and melting pointing of 120-150degreesC. The non-expanded polypropylene layer has melting point of 140-180degreesC. Preferred Process: The chemical conversion treatment layer is formed using aminated phenol polymer, chromic compound, phosphorus compound and chemical conversion treatment liquid containing carbodiimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the polypropylene layers consists of non-expanded polypropylene layer which contains ethylene and propylene random-copolymer layer. The base material layer is an extending polyester layer or polybutylene-terephthalate layer. The adhesive layer consists of acid modified polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfone group-containing monomer is 1-butene sulfonic acid alkali metal salt or 1-butene sulfonic acid alkyl ester. The polymerization initiator is 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Monomer solution containing sulfone group-containing monomer of formula (2), a solvent and a polymerization initiator is polymerized to obtain vinyl polymer. The sulfone group-containing monomer concentration in monomer solution is 20 mol/L or more.x=same as defined above;andM=metal ion or 1-10C alkyl.Preferred Method: Film forming of vinyl polymer is carried out to obtain polymeric electrolyte membrane having ion exchange amount of 200 or less. Preferred Component: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell has two or more fuel battery cells containing a separator clamped between electrolyte film and reaction pole, and reaction pole clamping both surfaces of electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - Ion exchange water (in g) (4) and 1-butene sulfonic acid sodium salt (2.5) were mixed and nitrogen substitution was carried out. Potassium persulfate (0.025) and sodium sulfite (0.01) were added and reacted at 50degreesC for 24 hours. Reprecipitation was carried out, and reaction mixture was filtered and dried. Vinyl polymer of 1-butene sulfonic acid sodium salt was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The modification catalyst comprises chromium-type catalyst portion containing chromium-type catalyst, provided at inlet port side of raw materials and mineral fuel, and copper-type catalyst portion comprising copper-type catalyst, provided at the exit side of the modifier. The ratio of copper-type catalyst with respect to chromium-type catalyst increases relatively from inlet portion to exit portion. The modification catalyst alternately contains alumina-type catalyst portion comprising alumina-type catalyst containing alumina as a main component, and chromium-type catalyst portion. The ratio of chromium-type catalyst with respect to alumina-type catalyst increases from inlet port to exit portion. The modification catalyst preferably contains chromium-zinc-type catalyst, and/or chromium-iron-type catalyst. The copper-type catalyst is copper-zinc-type catalyst. The modification catalyst further comprises molybdenum, cobalt or gallium excluding zinc or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer adjacent to the other sub-p-layer is made of indium-tin-oxide, and the sub-p-layers comprise amorphous silicon-containing material. The substrate in the solar cell is made of aluminum, bismuth, iron, niobium, titanium or steel. The sub-p-layers are selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium. The i-layer is made of germane and disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally conductive sheet and cap include aluminum or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conduit includes polyethylene, polypropylene, silicone, santoprene or ethylene-propylene-diene monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The coversheet comprises tempered glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductors comprise copper or iron nickel alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-conductive layers comprise a flexible polyimide film. The adhesive layers comprise ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. The protective shell layer comprises a high m.pt. plastic material. The coversheet may also comprise an antireflective coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent protective film is made of polyvinylidene chloride, fluororesin, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylic resin or their copolymer. The heat insulating board is made of phenol-resin foam. The transparent adhesive layer is made of silicone resin or ethylene acetic-acid vinyl copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The operation medium is an organic solvent like chlorofluoro carbon (CFC) alternative, alcohol, acetone or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The turbine is made of plastic material like polyether-ether ketone (PEEK), which is not corroded by the operation medium.
EXAMPLE - 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl, (in wt. pts) (48), 5-sodium sulfo-isophthalic-acid dimethyl (4), isophthalic-acid dimethyl (14), ethylene glycol (31), diethylene glycol (2) and tetra-butoxytitanium (0.05) were mixed at 230degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and subjected to polycondensation reaction to obtain polyester. The polyester (25) was dissolved in mixture of tetrahydrofuran (75) and water (74) to obtain milky-white dispersion. The obtain milky-white dispersion was distilled to obtain water dispersion of polyester having solid content of 25 wt.%. Lauryl sulfonic acid (3), ion-exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5) and sodium hydrogen nitrous acid (0.3) were mixed. To the mixture, mixture of methyl-methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2oxazoline (21.9) polyethylene-oxide methacrylate (39.4) and acrylamide (8.6) was dripped at 60-70degreesC for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled to obtain water dispersion of acryl having solid content of 35 wt.%. Naroacty N-70 (RTM: polyoxyethylene lauryl-ether) (0.3 wt.%) and Snowtex ZL (RTM: silica filler with average particle diameter of 100 nm) (0.2 wt.%) were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. The obtained water dispersion of polyester (10), water dispersion of acryl (5) and aqueous solution (85) were mixed obtain coating agent. The obtained coating agent was uniformly coated on both sides of polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 95degreesC to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The obtained polyester film had X-ray-diffraction intensity ratio of 0.17, and favorable adhesiveness with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-Z0237 and adhesion durability with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-C8917-1998.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has specific surface area of less than 1 m2/g by nitrogen adsorption Bruneaur Emmett Teller method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is formed using iron-nickel alloy, iron-nickel-chromium alloy, copper alloy or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating material is silicone-type material such as polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anode active material is lithium cobaltate, lithium magnate, lithium nickelate, ternary-type lithium compound of cobalt, manganese and nickel of formula: Li(CoxMnyNiz)O2, titanium sulfide, and olivine-type lithium complex (LiFePO4, LiMnPO4). The cathode active material is graphite. The compound contained in the collector, is acid anhydride, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, chitosan pyrrolidone carboxylate salt, hydroxypropyl chitosan, phthalic anhydride, maleic acid anhydride, anhydrous trimellitic acid and pyromellitic dianhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The anode consists of aluminum foil having lower layer containing film containing compound having ionic permeability, compound which is not swollen with respect to organic solvent, or compound which is not peeled by organic solvent, and carbon fine particles, and upper layer containing film containing binder, carbon fine particles and anode active material. The cathode consists of aluminum foil having lower layer containing film containing compound having ionic permeability, compound which is not swollen with respect to organic solvent, or compound which is not peeled by organic solvent, and carbon fine particles, and upper layer containing film containing binder, carbon fine particles and cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric structure comprises polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The cell has a layer made of solar glass (14) with an external surface exposed to the sun's rays.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat conductor material has an acrylic based chemical composition and is charged with titanium oxide graphite, silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. The heat exchanger comprises metal tubes which adhere to the metal sheet made of aluminum, copper or stainless steel by means of a heat conductive epoxy resin, and in which a thermovector fluid is able to flow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A second layer of ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA) is disposed between the solar glass and the photovoltaic cell. A third layer of EVA is disposed on the internal surface of the cell. A fourth layer made with polyvinyl fluoride based film is disposed on the third layer. Preferred Material: The heat exchanger is made of molded polymer material which is made conductive with graphite, carbon fibers, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is aluminum trihydrate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, carbon fibers, glass fibers, hollow glass microspheres, kaolin clay, mica, crushed silica, synthetic silica, talc, wollastonite, nano-clay particles or sawdust.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The edge element has a non-electrically conductive material comprising filled polymer having filler. The bonding layer comprises an ionomer or acid co-polymer of methacrylic acid, acrylic acid or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrocatalytic material comprises a particulate carbon support phase and an active metal species dispersed on the support phase. A single liquid medium contains carbon particles and a precursor to the active metal species. A first liquid medium contains carbon particles and a second liquid medium contains a precursor to the active metal species. The active metal species are platinum (preferred), rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, rhenium, molybdenum, tungsten, zinc, manganese and/or their alloys. Preferred Condition: The heating heats the droplets entrained in the carrier gas stream to less than 900, preferably to less than 500degreesC. Preferred Material: The substrate comprises a carbonaceous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Ionomer or binder is added to the carrier gas stream during or after the cooling and prior to the fourth step. The ionomer comprises perfluorosulfonate and/or a polybenzimidazole. The binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-nitride substrate comprises gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, zinc oxide or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The electroconductive support is acetylene black or furnace carbon having a specific surface area of 50-1000 m2/g. Preferred Source: A platinum salt solution chosen from chloroplatinic acid solution, dinitro diamine platinum nitrate solution, hexa hydroxo platinum amine solution, and sulfurous acid platinum solution is used as platinum source. A cobalt salt solution chosen from cobalt chloride solution, cobalt nitrate solution, and cobalt sulfate solution is used as cobalt source. Preferred Acid: The support is processed with an oxidizing acid chosen from nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, after processing with reducible acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The average value of particle size of the catalyst particles is 5-10 nm. 95% or more of the catalyst particles exist within average particle diameterplus minus1 nm. The cobalt elution concentration inside a solution during mortar pulverization of electrode catalyst (0.5 g) and immersing in 0.1N sulfuric acid (30 g) for 100 hours, is 40 ppm or less. The water-immersion pH of the catalyst as measured by JIS K1474 is 3.5-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The support is processed with a reducible acid chosen from oxalic acid, formic acid, and acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The embedded conductor is made from a material e.g. gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass and beryllium. The electrical contact with a substrate is made from the material such as gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass and beryllium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bonding layer is made of plastic, and the insulating layer is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer comprises silico-acrylic composition containing silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective layer is formed using a material selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, aluminosilicate, diamond, borosilicate, silicon nitride, aluminophosphosilicate, aluminophosphate or their combinations. The protective layer comprises silico-acrylic composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The non-aqueous electrolyte is a gel electrolyte and in the gel electrolyte, a solution containing a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolytic salt is contained in a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel flow board is made from a material selected from a group consisting of a flame resistant-4 (FR4) substrate, a FR5 substrate, an epoxy resin substrate, a glass fiber substrate, a ceramic substrate, a polymeric plastic substrate, and a composite substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler comprises at least one of fiberglass, carbon fiber, carbon dust and a ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The under mold frame comprises a plastic material. The molten resin comprises a thermoplastic polymer. The thermoplastic polymer comprises an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The electrical traces and the bond pad are made from a titanium gold alloy. The heater and the temperature sensor are made from a titanium platinum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The heat resistant insulating sheet includes a fluorine plastic sheet, and an adhesive agent coated on the fluorine plastic sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent consists of polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The binder carries the catalyst selected from the group of gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A proton conductive polymeric layer consists of proton conductive substance selected from the group of sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A proton conductive polymeric layer consists of binder selected from the group of polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric cross-linked material has cross-linked structure of formula (1 or 7).R1-R4=H, halogen, 1-10C alkyl or hydroxyl group;R5-R8=H, halogen, methyl or ethyl;a,b=0-10;p=0 or 1;a+b+p=1 or more;Z=-NH-, -N(CH3)-, 1,4-piperazinylene, -NH-(CH2)3-NH-, -NH-(CH2)4-NH-, -O-, -O-(CH2)2O-, -O-CH2-C(CH3)2-CH2O-, -O-(CH2)2-(OCH2CH2)n1-O-, 3-methyl-2,6-pyridyl, 4-methyl-2,6-pyridyl, 2,6-pyridyl, 2,5-pyridyl or -CH(OH)-;X1-,X2-=halide ion, hydroxide ion, anion of organic acid or anion of inorganic acid;andn1=0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic conductive substance in anode and cathode is acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is aluminum, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton conductive substance is aromatic compound containing sulfonic acid group, and anthracene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is polyether sulfone. The insulation board is phenol resin board, epoxy resin board, glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin board, or glass fiber reinforced phenol resin board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead terminal of protection device is connected with the sealing board by an aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The shape maintenance polymer layer contains acryl silicone polymer, melamine polymer, urethane polymer or nylon as structure resin, and further consists of ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and/or hardener as additive. The metal oxide comprises organometallic oxide of siloxane of formula: (M-O)n-ORm,M=metallic element chosen from silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, zinc, calcium, manganese, magnesium, niobium, tin, chromium, tungsten, nickel and iron;R=1-10C alkyl group, allyl group or 6-24C aryl group;andm and n=1 or more.Preferred Process: The battery exterior material is obtained by mixing metal oxide with structure resin of the shape maintenance polymer layer. The metal oxide layer is coated on the outer surface and/or inner surface of the shape maintenance polymer layer. Preferred Properties: The shape maintenance polymer layer has thickness of 150 microns or less. The battery exterior material has Surface Vickers hardness of 100 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The epoxy resin is bisphenol A epoxy resin. The terminal isocyanate group-containing urethane prepolymer is obtained from polyether polyol and aliphatic polyisocyanate. Preferred Composition: The total content of epoxy resin and terminal isocyanate group-containing urethane prepolymer contained in the adhesive agent composition, is 20-80 wt.%. The adhesive agent composition contains hydrazide-type hardener (1-20 wt.pts) with respect to epoxy resin and terminal isocyanate group-containing urethane prepolymer (100 wt.pts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material includes lithium nickel dioxide (LiNiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact layer is made of aluminum or transparent conductive oxide. POLYMER - The conductive material for filling up passages is made from a metal, a semiconductor material or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A passivation layer surrounding a length of carbon nanotubes comprising an optical antenna comprises a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A reflector (322) comprises a transparent plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A casting solvent is n-butanol, 2-pentanol, 2-octanol, butyl acetate, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nonporous polymeric substrate comprises a polymer such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, and polyphenylsulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The brittle temperature in freezing process depends on JIS K 6253 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stress-relaxation portion consists of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The follower is selected from the group consisting of calcium salt of phosphoric acid ester and fine particle silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The follower also consists of non-volatile organic solvent that is selected from the group consisting of polybutene, silicone oil, liquid paraffin, styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, vinyl chloride-type thermoplastic elastomer, olefin-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyester-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane-type thermoplastic elastomer and acetoalkoxy aluminum-di-alkylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cellulose derivative is carboxy methyl cellulose. The saccharide is made into xanthan gum after mixing of nickel-hydroxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Resin: The resin is modified by acid, acid anhydride, acid ester, metallocene and hydroxyl group or esterified substance. The film like resin has basic substituents such as hydroxyl group, imidazole, pyridine and amine, which is bonded with electrolytic sulfonic group by electrolytic interaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The catalyst metal is selected to have an oxygen-atom adsorption energy of 0.18-1.05 eV. Preferred Metals: The electrode catalyst contains alloy containing platinum and gold supported on carbon. The catalyst metal is platinum-gold or platinum-transition metal-gold. The transition metal is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium and/or palladium. The content of gold is 6 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel absorber comprises olefin group porous structure, ethylene group porous structure, styrene group porous structure and ester porous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: The mediator has quinone containing compound. The enzyme is oxidase and promotes oxidation of monosaccharide. The enzyme contains coenzyme oxidase which passes an electron to the negative electrode through the mediator while returning the coenzyme reduced by oxidation of the monosaccharide to an antioxidant. The oxidant of the coenzyme is NAD+ and the coenzyme oxidase is NADH dehydrogenase. The oxidase is glucose dehydrogenase. The oxidase promotes oxidation of polysaccharide to generate monosaccharide. The degradation enzyme is glucosamylase, and the oxidase is glucose dehydrogenase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material contains an electrode catalyst. The carbon material is carbon black or carbon nanotube. Preferred Film: A catalyst film contains a catalyst material and a solid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The coupling group is of formula: Lc-(R1)n1-((Ar1)n2-((R2)n3-Lp)n4)n6.R1-R2=2-4 valent coupling group;Ar1=aromatic hydrocarbon and/or heterocyclic ring -containing 2-6 valent coupling group;n1,n2,n3=0 or more;n1+n2+n3=1 or more;n4=1-10;n5=1-3;andLp,Lc=connecting position.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer has at least one partial structure chosen from group of formula: -B1-(A1)n6, -B2-D' and -E1, coupled with aromatic ring in principal chain, and has bivalent group-containing repeating unit of formula: -R3-X1-. The polymer has partial structure of formula: -B3-(A2)n7 and/or -E2, coupled with aromatic ring in principal chain, and has repeating unit of formula (6).R3=bivalent group-containing aromatic ring;X1=bivalent coupling group;B1-B3=single bond or 2-6 valent coupling group;A1,A2=ionic functional group;n6,n7=1-5;D'=polymer of radically polymerizable monomer having at least one ionic functional group;E1,E2=high oxygen permeable substituent;andW11-W13=hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group.The principal chain portion of polymer is polyether sulfone type compound, polyether ether sulfone type compound, polyether ether ketone type compound, polyphenylene sulfide type compound, polyphenylene ether type compound, polysulfone base compound, and polyether ketone type compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic conductivity substance is silicon dioxide and carbon. The catalyst contains noble metals chosen from gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton conductive substance is sulfonic-acid-group containing perfluorocarbon, polyether sulfone, sulfonation polyether ether ketone or sulfonation polymide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal in the micro-particle is chosen from the group of gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is a polytetrafluoroethylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transport element is made of boron nitride, aluminum nitride, copper, aluminum, nickel, alloys, graphite, expanded graphite, graphite cloth, graphite paper, aluminum foam, stainless steel foam or nickel foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transport element is made of polyvinyl alcohol foam, glass microfibers, cotton paper, polyurethane foam, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The moisture barrier film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, parylene, benzocyclobutene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, transparent ceramics, and carbon doped oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): The regioregular copolymer (2) is prepared by dissolving 2,5-dibromo-3-decoxy-thiophene and 2,5 dibromo-3-octylthiophene in tetrahydrofuran, adding methylmagnesium bromide, heating the mixture to reflux, adding 1,3-diphenylphosphinopropane nickel(II) chloride, stirring at reflux, pouring into methanol, filtering, re-dissolving in chlorobenzene, filtering, and depositing with acetone/methanol. Preferred Components: The regioregular copolymer is one or more seven compounds, e.g. compounds of formula (11), (13), (16), (18), or (19).R, R1-R4=optionally substituted alkyl substituent, or polyethyleneoxide chain;Ar1, Ar2=optionally derivatized aryl moiety;m=0-3; andn=0-2. EXAMPLE - 2,5-Dibromo-3-decoxy-thiophene (0.76 g) and 2,5 dibromo-3-octylthiophene (0.708 g) were dissolved in 25 mL tetrahydrofuran. Methylmagnesium bromide (2.85 mL) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 hour. 1,3-Diphenylphosphinopropane nickel(II) chloride (19 mg) was added and the solution was stirred at reflux for 6 hours. The mixture was poured into 150 mL methanol, and filtered. The solid was re-dissolved in chlorobenzene, filtered, and deposited with acetone/methanol. The solid was collected by filtration and drying in vacuo to afford 0.71 g (65% yield) poly(3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl-co-3-decyloxythiophene-2,5-diyl)s (POT-co-DOT) as a dark blue powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of tetravalent group-containing structural unit (3) with respect to sum total of bivalent group-containing structural unit (2) and tetravalent group-containing structural unit (3), is 5-95 mol%. The sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide is a mixture containing random copolymer, block copolymer or their homopolymer. Preferred Method: The sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide is obtained by reacting 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride, diamine compound of formula (4): H2N-Ar2-NH2 and tetramine compound of formula (5).Ar2,Ar3=same as defined above.Preferred Property: The sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide has number average molecular weight (Mn) of 5000-10000000. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-benzidine sulfonic acid diamine (in g) (1.72), triethylamine (1.7 ml) and m-cresol (45 ml) were mixed. Then, the resulting mixture was added to 3,3'-diaminobenzidene tetramine (1.72), 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (2.68) and benzoic acid (1.71), and heat-stirred at 80degreesC for 4 hours and 180degreesC for 10 hours, to obtain sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide. A solid-electrolyte film formed using the obtained sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide had excellent water resistance, and low methanol permeability coefficient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide is a mixture of random copolymer, block copolymer and/or their homopolymer. The polyimide is obtained by reacting 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, diamine compound of formula: NH2-Ar2-NH2 and tetramine compound of formula (5). The sulfonic acid group-containing polyimide has number average molecular weight of 5000-10000000.Ar2,Ar3=same as defined above.Preferred Composition: The content of structural unit of formula (3) in polyimide is 5-95 mol% with respect to total amount of structural units of formulae (2,3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate for the cathode cover plate is an anti-chemical non-conductive engineering plastic substrate, a plastic carbon substrate, FR4 substrate, FR5 substrate, an epoxy resin substrate, fiber-glass substrate, a ceramic substrate, a polymer plasticized substrate, a composite material substrate, or a printed circuit substrate. The substrate for the anode cover plate is an anti-chemical non-conductive engineering plastic substrate, plastic carbon substrate, FR4 substrate, FR5 substrate, epoxy resin substrate, fiber-glass substrate, ceramic substrate, polymer plasticized substrate, composite material substrate, or printed circuit substrate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic hydroxide has an alkali metal hydroxide. The gel electrolyte comprises a particulate material of cellulose, silica, silicon carbide, alumina, zirconia, and a clay mineral. The borohydride compound comprises sodium boride. The alkali metal hydroxide comprises potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gelling agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid and a salt, a cross-linked polyacrylamide, an alkali saponified polyacrylonitrile, xanthan gum, guar gum, a starch graft copolymer, a hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion polymer and carboxymethylcellulose. The matrix material is cellulose esters, polyacrylates, polyvinyl esters and acrylate/vinyl ester copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sealing material is glue, UV-curable elastic glue, polyurethane, silicon rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, and/or hot-melt adhesive. The membrane is formed by multiple hollow fibers. The porous membrane is perfluorocarbon resin having at least one sulfonic acid group, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride resin, polyethylene tetrafluoride resin, polysulfone resin, polyethersulfone resin, polyamide resin, polyamidoimide resin, polyetherimide resin, polycarbonate resin, or cellulose derivative resin. The non-porous membrane is polyimide resin, polysulfone resin, perfluorocarbon resin having a sulfonic acid group, polyethersulfone resin, polyamide resin, polyamidoimide resin, polyetherimide resin, polycarbonate resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polyacetylene resin, and/or cellulose derivative resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer or polyethylene oxide. Preferred Electrolyte: The polymer electrolyte is authentic polymer electrolyte. Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte contains a gel electrolyte having 5-20 mass% of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkoxysilane having ionic conductive group is 3-trimethoxysilyl propane sulfonic acid, 3-trihydroxy silyl propane sulfonic acid, 3-trimethoxysilyl propoxy-2-hydroxy-1-propane sulfonic acid, p-(trimethoxysilyl ethyl) phenyl sulfonic acid, 3-trihydroxy silyl propylmethyl phosphoric acid or 2-trimethoxysilyl propoxy-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethane sulfonic acid. The ionic conductive group of alkoxysilane is sulfonic acid group. The perfluoro polyether has alkoxy silyl group bonded to both terminals of molecular chain through amide bond, urethane bond and/or urea bond. The perfluoro diol has ether structure chosen from carbonyl fluoride (CF2O), CF2CF2O or CF(CF3)CF2O. The resin composition further contains solvent. Preferred Property: The perfluoropolyester has number average molecular weight of 400-10000, preferably 400-2000. Preferred Method: A portion of diisocyanate is reacted with perfluoro diol having ether structure. The alkoxysilane is reacted with isocyanate group. Alternatively, the allyl bromide is reacted with perfluoro diol and both terminals are allyl ether-ized. The alkoxysilane having hydrogen atom bonded with silicon atom is reacted with allyl group. EXAMPLE - The perfluoro polyether having methyl diethoxy silyl group bonded to both terminals of molecular chain through urethane bond and urea bond, and having number average molecular weight of 1730 was obtained from 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, perfluoro polyether glycol and gamma-aminopropyl methyldiethoxysilane. Perfluoro polyether (in g) (1) was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (10). Subsequently, 33% aqueous solution of trimethoxysilyl propane sulfonic acid was mixed with the resulting mixture which was cured to obtain cured film having thickness of 50microns. Then, the cured film was dried at 80degreesC for 1 hour, and the cured film had proton conductivity of 0.06 S/cm and methanol permeability of 1.50 kg/m2.hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Construction: The visible rod (14) is of first plastics material; and the holder (12) is of second plastics showing higher shrinkage on cooling. The holder and rod are connected together by (preferably acid and/or gas-proof) press fitting. The rod has a corrugation (24) and/or projection, which is enclosed by the holder; and a graduated end for displaying different acidity conditions. The lower end of the rod has a projection for receiving additional indicating devices, e.g. a ball cage for indicating the acid density.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The visible rod (14) is of first plastics material; and the holder (12) is of second plastics showing higher shrinkage on cooling. Specifically the first plastics material is styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer and the second is a more flexible material, especially polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The isolating units are made of a plastic composite material e.g. polytetrafluorethylene, polyphenylene sulphide, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimid, polysulfone and/or a foamed polymer, fiber glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced polytetrafluorethylene, fiber glass carbon-fiber-reinforced polyphenylenesulphide, fiber glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced polyimid, fiber glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced polyamide, fiber glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone, fiber glass or carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetherimid, and/or fiber glass or or carbon-fiber-reinforced polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material includes fullerenes and/or fullerene derivatives, conjugated additives, or non-conjugated additives. The solvent comprises tetralin, or mixture of solvents. Preferred Composition: The solution has a ratio of weight of organic material per volume of solution (w/v) of 0.5-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic material is a conjugated polymer, a regio-regular material, or a poly(thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises 40-70 mol % A, 10-20 mol.% S, and 10-50 mol.% B. The A source comprises chlorides, or nitrates. The A source is ruthenium chloride, ruthenium nitrosylnitrate, and/or H2RhCl4. The B source is selenium powder, tellurium powder, H2SeO3, and/or H2TeO3. Preferred Property: The catalyst has an average particle size of 2-12 nm. Preferred Method: Drying is performed at 60-130degreesC, and the heat-treatment is performed at 200-400degreesC for 1-5 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The A source comprises acetylacetate salt, or carbonyl compound including the A. It comprises ruthenium acetyl acetonate. The S source is S powder, and/or CH3CSNH2. The A source and the S source are ruthenium thiol salt. EXAMPLE - About 0.06 g selenium powder was dissolved in 150 mL diamine, and 1 g ruthenium thiol salt was added. The mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hour, and treated with an ultrasound at 70degreesC for 2 hours. The resulting mixture was dried at 80degreesC for 24 hours to be prepared into a powder. The powder was fired at 250degreesC under a nitrogen atmosphere to prepare a ruthenium-sulfur-selenide catalyst. The catalyst included 53 mol.% ruthenium, 17 mol.% sulfur, and 30 mol.% selenium, and had an average particle diameter of 6 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electrochemically active particles comprise silicon and have an average particle size of 0.5-1.5 microns. The metallic conductive diluent particles have an average particle size of 0.5-1.5 microns. Preferred Component: The metallic conductive diluent particles are tungsten silicide particles, titanium silicide particles, molybdenum silicide particles, and/or copper particles. The non-metallic conductive diluent particles comprise high surface area carbon. Preferred Ratio: The electrochemically active particles and metallic conductive diluent particles are present in a molar ratio of 0.5-1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyimide comprises aromatic polyimide. EXAMPLE - Silicon powder (0.3 g) and 1 .4 g molybdenum silicide were placed in a planetary micro mill equipped with a tungsten carbide vessel and 51 g of 5 mm tungsten carbide milling media and milled for 1 hour at speed setting 6 under heptane. To this mixture was added 0.255 g of high surface area carbon. Polyimide precursor solution (0.85 g, 20 wt.% solids in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP)) was added to the solids mixture and an additional 3 g of NMP was added. The mill was operated at speed setting 3 for 1 hour. The resulting dispersion was coated on a nickel foil current collector, dried at 75degreesC for 30 minutes and heat treated at 200degreesC for 1 hour and 250degreesC for 1 hour to give an electrode composition that was 14.1% silicon, 65.9% molybdenum silicide, 12% high surface area carbon, and 8% polyimide. X-Ray analysis indicated that the silicon and molybdenum silicide particles in the electrode composition did not share a phase boundary.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode and cathode include silicon carbide or carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode and cathode include gold, platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium, rhodium or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer structure, anode and cathode include anthracene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer structure, anode and cathode include binder comprising polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon black is irradiated with electron beam having energy of 0.1-1.5 MGy. Preferred Property: The brunauer emmett teller specific surface area of the carbon black before irradiation is 100-1500 m2/g. Preferred Compound: The metal microparticles are fine particles containing platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, iron, chromium, molybdenum and/or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate of ethylene based copolymer conforms to JISK7210 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intermediate and outer-side sheet layers comprise organic peroxide and ethylene based copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is gold, silver or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains another metal (M2) chosen from ruthenium, gold, iridium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iron, cobalt, osmium, nickel, copper and zinc, preferably ruthenium. The molar ratio of platinum and ruthenium is 4:1-1:4. The catalyst contains maximum weight fraction of platinum among metal components. The catalyst contains carbon material as carrier. The load of platinum with respect to carbon carrier is 25 wt.% or more. Preferred Property: The circle conversion average particle diameter of metal particles of catalyst, which extracted 200 pieces at random by observation of transmission electron microscope is 20 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cation exchange resin having proton conductivity is preferably perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid type or styrene-divinyl benzenesulfonic-acid type cation exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating layer consists of fluorine type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: A polypropylene layer is provided at the inner layer side of ethylene-propylene random copolymer layer. The base material layer contains extended polyester or polybutylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The proton conductive functional group is sulfo group. Preferred Method: The high molecular compound of solid state is obtained by irradiating the produced high molecular compound with high energy ray. Preferred Compound: The slightly water-soluble high molecular compound is a compound which does not contain fluorine atom, preferably polyolefin, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, copolymer of tetrafluoro ethylene and propylene, copolymer of chlorotrifluoro ethylene and propylene, copolymer of chlorotrifluoro ethylene carboxylic acid vinyl ester acrylate and acrylic acid, polysulfone, polyether imide, polyester, polyamide and/or polyphenol. The vinyl monomer is a compound having at least one structure of formulae (1,2).R1-R4=H or alkyl;R5=1C or more hydrocarbon bonded to benzene ring directly or to R2-SO3-;andR6=1C or more hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The solvent (A) mutually dissolves with the solvent (B). The dipole moment of the solvent (A) by geometry optimization calculation using semiempirical molecular orbital calculation is 2 or more, preferably 3 or more or 4 or more. The dipole moment of the solvent (B) by geometry optimization calculation using semiempirical molecular orbital calculation is 1 or less. Preferred Solvent: The solvent (B) is aromatic organic solvent. The aromatic organic solvent is toluene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene and/or monochlorobenzene. The solvent (A) is dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl formamide, diethyl formamide, dimethylacetamide, 2-butoxy ethanol, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethyleneglycol and/or dipropylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound is polycarbonate resin and/or an aromatic polyester resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The drying of the small rod with circular cross-section takes place in a cylindrical container with several small rods, where the container is in longitudinal axis during drying. The catalyst bodies and/or rods are heated at 550-700degreesC. The process further comprises adding water or water-soluble binding agent to the initial material, and adding a catalyst substance to the initial mixture. The binding agent is added at a high heating temperature, during which the small rod decomposes. A material is added to the initial mixture, which removes the gas at heating temperature. The heated catalyst bodies and/or -small rods are immersed in a preparation containing aqueous catalyst substance and subsequently the preparation is dried. Preferred Composition: The catalyst substance further contains additives (1-15 wt.%) and noble metals (up to 10 wt.%). Preferred Components: The catalyst substance is a metal, metallic oxide and/or a metal complex compound. The amount of clay and catalyst substance present is 10-60 wt.% and 30-90, preferably 30-80 wt.%. The bonding agents are cellulose derivatives and/or polyvinyl alcohols. EXAMPLE - Clay (40 g), polyphosphate (2 g), Genapol PF 80 (RTM: Olefin sulfonate sodium salt) (2 g), Walocel (RTM: Methylhydroxymethyl cellulose with a molecular weight 400) (1 wt.%) and nickel oxide (55 wt.%) were first mixed dryly. Further water (30 wt.%) was added, kneaded for 3-4 hours and the mixture was extruded under high pressure to obtain small rod with a diameter of 2.1 mm. The obtained small rod was dried at 110degreesC for 6 hours and heated at 650degreesC to obtain catalyst rod containing nickel oxide with a diameter of 2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell comprises crystalline silicon, crystalline material doped with rare-earth element or amorphous silicon. The wavelength-converting phosphor is silicate-based phosphor of formula M2SiO4:Eu2+, M3SiO5:Eu2+, where M is divalent cation. The phosphor has the formula (Ba1-x-ySrxMgy)zSiO2+z:Eu2+, where 0/~x/~1, 0/~y/~1 and z is 1.5-2.5 or 2.5-3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The binder is selected from dopant, nation flemion, thionyl chloride, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethanide (TCNQ), oxygen, water, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, polymeric acid, fluoropolymeric acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, polyphosphoric acid, polyacrylic acid, polymer, acid, superacid, metal oxide and/or salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The detectable metal is selected from iron, yttrium, nickel, cobalt and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spectrum converter is filled with epoxy. The spectrum converter is an oxygen-containing polymers comprising mainly polycarbonate and/or polysiloxanes and/or acrylate polymer, which is filled with fluorescent powder particle using garnet-structure oxides of elements of the II, III, and IV groups in the periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst particles have an average particle diameter of less than or equal to10 nm. The catalyst showed an interplanar spacing at a main peak of a diffraction pattern in X-ray diffraction analysis is 2.16 to 2.25 Angstrom. Preferred Method: The conductive carrier is stirred when the catalyst particles are formed by the sputtering method or the deposition method. The method involves forming the catalyst on a conductive carrier which is kept at less than or equal to400degreesC, by a sputtering method or a deposition method. Preferred Definitions:    z=10-35%; and    u=1-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mirrors are made of thermoformed plastic coated with a reflective film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt may be potassium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, lithium sulfate, and/or ammonium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substituted alkyl is -CH2-CHOH-CH2-NR2R3, -CH2-CHNR2R3-CH2OH, -CH2-CHOH-CH2-OR4, or -CH2-CHOR4-CH2OH. The substituted alkyl is 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl, 3-diethylamino-2-hydroxypropyl, 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxypropyl, 3-methoxy-2-hydroxypropyl, or 3-methylamino-2-hydroxypropyl. The polymer may contain hydroxyalkyl methacrylate (preferably 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and/or 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) and silylated alkyl methacrylate (preferably 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate). The electrochemical half cell may contain a concentrated aqueous solution of salt or salt mixture or a mixture of organic solvent and aqueous salt solution. The organic solvent is glycerine, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, N-propanol, isopropanol, and/or acetone. The salt is sodium formate, lithium acetate, methylammonium chloride, dimethylammonium chloride, and/or trimethylammonium chloride. The salt may be in the form of a suspension.R4=Me or Et.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The material of the supported catalyst is transition metals, carbon, graphite, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide and zirconium oxide. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, which produces water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohols are methanol, ethanol, glycols, glycerol and propylene glycol. The ether is dimethyl ether, methyl-ethyl ether and diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Filler: The inorganic filler is mixture of calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, aluminum silicate, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and/or aluminum hydroxide, or mixture of organic clay and zinc oxide, or mixture of organic clay and magnesium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ethylene-cyclic olefin copolymer has melt flow rate of 1-100 g/10 minutes and glass temperature of 120degreesC or less. Preferred Compound: The cyclic olefin of the ethylene-cyclic olefin copolymer is norbornene or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ion with hydrogen peroxide decomposability is cesium (Ce) ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilization-treatment agent further contains catalyst capable of bonded with the hydrophilic polymer, colloidal silica. Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer is given by formula (III or IV).R1-R6=hydrogen or 1-8C hydrocarbon;X=carboxyl group or its salt, anhydrous carboxylic acid, amino, hydroxyl, epoxy, methylol, mercapto, isocyanate, block isocyanate group, alkoxy silyl group, alkoxy titanate group, alkoxy aluminate group, alkoxy zirconate group, ethylenically unsaturated double bond, ester bond or tetrazole group;A,L1-L3=single bond or coupling group;Y'=-NHCOR7, -CONH2, -CON(R7)2, -COR7, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M or -N(R7)3Z1;R7=1-18C alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=H, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or onium;Z1=halogen ion;andB'=group of formula (V). EXAMPLE - Hydrophilic polymer containing silane coupling group at the terminal with mean molecular weight of 4000 and functional group density of 13.4 meq/g was formed by reacting acryl amide (in g) (25), 3-mercapto propyl trimethoxysilane (3.5), dimethylformamide (51.3) and 2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) (0.25). Tetramethoxy silane (8), prepared hydrophilic polymer (5) containing silane coupling group at the terminal, ethyl alcohol (200), acetyl acetone (10), ortho tetraethyl titanic acid (10) and purified water (100) were mixed and stirred to obtain sol-gel liquid. Further, 20 mass% of aqueous solution of colloidal silica (100), prepared sol-gel liquid (500), 5 mass% aqueous solution (30) of anionic surface active agent of formula (A) and purified water (450) were mixed and coated on the aluminum plate, heated at 100degreesC for 10 minutes and dried to obtain hydrophilic layer. Thus, hydrophilic component having surface free energy of 87 mN/m was obtained. Thus the obtained hydrophilic component had excellent hydrophilicity, and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting component contains epoxy resin (A) having epoxy equivalent of 1000 or less, epoxy resin (B) having epoxy equivalent of 1500 or more, and block-forming polyisocyanate compound (C). The weight ratio of silicone resin and thermosetting component is 80/20-99.5/0.5. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and epoxy resin (B) is 30/70-90/10. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and compound (C) is 30/70-90/10. Preferred Arrangement: A photovoltaic cell (1) has a current-collection electrode (6) and a transparent conductive layer (5) as base layer of current-collection electrode. EXAMPLE - Mixture (in wt.pts) (93) of flake shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 10.3 microns and spherical shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 1.2 microns, Epicoat 802 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 195) (4.66), Epicoat 1007 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 2000) (1.99), straight silicone resin (0.35), boron trifluoride monomethylamine (0.33) and butylcarbitol acetate (4) were blended to obtain electroconductive paste composition. The obtained paste composition was cured and cured material had specific resistance of 11x10-6 Omega.cm and adhesiveness of 97. A photovoltaic cell having favorable cell characteristics and moisture resistance was formed using the paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode material further includes carbonaceous component. The metal compound is shown by a formula: A3xM2y(PO4)3, where A is elements chosen from IA, IIA and IIIA groups of periodic table, M is another metal element chosen from IIA and IIIA groups, and transition elements, x is more than 0 and less than or equal to1.2, and y is more than 0 and less than or equal to1.6. The element (A) is chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, boron and aluminum, and the element (M) is chosen from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, boron, aluminum, germanium, tin and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cathode material further comprises aqueous binder such as styrene butadiene rubber, thickener such as carboxy methyl cellulose, and non-aqueous binder chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fibers are composed of an electrically conducting material or an electrically conducting coating on a non or weakly conducting core from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester resin sheet preferably has optical density variation of less than 15% with respect to central value, and total light transmittance of 0.005-25%. The layer containing titanium dioxide has thickness of 7-100% total thickness of the polyester resin layer. The polyester resin sheet has elongation retention of 40-100% at 85degreesC and 85% relative humidity, after and before 3000-hours of aging. The polyester resin sheet has elongation retention of 40-100% at 140degreesC, after and before 15-hours of aging. The polyester resin sheet laminate (20) has water vapor permeability at 100 microns conversion of 0.5 g/m2.24 hours at 40degreesC and 90% relative humidity, based on JIS-K-7129.. Preferred Layers: The polyester resin sheet further has a gas and water-vapor barrier layer (6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode comprises anode catalyst comprising platinum, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, osmium, rhenium, iridium, silver, gold, cobalt, iron, and/or manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coordinating solvent is ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, N,N,N',N',N"- pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, monoglyme, ethyl glyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyglyme, diglyme, ethyl diglyme, butyl diglyme, 1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane (12-crown-4), 1,4,7,10,13,16- hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6), polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and/or tetraethylene glycol. The fuel comprises hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, formic acid, and/or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge battery is selected from a group comprising of nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-metal hydride battery, sodium-nickel chloride battery, sodium-sulfur battery, and lithium-ion battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The charge battery is selected from a lithium-polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler layer contains silane modification resin that polymerizes an ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Ratio: The amount of organic peroxide is 0.3-3 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of ethylene based copolymer. The 1-hour half life temperature of organic peroxide is 100degreesC or more. Preferred Property: The thickness of each outermost sheet layer is 5-30% of thickness of the whole adhesive sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic foil consists of material selected from a group containing nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), palladium (Pd), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), nichrome, stainless steel and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate consists of resin selected from a group containing acrylic resin, polyester type resin, polyurethane type resin, fluorine resin, ionomer type resin and cyclic-olefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The base material film is simultaneously subjected to irradiation of radiation (which is electron beam or gamma ray) and reacted with sulfur dioxide gas and oxidizing agent. Preferred Agent: The oxidizing agent is oxygen gas, hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution, potassium permanganate aqueous solution and halogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyether compound (A) is a compound of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-OH.p+q=8-22.The hardener (B) is an organic isocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups in a molecule. The reaction catalyst (C) is a urethane reaction catalyst. The layered clay mineral (D) is mica. The clay mineral (D) is an organic compound in organic forming processing agent. Preferred Composition: The sealing agent composition contains polyether compound (A) (in weight parts) (100) and layered clay mineral (D) (2-15). Preferred Property: The polyether compound (A) has mean molecular weight of 1500-4000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The self-diffusion coefficient of non-frozen water is 0.4x10-10 m2/second or more at -20degreesC. Preferred Segment: The ionic conductive polymer segment contains sulfonic acid group-containing structural unit of formula (A). The non-ionic conductive polymer segment contains structural unit of formula (B).Y'=-CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(-CF2)l, and/or -C(CF3)2-, preferably -CO-;Z=direct bond, -(CH2)l-, -O-, -S- or -C(CF3)2-;l=1-10;Ar=aromatic group having substituent chosen from -SO3H, -O(CH2)pSO3H or -O(CF2)pSO3H, preferably -SO3H;p=1-12;m,n=0-10, preferably 0;k=1-4;A=direct bond, -CO-, -SO2-, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(-CF2)l, -C(CF3)2-, -C(R')2-, cyclo hexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, -O- and -S-, preferably direct bond, -C(R')2-, cyclo hexylidene group, fluorenylidene group, and -O-;R'=aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon group;B'=oxygen atom or sulfur atom, preferably oxygen atom;R1-R11=hydrogen atom, fluorine atom, alkyl in which one or whole portion is halogenated, allyl, aryl, nitro and nitrile, preferably hydrogen atom;X=-CO- or -SO2-;t=0-4;r=1 or more;andAr'=aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cover is made of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The oxide particles are silicon-containing oxide particles having particle size of 10 microns or less. The silicon-containing oxide particles are silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound is an ethylene oxide compound having an ethylene oxide chain. The ethylene oxide compound is polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The poly(phospho phenylene oxide) is a random copolymer of formula (1), and is obtained by oxidize-polymerizing phospho phenol of formula (2). The phospho phenol is a compound obtained by reacting diphosphorus pentoxide with catechol of formula (3), preferably 3-methyl catechol.R=H, alkyl, ester, phenyl, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfamide acidic radical or phosphoric acid group;n=integer of 100-100000;anda:(b+c)=3:5-6:2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The steam reforming catalyst is selected from nickel (Ni)/alumina (Al2O3), ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, and copper (Cu)/Al2O3. The water gas shift catalyst is based on iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), Ni, or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dense metallic membrane is composed of a Pd/Ag alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic products of the feed are chosen from methane, ethane, methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The centrifugal force is terminated by a copper foil anode deflector. The battery is prepared in association with a packing or layer, housings, poles, electrolyte filling and forming. The degassed application material components are processed to a mixture under water-free- inert gas atmosphere- at room temperature. The centrifugal force processor operates with a rotation speed of 10-1000 m/s, preferably 10-200 m/s. Preferred Components: The materials used are lithium-intercalatable heavy metal oxides (preferably lithium iron phosphate), inorganic frame works such as silicates, borate, phosphates, magnesium oxide, polymer binder such as fluoro elastomers (preferably terpolymer), lithium-intercalatable carbon such as synthetic- or natural graphite, graphene, polyphenylene, electrolytes such as 0.5-2M solution of lithium-conducting salts such as lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate or their derivatives, and lithium-organoborate in aprotic solvents like alkyl carbonates or glycol ether. The layers separated by centrifugal force exhibits an average thickness of 60-150 mu, preferred 90-120 mu. The cathode layer comprises cathode mass of the lithium-intercalatable metal oxide (above 95 wt.%), which exhibits an average thickness of 20-50 mu, preferably 30-40 mu. The anode layer comprises anode mass of the lithium-intercalatable carbon materials (above 95 wt.%), which exhibits an average thickness of 20-50 mu, preferably 30-40 mu. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The molded body is polyurethane polymer fabricated by reaction injection molding (RIM) method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst can be cobalt tetramethoxyphenylphorphyrin (CoTMPP), iron tetramethoxyphenylphorphyrin (FeTMPP), pyrolyzed CoTMPP, pyrolyzed FeTMPP, or platinum or nickel porphyrine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The current collector comprises nickel, stainless steel, titanium, silver or silver coated copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic and air permeable paste contains carbon particles and polytetrafluoroethylene. The catalyst layer contains carbon particles which are optionally catalyzed, polytetrafluoroethylene and perfluorosulfonic acid. Preferred Compositions: The catalyst layer contains (wt.%) catalyst (3-60), carbon (50-95), Nafion(RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer) (1-10), and polyethylene terephthalate (20-65).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical metal hydride reactant comprises sodium borohydride. The catalyst comprises ruthenium salt. The catalyst is mixed or blended with the chemical metal hydride to form a solid reactant. The produced gas is transported from the pressure chamber to a fuel cell or transported from the gas generator at a location away from the pressure chamber to a fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Gas Generator: The gas generator further comprises a hydrogen sorbent alloy/metal to absorb excess hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gel reactant comprises water and water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer. The water molecules are bonded to the water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer by hydrogen bonds. The water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer comprises sodium polyacrylate; or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The organic phase is already finely divided by a single dry milling of the organic and inorganic components in the planetary ball mill with the same condition as above. The process is adequate to the situation in which the inorganic phase has a particle size relatively large, superior to the desired one in the final suspension. The substitution of water is by solution of inorganic ions. The process utilizes inorganic ion nitrates, e.g. zirconium, yttrium, gadolinium, nickel, or copper. The process obtains core-shell type nano-composite of hydrophilic polymers-inorganic oxides. The process obtains an adequate suspension for the formation of porous heterogeneous structures of inorganic skeleton coated with oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic components used are yttria stabilized zirconia, gadolinium doped ceria, nickel oxide, or copper oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic components used are polyethyleneglycol, polyvinyl alcohol, or saccharose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises epoxy glass fiber substrate, or polymer plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication module comprises communication device selected from a group consisting of IEEE 1394, RS-232, and RU-486 devices.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The printed circuit substrate is selected from a group consisting of epoxy glass fiber substrate, and polymer plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrical insulator comprises an inorganic oxide. The photoactive material comprises a semiconductor material (e.g., nanoparticles)., or an electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode and anode comprise a metal such as titanium, stainless steel, palladium, platinum, copper, aluminum, indium, gold, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoactive material further comprises a dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The catalyst comprises platinum, polythiophene, polypyrrole, or polyaniline. The electrical insulator comprises PTFE, or polyethylene
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inner core is spherical silica particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The current collection film is formed by copper plating, gold plating, silver plating or solder plating process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrates are made of resin selected from epoxy resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene. An insulation elastic structure made of silicone rubber, fluororubber, butyl rubber, polyurethane rubber, polypropylene, nylon or polyethylene, is positioned around the electrode and electrolyte integration structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sliding surface of machine element is made of metal like steel that confirms to JIS-SUS316L and aluminum alloy confirms to A6061-T6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base oil distributed with fluorine-type polymeric resin polymer is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (ETFE), polychlorotrilfluoroethylene resin copolymer (PCTFE), chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethlylene copolymer (ECTFE), polyvinyllidenedfluoride (PVDF), poly vinyl fluoride etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin molding material further contains filler and hardener. The total content of component and filler is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material. The content of filler is 15 volume% or less with respect to resin molding material. The content of inorganic base material containing component is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material.Preferred Filler: The filler is a fiber base material.Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the component is 20 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin and/or phenol resin. The thermosetting resin is tris (hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin. The hardener is novolak-type phenol resin and resol type phenol resin. EXAMPLE - EPPN-502H (RTM: tris(hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin having number average molecular weight of 680 and epoxy equivalent of 160) (in volume %) (29), resol type phenol resin (20), PT-301 (RTM: titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 0.3 microns) (48), PP-360 (RTM: triphenylphosphine) (1), additive (1) and pigment (1) were mixed with a heating roll, cooling and ground to obtain resin molding material. The obtained resin molding material had charpy impact strength of 24 kJ/m2 based on JIS K 6911, bending strength of 125 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 15.5 GPa, thermal-time bending strength of 120 MPa and thermal bending elastic modulus of 13 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The shape memory composite material has a layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics and layer containing polyurethane-type resin. The layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics is provided on the outer side of both surfaces of the shape memory composite material.Preferred Resin: The polyurethane-type resin is a shape memory polymer or shape memory foam.Preferred Component: The shape memory fiber reinforced plastics is a prepreg. A shape-memory-resin component is shape memory fiber reinforced plastics, shape memory polymer or shape memory foam.Preferred Process: The shape-memory-resin component is coated to the plastering portion of each layer on lamination. The layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics and layer containing shape memory foam are formed, shaped and laminated to form a multilayered structure shape memory composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The phosphonic acid group is cross-linked by polyvalent metal ion chosen from calcium ion and platinum ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The device is made from a material e.g. poly vinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reflector film comprises PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An anthracene-containing compound of formula (1a) is reacted with bromine compound of formula: R4Br, to obtain a bianthracene derivative (1). Preferred Layer: An organic electronic device formed using the bianthracene derivative has primary electrode, secondary electrode, anode, cathode, hole implant layer, hole-transport layer, light-emitting layer, electron injecting and transmission layer, and substrate. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=group of formulae (a-o);    Z1,Z3=same as R5;and    R5 or R6=H.    EXAMPLE - 2-bromo-9,10-dinaphthyl anthracene (in g) (5), bis(pinacolato)diboron (2.75) and potassium acetate (2.89) were dissolved in dioxane (50 ml). Then, palladium (diphenylphosphinoferrocene) chloride (0.24) was added to the colloidal suspension and agitated at 80 degrees C for 6 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled, diluted in water (50), extracted using dichloromethane (150 ml), concentrated and dried using magnesium sulfate. The resulting cured product was washed using ethanol and vacuum-dried, to obtain 9,10-dinapthylanthracenyl-2-borate (5.46). 2-Anthracen-9-yl-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine (10), and dimethylformaldehyde (50 ml) were agitated for half an hour. Subsequently, N-bromosuccinimide (4.34) was added to the resulting mixture, agitated for 3 hours and filtered, to obtain 2-(10-bromo-anthracen-9-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine (11). The obtained 9,10-dinapthylanthracenyl-2-borate (305), and 2-(10-bromo-anthracen-9-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine (3.2) were added to tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). Then, 2M potassium carbonate aqueous solution and tetrakistriphenylphosphinopalladium (155 mg) were added, and heat-stirred for 5 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated and dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate, to obtain 2-(9,10-di-naphthalen-2-yl-(2,9')bianthracenyl-10'-yl)-4,6-diphenyl-(1,3,5)triazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metallic silicon is manufactured by using silicon oxide and carbon material as raw material, reducing silicon oxide, adjusting impurity concentration of iron, and discharging metallic silicon tap water from the submerge arc furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process of reacting aromatizing catalyst with hydrogen gas is carried out in same temperature region as in aromatizing reaction of lower hydrocarbon. After adding inert gas or reducing gas into atmosphere containing hydrogen gas, the temperature of aromatizing catalyst is 400-550 degrees C. Oxygen gas is diluted by inert gas so that the concentration of oxygen in oxidizing gas is 2%. Aromatizing catalyst reacts with oxidizing gas at 450-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is formed of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first electrode is formed of tin oxide or zinc oxide. The second electrode is formed of an opaque metallic material. The reflective layer is formed of zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electroluminescent element (1) has anode (10) and positive hole-injection layer (20). The positive hole-injection layer contains organic-electroluminescent element-material, and further contains phenylenediamine compound of formula (III). The anode contains aluminum or aluminum alloy and metal oxide or nitride.R11-R16=H halogen atom, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic ring, optionally forms naphthalene structure, carbazole skeleton or fluorene structure by coupling with phenyl group;andn=1 or 2.Preferred Property: The reduction potential of acetonitrile fluid in organic-electroluminescent element-material is -1 V or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The single piece of transparent solid comprises a laminated glass, or a tempered glass. The single piece of transparent solid comprises a plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single piece of transparent solid comprises iron element, and cerium oxide. The rolling the ribbon glass with a shaped molding roller further involves quenching each of the concentrating elements using water or cryogenic gas. The photovoltaic strips are made of at least material selected from single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), thin film materials, and nanostructured materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diol consist of positional and geometric isomer(s) of cyclohexanedimethanol, 1, 6-hexanediol; and/or D-glucitol,1,4:3,6-dianhydro-, D-glucitol,1,4:3,6-dianhydro-2,5-bis-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)- and/or cyclohexanol,4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis-. The diisocyanate consists of a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane from cyclohexanedimethanol; 1,6-hexanediol; and/or D-glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol, 1,4:3,6-dianhydro-2,5 -bis-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-, cyclohexanol, and/or 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis-; or mixture of 1,3-cis, 1,3-trans, 1,4-cis or 1,4-trans cyclohexanedimethanol. Preferred Composition: The diisocyanate comprises (wt.%) 1,3-cis (20-50, preferably 36); 1,3-trans (5-35, preferably 18); 1,4-cis (5-30, preferably 13); and 1,4-trans (15-50, preferably 33). The diol further comprises poly(tetramethylene ether)glycol. EXAMPLE - A mixture (wt.%) of 1,3-cis bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane (36), 1,3-trans bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane (18), 1,4-cis bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane (13), and 33% 1,4-trans bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane (33) was reacted to obtain aliphatic diisocyanate mixture. The mixture (61.56 wt.%) was added with 1,6-hexanediol (37.27 wt.%), Formrez UL-22(RTM: organotin catalyst) (0.06 wt.%), ADVAWAX 280(RTM: N,N'-ethylene bis-stearamide) (0.5), Irganox 1010(RTM: stabilizer) (0.25), and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite (0.3). The obtain mixture was extruded at 90-230 degrees C, de-humidified and dried for 16 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The detachable plate is formed of ceramic, or quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The detachable plate is formed of silicon or polycrystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The detachable plate is formed of polyetheretherketone, or Vespel(RTM: Durable high-performance polyimide-based polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bis(terpyridine) compound and transition metal ion complex are subjected to complex-forming reaction in solution. The solution is acetic acid. The organic-inorganic hybrid polymer is dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The phenylene group polymer has number average molecular weight of 3000-500000. Preferred Method: The carbon nanotube composite is dispersed in solvent to form dispersion liquid of carbon nanotube composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alicyclic epoxy compound is obtained by epoxidizing the alicyclic diene compound which contains bicyclohexyldiene compound of formula (3) as a main component which is obtained by performing dehydration reaction of dihydroxybicyclohexyl compound of formula (2) in presence of dehydration catalyst in an organic solvent and distilling-off the by-produced water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin composition further contains cationic-polymerizable compound, preferably compound having an epoxy group, compound having oxetanyl group and/or compound having vinyl ether group. The hardener contains a cationic curing catalyst. The content of the glass filler is 1-90 wt.% with respect to the sheet. Preferred Properties: The difference in refractive index after curing of the epoxy resin composition and refractive index of the glass filler is 0.01 or less. The glass filler is glass tissue. The light transmittance of 400 nm wavelength, and average linear expansion coefficient at 30-250 degrees C of the transparent composite sheet is 80% or more, and 40 ppm or less, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The resin having anionic ionizable group is polyurethane or polyester. The resin is an aqueous resin. Preferred Layer: The electroconductive substrate further has an intermediate layer containing polyester resin and a crosslinking agent. The metal microparticle layer is formed by distributing metal microparticles into water and organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal foil contains copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, magnesium, titanium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary adhesive layer secondary adhesive layer contains thermosetting resin and latent hardener, and electrically-conductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: The photoelectrochemical cell is semiconductor nanoparticulate, preferably silicon or titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The feedstock is water. The flexible housing is a polymeric bag having a resealable closure. The system comprises several flexible housings. The system further comprises a leveling chamber (30) intermediate between a bottom surface of the housing and a surface on which the housing rests, a check valve intermediate between the conduit and vessel, a compressor (38) which functions to increase the pressure of hydrogen entering a hydrogen storage (52), an electric generator (54) of a fuel cell, turbine, or piston-driven device powered by hydrogen from the collection vessel or hydrogen storage, and a plug to selectively transfer electricity to portable electronics or vehicle. The generator is coupled to portable electronics or a vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first semiconductor material is silicon (Si), silicon germanium (SiGe), Si and SiGe, gallium phosphide (GaP), indium phosphide (InP), gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) or a III-P compound, III-As, or a III-As compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    X1 and X2=straight chain residue having an carboxyl or cyano group;    Ar1 and Ar2=phenyl (substituted at 4-position by X1 and X2 respectively) or thiophen-2-yl-phenyl(substituted at 5-position of thiophene ring by X1 and X2 respectively);and    Ar11-Ar14=phenyl (substituted at 4-position by X11-X14 respectively) or thiophene-2-yl-phenyl(substituted at 5-position of thiophene ring by X11-X14 respectively).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 compounds are disclosed as (I) and (II) e.g. (E)-3-(5-(4-((4-(5-((E)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-(4-dodecyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl) -thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid (Ia); (E)-3-(5-(4-((4-(5-((E)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-(4-pentyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid;(E)-3-(5-(4-((4-(5-((E)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl )-(4-triacontyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid; (E)-3-(5-(4-((4-(5-((E)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-3-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-(4-dodecyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid; (E)-3-(5-(2-(hexyl)-4-((3-(hexyl)-4-(5-((E)-2-carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-3-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-phenyl)-(4-dodecyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-4-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate, supporting layer or light transmissive superstrate comprises a soda lime float glass. Preferred Properties: The substrate, supporting layer or light transmissive superstrate has softening point of approximately 750 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive and light transmissive layer comprises zinc oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide indium tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide and/or titanium dioxide. The reflective electrode comprises silver, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, tantalum, aluminum, and/or tungsten. The substrate or superstrate comprises sodium oxide ( approximately 10 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second sublayer comprises hydrogenated polycrystalline semiconductor material having final hydrogen content of less than 2 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hardener includes cationic curing catalyst. The epoxy resin composition contains component which can carry out cationic polymerization chosen from epoxy group, oxetanyl group and vinyl ether group. Preferred Compositions: The content of glass filler (preferably glass tissue) in transparent composite sheet is 1-90 wt.%. Preferred Parameter: The transparent composite sheet has greater than or equal to 80% light transmittance in 400 nm and mean coefficient linear expansion of less than or equal to 20 ppm in 30-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The spiro type quaternary ammonium cation is of formulae (1-3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The moisture resistance test of the solar cell module is prescribed according to JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor wafer is a p-type silicone, and the dopant is phosphorus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound layer is hydrophobic and the solution is aqueous solution. The high molecular compound layer includes silicone resin, silicone oil or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The acid modified olefin-type thermoplastic resin contains propylene-type resin. The silane coupling agent is one or more compound chosen from group having epoxy. The resin particles include crosslinked acrylic-type polymer and/or crosslinked styrene-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The olefin-type thermoplastic resin includes propylene-type resin. The silane coupling agent is one or more compound chosen from group having epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coating composition further contains catalyst (C) such as non-volatile catalyst, and colloidal silica. The substrate is glass, plastic, metal or tile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is made of ceramic, sapphire, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide and beryllium oxide. A connecting layer comprising silver paste is formed under the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The treatment liquid exhibits a temperature of 60-95 degrees C, preferably 90 degrees C during the performance of the process. The duration of the treatment with the treatment liquid is 3-15 minutes, preferably 5-10 minutes. The silicon wafer is moistened, preferably sprayed or dipped, at least on a side completely with the treatment liquid. An intensive exchange of treatment liquid is made on the surface of the silicon wafer, preferably by targeted and/or forced inflow, preferably turbulent inflow. The silicon wafer is treated horizontally aligned, preferably in a continuous-flow process. Preferred Components: The hydroxy carbonyl compound is hydroxy aldehyde or hydroxy ketone. The hydroxy carbonyl compound exhibits two or more hydroxy groups. The hydroxy aromatic compound is aromatic with 1-4 benzene cores, preferably phenol. The hydroxy aromatic compound exhibits two or more hydroxy-groups and one or more hydroxy different substituents. The alicyclic hydroxy-compound is polyhydroxy-compound. The aliphatic polyhydroxy compound is compounds with 2-6 hydroxy groups, preferably reduced polyhydroxy carbonyl, preferably reduced mono-, oligo- or polysaccharide, preferably sorbitol. The portion of the additive in the treatment liquid is 1-15%, preferably 5-10%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide is indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc oxide or cadmium stannate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ceramic grain reinforced composite brazing filler metal comprises ceramic grains (1-5, preferably 2); and metal powder A (95-99, preferably 8). The metal powder comprises (wt.%) silver (90-96, preferably 92-94), and copper (4-10, preferably 6-8). Preferred Components: The ceramic grain having a diameter of 1 nm to 50 mu m (preferably 0.1-5 mu m) is zirconium oxide with yttrium, zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of H2PtCl6 in the preparation method is 1-20 mg H2PtCl6 per 1 ml solution; and the concentration of formaldehyde solution is 37 wt.%. The Pt content loaded on cordierite is 0.2-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxide solution added into the mixture of H2PtCl6 and formaldehyde solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Composition: The concentration of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide is 5-50 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Concentration of the citrate acid is 5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A alkyl group-containing compound of formula: X1-C(A1)=C(A2)-X2 (a) and aromatic ring-containing of formula: Y'1-Ar200-Y'2 (b) are reacted in presence of palladium catalyst in base to obtain polymer.A1,A2=H, 1-12C alkyl or phenyl;X1,X2=boric acid or boride;Ar200=benzene ring-containing compound of formula (A or B);Rf4,Rg4,Rf5,Rg5=Rf1;andY'1,Y'2=halogen, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate or arlyalkyl sulfonate.Preferred Compound: The polymer further has a benzene ring-containing compound of formula (3).Rf3,Rg3=Rf1;andRd3,Re3=Rd1.Preferred Property: The polymer is a liquid crystalline polymer. Preferred Definitions:    Rd1,Re1,Rd2,Re2=H, 1-12C alkyl, or phenyl group, preferably phenyl group;and    Rd3,Re3=1-12C alkyl, preferably phenyl group.    EXAMPLE - Bromine-containing compound of formula (I) (in g) (0.61), boron-containing compound of formula (II) (0.04), Aliquat 336 (RTM: methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride) (0.17), dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (1.9 mg) and toluene (15 ml) were added and reacted at argon atmosphere to obtain reaction solution. Then, aqueous solution sodium carbonate (5 mL) was added, refluxed and extracted using toluene. The extracted solution is washed using ion exchange water, precipitated, and purified to obtain polymer (0.26).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A alkyl group-containing compound of formula: X1-C(A1)=C(A2)-X2 (a) and aromatic ring-containing of formula: Y'1-Ar200-Y'2 (b) are reacted in presence of palladium catalyst in base to obtain polymer.A1,A2=H, 1-12C alkyl or phenyl;X1,X2=boric acid or boride;Ar200=benzene ring-containing compound of formula (A or B);Rf4,Rg4,Rf5,Rg5=Rf1;andY'1,Y'2=halogen, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate or arlyalkyl sulfonate.Preferred Compound: The polymer further has a benzene ring-containing compound of formula (3).Rf3,Rg3=Rf1;andRd3,Re3=Rd1. Preferred Definitions:    Rd1,Re1,Rd2,Re2=H, 1-12C alkyl, or phenyl group, preferably phenyl group;and    Rd3,Re3=1-12C alkyl, preferably phenyl group.    EXAMPLE - Bromine-containing compound of formula (I) (in g) (0.602), boron-containing compound of formula (II) (0.359), Aliquat 336 (RTM: methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride) (0.13), dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (1.8 mg) and toluene (15 ml) were added and reacted at argon atmosphere to obtain reaction solution. Then, aqueous solution sodium carbonate (5 mL) was added, refluxed and extracted using toluene. The extracted solution is washed using ion exchange water, precipitated, and purified to obtain polymer (0.26).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic particle in the fuel cell is made from a combination of aluminum, silicon, zirconium, titanium and tungsten. The platinum-cobalt alloy has a transition metal, which is selected from a combination of vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, tungsten and titanium. The cobalt alloy is made from a mixture of halide containing nitrate, hydrochloride and sulfate. The fuel cell catalyst is made of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate, sodium hexahydroxyplatinate, platinum-di-chloride, diammineplatinum two nitrite, potassium platinum four hexachloride, potassium tetracyanoplatinate two, potassium tetranitroplatinate two, disodium hexachloroplatinate, sodium hexahydroxoplatinate four, platinum acetylacetonate, ammonium tetrachloro platinate and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cobalt alloy is made from a mixture of halide containing acetate and amines.
Preferred Definitions:    A=olefin group of formula (2), pyran group of formula (3), or cyclic olefin group of formula (4);    X=electron withdrawing group;    Y'=acidic group;    R1,R2=H or lower alkyl;    Z=acidic group which form 5 or 6-membered ring;and    D1-D3=tertiary amine-containing group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The siloxane compound has an amino group in its both terminals, and is of formula: H2N-R1-Si(-CH3)2-O-(Si(-CH3)2-O)n-Si(CH3)2-R1-NH2 (1) or of formula (2).R1=1-10C alkylene;andm,n=0-10.Preferred Composition: The adhesive layer further contains a coupling agent and epoxy hardener.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The organic film is a fluororesin film containing trifluoro-chloroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The fluorine-type solvent is 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-hepta fluoro cyclopentane and/or 1H,2H-octa fluoro cyclopentane. Preferred Compounds: Fluoro olefin is of formula: CF2=CXY'. The fluorinated alkyl group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer is fluorinated compounds (CH2=CHCOOCH2CH2(CF2)8F, CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2(CF2)8F, CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2(CF2)4F and CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH2(CF2)6F).X,Y'=fluorine, H, chlorine or trifluoromethyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The fluorine-containing copolymer contains 5-30 mol% of fluoro olefin and 10-80 mol% of fluorinated alkyl group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer. The copolymer further contains 1-25 mol% of monomer (M2) chosen from dicyclopentanyl group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer and/or dicyclopentenyl group-containing (meth)acrylate monomer. The copolymer solution is colorless and transparent. The fluorine-containing copolymer further contains hydroxyl-containing unsaturated monomer, alkylvinylether, alkyl allylether, fluorinated vinyl ether, methacrylic ester, acrylic ester and/or unsaturated carboxylic acid. Preferred Property: The fluorine-containing copolymer has weight average molecular weight of 5000-3000000 measured by gel permeation chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The styrene resin is styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene maleic anhydride copolymer, or styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is a long-chain alkyl-group containing halogenated quaternary ammonium salt. The organometallic compound is citrate or acetate containing metallic element such as bismuth, lanthanum, lead or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer is polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The back surface protection sheet has light transmittance of 45% or more at wavelength of 550 nm, and light transmittance of 10% or less at wavelength of 385 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte comprises electroconductive compound(s) (E1) chosen from copper iodide (CuI), copper sulfo cyanide (CuSCN) and copper bromide (CuBr), and polymer (E2) preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivative(s). The counter electrode comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon type ion-conductive compound is sulfoalkylated polyether sulfone type compound having phenyl structural unit of formula (1).Ar=bivalent coupling group of formula (2-6);n=1-6, preferably 1;x=0-1;andp,q,r,r1-r4,s1-s4=0-4.Preferred Compound: The perfluoro sulfonimide type-compound is of formula: F3C-(CF2)a-S(=O)(=O)-NH-S(=O)(=O)-(CF2)b-CF3 (7) and/or (8).a-c=same as n. Preferred Definitions:    a,b=3;and    c=2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer has methacrylic acid content of 9-20 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The styrene resin is styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The base substrate are metal substrate chosen from titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, iron and/or their alloys. The intermediate layer having platinum group metal layer and/or its oxide layer contains iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and/or its oxide. Preferred Process: The platinum group metal layer is formed by coating liquid containing alcohol solution of platinum-containing organic metal compound, drying and baking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The ( pi )-conjugated-type electroconductive polymeric layer contains polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene or their derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-precious metal is copper, iron, nickel, tungsten, silver, chromium, cobalt, zinc, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum and/or a non-precious alloy. The precious metal is platinum, ruthenium, palladium and/or a precious alloy. The first dense ionconductive doped oxide film layers are yttria-stabilized zirconia, gadolinia doped ceria, yttria doped ceria, scandia doped zirconica, samaria doped ceria, or proton conductors, which are yttrium doped barium zirconate, yttrium doped barium cerate or yttrium doped barium zirconium cerium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal additive is not ruthenium. The metal additive is rhenium, vanadium, rhodium, platinum, iridium, palladium, iron, lanthanum, cobalt, manganese, osmium, strontium, cerium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, samarium, niobium, copper, tungsten, tin, gold and/or silver. The weight ratio of nickel to metal additive is greater than 5:1 (preferably greater than 10:1, especially greater than 25:1, particularly greater than 50:1, more particularly greater than 100:1. The nickel aluminate material has a nickel to aluminum molar ratio of greater than 0.96:1 (preferably greater than 1:1, especially greater than 1.2:1, particularly greater than 1.4:1, more particularly greater than 2:1. The reactant gas is a hydrocarbon, methane or propane. Preferred Process: In the process (P1), at least 80% (preferably at least 90%, especially at least 90%, particularly at least 95%, more particularly at least 97%) of the reactant gas undergoes the chemical reaction. The contacting step is carried out at less than 480 (preferably less than 460, especially less than 440, particularly less than 420, more particularly at least 400) degrees C. EXAMPLE - Nickel aluminates were calcined at 700 degrees C in air, and reduced in hydrogen in helium for 12 hours for complete reduction. The catalysts were then tested for propane steam reforming at water/carbon molar ratio of 2:1. It was observed that nickel aluminate with nickel to aluminum ratio of 1:10 exhibited high catalytic activity, lowest light-off temperature and full propane conversion at 430 degrees C. Pure nickel oxide was also examined for the steam reforming of propane. The nickel oxide was mixed with alumina to obtain a mixture (S1). The mixture (S1) showed very low activity. Also, pure nickel oxide possessed higher reducibility, and its low nickel surface area and lower coke resistance conducted to low catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first passivation layer is composed of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and/or silicon carbide. The first conductive anti-reflective coating is made of indium oxide (InOx), tin oxide (SnOx), indium tin oxide (InSnOx), titanium oxide (TiOx) and/or zinc oxide (ZnOx).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred method: The method (M1) additionally involves removing solvent to form solid layer; removing solvent to form an active layer; and thermally annealing the layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of second solvent to first solvent is less than 1:3, preferably less than 1:2. The composition additionally comprises an electron accepting moiety (preferably fullerene or its derivative, especially at least one fullerene (mono to tetra-substituted with at least one indene and/or methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester), particularly methanofullerene (6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester, 60C-indene mono adduct and/or 60C-indene bis-adduct), and n-acceptor moiety (preferably n-acceptor moiety). Preferred Components: The second solvent is an alkylthiophene (preferably 3-methylthiophene). The second solvent is not halogenated solvent. The first solvent comprises an aromatic compound, preferably halogenated aromatic compound, especially chlorobenzene, ortho-dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, chloroform, ortho-xylene, or toluene (preferably halogenated aromatic compound).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer comprises at least one backbone repeat unit comprising heterocyclic ring (preferably thiophene ring). Each thiophene ring comprises an alkyl substituent. The conjugated polymer comprises regioregular polythiophene derivative homopolymer or its copolymer (preferably regioregular polythiophene derivative (preferably regioregular poly(3-alkyl thiophene), regioregular poly(3-aryl thiophene), in which the aryl group at the 3-position is substituted with an alkyl group, or regioregular poly(3-alkoxy thiophene)). The conjugated polymer comprises polythiophene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium sulfide, tin oxides, zinc oxide, zinc peroxide or doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fibers or threads of the layers (11, 13) are made from ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and the films are made from polyethylene or ethylene or the fibers or threads of the layers (11, 13) are made from ultra high molecular weight polypropylene and the films are made from polypropylene or propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass (preferably quartz glass) and/or polymer foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first layer comprises aluminum, platinum, gold, nickel, nickel-chromium alloys and/or conducting polymers (preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate)) and/or organic conductors (tetracyanoquinodimethane-tetrathiafulvalene), as material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer foil is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalene, polycarbonate, and/or polymethyl methacrylate as material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optically transparent electrode layer is a conductive oxide selected form tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and/or cadmium stannate. The p-doped layer is doped with a dopant selected from boron, aluminum, and/or gallium (preferably a carbon-comprising boron compound dopant; especially boron trifluoride, pentaborane, and/or decaborane).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-doped layer is doped with a carbon-containing and boron-containing dopant (preferably trimethylboron, triethylboron, and/or tris(pentafluorophenyl) boron).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent electrode layer is a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The outer structure is formed by sheet metal stamping, or plastic molding. Preferred Shape: The supporting walls of outer structure are hexagonal shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic acid is benzoic acid. The solvent is water, ethanol, benzene and/or acetone. The Ch precursor is made of sulfur powder, selenium powder, thioacetamide, sulfurous acid and/or selenious acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No suitable preparation given. Preferred Component: The counter-cation of the anion is onium ion. The onium ion is chosen from organic ammonium cation and organic imidazolium cation. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (37.1) and water (200 ml) were mixed, aqueous solution (200 ml) of tricyanovinyl alkoxide tetraethylammonium salt (35) was dripped into the reaction liquid for 1 hour and filtered, to obtain yellow precipitate of tricyano carbonitrile methide silver salt (28.8). The obtained salt (28.8) was dissolved in water (50 ml) and aqueous solution (200 ml) of triethylammonium bromate (17.8) at room temperature for 1 hour and crystallized, to obtain triethyl ammonium dicyano carbonyl methide having yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin composition contains alicyclic epoxy compound and hardener including cationic curing catalyst. The epoxy resin composition contains compound which carries out cationic polymerization reaction. Preferred process: The epoxy resin composition containing the compound is hardened, to form transparent composite sheet containing glass filler (1-90 weight%). Preferred Compound: The compound carrying out cationic polymerization is chosen from compound having epoxy group, compound having oxetanyl group and compound having vinyl ether group. The glass filler is glass tissue. Preferred Property: The transparent composite sheet has light transmittance of 80% or more at wavelength of 400 nm, and mean coefficient linear expansion is 20 ppm or less at 30-250 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Alcohol having hydrogenated fluorene type bisphenol structure (in g) (46.83), triphenyl phosphate (85.33), quinoline (35.52) and n-methyl pyrrolidone were reacted at 200 degrees C for 7 hours in nitrogen atmosphere. Ethyl acetate (300 ml), water (300 ml) and sulfuric acid (200 ml) were added, to collect organic layers. The organic layer was washed in aqueous sodium carbonate solution, dried using potassium carbonate and removing ethyl acetate. Then, purified using silica gel chromatography and hexane was removed using evaporator, to obtain cyclic olefin compound spin-dehydrated from alcohol having hydrogenated fluorene type bisphenol structure. The yield of the compound was 76%. Then, the cyclic olefin compound was epoxidized using toluene and ethyl acetate, to obtain epoxy compound in yield of 66%. Then, the compound was coated on the glass cloth using the resin composition containing aromatic sulfonium compound and cation catalyst and dried, to obtain transparent composite sheet. The obtained transparent composite sheet has heat resistance, mean coefficient of linear expansion, light transmittance and optical anisotropy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The electroconductive fine particles are chosen from tin-indium oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide and stannic oxide. Preferred Property: The barrier-thin film exhibits barrier property with respect to iodine or iodine compound. Preferred Process: An electroconductive film formed using barrier-thin film contains electroconductive substance such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium, platinum, palladium, tin, iridium, indium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, chromium or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The substrate particles are chosen from fibrous titanium oxide and/or tubular titanium oxide. Preferred Film: The opto-electric cell further has a titanium oxide thin film obtained using peroxotitanic acid between the electrode layer (I) and the porous metal oxide semiconductor film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: the organic component (a) is chosen from diaryl monoglycidyl isocyanurate, diarylmonobenzyl isocyanurate, 1,3-bis(allyloxy)adamantane, 1,3-bis(vinyloxy)adamantane, 1,4-cyclo hexane dimethanol divinyl ether, a dicyclopentadiene, divinylbenzene vinylcyclohexene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,9-decadiene, diaryl ether, triallyl isocyanurate, triaryl cyanurate, 1,2,4-trivinyl cyclohexane, trimethylolpropane triaryl ether, 1,3,5-tris (allyloxy) adamantane, 1,3,5-tris (vinyloxy) adamantane and pentaerythritol tetra allyl ether. The organic component (b) is a polyorganosiloxane compound of formula (1). The organic component (c) is selected from 1,2-epoxy-4-vinyl cyclohexane, 3-ethyl-3-aryloxymethyl oxetane and/or 1-allyloxy-2,3-epoxy propane. The acid anhydride is methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride. The hardening accelerator is selected from boron-type iodonium salt and/or antimony-type sulfonium salt.R1=1-6C organic group;andn=3-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The curable resin composition is hardened, to obtain cured material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reactive ion etching processing uses argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen or their mixtures. Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide layer consists of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric transducer further contains compound having structure of formula: -(J)n- (2).J=bonding group of formula: -N(Ar2)-Ar3- (2a);n=3 or more;Ar3=bivalent (un)substituted aromatic group, bivalent heterocyclic group, benzene ring-containing group (3), or group of formula: -Ar31-N(-Ar32)-Ar33- (4);Ar31,Ar33=bivalent (un)substituted aromatic group or bivalent heterocyclic group;andAr2,Ar32=monovalent (un)substituted aromatic group.Preferred Unit: The compound (1 or 2) has a carbon-containing substituent of formula (a) or of formula: -C(-Rb)=C(-X)(-Y') (b).Z=acidic group(s), or aromatic group capable to form 5 or 6 membered ring with C;X=electron withdrawing group;Y'=acidic group;andRa,Rb=H or arbitrary monovalent organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene (preferably metal endohedral fullerene) and its derivative which includes metal atom in carbon gauge has greater than or equal to 60 carbons (preferably 60-70). The fullerene derivative is hydrogenation body, bromine adduct, alkyl chain adduct, hydroxyl group adduct, amino group adduct, cyano group adduct, phenyl group adduct or (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen ionic conductor is fast oxygen ionic conductor LnxCe1-xO2-delta with high stability; the mixed ionic-electronic conductor is Ln1-yM1yM2O3-delta, perovskite; the oxygen catalytic reducing active matter is M3O3-z.Ln=one or the combination of several kinds of lanthanide;M1=one or the combination of several kinds of the elements such as Ba, Sr, Ca;M2=one or the combination of several kinds of the elements such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ga;M3=one or the combination of several kinds of the elements such as Mn, Fe, Co, Mo, Bi, Cu;x= greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 0.5;y= greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1; andz= greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 2.Moreover, the chemical composition of the composite cathode material according to parts by weight is as follows: 15-50% of LnxCe1-xO2-delta, 30-60% of Ln1-ySryCoO3-delta, and 15-50% of M3O3-z.x= greater than or equal to 0.1 and less than or equal to 0.3;y= greater than or equal to 0.2 and less than or equal to 0.7;z= greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 2;Ln in LnxCe1-xO2-delta=chosen from one or several kinds of the elements of Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb and Y;Ln in Ln1-yM1yM2O3-delta=chosen from one or several kinds of the elements of La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb and Y; andLn=Sm, Gd or La.Preferred Conditions: The cathode material of medium and lower temperature solid oxide fuel cell for YSZ-base electrolyte, cerium dioxide (CeO2)-base electrolyte, and LSGM-base electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The temperature keeping time of step for casting at 1600-1650 degrees C is 2.5-3.5 hours. The thickness of the film is 300-500 microns. Preferred Components: The raw material of the silicon metal is 3N-level silicon metal, the purity is 99.9%. Also, the silicon metal block in market can be used as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total solute concentration within the mixed solution in (a) is 1.5-3 mol/L, preferably 2 mol/L. Preferred Process: In (b), placing the solution in constant temperature water bath of 70 degrees C, stirring to form sol. In (c), pouring the sol in a slot of anode alumina template, then placing in 800 degrees C to calcine for 2 hours, taking out then placing in NaOH whose quantity concentration is 6 mol/L to dip for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The preparation method of high viscosity solar cell positive silver paste comprises (1) preparing glass glue comprising bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) 65-85 wt.%, silicon dioxide (SiO2) 5-12 wt.%, lead monoxide (PbO) 1-15 wt.%, and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 1-5 wt.%; weighing raw materials and mixing and heating in high-temperature retort furnace at 1000-1400 degrees C; keeping temperature for 30-60 minutes; and quenching and ball milling the melting glass powder grain; (2) preparing organic additive, mixing ethyl cellulose, dibutyl phthalate, acrylic resin, and/or polybutenol butyral with the castor oil according to 1:3-1:5 weight proportion, cutting continuously and heating for 1-2 hours until that the additive expands, cooling to obtain the stable gel; (3) preparing organic carrier, uniformly mixing the organic solvent and organic additive according to 3:1-7:1 weight proportion; (4) preparing high viscosity solar cell positive silver paste by uniformly mixing silver powder of 75-85%, glass glue of 2-10%, and organic carrier of 5.5-20%, and putting into the ball miller to mill and obtain the even solar cell positive silver paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal organic gallium is trimethyl gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer contains electroconductive particles and latent hardener. Preferred Element: The metal foil is belt-like metal foil, and contains copper, silver, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, titanium, magnesium, tin and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amorphous oxide thin film contains indium oxide and a positive bivalent metal oxide as main component, and trivalent metal oxide except indium oxide. Alternately, the amorphous oxide thin film contains zinc oxide and stannic oxide as main component. Alternately, the amorphous oxide thin film contains indium oxide and stannic oxide as main component. The trivalent metal oxide is boron oxide, aluminum oxide, gallium oxide, scandium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum trioxide, neodymium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, erbium oxide, thulium oxide, ytterbium oxide and/or lutetium oxide. The positive bivalent metal oxide is zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide and/or cobalt oxide. Preferred Process: The amorphous oxide thin film is formed by sputtering method, ion-plating method, vacuum evaporation method, sol gel process, or method of coating microparticles. Preferred Condition: The oxygen plasma is generated at frequency of 1 kHz to 300 MHz, and pressure of 5 Pa to 0.1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gaseous product evolved on the surface of electrode is anodically-evolved chlorine or cathodically-evolved hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the substrate is selected from the group consisting of titanium and alloys of titanium, nickel and alloys of nickel, and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: P-N junction semiconductor layers of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge) and silicon-germanium (SiGe) is adopted to absorb long wavelength. P-N junction semiconductor layer of aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), arsenide (As) and phosphorus (P) is adopted to absorb medium wavelength. Preferred Conditions: The P-N junction semiconductor layer of Si and Ge is first used as a substrate and solar cell having Ga, In, Al an nitrogen (N) is then stacked. The P-N junction semiconductor layer of As and P is used as substrate that of Ga, In, Al an N is then stacked. The P-N junction semiconductor layer may absorb long wavelength is first used as a substrate, that of As and P that may absorb medium wavelength is then flip chip stacked in which a tunnel junction layer formed between As and P related P-N junction semiconductor layers; in order to increase the conductivity of those P-N junction semiconductor layers connected in series. The P-N junction semiconductor layer may absorb long wavelength is used as a substrate, that of As and P that may absorb medium wavelength is then flip chip stacked, that of Ga, In, Al and N that may absorb short wavelength is then final flip chip stacked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar doping ratio of doping agent to matrix molecule and/or the doping ratio of doping agent to monomeric units of a polymeric matrix molecule is 1:1 to 1:100000. The electronically functionally active area comprises an organic semiconductive matrix material that is doped with at least one doping agent for changing the electronic properties of the semiconductive matrix material using at least one of oxocarbon, pseudooxocarbon or radialene compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation for (I) is given. Preferred Definitions:    Y1=CF3;    hetaryl=pyridyl, pyrimidyl, triazine or oxadiazole;and    R1-R8=perhalogenated and/or partially halogenated alkyl groups, especially perfluorinated alkyl groups.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 37 Compounds are disclosed as (I) e.g. cyclopropane-1,2,3-trione (IA); cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetraone; cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaone; cyclopentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaone; 2-(2,3,4,5-tetraoxo-cyclopentylidene)-malononitrile.    EXAMPLE - Bis(4-oxo-(3,5-di-t-butyl)-2,5-cyclohexadienyl)-cyclopropenone (4.75 g), 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)-indane (3.5 g) as well as beta -alanine (60 mg) were dissolved in acetic anhydride (12 ml) and briefly heated on the reflux under stirring. The mixture was compounded with toluene (60 ml), allowed to cool off and the reddish-brown crystalline solid removed by suction. The mixture was washed with benzene/toluene and recrystallized to obtain reddish-brown crystals (4.6 g), which were dissolved under argon in chloroform (100 ml) and united with a solution of red potassium ferrocyanide (4.7 g) and potassium hydroxide (8.8 g) in water (150 ml). After 1 hour intensive stirring, the organic phase was dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to low bulk to obtain 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)indane-2-ylidene-bis(4-oxo-(3,5-di-t-butyl)-2,5-cyclohexadienylidene)-cyclopropane (2.3 g) as blackish green crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The glue layer is an ethyl vinyl acetate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated carboxylic acid is of formula: RCOOH.R=alkyl containing fluorine atom(s).The alkyl group may contain H, halogen, oxygen, and alkenyl other than fluorine. The salt of fluorinated carboxylic acid is alkali-metal salt or ammonium salt. The precursor is fluorinated alcohol, fluorinated aldehyde, and/or fluorinated carboxylic acid halide or fluorinated carboxylate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copper-oxide type microparticles are microparticles of cuprous oxide or doped cuprous oxide. The coordinated and/or combined organic compound is 6C or more fatty-amine compound. Preferred Composition: The liquid composition further contains organic metallic compound and aliphatic ester compound. Preferred Process: The heat-sintered microparticles are annealed in the presence of inert atmosphere containing 1 volume% or less oxygen gas, and then annealed in the presence of inert atmosphere containing 1 volume% or less hydrogen gas. Preferred Condition: The reaction is performed at 350 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene skeleton is fullerene C60. Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative is dissolved in a solvent such as ester solvent to obtain fullerene derivative solution. Preferred Definitions:    C1=carbon bonded with 1-30C organic group, preferably carbon bonded with methyl;and    C6-C10=carbon bonded with organic group of formula (II).    EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran suspension liquid (112 ml) of copper-bromide (I) dimethyl sulfide complex (12.96 g) was cooled to 5?Oc. Then, magnesium bromide-containing compound (3-OCH3-C6H4MgBr)/tetrahydrofuran solution (68 ml) was added, and heated to 25 degrees C. Ortho dichlorobenzene solution (180 ml) of fullerene (C60) (4 g) was added and stirred for 2 hours. Methyl iodide (8 ml) was added, and stirred for 8 hours. Reaction liquid was filtered, and tetrahydrofuran was removed. Reaction liquid was diluted with toluene and silica column chromatography (developing solution: toluene, ethyl acetate) was performed. Then, solution was concentrated, crystallized by methanol (600 ml) and hexane (100 ml), vacuum-dried at 50 degrees C, and fullerene-containing compound (C60(3-OCH3-C6H4)5(-CH3)) was obtained as orange solid (6.58 g) with yield of 93.3%. Ortho dichlorobenzene solution (60 ml) of fullerene-containing compound (C60(3-OCH3-C6H4)5(-CH3)) (1.5 g) was cooled to 5 degrees C. Then, tribromo borane methylene-chloride solution (9 ml) was added, and stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. The obtained reaction liquid was cooled to 5 degrees C, quenched with ion-exchange water (20 ml), and ethylacetate (100 ml) was extracted. Organic phase was twice washed with ion-exchange water, dried with magnesium sulfate, solution was concentrated, crystallized by hexane (300 ml), and vacuum-dried at 50 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain fullerene derivative (C60(3-OH-C6H4)5(-CH3)) as orange solid (1.21 g) with yield of 85.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Parameters: The glass composition contains ZrO2 at 0.01-8 mass% and B2O3 at 0.1 to 8 mass %. Molar fraction of Al2O3/BaO is 0.1-2 and Na2O/K2O is 0-2. Liquid phase temperature is 1200 degrees C, liquid phase viscosity is greater than or equal to 104.5 dPax s, density is less than or equal to 3.7 g/cm3, warped point is greater than or equal to 590 degrees C and high temperature viscosity 102.5 dPax s at 1650 degrees C.
Preferred Definitions:    Component=carboxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The manufacture of polyphenylene-ether type resin composition further involves mixing phosphate ester (D) (3-30 mass parts) and polyolefin (E) (0.5-5 mass parts). Preferred Composition: The styrene resin (B) consists of polystyrene, and rubber reinforcement polystyrene (5 weight parts or less). The phosphate ester (D) is condensed phosphoric-acid ester-type compound of formula (I) or (II).Q1-Q4=1-6C alkyl;R1,R2=methyl;R3,R4=H or methyl;n=1 or more;n1,n2=0-2;andm1-m4=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of noble metal of noble-metal type catalyst is 0.05% or less. The copper type catalyst consists of a support which supports metal copper or copper oxide as active ingredient. The support consists of oxide of aluminum, cerium, zirconium, zinc, lead, manganese, nickel, titanium, iron, vanadium, cobalt, chromium and/or metal silicate. The copper type catalyst is perovskite type complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Spectral sensitization is carried out with diphenyl amine compound of formula (1 or 2). The semiconductor is a metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. Preferred Definitions:    Cp=carboxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The total number of blocks (A) is 5-95. The block (A) contains thiadiazole repeating unit of formula (4). The block (B) contains thiophene repeating unit of formula (5).R1-R4=1-20C linear alkyl. EXAMPLE - Methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (in g) (0.03), dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (0.1 mg), toluene (5 ml), a compound (0.11) of formula (C) and a compound (0.18) of formula (D) were mixed under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated at 105 degrees C, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (0.5 ml) was added. The mixture was heated and refluxed for 2 hours, and cooled to obtain block (B). The compound (0.61) of formula (E), compound (C) (0.47), toluene (13 ml), methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (0.2) and dichloro bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (II) (0.4 mg) were mixed under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was heated at 105 degrees C, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (2 ml) was added. Phenyl boronic acid (0.02) was added and heated for 5 hours. N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamic-acid sodium trihydrate (0.5) and ion exchange water (6.18 ml) were added and stirred at 90 degrees C for 3 hours. The water layer was removed after cooling, and organic layer washed with acetic acid aqueous solution and ion exchanger water. A polymer (0.7) containing blocks (A,B) was produced. The polymer had number average molecular weight of 8.2x 4 and weight average molecular weight of 2.9x 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process involves transferring the catalyst layer to electrolytic membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Current collection electrode has copper layer and aluminum layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer is polyimide layer, polyethylene terephthalate layer or polyethylene naphthalate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The raw material in the portion of the variable element does not generate reaction between sulfuric acids. The portion of the variable element is silicon rubber, fluorine-type rubber, ethylene propylene diene M-class (EPDM) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Thermoelectric conversion material is made of bismuth and tellurium as main component. The contact surface has copper or aluminum as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The fluorine-containing iodide and hydroxyl thiol compound are reacted at -50 to 60 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The sulfur group of the fluorine-containing alcohol is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, peracetic acid, oxygen molecule, persulfate or ozone. Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic-acid halide are reacted in presence of base. The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic acid are reacted in presence of acidic catalyst or dehydrating agent and base. Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl thiol compound contains alkali compound (0.1-10 mol with respect to 1 mol of hydroxy thiol compound). The radical initiator is azo compound or organic boron compound. Preferred Property: The pH value of alkaline aqueous solution is 8-12. The radical initiator has half life of 1 second to 22 hours at 30 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=F(CF2CF2)n-;and    n=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The fluorine-containing iodide and hydroxyl thiol compound are reacted at 0-60 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The sulfur group of the fluorine-containing alcohol is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, peracetic acid, oxygen molecule, persulfate or ozone. Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic-acid halide are reacted in presence of base. The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic acid are reacted in presence of acidic catalyst or dehydrating agent and base. Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl thiol compound contains alkali compound (0.1-10 mol with respect to 1 mol of hydroxy thiol compound). Preferred Property: The pH value of alkaline aqueous solution is 8-12. The light has wavelength of 250-500 nm and intensity of irradiation of 200-1 mW/cm2. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=F(CF2CF2)n-;and    n=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic siloxane compound is dialkyl siloxane compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: A polyester film is white polyester film containing air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thin layer is made of metal, oxide, nitride, or mixed oxides of silver, titanium oxide, mixed oxides of indium and zinc/tin, zinc oxide doped with aluminum or gallium, nitrides of titanium, aluminum or zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst comprises: (a) placing the coal carrier into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nitric acid (HNO3) solution, stirring, staying over, filtering and cleaning with ion water to neutrality, and drying in vacuum; (b) dissolving the diimine naphthyridine metal compound in methanol, adding the coal carrier, protecting the mixture with nitrogen gas (N2), reversed flowing, staying over and cooling, adding double distilled water, filtering and washing, drying the filtered object and grinding; and (c) using silica boat to take diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier out to be placed in the silica tube, heating diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier, and naturally cooling at room temperature. Preferred Composition: Preferably, fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst comprises (wt.%) diimine naphthyridine metal compound (17.08-25.62) and coal carrier (74.38-82.92). The grain diameter of the coal carrier is 10-50 nm. The superficial area of the coal carrier is 250-1500 m2/g. Preferred Components: The diimine naphthyridine metal compound is of Formula I. The coal carrier is soot carbon or acetylene carbon black.M=Co2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, or Ni2+; andR1, R2, or R3=adjacent or gap and para orientation of benzene ring, -OCH3, -H, -CH3, -NO2, or -OH.Preferred Process: The first procedure in preparing fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst specifically comprises placing 1 part of soot carbon into 20 parts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of 30 wt.% or 6 M nitric acid (HNO3) solution, stirring with magnetic stirrer, filtering and cleaning with ion water to neutrality, drying at 70 degrees C in vacuum, and naturally cooling for spare use. Heating diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier is argon (Ar) protecting. Preferred Conditions: The temperature in the process in the tube-shaped stove silica tube is at 700-900 degrees C for 2-4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The materials with crystalline content comprise nanocrystalline, microcrystalline or polycrystalline silicon. The reactive gases comprise silane, disilane or silicon tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The alloy comprises 1-12 at.% silicon. The aluminum is fritless aluminum or low frit aluminum. The first dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. The barrier layer is silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The filler is chosen from titania powder, silica powder, magnesium oxide powder, aluminum oxide powder, zinc oxide powder, silicon-nitride powder, titanium-nitride powder, silicon carbide powder, calcium carbonate powder, calcium sulfate powder, barium sulfate powder, polyimide fine fiber, polyimide particles, polyamide fine fiber and polyamide particles.
EXAMPLE - Example illustrates the preparation of pentaphenylene derivative. n-butyllithium (0.63 ml, 1.6 M in hexane) was added drop by drop to a dry tetrahydrofurane solution (40 ml) containing dibromopentaphenylene (1.79 g, 1 mmol) below nitrogen temperature at -78 degrees C. 0.2 ml N-methylformamide was added slowly after agitating for 30-minutes to the reaction solution. The solution was brought to room temperature, and after further agitated for 4 hours the reaction was quenched with 2 N hydrochloric acid. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. A light yellow solid was obtained with 41% (710 mg) yield. 160 mg (0.092 mmol) of the obtained solid, Bindschedler's green (40 mg, 0.157 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (2 mg, 0.009 mmol), tri-tert-butylphosphine (4 mg, 0.018 mmol) and cesium carbonate (88 mg, 0.27 mmol) in toluene (10 ml) were agitated under nitrogen atmosphere at 80 degrees C for 8 hours. The mixture was cooled at room temperature and a saturated ammonium chloride solution was added. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and an orange solid was received with 54 % (95 mg) yield. Then 90 mg (0.047 mmol) of obtained compound, cyanogen acid (20 mg, 0.23 mmol), ammonium acetate (5 mg, 0.065 mmol) and acetic acid (10 ml) were heated at 130 degrees C for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled at room temperature and poured in ethanol. The pentaphenylene derivative was obtained as a magenta-red solid with 70% (65 mg) yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The film compound has a reactive group at one end and a reactive silyl group at other end. The film of silicon fine particles is a monolayer (18).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The reactive group is heat reactive group, photoreactive group, ionic reaction property group or radical reactive group, preferably epoxy group, amino group, imino group, cinnamoyl group and/or chalconyl group. The film compound is alkoxysilane compound. Preferred Process: The coupling formed by reaction of amino group or imino group and epoxy group or isocyanate group is N-CH2CH(OH) coupling. The coupling formed of cross-linking reaction is coupling comprising four membered ring formed of photodimerization reaction of cinnamoyl group or chalconyl group. Preferred Compound: The cross-sectional view of the cross-linking agent is an imidazole derivative, or compound having 2 or more epoxy groups or compound having 2 or more isocyanate groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The silicon fine particles is manufactured using metallic carboxylate, metal carboxylate, polymer of carboxylic acid and metallic salt, carboxylic-acid-metallic chelate, titanic acid ester and/or titanic acid ester chelate as a condensation catalyst and ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound as a co-catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The epitaxial semiconductor layer is made of silicon, germanium-doped silicon, silicon carbide, germanium, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide or indium phosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The glass substrate layer comprises modifier positive ions such as lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microporous carbon skeleton layer is hydrophobic. The catalyst particles are oxygen reducing particles. A fuel cell gas diffusion layer comprises carbon-fiber substrate layer and microporous carbon skeleton layer disposed on nanotubes. The fuel cell gas diffusion layer is formed by hydrocarbon plasma from 1-10C alkane, 1-10C alkene or 1-10C alkyne hydrocarbon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of the 9-halo, 5-phosphono, 1-acyldipyrromethane (I) involves halogenating 5-phosphono, 1-acyldipyrromethane. Preferred Process: The phosphono is coupled to the dipyrromethane by linking group selected from alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, and alkylarylalkyl. Preferred Compound: In the compound (I), preferably halo is selected from chloro, bromo and iodo. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha olefin is ethylene, and the alpha beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-ionomeric polymer is ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and poly (vinyl butyral). The polymer consists of fluoropolymers and polyesters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate may also comprise a glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium selenide, cadmium zinc selenide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide (Zn1-xMgxO), cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide, or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate further comprises metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises a plastic. The diaphragm is a made of plastic, rubber, rubber derivative, silicone rubber, or elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell includes semiconductor junction (106, 108) on a conducting material (104, 110) and a transparent conducting layer. The semiconductor junction comprises an absorber layer that is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and junction partner layer that is indium selenide, indium sulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, or doped zinc oxide. An antireflective coating is disposed on transparent casing and comprises magnesium fluoride, silicone nitrate, titanium nitrate, silicon monoxide, or silicone oxide nitrite. The substrate comprises metal or metal alloy. The container includes an inert gas. It is made of brushed metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first container is made of rubber, latex, chloroprene, or nylon fabric. The substrate comprises plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The incident layer is made of glass. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alpha olefin is ethylene. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-acid copolymer composition of second encapsulant layer is selected from ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers or epoxy resins. The non-acid copolymer composition includes a non-ionomeric polymer selected from poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or poly(vinyl butyral). The incident layer is a film containing a polymer selected from fluoropolymers or polyesters. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of polymers or metals. The backing layer is made of a fluoropolymer film/sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ITO-220AC diodes have plastic covered heat sinks to dissipate heat at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61215 Edition 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The enclosure is constructed of a substantially rigid, electrically insulating and thermally conductive material, preferably ABS plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The microfluidic channel is contiguous with anode, but not with cathode, the flowing electrolyte comprises fuel, and cathode comprises gas diffusion electrode; the cell further comprises oxidant channel in contact with cathode or microfluidic channel is contiguous with cathode, but not with anode, flowing electrolyte comprises oxidant, and anode comprises gas diffusion electrode; the cell further comprises oxidant channel in contact with anode; and a stationary electrolyte between anode and cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic organic medium comprises 3-5C alcohol (more than 70 vol.%). The 3-5C alcohol is tert-butanol. The crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles are nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. The nanoparticles of titanium dioxide is a mixture comprises anatase crystals and brookite crystals. The dispersion has viscosity of not less than 800 (preferably 3000-15000) mPas. The dispersion medium is a mixture comprises hydrophilic organic medium (65-85 wt.%) and water (15-35 wt.%), the hydrophilic organic medium comprises an 3-5C alcohol as a main component. The dispersion comprises dispersed crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles (15-38 wt.%). The amount of organic binder is less than 1 wt.% of the dispersion medium. The amount of the organic binder is less than 2 wt.% based on the amount of the crystalline semiconductor nanoparticles. EXAMPLE - Acidic aqueous sol solution (60 ml) was mixed with tert-butanol (150 ml). In the sol solution, particle powder (21 g) comprising crystalline titanium dioxide nanoparticles of a rutile/anatase mixed type and crystalline titanium dioxide particles of a rutile type in the mixed weight ratio of 5:1 and titanium nanoparticles comprising crystals of a brookite type had been dispersed. The mixture was uniformly stirred and mixed in a mixing conditioner revolving on both inside and outside axes to prepare a white viscous liquid composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The porous metal oxide layer is made of titanium dioxide (TiO2), tin ash (SnO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), and the former conductive layer is made of platinum (Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine derivative is arylene group, in which phenylene, naphthalenylene, anthracenylene, naphthalene or anthracene is combined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenating agent is brominating agent and/or iodination agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene skeleton is fullerene C60. Preferred Process: An organic group is introduced into hydroxyl group of fullerene derivative (I) to obtain fullerene derivative. Preferred Definitions:    C1=carbon bonded with 1-30C organic group, preferably carbon bonded with methyl;    C6-C10=carbon bonded with organic group of formula (II), preferably of formula (III), or carbon bonded with organic group of formula (VII);and    R=organic group, preferably 20C or less organic group.    EXAMPLE - N,N-dimethylformamide (45 ml) solution of raw material fullerene derivative (C60(4-OH-C6H4)5Me) (3 g) was stirred at room temperature. N-bromo succinimide (4.89 g) was added, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Tetrahydrofuran (50 ml) was added, and stirred for 2 hours. Reaction was stopped with ion-exchange water (30 ml), ethylacetate (70 ml) was added and extracted. Organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate, solution was concentrated, crystallized by hexane (150 ml), and vacuum-dried at 50 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain fullerene derivative (C60(3,5-Br2-4-OH-C6H2)5(-CH3)) as orange solid (4.65 g) with yield of 93.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrolyte solution contains electrolyte and a nonaqueous solvent such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, 3-methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, xylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and/or 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=ethylene group, trimethylene group, tetramethylene group or pentamethylene group;    X-=I-, BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3- or RfSO3-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The horizontal or vertical type reactor which has heat resisting material of silicon carbide or silicon nitride is used in manufacturing high purity silicon. Preferred Process: Silicon tetrachloride is initially supplied to reactor excessively, and zinc molar ratio and ratio of silicon tetrachloride are increased.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The abrasive contains oxides of titanium, zirconium, silicon, aluminum, cerium, calcium or magnesium, hydroxide, carbide or nitride, preferably colloidal silica, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide or cerium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidizing agent is selected from chlorate, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, halogen, ozone, potassium permanganate potassium dichromate sodium-bromate, nitric acid, chloramine, osmium tetroxide, dimethyl sulfoxide, peracetic acid and/or meta-chloro perbenzoic acid. Preferred Composition: The oxidizing agent has concentration of 0.1-30 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polished polycrystalline-silicon substrate is hardened using polishing pad. Preferred Compound: The polishing pad comprises nonwoven fabric, suede fabric or polyurethane fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Unit: The carbonyl group-containing unit (c) is of formula (1).X=oxygen or N-R;N=nitrogen;andR=H, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The styrene resin is styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (a1). The acrylic resin has 40-90 mass% of methacrylic ester unit and/or acrylic ester unit (a), 5-40 mass% of aromatic vinyl monomer unit (b) and 5-20 mass% of carbonyl group-containing unit (c). Preferred Properties: The acrylonitrile of copolymer (a1) has copolymerization ratio of 1-40 mass%. The copolymerization ratio of aromatic vinyl monomer unit is 1-3 times than the copolymerization ratio of carbonyl group-containing unit. A retardation film formed using the resin composition, has in-plate retardation of 40-1100 nm and Nz coefficient of -0.5 to 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thin film has crystallinity. The thin film does not contain copper selenide crystals. The thin film has electroconductivity of 10--5-100 Scm-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is transparent substrate obtained from organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole, or polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole, or polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The polymer layer (9) contains polyaniline, polyalkyl thiophene and/or polyalkyl pyrrole or their derivative. The polymer layer (10) contains polyaniline, polythiophene and/or polypyrrole or their derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulator is selected from polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, thermoplastic polyimide and polyether nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is ring having 10-18C linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon, alicyclic or aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The paper contains vegetable fiber and/or synthetic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The biaxial oriented polyester film contains greater than or equal to 80 mol% of ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate structural units. Preferred Components: The biaxial oriented polyester film contains bonding layer containing acrylic resin having amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 2,7-Dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine derivative of formula (I) and phthalic anhydride derivative of formula (II) are reacted in presence of a solvent having high boiling point, to obtain naphthyridine-containing compound (1). Preferred Composition: A pigment composition contains pigment, and pigment dispersant containing naphthyridine-containing compound. The pigment is yellow pigment, green pigment, red pigment or orange pigment. A pigment dispersion is formed by dispersing the pigment composition into non-aqueous medium. Preferred Definitions:    R9- R12=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The naphthyridine-containing compound is chosen from 75 disclosed compounds, such as (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(thiohexyl-indan-1,3-dione) of formula (A), (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(5-dimethylamino-indan-1,3-dione), (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(thiophenyl-indan-1,3-dione), (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(5-(5-methyl-furan-2-yloxy)-indan-1,3-dione) and (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(5-(5-methyl-thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)-indan-1,3-dione).    EXAMPLE - 2,7-Dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridne (in g) (1.7), 4-hexylthio phthalic-acid anhydride (6.8), benzoic acid (1.3) and methylbenzoate (25.5) were mixed and heated at 190 degrees C for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and added to methanol (150 ml). The obtained mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and filtered. The filtered material was washed with methanol, to obtain crystals (6.1) of (1,8)naphthyridine-bis(thiohexyl-indan-1,3-dione) (A). A pigment composition formed using the obtained compound (A), had high coloring property and favorable storage stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-metallic element is preferably oxygen or sulfur. The fine particles have average particle diameter of 10 nm-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline etching pulp is a silk screen printing ink on the aluminum film electrode. The alkaline etching pulp comprises (w/w %) base (2.7-9.1), water (81-87), thickening agent (5.4-7.3), water-base anti-foaming agent (0.3-0.7), and water-base flatting agent (1.5-1.8). The insulating slot is in the one of the shape of circular, round, bar-shaped, fan-shaped, quadrate or N sides. The base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate. The thickening agent is polypropylene polymer. The anti-foaming agent is water-base anti-foaming agent. The flatting agent is water-base flatting agent. The solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The corrosion solution is prepared using hydrogen fluoride and methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The acid corrosion resistant high molecular polymer powders is polyethylene, Teflon (RTM: PTFE), Tissuemat E or acid corrosion resistant resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Ar1 and Ar2 is aromatic groups of 6-10C. Ar1 is phenyl. Ar2 is naphthyl of formula VI, where curve expresses the substitution site. X is O, S, or CH3CCH3, preferably CH3CCH3. R1 is substituent showed by -(CH2)mCH2L, where m is 0-19, preferably 0-5, L is H or hydroxyl. R2 is group of formula (II), (III), or (IV), where R3 is 1-6C alkyl, Y is Cl, Br or I.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous electrolyte contains 0.01 M CuSO4, and 0.05 M KSCN.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aqueous electrolyte contains 0.1 M TEA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical composition is silicon dioxide (less than 50%), sodium oxide (1-10%), potassium oxide (1-10%), calcium oxide (1-10%), barium oxide (1-10%), zinc oxide (1-10%), titanium oxide (0.1-1%) and antimony trioxide (0.1-1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is a metallic foil. The Group IB material comprises copper. The Group IIIA material comprises indium and gallium. The Group VIA material comprises selenium and sulfur. The Group IA material is lithium, sodium and potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide precursor has metal ion which is reduced to pure metallic state at a potential positive of the reduction potential of the reducing agent. The precursor and the reducing agent are reacted at activating temperature, preferably at 150-250 degrees C. A pure metal deposit is formed on a substrate by reacting the precursor and the reducing agent. The metal deposit contains copper, gold, silver, lead, palladium, platinum, cobalt, iron, tin or their metal alloys. A fire-through metal ink further contains soluble metal complex and soluble organo metallic reagent in a solution containing a particulate metal or metal organic precursor at room temperature. Preferred Process: The metal ink is applied on a substrate by spraying, dipping, spinning, direct-write deposition or inkjet printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from organic solvent having high boiling point so as to remain in liquid phase at room temperature, and organic solvent which provides viscosity and wetting properties for inkjet printing. The reducing agent contains formate ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer layer formation material is selected from zinc sulphide, cadmium sulphide, magnesium oxide, zinc hydroxide, zinc oxide or zinc selenide. A fluxing agent includes zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. The substrate is selected from molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, nickel, or graphite. The rear surface electrode layer includes molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, titanium, and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The iron-based non-crystalline alloy comprises M (2, preferably 3 atom%). Preferred Parameter: The thickness of the alloy is 20-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxynitride contains zinc and an element consisting of indium, gallium, tin, magnesium, silicon, germanium, yttrium, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO)-gallium oxide, ZnO-aluminum oxide, or tin-based oxide. The semiconductor particles are elemental semiconductor, metal oxide or perovskite-structured complex metal oxide. They are titanium (IV) oxide, tin oxide, ZnO, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, or titanium strontium oxide. Preferred Dimension: The semiconductor particles have a mean particle diameter of 15-50 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a plastic substrate including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide or triacetyl cellulose. EXAMPLE - A prepared 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid dioctylester and ((Ruthenium chloride-p-cymene))2 (0.16 mmol) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (50 ml). The reacted mixture was stirred at 60 degrees C for 4 hours. Then, 2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (0.32 mmol) was added and reflux-heated for 4 hours at 160 degrees C. An excesses of ammonium-NCS (10 mmol) was added to the reactants, and further reacted for 5 hours at 140-150 degrees C, then, the flask was kept cold. The remained solvent was removed by using a rotary evaporator under vacuum. The resultant materials were washed with distilled water and diethyl ether, and filtered to abstain the cis-bis(isothiocyanato)bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II)bis(2,2'-pyridyl-4.4'-dicarboxylic acid dioctylester). (Yield: 95% (140 mg))
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flexible web substrate containing polyethylene naphthalate plastic film and/or polyethylene terephthalate plastic film is provided to the processing chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The manufacture of film includes alkoxy silane compound, isocyanate silane compound, halosilane compound, carboxylic acid metallic salt and condensation catalyst chosen from carboxylate-ester metal salt, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt polymer, carboxylic-acid-metallic-salt chelate, titanic-acid ester and titanic-acid ester chelate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material is from oxides of alkaline-earth metals, zeolites, or magnesium perchlorate. It comprises active material including metal oxides capable of increasing their oxidation state by interacting with oxygen. The oxide of alkaline-earth metal is calcium oxide. The metal oxide is iron, copper, nickel, or manganese oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material is an unsaturated organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameter: The fibers have a diameter of not greater than 100 nm. The nanopowders have dimensions equal or less than the fiber radius. Preferred Component: The fiber comprises a polymeric material including acetal polymers, acrylic polymers, cellulosic polymers, fluoropolymers, ionomers, polyamides, polycarbonate, polyesters, polyolefins, polysulfones, polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl polymers, styrenic polymers, polyurethanes, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polysiloxanes, polyoxides, liquid crystal polymers, polyethers, polyanhydrides, polyimides, or polyketones. The fibers include different active materials. They are hollow. The nanostructured fibers are dispersed in a poorly permeable material. They are enclosed between a first layer of material facing the outside of the housing and a second layer of material facing the sensitive device environment. The first layer of material has a poor permeability towards the gaseous contaminants. The first and second layers of materials have a poor permeability towards the gaseous contaminants. The second layer of material has a high permeability to the gaseous contaminants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active layer comprises carbon nanotube or fullerene material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer, hole transport layer and hole injection layer comprises conjugated polymer, crosslinked polymer, regioregular polythiophene, homopolymer or copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sputtering target includes metal powders containing mixture of two metals selected from tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, titanium or zirconium. The thermally conducting metal powder is silver (Ag) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises ceramic material, glass, glass-ceramic material, mullite, alumina and/or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises etching with hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid to remove metal oxide layer covering the silicon islands before removal of silicon islands and annealing at higher than 1000 degrees C in a hydrogen atmosphere after removal of metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unreacted gas comprises unreacted carbon dioxide or unreacted hydrogen. The methane is processed in the gasification assembly to produce the hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing substantially all of the carbon dioxide to methanol. The method comprises introducing third methane into the gasification assembly based on the amount of unreacted gas that is transferred from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method further comprises transferring an unreacted gas from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method of producing electricity, further comprises: introducing water produced in the hydrogen fuel cell assembly into a harvesting and infusing assembly; introducing an algae lipid from the algae into a refining assembly and producing biodiesel from the algae lipid; producing ethanol from at least a portion of the syngas; and supporting cultivation of the algae with carbon dioxide obtained from the hydrogen fuel cell assembly. The method of cultivating algae further comprises: processing the oxygen and the methanol in the fuel cell assembly to produce electricity; producing biodiesel from an algae lipid obtained from the algae; and obtaining a syngas from the gasification of the algae pulp and processing the syngas to produce ethanol. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron-containing group is selected from boronic ester of formula -B(OR)2, boronic acid or trifluoroboronate. The catalyst for attaching the boron group is of formula IrABn. Borane is used as a source of the boron group.R=alkyl;Ir=iridium cation;A=anion;B=alkene;n=1 or 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic group of the polymer chain is selected from phenyl groups and naphthyl groups as main chain, side chain or pendant aromatic groups (preferably pendant phenyl groups and pendant naphthyl groups). The arene group has a functional group selected from silane, siloxy, halide, hydroxy, amine, carbonyl, nitrile, sulfonyl, phosphine, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acryloyl and epoxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The boron-containing group is subsequently reacted to form hydroxyl or phenoxy groups and boron removed from at least some links to the aromatic groups. The polymer comprises linkages derived from functionalized arene compounds(preferably styrene). The boron-containing group is attached by catalyzed reaction of at least one pinacolborane or bis(pinacolato)diboron compound with at least one aromatic group on the polymer. The polymer comprises a polyarene polymer having aromatic groups on at least a main chain of the polymer or a polystyrene polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The material includes microprocessor, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) or nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) device, semiconductors, insulator, conductor, integrated circuits, wafers, microchips, microfluidic/nanofluidic chips, optical fibers, anode or cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material includes metallic/non-metallic/inorganic materials, metal oxide(s), oxide(s), silicon, silica, silicate, ceramic, inorganic composite thin film, inorganic composite coating, thin film crystal lattice nanostructure, active photonic matrix, flexible multi-dimensional film, screen or membrane, semiconductor materials including complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) materials, silicon-on-insulator (SOI), germanium, quartz, glass, inductive/conductive/insulation materials, micropatterned metallic materials, microstructured metallic materials, metallic micro-cavity, nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers, metal dielectric materials, metal dielectric metal materials, nanoparticles or nanostructures, nanopatterned materials, nanoparticles suspended in various liquids/solutions, nanoparticles in the form of powder, pellets, liquid, gas or plasma, nanostructures, nanoreactors, nanoparticles, nanomolecular structures, nanowires, dots, rods, particles, tubes, spheres, films and/or materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material includes organic/metal-organic/organometallic materials, organic composite thin film, organic composite coating, organic and inorganic composite thin film, and/or organic and inorganic composite coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material includes polymer or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light scattering layers are made of material selected from a group of titanium dioxide, indium oxide, stannic oxide, vanadium oxide, vanadium dioxide, vanadium trioxide and vanadium pentoxide. The semiconductor particles are selected from one of titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type silicon substrate is placed in a diffusion furnace, and phosphorus chloride oxide (POCl3) is injected into the diffusion furnace. The anti-reflective layer formed on the n-type emitter layer is made of silicon nitirde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide thin film is obtained from sapphire, silicon, germanium, gallium arsenite, silicon carbide, gallium nitride and glass. Preferred Compound: The zinc oxide thin film contains zinc-containing compound (ZnxM1MxO, M is magnesium, cadmium and beryllium). Preferred Components: The zinc oxide thin film further contains n-type dopant and p-type dopant. The p-type dopant is chosen from nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. The n-type dopant is chosen from boron, aluminum, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive photoelectrode substrate and the transparent conductive counter-electrode substrate are made of titanium oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, lead oxide, iron titanium oxide, manganese titanium oxide and barium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains electrolyte and non-aqueous solvent. The non-aqueous solvent is chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, gamma -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, xylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and/or 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl, ethyl, trifluoromethyl or pentafluoroethyl;    R2-R4=H or halogen;    X-=I-, BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, -C(RfSO3)3- or RfSO3-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat cyclic test of the solar cell module is performed in accordance with JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Equipment: The fuel cell system is further provided with a heat supplying unit for supplying the heat which is emitted from fuel cell to the hydrogenation catalyst. The fuel cell is a fuel cell stack on which several electrode assemblies are laminated on both sides of separator. The gas flow path contains manifold which is extended to connect the inside of fuel cell stack to each catalyst layer of membrane electrode assemblies. The exterior of fuel cell stack is equipped with pipelines for connecting manifold and fuel tank. The hydrogenation catalyst is equipped inside a hydrogenation cell which is integrated with fuel cell stack and interposed between the manifold and pipeline. The manifold is equipped with the hydrogenation catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is laminated on the surface of gas diffusion layer and thus touches the gas diffusion layer including plate material having groove. A gas distribution component is accumulated and provided in catalyst such that gas diffusion layer faces the catalyst layer. The gas flow path is connected to the groove which is interposed between the gas flow path and catalyst layer, and the inner surface of groove is equipped with the hydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst present in the region (A) of catalyst layer includes nickel-molybdenum-type catalyst or cobalt-molybdenum-type catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cylindricity of cylindrical substrate conforms to JIS B 0182 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing random copolymer and unsaturated isocyanate compound are reacted to obtain double bond containing fluorine-containing random copolymer. Preferred Composition: The ratio of isocyanate group of unsaturated isocyanate compound and hydroxyl group of fluorine-containing random copolymer is 0.10-1.05. A coating-material composition contains double bond containing fluorine-containing random copolymer, double bond containing (meth)acrylate oligomer and/or double bond containing (meth)acrylate monomer. Preferred Compound: The fluorine-containing random copolymer contains polymer unit chosen from fluoroalkyl-group containing unsaturated monomer, unsaturated carboxylic acid, alkylvinyl ether, alkylallyl ether, acrylic ester and/or methacrylic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A diamine is dissolved in polymerization solvent. Then, tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride powder is added and stirred at 20-60 degrees C for 1-24 hours to obtain polyester imide precursor. Preferred Compound: The polyester imide precursor is of formula (9). Preferred Process: The polyester imide precursor is cyclized-reacted with a dehydrating agent to obtain polyester imide. Preferred Sheet: A metal layer of laminated sheet is obtained by coating varnish containing polyester imide precursor on metal foil and drying. The drying is performed by heating or using dehydration agent. A flexible printed wiring board has metal layer of laminated sheet. EXAMPLE - Diamine (in mmol) (13), 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (3), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (71 mL) and tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (17) were added and heated at 80 degrees C for 13 minutes to obtain polyester imide precursor. The polyester imide precursor had excellent adhesive strength, heat resistance and glass transition temperature. The polyester imide film formed using polyester imide precursor had low linear thermal expansion coefficient and moisture absorption expansion coefficient.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin mixture further contains initiator. The content vinyl-type polymer with respect to 100 weight% of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin, and vinyl-type polymer is 0.1-90 weight%. Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin is chosen from acrylic rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, urethane rubber, fluorocarbon rubber, silicone rubber, nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, chloroprene rubber, chlorosulfonated-polyethylene rubber, isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber, norbornene rubber, polysulfide rubber, natural rubber and thermoplastic elastomer. The thermoplastic resin has reactive functional group chosen from epoxy group, hydroxyl group, acid radical and halogen group. The thermosetting resin is chosen from phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin, unsaturated polyester resin and epoxy resin. The vinyl-type polymer is obtained by active radical polymerization which is atom transfer radical polymerization. The atom transfer radical polymerization comprises copper complex as a catalyst. The principal chain of vinyl-type polymer is (meth)acrylic-type monomer, acrylonitrile-type monomer, aromatic vinyl-type monomer, fluorine-containing vinyl-type monomer and silicon-containing vinyl-type monomer, preferably (meth)acrylate. The initiator is chosen from thermal polymerization initiator, photopolymerization initiator and redox initiator. Preferred Process: The vinyl-type polymer is obtained by polymerizing vinyl-type monomer using chain transfer agent. Preferred Property: The vinyl-type polymer has molecular weight distribution of less than 1.8 and number average molecular weight of 3000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal of metal alkoxide is silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: The water-soluble monomer is acrylamide or N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The benzene ring-containing compound has liquid crystallinity form. Preferred Composition: The content of benzene ring-containing compound is 5-30 mass% with respect total content of compound (A) and compound (B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The compound (A) having electrode donativity is polyphenylene vinylene and its derivative(s). The compound (B) having electron-accepting property is fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin for transparent resin layer is chosen from polyolefin type resin, polyester type resin, polyurethane type resin, polyamide type resin, polyimide type resin, methacrylic type resin, vinylester resin, styrene resin, and halogen atom containing vinyl type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is formed by magnetron sputtering method or dual magnetron sputtering method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The resin substrate is polyethylene naphthalate film. Preferred Properties: The transparent gas barrier film has total light transmittance of 80% or more, oxygen permeability of less than 0.5 cm3/m2.day.atmosphere at 40 degrees C and 90% humidity, and water vapor permeability of less than 0.1 g/m2.24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molding material further contains 1-50 mass parts of components chosen from ethylene alpha -olefin type rubber of diene group (co)polymer and/or its hydrogenated substance, fibrous filler, and/or maleimide type (co)polymer and/or alpha -methylstyrene type (co)polymer.
Preferred Definitions:    X=sulfur;and    R1-R10=H, halogen, or (un)substituted (1-40C alkyl, 6-40C aryl or 3-40C heteroaryl).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 17 Specific amine compounds are disclosed, such as 5,5'-bis(4-diphenyl aminophenyl)-2,2'-dithiophene, 2,5-bis(4-diphenyl aminophenyl)thiophene and compounds of formula (I-III).    EXAMPLE - 5,5'-Dibromo-2,2'-dithiophene (in g) (2.6), 4-diphenyl aminophenyl boronic acid (5.1) and tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium (0.2) were dissolved in 1,2-dimethoxy ethane. Then, 2M sodium carbonate aqueous solution was added and refluxed for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, washed with ethanol, purified with column chromatography and recrystallized with mixed solvent of toluene and hexane, to obtain 5,5'-bis(4-diphenyl aminophenyl)-2,2'-dithiophene (4.2) with yield of 80%. A photoelectric transducer formed using photoelectric transducer material containing the obtained 5,5'-bis(4-diphenyl aminophenyl)-2,2'-dithiophene, had high open end voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anionic surfactant is dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid or its salt. The organic carboxylic acid type chelating agent is sodium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide is sequestered from the atmosphere using absorbent or adsorbent materials. Hydrogen is derived from water using electrolysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide is supplied form a store of carbon dioxide, previously derived from the atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is chosen among titanium, zirconium, tungsten, antimony, hafnium, tantalum, vanadium, magnesium, aluminum, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Typically (I; X = CH 2CH 2) or (II; X = CH 2CH 2) are prepared by reacting corresponding perylene-tetracarboxylic acid diimides or benzoperylene-hexacarboxylic acid tris-imides (unsubstituted on the relevant nitrogen) with N-(2-bromoethyl)-naphthalimide. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - One compound (I) and two compounds (II) are disclosed, i.e. 2-(2-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo(de)isoquinolin-2-yl)-ethyl)-9-(1-nonyldecyl)-anthra(2,1,9-def; 6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetraone (Ia), 6-(2-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo(de)isoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl)-2,10-bis-(1-hexylheptyl)-1H-pyrrolo(3',4':4,5)pyreno(2,1,10-def; 7,8,9-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,5,7,9,11(2H,6H,10H)-hexaone (IIa) and 6-(2-(5,8-bis-decyloxy-1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo(de)isoquinolin-2-yl)-ethyl)-2,10-bis-(1-hexylhepyl)-1H-pyrrolo(3',4':4,5)pyreno(2,1,10-def; 7,8,9-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,5,7,9,11(2H,6H,10H)-hexaone (IIb).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 2-(1-nonyldecyl)-anthra(2,1,9-def; 6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetraone (485 mg), 2-(2-bromoethyl)-benzo(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (245 mg), potassium carbonate (1.90 g) and 50 ml dry dimethyl formamide was heated under argon for 24 hours at 100 degrees C. The product was precipitated with 100 ml water, filtered off, dried, washed with water and purified by silica gel chromatography to give 282 mg (43%) of 2-(2-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzo(de)isoquinolin-2-yl)-ethyl)-9-(1-nonyldecyl)-anthra (2,1,9-def;6,5,10-d'e'f') diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetraone (Ia). showing visoble lambda max at 527 nm and fluorescence lambda max at 535 nm in chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Inorganic sulfide is II-VI class sulfide, and the metallic ion doped comprises copper, manganese, silver, gold, or rare earth elements. II-VI class sulfide is an independent hexahedron, cube crystallization, or combined crystal. A blocking layer is outside the explosive matters for preventing the explosion products from contacting with the air. Preferred Process: Process involves evacuating or filling the inert gases into the reaction container. Preferred Conditions: Pressure for evacuating the reaction container is less than or equal to 0.03 MPa, and the pressure for filling the inert gases into the reaction container is 0.03-1.0 MPa. Preferred Composition: Combining ratio of inorganic sulfide powder and the explosives is 10:2-10:30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Material for the blocking layer is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Organic macromolecule materials are water-soluble resin. Buffer layer is made of organic macromolecule materials without metallic ions. Water-soluble resin is polyvinyl alcohol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average grain diameter of artificial graphite cathode material is 5-35 mu m, and layer space of crystal is 0.336-0.346 nm. Preferred Method: The preparation involves heating petroleum coke for 1-5 hours under 50-160 degrees C; adding modifier with more than 0-10 wt.%; comparing to petroleum coke and/or catalyst; mixing; and drying to obtain grain under 100-300 degrees C with average diameter of 5-35 mu m. The drying involves spray-drying method. Preferred Components: The modifier is organic carbon. The catalyst is phosphorus compound, boron, boron compound, zirconium, zirconium compound, titanium or silicon. The boron compound is boron carbide (B4C), boron nitride (BN), borate (B2O3) or boric acid (H3BO3). The heating or pre-heating process is filled with protective air such as nitrogen, argon gas, helium gas, neon or carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic carbon is furan resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, pyrimidine amic resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, epoxy resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, kynoar polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), cellulose, coke, coal tar or petroleum asphalt. The phosphorus compound is phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The heterocyclic derivative is prepared by reacting halogen substituent of W or Y and material having by X or Z by Stille coupling, Kumada coupling or Suzuki coupling. Preferred Properties: The heterocyclic derivative has molecular weight of 1000-500000, and is an alternating copolymer. Preferred Components: The derivative is one or more of 10 compounds, e.g. dioxypyrrolo-heterocyclic derivatives of formulae (III) to (VIII). Preferred Definitions:    A=S;    n=2-5000;    X, Z=arylene, heteroarylene containing heteroatoms selected from N, O, S or Se (optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, I, CN, or 1-20C straight, branched or cyclic alkyl (optionally substituted with F, Cl, Br, I or CN)), or one or more of 45 compounds, e.g. thiophene, thiazole, imidazole, R5 substituted imidazole, furan or R6, R7 substituted fluorene;    CH2 in alkyl=optionally substituted with -O-, -5-, -NH-, -NW-, -SiR'R"-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-CO-O-, -S-CO-, -CO-S- or -CA1=CA2-;    R', R"=H, F, Cl or CN;    A1, A2=1-20C alkyl or aryl;    arylene or heteroarylene=phenylene (optionally substituted with N, naphthalene, alkyl fluorene, oxazole, thiophene, selenophene or dithienothiophene);    R5-R7=H, alkyl or aryl; and    R1-R4, E1, E2=phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl, pherylenyl, pyridyl, bipyridyl, carbazole, thiophenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, furyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl or phenanthryl.    EXAMPLE - A 4-dodecylcarbamoylthiophene-3-carboxylic acid (9.5 g) was dispersed in methylene chloride (93 ml), and thionyl chloride (3.1 ml) was added dropwise for 10 minutes. The solution was heated under stirring overnight, cooled, and put into distilled water. The organic layer was separated, and washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate solution and distilled water. The resultant was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated, followed by recrystallization in hexane to obtain 5-dodecylthieno(3,4-c) pyrrole-4,6-dione (8.1 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises elvan powder and Schamotte in such a manner as to further comprise loess (50-68 wt.%), water (11-13 wt.%), ceramic glaze (1-5 wt.%), elvan powder (2-5 wt.%) and Schamotte (3-7 wt.%). Preferred Components: The ceramic glaze is formed by mixing terra alba (0.4-2 wt.%), limestone (0.5-2 wt.%) and ash (0.1-1 wt.%). Preferred Method: In the method, firing is carried out with oxidizing flames having a firing temperature of 1150-1250 degrees C. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising (wt.%) loess (54); clay (15); Elvan powder (2); Schamotte (4); wood flour (7); carbon body powder (lignite powder) (4); water (11); and ceramic glaze (2) containing terra alba (0.8), limestone (0.8) and ash (0.4) was prepared. The composition was used for generating ceramic house by firing with oxidizing flames at 1200 degrees C. The obtained ceramic house was tested for anion accumulating ability. The ceramic house showed maximum 7.8 fold (-1.989/-0.255), minimum 4.5 fold (-0.581/-0.130), and average 6.7 fold (- 1.266/-0.188) of the generated anions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: A nascent absorber layer is formed on deposition of absorber layer from solution of nano-particulate precursor materials. The absorbing layer includes group VIA elements such as selenium and sulfur. An intermediate layer is formed between the layer of molybdenum and aluminum substrate, and includes chromium, vanadium, tungsten, glass, and/or oxides, carbides or nitrides of tantalum and silicon. The nascent absorber layer further includes depositing a film of ink-containing groups IB and IIIA elements on substrate, and disposing molybdenum layer between the aluminum substrate and absorber layer. The metallization of polymer foil substrate is aluminum or an alloy of aluminum with one or more metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred component: The foil substrate is metallized polymer foil substrate in which polymer is chosen from polyester, polyethylene naphthalate, polyetherimide, polyethersulfone, polyether ether ketone and/or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: An organic photoelectric transducer has a pair of electrode, an organic layer (o1) between electrodes and containing an electron accepting compound, and an organic layer (o2) containing an electron donor. Preferred Compound: The electron accepting compound or electron donor is polymer (1). The electron accepting compound is fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Group: The polymer further has thiophene-containing group of formulae (3a and 3b). Preferred Definitions:    ring A=7-membered or more monocyclic cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon ring.    EXAMPLE - 2-Bromo iodobenzene (25.1 g), naphthalene boronic acid (20 g), tetrakis triphenyl palladium (0.427 g), potassium carbonate (25.5 g), toluene (92 ml) and water (91 ml) were refluxed for 24 hours to obtained 1-(2-bromo-phenyl)-naphthalene. The obtained compound, n-butyl lithium (12.6 ml) and cyclopenta decanone (4.75 g) were heated for 8 hours to obtain 9-(2-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl)-heptadecan-9-ol. The obtained compound, boron trifluoride ether complex, and dichloromethane were stirred for 1 hour to obtain 1-(2-(1-octyl-nonyl)-phenyl)-naphthalene. The obtained compound was used to prepare organic thin film solar cell module.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide is silica, which is amorphous microsilica or amorphous fumed silica. The carbon is carbon black. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon is 1-20 weight%, preferably 1-15 weight%, oxide is 0.5-50 weight%, preferably 2-25 weight% silicon is 1-20 weight%, preferably 2-15 weight% and silicon nitride is 50 weight% or more. The composition comprises 2 weight% of carbon black and 10 weight% of microsilica, the remainder of silicon nitride. Preferred Property: The silicon nitride particles have particle size of 0.1-2 microns, preferably 0.4-1 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is dispersed in liquid. The liquid is water. The composition is an aqueous dispersion and further comprises binder. The content of binder is 70 weight% or less with respect to weight of dry solids. The binder is polyvinylalcohol and polyethylene glycol. The composition further comprises dispersant (0.1-5 weight%, preferably 0.2-1 weight%). The dispersant is ammonium or sodium salt of polyacrylate. A mould comprises mould component obtained from graphite and coated using coating composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises hydrogenolysis reaction of substituted rylene tetracarboxylic acid diimides of formula (II) in the presence of strong Lewis acid and a proton donor.R(a1), R(a2) = aryl; andR(b1), R(b2) = alkyl or H. EXAMPLE - N,N'-Bis( alpha -methylbenzyl)-1,6,7,12-tetrakis(4-methoxyphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides (0.33 g) was resolved to 0 degrees C under argon atmosphere in ethylene dichloride (30 ml). A solution of boron tribromide (5.7 ml) in ethylene dichloride (16 ml) was added to the reaction mixture within 15 minutes. The obtained mixture was stirred for 35 hours at 0 degrees C and another 3.5 hours at room temperature to give 1,6,7,12-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides (0.73 g, yield 49%). The 1,6,7,12-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides (50 ml) was added to a 3,4,5-tridodecyl- benzoic acid (2.07 g), N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (144 mg), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (41.4 mg) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium-4-tosylate (93.7 mg) at 0 degrees C and under argon atmosphere in freshly distilled dimethylformamide (3.1 ml) and ethylene dichloride (9.3 ml), then the mixture was stirred for 70 hours at room temperature and 21 hours at 50 degrees C. The resulting mixture was worked up to give 1,6,7,12-tetrakis(4-(3,4,5-tridodecyloxybenzoyloxy)phenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimides (132 mg, yield 63%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The base is a slice of a polycrystalline silicon ingot produced by melting and solidifying silicon. Preferred Components: The surface of the polycrystalline silicon layer further comprises formed metallic electrode layer having a formed oxide semiconductor layer on its surface. The polycrystalline silicon layer comprises high purity silicon having a resistivity of 0.1-10 omega -cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transition metal is divalent platinum (Pt(II)), divalent palladium (Pd(II)), trivalent iridium (Ir(III)), or trivalent rhodium (Rh(III)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complex further comprises additional cyclometalating ligand. The fused aromatic ring structure of the cyclometalating ligand comprises heteronuclear aromatic ring. It comprises greater than or equal to 4 fused aromatic rings. The cyclometalating ligand comprises a pyrenyl group, preferably pyrenyl-pyridine, 1-pyrenyl-quinolone, pyrenyl-benziso-quinoline, or 1-pyrenyl-iso-quinolone; a perylenyl group; or an aza-oligoryne group. The complex comprises additional aromatic rings fused to the aza-oligoryne group. The transition metal is bonded to two atoms of an ancillary ligand. The ancillary ligand comprises a 2-phenylpyridine which is fluorinated. Alternatively, the ancillary ligand is acetylacetonate. EXAMPLE - A device comprising indium tin oxide (ITO), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVK), 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PDB), 5% bis(1-pyrenyl-iso-quinolone)acetylacetonate iridium ((pyiq)2Ir(acac)), tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq), lithium fluoride, and aluminum at current densities of 1, 10 and 50 mA/cm2 had external quantum efficiency eta ext of 0.082%, 0.097% and 0.092%, respectively, and voltage of 17.4, 22.0 and 26.6 V, respectively. Maximum forward light output (FLO) was 0.119 mW/cm2. Percentage of power in the phosphorescent compound (pyiq)2Ir(acac) was 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The exposing step includes using supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a carrier for the polar supercritical solvent; and exposing in an environment at 31-80 degrees C and at a pressure of 200-300 bar. Method (M1) further involves transferring a pattern of the nano-structure into the substrate; where the transferring step renders the substrate porous. Preferred Components: The polar supercritical solvent includes at least one of chlorodifluoromethane, methylene chloride, 1,1 dichloroehylene, ethylene dichloride, chloroform, 1,1 dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, O-dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, dibenzyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, diethyl ketone, acetophenone, methyl isoamyl ketone, isophorone, methyl acetate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, diethyl carbonate, diethyl sulfate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, 2-nitropropane, nitrobenzene, pyridine, morpholine, analine, N-methyl-2-phyrrolidone and cyclohexylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The block copolymer is polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate b-styrene) or diblock copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carrier comprises carbon-based material, and/or an inorganic material. The inorganic material particulate comprises aluminum, silicon, zirconium, titanium, and/or tungsten. The platinum-containing material comprises platinum, chloroplatinic acid, platinum chloride, platinum boride, diammineplatinum (II) nitrite solution, potassium hexachloroplatinate (IV), potassium tetrachloroplatinate (II), potassium tetracyanoplatinate trihydrate, platinum potassium nitrate, disodium hexachloroplatinate, sodium chloroplatinite solution, or ammonium tetrachloroplatinate. The iron-containing material comprises iron-containing metal halide, nitrate, hydrochloride, and/or sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The Pt-iron(Fe) alloy further comprises a transition metal comprising vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, tungsten, and/or titanium. Preferred Property: The lattice constant of the face-centered cubic structure is 3.862-3.88 Angstrom . The first lattice constant of the face-centered tetragonal structure is 3.81-3.87 Angstrom , and the second lattice constant of the face-centered tetragonal structure is 3.71-3.8 Angstrom . The Pt-Fe alloy has an average particle diameter of 3-10 nm. Preferred Concentration: An atomic ratio of Pt and Fe is 2:1-9:1 when the alloy has the face-centered cubic structure. An atomic ratio of Pt and Fe is 1:1-1:3 when the alloy has the face-centered tetragonal structure. An atomic ratio of Pt and the transition metal is 2:1-10:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The platinum-containing material comprises platinum acetylacetonate. The iron-containing material comprises acetate, and/or amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier of hydrogen is an organic liquid carrier of hydrogen, preferably saturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The liquid carrier of hydrogen is a partially or fully hydrogenated nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle including 2-aminopyridine, 4-methylpyrimidine, dipyrimidinemethane, dimethyltetrazine, dipyrimidine, diazacarbazole, alkylcarbazole, 4-aminopyridine, dipyrazinemethane, tripyrazinemethane, tripyrazineamine, dipyrazine, tetrazacarbazole, isoquinoline, di(2-pyridyl)amine, and/or quinazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optically transparent member comprises a UV inhibitor or a cerium oxide bearing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The encapsulant comprises a UV inhibitor or is selected from an elastomer or epoxy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent member comprises a glass material or a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coolant further comprises base component chosen from water, glycol, saturated alcohol and/or glycol ether. Preferred Composition: The coolant comprises aliphatic alcohol (0.01-15 weight parts) with respect to 100 weight parts of base component. Preferred Properties: The aliphatic alcohol maintains electrical conductivity of coolant at 10 mu S/cm or less. The aliphatic alcohol maintains fluctuations in electrical conductivity of the coolant at 0-10 mu S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The material of the substrate is one selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene naphthalate, a poly carbonate, and a polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organosilane is (dimethylamino)silane, octadecyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane, (methoxy)silane, dodecyldimethyl(methoxy)silane, a trimethoxysilane and a triethoxysilane. The hydrolysable group is halide, carboxylate, amine, alkoxide, sulfide, heteroaryl and fluoroaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is dye sensitized solar cell, silicon solar cell, compound semiconductor solar cell or stack solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A mesoporous alumina is prepared by removing ionic liquid contained in the composite by performing heating process at 500-800 degrees C for 1-10 hours, and performing phase-transition process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum precursor is aluminum alcoholate such as aluminum tri-sec-butoxide or aluminum isopropoxide. The ionic liquid is liquid of imidazolium ionic compound of formula (1).R1=1-2C alkyl;R2=2-16C alkyl;andX-=halogen, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoroborate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, methyl sulfate, tosylate or dicyanamide.Preferred Condition: The heat treatment is performed for 24-72 hours. EXAMPLE - 1,1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (in g) (1.98), 1-propanol (4 ml) and distilled water (0.1 ml) were mixed. Then, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (2.62) and 0.01M hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (0.3 ml) were added, undisturbed at 60 degrees C for 24 hours, and heated at 120 degrees C for 48 hours under humidifying condition or non-humidifying condition, to obtain ionic liquid/aluminum hydroxide composite. A mesoporous alumina was formed using the obtained ionic liquid/aluminum hydroxide composite. A fuel-cell electrolyte formed using the obtained mesoporous alumina, had excellent heat stability and conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The impurities in the silicone are boron (5 mass ppm or less) and/or phosphorus (5 mass ppm or less). The additive further contains silica solid and/or calcium oxide solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The opening discharges molten metal such as meltable aluminum. The surface of the opening is a material which shows 75 degrees or more contact angle with respect to meltable aluminum. The surface of the opening is a carbon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction system is titanium-containing aqueous reaction system or titanium-containing non-aqueous reaction system. Preferred Method: The anatase titanium oxide crystals are deposited by subjecting reaction system to hydrothermal reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium-containing aqueous reaction system is ammonium hexafluoro titanate ((NH4)2TiF6), sodium hexafluoro titanate (Na2TiF6), potassium hexafluoro titanate (K2(TiF6)), sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7), titanyl acetylacetone (TiO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2), ammonium-titanium oxalate-n hydrate ((NH4)2(TiO(C2O4)2).nH2O), potassium-titanium oxalate-dihydrate (K2(TiO(C2O4)2).2H2O) and titanium sulfate-n hydrate (Ti2(SO4)3.nH2O and Ti(SO4)2.nH2O).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, silicon, glass, metal ceramics or conductive polymer. Preferred Composition: The reaction system further includes boric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal oxide has average particle diameter of 1 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polylactic acid composition further contains block copolymer (C) and metal oxide such as zinc oxide. Preferred Properties: The block copolymer (C) is block polymer whose absolute value of difference of solubility parameter of at least one polymer block in several polymer block of block copolymer (C) and solubility parameter of pi -electron conjugated polymer (B) is 2.5 or less. The block copolymer (C) is block polymer whose absolute value of difference of solubility parameter of at least one polymer block in other different polymer block of block copolymer (C) and solubility parameter of pi -electron conjugated polymer (B) is 2.5 or more. The absolute value of difference ( delta n) of refractive index of polylactic acid (A) and block copolymer (C) is 0.03 or less. Preferred Polymer: The pi -electron conjugated polymer (B) is polyaniline type polymer doped with dopant having plasticizing effect. The block copolymer (C) has alkyl methacrylate type polymer block whose absolute value of solubility parameter deviation with polyaniline type polymer is 2.5 or less. The electroconductive polylactic acid composition alternately contains polyaniline type polymer doped with polylactic acid and dopant having plasticizing effect, and block copolymer having polymethylmethacrylate block and poly-n-butylacrylate block.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Processes: The silicon containing polymer is manufactured in presence of base catalyst and solvent at 40-100 degrees C. Alternatively, silicon containing polymer is manufactured by refluxing 50-500 weight parts of solvent and 100 weight parts of fluorene compound and dihalosilane compound. Preferred Definitions:    Ring Z=benzene ring or naphthalene ring;    R2,R4,R5=alkyl or aryl;    m=0-2;    R3=2-4C alkylene;and    n=0-10.    EXAMPLE - 9,9-Bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene (in g) (4.02), dichlorodiphenyl silane (2.69), tetrachloromethane (10 ml) and pyridine (2.1 ml) were refluxed by heating at 80 degrees C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was dissolved in tetrachloromethane (50 ml), chloroform (70 ml) and methanol (900 ml), and dried to obtain 9,9-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene-dichlorodiphenyl silane copolymer (5.28). The 9,9-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene-dichlorodiphenyl silane copolymer had weight average molecular weight of 30000, molecular weight distribution of 1.7, glass transition temperature of 171 degrees C, light transmittance of 75%, refractive index of 1.647, and excellent heat resistance and optical characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hard-coat layer is obtained using thermosetting material such as polyfunctional acrylate. Preferred Components: The polyester film contains UV-absorber. The hard-coat layer contains near-infrared-rays absorber such as tungsten oxide-type component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic structures has silicone resin and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ethylene unit contained in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 50-85 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide A2 and B2 are tetravalent metallic element and trivalent metallic element, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic groups of polydiorgano siloxane are methyl group, phenyl group or methyl group and phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film comprises tin-doped indium oxide, zinc oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide. The chemical composition of tin-doped indium oxide is of formula: In1.95Sn0.05O3. The clay film comprises clay and/or additive. The clay is mica, saponite, montmorillonite, stevensite, vermiculite, beidellite or hectorite. Preferred Properties: The thickness of transparent conductive film is 100-1000 nm. The clay has water-dispersibility or organic-solvent dispersibility. The thickness of clay film is 20-200 mu m. The electroconductive film has electrical resistivity of 1x 10-3 ohm.cm, linear expansion coefficient of less than 1x 10-5/ degrees C and average surface roughness of 10 nm or less. The electroconductive film has electrical resistivity of 1x 10-2 ohm.cm even after heating at 350 degrees C for 3 hours. Preferred Composition: The content of clay is 70 weight% or more. Preferred Process: The transparent conductive film is formed by high frequency magnetron sputtering method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Additive: The additive is sodium polyacrylate, polyimide or polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zeolite is zeolite of Y type, A type, X type, L-shape, beta phase, ferrierite type, mordenite type, ZSM-5 type, TS-1 type or MCM-22 type, preferably Y type. The quinolinium ion derivative is inserted into the pores or super cage of zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The solution containing the derivative is nitrile, halogenated solvent, ether, amide, sulfoxide, ketone, alcohol or water, preferably acetonitrile, benzonitrile, butyronitrile, chloroform, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, methanol or water. The concentration of the quinolinium ion derivative in the solution is 1.25x 10-5-1.50x 10-4 mol/l. The number of moles of the quinolinium ion derivative is 2.5x 10-5-3.0x 10-4 mol/1 g of zeolite. Preferred Definitions:    R1=H, optionally branched 1-6C alkyl having carboxyl group or amino group in the terminal, benzyl, polyether chain, preferably polyethylene glycol chain;and    Ar1-Ar3=H, optionally branched 1-6C alkyl or optionally substituted aromatic ring, preferably benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyridine ring, thiophene ring or pyrene ring substituted with optionally branched 1-6C alkyl, optionally branched 1-6C alkoxy, primary-tertiary amine, carboxylic acid or carboxylate ester.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The quinolinium ion derivative is chosen from 5 claimed compounds such as 1-methyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-quinolinium of formula (1), 1-methyl-3-naphthalen-1-yl-quinolinium, 1-methyl-3-(2-methyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-quinolinium, 1-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-quinolinium and 1-methyl-4-naphthalen-1-yl-2-phenyl-quinolinium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroboron is boron sodium hydride, boron potassium hydride, and/or boron lithium hydride. The hydroxide is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or calvital. Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is nickel and its salt, cobalt and its salt, and/or platinum and its salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-absorbing material is starch high water-absorbing material and/or cellulose high water-absorbing material. The starch high water-absorbing material is starch graft acrylonitrile, starch graft acrylic acid, starch graft acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane, acrylamide, sodium acrylic acid, methyl acrylamide, and/or maleic anhydride. The water-absorbing material is starch ester graft styrene high water-absorbing material, fork chain starch enzyme water-prepare gelatin, formaldehyde improved starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer, epoxy chloropropane improved starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer, and/or shrink glycerine ether cross bonding starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer. The cellulose high water-absorbing material is polypropylene water-absorbing resin material, droxyethyl cellulose high water-absorbing material, carboxymethyl cellulose high water-absorbing material, cellulose xanthogenate high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft poly high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft acrylonitrile high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft crylic acid high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft acrylamide high water-absorbing material, hydroxyethyl group cellulose graft acrylamide high water-absorbing material, carboxymethyl group cellulose high water-absorbing material, and hydroxyethyl group cellulose/acrylamide/silicon dioxide complex material. Preferred Process: The starch high water-absorbing material is water-absorbing material prepared by improved aluminum and its ramification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Reaction in (1) is controlled at below 55 to below 45 degrees . Preferred Components: Oxidant in (2) is dichloro dicyano quinone (DDQ). Preferred Composition: Reaction mole ratio of porphyrin and furan glycol is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of carbon nano tubes and ruthenium is 1:0.04-0.12. The carbon nano tubes are dispersed in aqueous solution of ruthenium trichloride at preferably 90-130 degrees C for 1-2.5 hours. The weight ratio of ruthenium and platinum is 1:1-1.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The electronic component comprises n-type semiconductor layer; a p-type semiconductor layer; and a light-emitting layer between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The outer layer comprises at least one material selected from Ni, Ti, Cr, copper (Cu), gold (Au), Al, platinum (Pt), titanium-tungsten (TiW), palladium (Pd), and Mo. The first dielectric material is selected from CaCO3, silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), Bi2O3, technetium (Tc), praseodymium (Pr), polonium (Po), francium (Fr), radium (Ra), beryllium oxide (BeO), B2O3, Li2O, ZnO, WS2, RuO2, SnO2, LaB6, In2O3, Ta2N, BaTiO3, CuO, CdO and Ta2O5. The circuit carrier further comprises a second dielectric material. The second dielectric material is selected from CaCO3, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Bi2O3, Tc, Tr, Po, Fr, Ra, BeO, B2O3, Li2O, ZnO, WS2, RuO2, Bi2Ru2O7, PbRu2O6, IrO2, SnO2, LaB6, In2O3, Ta2N, BaTiO3, CuO, CdO and Ta2O5. The conductive material is selected from Au, silver (Ag), Al, Cu, W, Ni, Pd, and Pt. The composite material carrier comprises at least one material selected from carbon fiber, carbon particulate, carbon flake, carbon laminate, carbon nanotube, diamond, diamond-like carbon and graphite. The connecting device comprises a bonding layer containing at least one material selected from benzocyclobutene (BCB), epoxy, polyimide, SOG, silicone, solder, Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, CaCO3, SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Bi2O3, Tc, BeO, B2O3, Li2O, RuO2, SnO2, LaB6, In2O3, Ta2N, BaTiO3, CuO, CdO, and Ta2O5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The composite material carrier is selected from metal matrix composite (MMC), polymer matrix composite (PMC), and ceramic matrix composite (CMC).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic component comprises fluorinated polymer chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal particle is Ru, Rh, Pd, W or Pt, preferably Ru, Pd or Pt particle. Preferred Compositions: The content of the silver particle is 40-90 wt.%, and additional particle is 0.01-10 wt.%. The paste further comprises third conductive particle (2 wt.%). Preferred Method: The paste is heated at 450-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic particle is selected from a group consisting of polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, PVC, polystyrene - nose - acrylonitrile, PVC- co-vinyl chloride, polybutadiene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains copper, iron, nickel, cobalt or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nano structure body is carbon nanotube, carbon nano flakes, carbon nanowall, carbon nanohorn, carbon nano coil, metal filled nanotube and/or carbon nanofiber. Preferred Process: The functional thin film element is formed on a base material which is a glass material or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The functional thin film is formed with pi-conjugated type material from quinolinol derivative, fluorene derivative, phthalocyanine derivative, triphenyl diamine derivative, polyparaphenylene derivative, distyryl arylene derivative, oxadiazole derivative, pyrazoline derivative, merocyanine derivative, chlorophyll derivative, porphyrin derivative, perylene derivative and/or pentacene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material may also be a polymeric resin material. The polymeric resin material is polyolefin type resin, polyvinyl type resin, polyester type resin and/or cycloolefin type resin which may be polyethylene derivative, polypropylene derivative, PVC derivative, polymethyl methacrylate derivative, polystyrene derivative, polycarbonate derivative, polyethylene terephthalate derivative, polyethylene naphthalate derivative, polydimethyl cyclohexane terephthalate derivative, aromatic polyester derivative, polycycloolefin resin derivative, polyethersulfone resin derivative and/or their copolymer resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The transition metal is element of group (10) or group (11) in periodic table, preferably copper metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The fullerene derivative (1) is obtained by reacting an alkenylation agent with fullerene and/or fullerene intermediate component and transition metals. Preferred Compound: The fullerene is 60C fullerene. The carbon atom of 6th position, 7th position, 8th position, 9th position and 10th position in fullerene derivative (1) are coupled with organic group (3). A hydroxyl group is coupled with carbon atom of 4th position of phenyl group in organic group (3). Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative is dissolved in an organic solvent such as ester solvent. Preferred Definitions:    n=1;and    R1-R4=H.    At least one of R4 is H.    EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran suspension liquid (in mL) (56) of copper-bromide dimethyl sulfide complex (6.48 g) was cooled to 5 degrees C. To the cooled solution, 4-ortho tetrahydropyranyl phenyl magnesium bromide/tetrahydrofuran solution (34) was added and heated at 25 degrees C. To the resulting mixture, ortho dichlorobenzene (90) of 60C fullerene (2 g) was added and stirred for 2 hours. Then, allyl bromide (3) was added and mixed for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was filtered, diluted with toluene, crystallized and vacuum-dried to obtain solution of fullerene derivative of formula: C60(4-ortho tetrahydropyranyl-C6H4)5(-CH2-CH=CH2) (a) (3.82 g). The methylene chloride (35) of fullerene derivative (a) and methanol (35) were mixed. To the mixture, methane sulfonic acid (16) was added and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction liquid was diluted with methylene chloride, crystallized and vacuum-dried for 3 hours to obtain fullerene derivative of formula: C60(4-OH-C6H4)5(-CH2-CH=CH2) (b) with yield of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Residue: The fumaric acid diester resin has fumaric acid diester residue (50 mol% or more) of formula: -CH(-C(=O)-O-R1)-CH(-C(=O)-O-R2)-.R1,R2=3-12C branched alkyl or cycloalkyl group.Preferred Group: The inorganic particles are surface treated by polymerizable unsaturated group such as (meth)acryloyl group. Preferred Component: The organic component is (meth)acrylate having (meth)acryloyl group. Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are silica particles. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the film is 10-400 mu m, and hard coat layer is 1-50 mu m. The transparent film has total light transmittance of 85% or more, light transmittance of 90% or more at 400 nm, heat ray expansion coefficient of 65 ppm/ degrees C, and haze value of 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The tetracarboxylic-acid compounds of formulae (3-5) are reacted with diamine compound, to obtain polyimide precursor. Then, the polyimide precursor is cyclized using heating or spin-drying agent, to obtain polyimide of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains thermoplastic resin of 2-60 weight% having total-light-transmittance of 80% or more. Preferred Components: The mono-vinyl aromatic compound consists of ethylvinyl benzene and/or styrene. The thermoplastic resin is block copolymer or alicyclic polyolefin resin having polymer portion with glass transition temperature of 20 degrees C or less. The inorganic filler is glass tissue. Preferred Properties: The difference of refractive index after curing of polyfunctional vinyl aromatic copolymer and refractive index of inorganic filler is 0.01 or less. The inorganic filler has refractive index of 1.45-1.65. The resin composition has mean linear-expansion coefficient of 40 ppm or less at 30-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acryl emulsion-coating composition further contains an oxetane compound. Preferred Property: A water-repellent coating film has contact angle of 85 degrees C or more at 23 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc-oxide whisker particles has diameter of 10-50 nm and length of 1000-2000 nm. The zinc-oxide whisker shows X-ray-diffraction pattern. The zinc-oxide whisker has whisker particles comprising spike-like particles, acicular particles or rod-shaped particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Board and additives including ethylenediamine or ammonia are used in the manufacture of zinc-oxide whisker.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The board is silicon board, glass board, ceramic board, metal board or polymer board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio of matrix hydrogel slurry and transparency seed solution is 1/0.5-1/1.5. The transparency seed solution contains silica alumina-gel particles. Preferred Property: The silica alumina-gel particles has average particle diameter of 0.01-0.5 mu m. The average particle diameter of faujasite-type zeolite is 0.01-0.5 mu m. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal treatment is performed at 50-120 degrees C for 12-200 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The base material containing the zinc oxide crystal has metal oxide. The amine compound is ammonia. Preferred Property: The temperature of the aqueous solution during the deposition of zinc oxide is 50-90 degrees C. The concentration of zinc ion in the aqueous solution is 0.005-0.5 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous solution further contains water soluble polymer as an additive. The water soluble polymer is polyol type water soluble polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal in the hydrolyzate of metal alkoxide or metal alkoxide is silicon or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier laminated material further has a transparent primer layer (2) between the plastic base material and inorganic vapor deposition layer, and a compound film layer (4) between the inorganic vapor deposition layer and stress relaxation layer. Preferred Compound: The transparent primer layer consists of composite of silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate, polyol and isocyanate compound. The silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate contains hydroxyl group of polyol or isocyanate group of isocyanate compound, and reactive functional group. Preferred Process: The transparent primer layer is obtained by adding tetraethoxy silane (Si(OC2H5)4) or its polymer, or tripropoxy aluminum (Al(OC3H7)3) or its hydrolyzate to the composite. Preferred Property: The transparent primary layer has thickness of 0.001-2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound film layer contains water-soluble high molecular compound and its polymer, and/or metal alkoxide and its hydrolyzate. The water-soluble high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic and/or organic thin film layer (A) contains silicon compound, and the inorganic thin film layer (B) contains oxygen and/or nitrogen. Preferred Properties: The gas barrier laminated film has water vapor permeability of 0.1 g/m2/24 hours at 40 degrees C and relative humidity condition of 90%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base film consists of polyester, polycarbonate, polymethacryl resin, polyether sulfone and/or cyclic polyolefin. Preferred Properties: The thermal contraction rate of the base film before hydrothermal processing, and stretching processing of the base film along flow direction and width direction in draw ratio of 2-5 times and 2-6 times, is 0.01-5%. The base film has thickness of 5-500 mu m, preferably 5-150 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The gas barrier laminated film further has an anchor-coat layer between inorganic and/or organic thin film layer (A) and base film. Preferred Resin: The anchor-coat layer contains resin chosen from polyester-type resin, urethane type resin, acrylic resin, cellulose nitrate type-resin, silicon type resin, alcoholic hydroxyl-containing resin, oxazoline group-containing resin, carbodiimide group-containing resin, and isocyanate group-containing resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Diamine is 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine), trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane or diaminodiphenylsulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The frame contains frame material (8) coated by adhesive coating film (9). The frame material is chosen from ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polychlorinated alcohol, nylon, polyacrylontirile, polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The frame material is surface vapor-deposited using a silicon compound or an aluminum compound. Preferred Component: The adhesive coating film is formed of resin composition containing fluorine resin. An adhesive agent and a sealing agent are used during manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cell. Preferred Compound: The resin composition contains a fluoro-polyether compound (a), an isocyanate compound and a reaction catalyst. The fluoro-polyether compound contains at least 2 hydroxyl groups, and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule. The fluoro-polyether compound is of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2-)p-(O-CF2-)q-CF2-OH, where p+q is 8-32. The isocyanate compound is on organic compound containing at least 2 isocyanate groups in one molecule. The resin composition further contains fluoro-polyether compound (b) containing at least 2 hydrolysable groups in one molecule and containing perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule. The fluoro-polyether compound (b) is of formula (1).p,q=0 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The photoelastic coefficient of film (A) (Cra) is less than laminated optical film (Crl) which is less than film (A) (Crb). The laminated optical film has photoelastic coefficient of (-)10-10x 10-12/Pa. The copolymerization ratio of acrylonitrile in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer is 1-40 mass%. The copolymerization ratio of styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer is 0.1-50 mass%. The copolymerization ratio of styrene maleic anhydride copolymer is 0.1-50 mass%. Preferred Composition: The film (A) contains a thermoplastic resin composition containing a styrene resin and an acrylic resin. The content of acrylic resin is 80 mass% or more with respect to thermoplastic resin composition. The mass ratio of styrene resin and acrylic resin is 0.1/99.9-50/50. The styrene resin is styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer, and styrene maleic anhydride copolymer. The acrylic resin is polymer or heat resistant acrylic resin. The polymer contains (meth)acrylic acid alkylester as monomer component. The film (B) contains thermoplastic resin composition containing styrene resin, acrylic resin, cell roll ester resin, and norbornene type resin. The mass ratio of styrene resin and acrylic resin is 99.9/0.1-51/49. Preferred Compound: The heat resistant acrylic resin contains dione-containing compound of formula (1).X=O or N-R;andR=H, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkane.Preferred Components: The heat resistant acrylic resin is (meth)acrylate (in mass%) (40-90), aromatic vinyl compound (5-40), and dione-containing compound (5-20). The copolymerization ratio of aromatic vinyl compound unit is 1-3 mass% with respect to copolymerization ratio of dione-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The base material is formed using a composition containing a sulfur-containing compound of formula: (Y'-S(R1-X1)n)4-M (I).M=tin, silicon, zirconium, titanium or germanium;R1=1-4C alkylene;X1=sulfur or oxygen;n=0-4;andY'=group of formula (1, 2 or 3).Preferred Layer: The coating layer is a primer layer, a hard-coat layer and/or a reflection prevention layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyaniline composite material solution further contains resin component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Not given. Preferred Definitions:    M=ruthenium.    EXAMPLE - Ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoate obtained from trimethyl derivative of ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoate, was reacted with triphenyl phosphine compound, to obtain 2,2',6',2''-terpyridine-ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoate. The obtained 2,2',6',2''-terpyridine-ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoate (200 mg) was mixed with ethanol and sodium hydroxide (789 mg) and heated, to obtain 2,2',6',2''-terpyridine-ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoic acid. The obtained acid compound (50 mg) was reacted with ethanol and ruthenium chloride (35.7 mg) and cooled, to obtain trichlororuthenium complex of 2,2',6',2''-terpyridine-ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoic acid of formula (4). The compound (4) and ammonium thiocyanate was dissolved in dimethylformamide and water, heated, refluxed, distilled off solvent and purified, to obtain triisocyanate-ruthenium complex of 2,2',6',2''-terpyridine-ethyl-4-((4-ethynylphenyl)ethynyl)benzoic acid compound of formula (1a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicon raw material is melted in a crucible, where a covering material is provided, which lies over the silicon melt. The covering material contains silicon dioxide, germanium dioxide, aluminum trioxide or boron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monohydric alcohol, dihydric alcohol or trihydric alcohol dropped in (b) of both methods is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, glycol and propanetriol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive film is made of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is one or the mixture of any of hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO3), HClO4 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lining is glass or clutch gold. The compound comprising sulfur ion is thiourea. The compound comprising indium ion is indium chloride or indium sulfate. The compound comprising copper ion is copper chloride or copper sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The R1 in organic ruthenium dye is of Formula II-XIII.A or B=O, S; andR3-R24=H, OH, alkane, alkoxyl, cycloalkyl, aroxy, aralkyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl, or halogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Dithioformic porphyrin ramification is of Formula II:R=CnHn+1; andn=1-4.Oxidant is DDQ or air. Acid with catalyst addition is trifluoroborane/diethylether (BF3/Et2O) or trifluoroacetic acid. Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of phenanthrene pyrrole and 2,5-di(4-benzoic ether) carboxy methyl thiofuran is 0.5:1 to 2:1. Preferred Process: Process for preparing dithioformic porphyrin comprises: dissolving dithioformic porphyrin into organic solvent, adding potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, reflowing for a while, removing the solvent, adding acidic solution to adjust pH, and separating the solution to obtain the product. Process also includes adjusting pH value to acidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of thiophene glycol derivative and phenanthrenes pyrrole derivative is 0.5:1 to 2:1. Preferred Components: Acid with the same weight of catalyst is trifluoroborane/diethylether (BF3/Et2O) or trifluoroacetic acid. Preferred Catalysts: Catalyst is DDQ or air. Preferred Conditions: Heating is done above 180 degrees C for 10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal sulfate includes zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, calcium sulfide, magnesium sulfide, barium sulfide, strontium sulfide, cerium sulfide, lead sulfide, ethiopsite, arsenic sulfide, molybdenum sulfide, or tungsten sulfide. A blocking layer for isolating the explosion product from contacting the air is provided on the outside of the explosive mixture. The blocking layer is made of water. The metal sulfate is II-VI family sulfate, which is single hexahedron, cubic or mixed crystal. Preferred Compositions: The proportion of the metal sulfate powder with the explosive compound is 10: 3-10: 20. The synthesized zinc sulfide has hexahedron crystal of more than 95 wt.% and less than 0.5 degrees. Preferred Method: The pressure when reaction container is evacuated is lower than 0.03 MPa, and the pressure is 0.03-1.0 MPa when filled with inert gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hollow microparticles are mutually connected by chain-shaped solid microparticles containing silica and other metals. Preferred Metal: The other metals are metal chosen from aluminum, copper, cerium, tin, titanium, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal layer includes gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Bronsted acid is sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, or phosphonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The amine is ammonia, aliphatic amine, alicyclic amine, or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound. The salt is derived from sulfonic acid and a primary or secondary amine. Each branched side chain comprises 2,2-bishydroxymethylpropionic acid (bis-MPA).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Each branched side chain of the proton-conducting polymers comprises a dendrimer obtained by repeatedly bonding a repeating unit. The salt of the proton-conducting polymers is derived from sulfonic acid and a primary or secondary amine, or Bronsted acid and an amine. In the proton-conducting polymers, acid or base for forming the salt forms the salt with less than or equal to 1 equivalent of a corresponding base or acid for forming the salt. The main chain of the proton-conducting polymers comprises a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or a polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell includes fuel reservoir in communication with anode, oxidizer reservoir, and two current collectors. In the operation of fuel cell, the anode is operative to oxidize an alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base electrolyte reservoir contains a basic electrolyte solution. The acid electrolyte reservoir contains an acidic electrolyte solution. The basic electrolyte solution comprises aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide (30-40 wt.%). The acidic electrolyte comprises an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (30-40 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane comprises a cation exchange membrane, particularly a proton exchange membrane. The proton exchange membrane comprises a perfluorosulfonate polymer. The membrane is an anion exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive ions are alkali or alkaline-earth ions, comprising lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, cesium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, strontium ion and/or barium ion. The first substrate comprises silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), Ge-doped Si, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, and indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front electrode comprises a transparent conductive metallic infrared reflecting layer comprising layer and silver and gold, and a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). The TCO film comprises zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer comprises polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The structure includes crossbeams to which the elongate solar cells are mounted. The crossbeams are silicon, polymer, ceramic, metal, or glass. The conductive pathways are formed on electrically insulating support, which is silicon, borosilicate glass, plastic, or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Ru-based nanoparticle core comprises Ru or Ru/ruthenium oxide. The Pt and Ru co-exist in bimetallic form. The Pt shell is 1-2 monolayers in thickness. The core comprises Ru0/Ru+4 having a ratio of 0-100:0-100 (preferably 60-70:30-40). The support is an alumina, preferably gamma -alumina. The hydrogen comprises a carbon monoxide (10000 ppm by volume). Preferred Method: The preparing method is conducted in high boiling solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is glycol. EXAMPLE - A mixture of platinum chloride (54 mg) and colloidal ruthenium suspension (40 ml) was heated and stirred at 130 degrees C for 1.5 hours. The obtained PtRu nanoparticles was evaluated and showed a mean particle size greater than monometallic ruthenium nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric material of the cover glass contains silicon dioxide, niobium pentoxide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The holder contains zinc oxide and titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    R5,R6=(un)substituted alkyl or alkenyl group;and    R1-R4=carboxylic acid group optionally substituted by alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The methine chain is bonded with a group consisting of an acidic nucleus and a basic nucleus. The both end of the methine chain are bonded with the basic nucleus. The anchor group is carboxylic acid group. In the anchor group, the carbon number is introduced into the center of the hard-number methine chain is The acidic nucleus is chosen from oxathiazolidine, thiazolidinone, benzothiophene-3-one, 2-thioxothiazolidine-4-one, imidazopyridine-3-one, pyrazole 3-one, indan-1,3-dione, dioxadiazinan-3-one, and 2-thioxoimidazolidine 4-one. The basic nucleus is chosen from indolidinium, benzothiazole, indolenine, thiazoloquinoline, benzoxazole, isoquinoline, tetrazole, benzimidazole, azulenium, dibenzothiazole, dibenzoxazole, benzoindolenine, and quinoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydride reducing agent is boron hydride-type reducing agent, silicon hydride-type reducing agent and/or aluminum hydride-type reducing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Ether solvent and alcohol are used in the manufacture of diol compound. Preferred Process: The diol compound of formula (2) is reacted with carbonation agent, to obtained dioxolanone-type compound of formula (3). The diol compound of formula (2) is reacted with sulfuryl halide, to obtain cyclic sulfate compound of formula (4). The cyclic sulfate compound of formula (4) is reacted with metal halide, to obtain halohydrin compound of formula (5). The halohydrin compound of formula (5) is treated with base, to obtain epoxy compound of formula (6). The epoxy compound of formula (6) reacts with alkyl metal halide in the presence of carbon dioxide, to obtain dioxolanone-type compound of formula (3). The halohydrin compound is of formula: Rf-CH(-OH)-CH2-X (5).X=halogen. EXAMPLE - Sodium boron hydride (118 g) and tetrahydrofuran (500 ml) were mixed, stirred, heated at 500 degrees C and added to 3,3,3-trifluoro methyl pyruvate (500 g). Then, the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour, water (115 ml) was added, reacted for 1 hour and 98% sulfuric acid was added. Further, the reaction mixture was reacted for 1 hour, extracted with ethyl acetate, washed, organic layer and solvent were removed, distilled and purified, to obtain 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,3-propanediol (60%) having purity of 99.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The gas-barrier film has a laminated structure of film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance, transparent primer layer (53), vapor-deposition layer including inorganic compound, and compound film comprising overcoat layer (54). The vapor-deposition layer has thickness of 5-300 nm. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. The metal oxide contained in overcoat layer of compound film includes silane alkoxide and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance is polyester base material or polycarbonate-type base material chosen from polybutylene-terephthalate (PBT) film, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film, acid of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate and glycol modified copolyester (PCTA) film. The film base material having heat resistance is fluorine-type base material chosen from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyvinyl-fluoride (PVF) resin film, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, trifluoro-chloroethylene resin (PCTFE) film, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film, polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) film and tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA) film, preferably polyvinyl-fluoride film. The film base material having heat resistance is colored using whitening agent. The compound film comprising overcoat layer includes hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound, metal alkoxide, hydrolyzate and/or polymer. The hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol or poly (vinyl alcohol co-ethylene), cellulose and/or starch. Preferred Property: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance has glass transition temperature (Tg) point of 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The functional element is an integrated circuit or a micro machine. The semiconductor wafer is a single-crystal silicon, a polycrystalline silicon, or a compound semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Units: The polyimide consists of bisisoindole-tetrone-containing repeating units of formulae (1,2).R1=phenyl, 3-biphenyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-naphthyl, or 2-naphthyl;andAz=bivalent aromatic organic group having benzazole structure or benzoxazole structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dense structural unit (A) contains metal-oxide portion having 3 dimensional polyhedral structures. The sparse structural unit (B) contains chain-shaped unit containing organic material and organometallic oxide. The organic material is of formula: (RSiO3/2)w(MO2)x(RXSiO)y(XMO3/2)z. The organometallic oxide is of formula: (R3R4R5SiO1/2)j(R3R7SiO)k(R6R7XSiO1/2)l. The organic material contains hydrolysis condensate of silicon compound and/or metal compound. The organometallic oxide consists of hydrolysis condensate of silicon compounds. The silicon compound of organic material is of formula: RSiX3. The metal compound is of formula: MX4. The silicon compound(s) is of formula: R3R4R5SiX and/or R6R7SiX2.R,R3-R7=H, -R1-OCO-CR2=CH2, -R1-CR2=CH2, unsaturated group of formula: -CH=CH2, alkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, phenyl, alkoxyl or alkyl siloxy;R1=alkyenyl, alkylidene or phenylene;R2=H or alkyl;M=silicon, germanium, titanium or zirconium;X=halogen or alkoxyl;w=4 or more;w+x+y+z=8 or more;andj,k,l=0 or more.Preferred Process: The hydrosilylation catalyst and/or radical initiator, compound having hydrosilyl group and/or compound having unsaturated group in a molecule are mixed with hardening resin to obtain curable resin composition. The obtained curable resin composition is thermosetted or photocured to obtain hard transparent substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The stopper is made of elements selected from group comprising iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pigment is dimonium type dye or cyanine dye with maximal absorption wavelength of 1000 nm or more. The pigment has melting point of more than 210 degrees C. The alcohol solvent has boiling point of 100 degrees C or more. The ratio of the alcohol solvent with respect to all the solvent used for the coating agent is 50 wt.% or more. The coating agent further contains borate of formula: X(BR'mR"4-m)-n.X=n valent organic or inorganic cation;R'=aryl having electron attractive group;R"=organic group, halogen or hydroxyl group;m=1-4;andn=integer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin is (meth)acryl resin with weight average molecular weight of 10000-500000. The coating agent is applied on a transparent base material chosen from polycarbonate type base material, polystyrene type base material, triacetyl cellulose type base material, methacryl resin type base material and lactone ring type resin base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The monomer (a2) having reactive silyl group is organic silane compound of formulae: CH2-C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)a-Si(-CH3)b(OR2)3-b, CH2=CH-Si(-CH3)c(OR3)3-c, or CH2=CH-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-Si(-CH3)d(OR4)3-d, which react with respect to polymer.R1=H or methyl group;R2,R3=1-6C hydrocarbon group;a=1-5;andb,c=0 or 1.Preferred Monomer: The monomer mixture further contains monomer having UV-ray stability group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The inorganic oxide is obtained by sol-gel reaction of metal alkoxide of valence 3 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal alkoxide is an alkoxysilane optionally having a functional group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The hollow polymer particles are obtained by radically polymerizing a water-soluble monomer and a water-insoluble monomer in an aqueous medium. The hollow polymer particles have an average particle diameter of 50-150 nm and a shell wall thickness of 10-20 nm, or an average particle diameter of 150-800 nm and a shell wall thickness of 10-80 nm. Preferred Properties: The organic-inorganic compound coating film has a regular porous structure in which closed packing of hollow polymer particles is carried out in three-dimensional space in a matrix consisting of the inorganic oxide, or a hemispherical corrugated pattern in the surface with closest arrangement of hollow polymer particles. The hole diameter of the porous component is 40-780 nm. The corrugated pattern is honeycomb. Preferred Composition: The usage mass ratio of hollow polymer particles and metal alkoxide is 70/30-5/95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The latent pigment is of formula: A(B)x.A = residue of coloring agent of quinacridone, anthraquinone, perylene, indigo, quinophthalone, indanthrone, isoindolinone, isoindoline, dioxazine, phthalocyanine, diketopyrrolopyrrole or azo, and contains heteroatom or x number conjugated with at least one carbonyl group;B = -C(=O)-O-R3;R3 = (un)substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or aralkyl group;andx = 1-8.The semiconductor material is metal oxide semiconductor or metal sulfide semiconductor. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetra isopropoxide (62.5 ml) was dipped in pure water (375 ml) for 10 minutes. Nitric acid water (2.65 ml) was added, and reaction mixture was heated at 80 degrees C and stirred for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Titanium oxide powder (140 g) was added to pure water (125 ml) to obtain titanium oxide suspension liquid. The suspension liquid was applied on transparent electroconductive glass panel coated with fluorine-doped stannic oxide, and baked at 300 degrees C for 30 minutes after drying. A titanium oxide film was formed on the support. The titanium oxide film was dipped in solution obtained by dissolving latent pigment of formula (A5) in methanol solution (200 ml). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 g) was added and ultrasonic irradiation was carried for 2 hours. The titanium oxide film was washed and vacuum-dried. The support was heated at 200 degrees C, and a photosensitive layer was formed. A charge transferring layer was formed between electroconductive support and counter electrode to obtain photoelectric transducer. The photoelectric transducer had high photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reforming catalyst support further comprises powder of zirconia-calcia solid solution in the coating, and a noble metal supported on the surface of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder and/or on the surface of the coating. Preferred Process: The zirconia-titania solid solution powder and the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder are sealed in the matrix, and are supported on the surface of the substrate. Preferred Properties: The content of zirconia in the zirconia-calcia solid solution is 80-98 mass%. The average particle size of the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder is 0.01-50 m. The content of the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder is 10-60 mass%. The shear rate of reforming catalyst support is 10000 sec-1 or more. The matrix is a nano-porous metal oxide material with nano-pores of 10 nm or less diameter. The content of zirconia in the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 50-90 mass%. The average particle size of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 0.01-50 m. The content of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 10-60 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first switch component comprises positive diode component. The second switch component is metal oxide semi conductive transistor switch component. The step-down circuit is low voltage difference linearity voltage regulator. The fuel battery is a direct methanol fuel battery. The fuel battery further comprises a secondary battery for matching fuel battery with preset output voltage to support electrical power to load. The second battery is lithium battery and any one battery in the power supply device supporting to load motion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The single crystal silicon wafer is a p-type single crystal silicon wafer, a p-type polysilicon wafer, an n-type single crystal silicon wafer, or an n-type polysilicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is of formula (Sr1-xBax)(BO2)2:EuLiCl.x=0-1.Preferred Composition: The transparent fluorescent powder comprises 0.1-15% europium (Eu), 0-15% lithium (Li) and 0.1-30% chlorine (Cl).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is filled with an epoxy resin. The polymerized layer is polycarbonate, polysiloxane or polyacrylate. Preferred Composition: The addition amount of polymer is 0.1-50%. Preferred Properties: The polymer has high transparency within wide bands with wavelengths of 400-1200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The multiple different process comprises (a) temperature of base plate is 600 degrees C, the used source gases mixture comprises SnCl4, water vapor, carbinol and hydrofluoric acid, the formed first layer tin oxide has texture structure and high resistivity, and thickness of it is shorter than 350 mn; (b), temperature of base plate is 55 degrees C, and base plate is moved to downside of another or multiple different injectors, the used source gases mixture is the same with mixture described in (a), content of carbinol is reduced, and oxygen is added into source gases mixture, texture of the formed second layer tin oxide is dependent on the first layer tin oxide formed in first process, and growing rate is lower than that in (a), and thickness is shorter than 550 mn, conductivity and optical transmissivity of second layer tin oxide are both higher than that of first layer tin oxide. The proportion of hydrofluoric acid and SnCl4 used in (a) is lower than that (b).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The orientation substrate is glass, slide, indium titanium oxide glass, quartz, quartz glass, silicon sheet, metal film or organic film coating substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triphenylene derivative has side chain of hexaalkoxy and alkoxy ester. The triphenylene derivative molecule is triphenylene derivative molecule which has triphenylene inner core in the center and 2-6 side chains on the periphery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Reaction in (1) is controlled at negative 55 to negative 45 degrees C. Preferred Components: Oxidant in (2) is dichloro dicyano quinone (DDQ). Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of the pyrrole to the selenide phenazine in (2) is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is ferrous/ferric ion, Fe(phenanthroline)33+/Fe(phenanthroline)32+, vanadium monoxide (VO2+)/vanadium dioxide (VO2+), o-toluidine/(o-toluidine)-, and cerium ions (Ce4+/Ce3+).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel includes propanol, aqueous methanol solution with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 16.7 M, aqueous formic acid solution with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 18 M, pure formic acid with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 26.5 M, ethanol, dimethylether, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxy methane, and trioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gas is oxidizing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The durometer hardness of the rubber elastic board confirms to JISK6253 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The materials (b and c) comprises low molecular material, a polymer and an inorganic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The cross-linking compounds are compounds having hole transport region and single molecular weight. The cross-linking compound has one cross-linkable group and the other cross-linking compound has two or more cross-linkable groups. The cross-linking compound is a polymer having hole transport region and repeating unit. The average cross-linking group number per repeating unit and/or cross-linking group number in addition to the repeating unit of the polymer differ from each other. The cross-linking compound (A) with average cross-linking group number per repeating unit is LA and the cross-linking compound (B) with average cross-linking group number per repeating unit is LB, and satisfy the relations: LA greater than LB and (LA-LB)/LB greater than or equal to 0.05. The compound (A) and compound (B) are copolymers, contained in the weight ratio of 1:1-1:20. The cross-linked compound has triphenylamine partial structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Diketo monomer such as of formula (Xa) is subjected to Suzuki coupling reaction using a thiophene compound, in presence of a palladium catalyst to obtain the polymer.Z1=group of formula: -(S)-, -(O)-, -(N(R1))-, -(S(=O))-, -(S(=O)2)-, -(Se)-, -(Te)-, -(C(R2)=C(R3))- or -(C(R4)=N)-;andR1-R4=H or substituent.R2 and R3 may combine to form a ring. Preferred Polymer: The repeating unit of formula (I) is preferably of formula (II). The polymer further has repeating unit of formula: -(Ar2)- (III), preferably of formula (IV), or repeating unit of formula (IIa, IVa and/or XX).Z2=Z1;R5,R6=R1;Ar2=Ar1;andR"=H, F, alkyl or aryl.R5 and R6 may combine to form a ring. EXAMPLE - 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-difluoro-4H-cyclopenta(c)thiophene-4,6(5H)-dione (589 mg), 2-tributyl stannyl thiophene (1.32 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (196 mg) and toluene (10 ml) were reacted at 120 degrees C. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, dried and purified to obtain polymer (186 mg) having reduction potential of -1.39V. The organic thin film element produced using the obtained polymer had favorable voltage-electric current characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A catching device is provided for gaseous alkanes in an oil production plant or an oil refinery, or a storage, which is provided for the production of alkane hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The EBL is 1-80, preferably 2-30 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode is formed of metal, particularly aluminum (170), titanium, tungsten, silver, gold, or their alloy. The anode is transparent and is made of ITO anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of TPDSi2 to TFB in EBL is 1:1. The semiconducting layer comprises PEDOT and PSS. The EBL comprises hole transport polymer with hole mobility greater than the electron donating organic material in the active layer, and a small molecule with high hole mobility. The small molecule is capable of crosslinking on contact with air. The hole-transport polymer comprises TFB. The electron-donating organic material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy))-p-phenylene vinylene (MDMO-PPV), poly(2,7-(9-(2'-ethylhexyl)-9-hexyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2', 1', 3'-benzothiadiazole)) (PFDTBT), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2, 1-b;3,4-6')dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) (PCPDTBT), or poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPE-PPV). The electron-accepting organic material comprises PCBM. Preferred Methods: The preparing of third solution involves mixing MDMO-PPV and PCBM in chlorobenzene to form a mixture, and stirring the mixture for 12-20 hours at 50 degrees C in dark environment with nitrogen to form third solution. The spin coating steps includes annealing of corresponding spin coated layer. The spin coating steps are performed in nitrogen filled glove box. The forming of metallic cathode on lithium fluoride layer comprises forming aluminum cathode on lithium fluoride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The brush is selected from rag, microfiber, carbon nanotube, nanowire or polymeric material. The substrate is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyethersulfone or polyether imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The paste composition is applied on a release layer on the base material. Preferred Component: The release layer consists of a wax with melting point of 60-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Source gas consists of oxygen gas and tetra ethyl oxy silane (TEOS) gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pigment further contains metal complex. The centre metal of metal complex is transition element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal complex contains cyclopentadiene ring containing compound of formula (2), phthalocyanine structure or porphyrin structure. A photoelectric transducer is obtained by mixing pigment, alcohol-group containing compound of formula (3) and holder containing zinc oxide and/or titanium oxide.X,Y'=sulfur, NR4, oxygen or selenium;R1,R2,R4=H or monovalent substituent;R3= monovalent substituent;Cp=cyclopentadiene ring;M=metal atom;t=0-5;andn=1 or 2. Preferred Definitions:    A=5 membered ring or 6 membered ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains catalyst and carrier with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the catalyst and the carrier is 100:50-150. The catalyst contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold, zirconium, iron, nickel and/or potassium, and substance with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the substance with temperature control effect and the catalyst component is 100:1-20. The catalyst is of copper oxide-zinc oxide type or copper oxide-zinc oxide-chromium oxide type. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is 50/50-5/95.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst layer arranged in the microwave applicator is circulated and the mixed gas is contacted with the catalyst. The reaction is performed at 120-200 degrees C and pressure of 0.1-3 MPa at microwave frequency of 1-300 GHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - PREFERRED COMPOSITION: The catalyst contains a composition of formula PtuRuxAlyTz (2) where T element containing titanium, hafnium, tin, zirconium and niobium with metallic bond is less than or equal to 2 times of T element with oxygen bond, composition of formula PtuRuxAlyNisTt (3) where the T element containing silicon, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, tantalum or chromium with an oxygen bond is less than or equal to 4 times the quantity of T element with metallic bond and composition of formula PtuRuxAlyNisTt (4) where T element containing titanium, hafnium, tin, zirconium and niobium with metallic bond is less than or equal to 2 times of T element with oxygen bond. All quantities are measured by XPS.s=0.5-30 atm%; andt=0.5-30 atm%. DFNS y=1-10amt%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber sheet has toluene adsorption performance of 15 weight% or more, air permeability along the thickness direction of 2 cm3/cm2.second or more, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The fiber diameter of carbon nanofiber is 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube containing composition further contains a polymerizable monomer, polymerization initiator and a high molecular compound. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube containing composition is coated on at least one surface of a base material, to form a coating film. The coating film is left at normal temperature for certain period or heat-processed and/or irradiated using active energy ray.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 4-(Diphenylamino)phenyl derivative of formula (III) and halogenated coumarin of formula (IV) are reacted in the presence of palladium catalyst to obtain the coumarin derivative.X=halogen. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The coumarin derivative is 3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)coumarin of formula (II) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 5-Bromo salicyl aldehyde (in g) (20.1) and diethyl malonate (17.6) were stirred in spin dried ethanol (40 ml). Piperidine (1 ml) and glacial acetic acid (0.1 ml) were added and refluxed at 110 degrees C for 3 hours. Hot water (70 ml) was added and stirred. The crystallized product was filter-separated, vacuum dried and dissolved in hot ethanol to obtain 6-bromo-3-ethoxycarbonyl coumarin with yield of 80%. The obtained compound (370 mg) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (14 mg) were stirred for 30 minutes at normal temperature in spin dried deoxidized toluene and spin dried deoxidized ethanol. Sodium carbonate solution (510 mg) and 4-(diphenylamino)phenyl boronic acid were added and the contents were refluxed at 93 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was liquid separated and 3-ethoxycarbonyl-6-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)coumarin was obtained with yield of 26%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional compound is chosen from phenoxy optionally substituted by alkyl or alkoxy, and modified naphthalene structure, preferably phthalocyanine. Preferred Property: The reversible oxidation-reduction potentials of two types of functional compounds of the novel discotic columnar liquid crystallized compound differ. EXAMPLE - Dichloromethane of the solvent on diphosphorus pentaoxide the used carried out atmospheric distillation on KOH. Organocopper compound of formula (1) (in g) (0.065) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (40 ml). Then, dry triethylamine (10 ml) and malonyl chloride were added to the reaction mixture, stirred at 40 degrees C for 24 hours. Further, the reaction mixture extracted, dried using mirabilite in presence of chloroform, solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and reaction mixture is recrystallized using ethyl acetate, to obtain diketone-group-containing organocopper compound of formula (2). The obtained diketone-group-containing organocopper compound of formula (2) (0.050), diazabicyclio undecene (2 drops), fullerene (C60) (0.050) and iodine (0.0040) are dissolved in dry toluene (10 ml) and stirred at room temperature for whole day and night. After reaction was complete, the resultant product was dried using mirabilite in presence of chloroform, solvent was distilled under reduced pressure and reaction mixture is recrystallized three times using ethyl acetate, to obtain coupled component (0.012) of formula (3). The coupled component of formula (3) was dissolved in chloroform (1 wt%) and coated on a glass substrate, to form a thin film. The thin film was comprised in the orientation-type functional device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound is chosen from zirconium oxide, alumina, magnesia, silica, hafnium oxide, cerium oxide and yttrium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The source of ultraviolet ray is an excimer lamp of high energy. Preferred Compound: The manufactured metallic compound nanoparticles are amorphous or crystalline in nature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is a metal, semiconductor, metal oxide, glass or a polymeric substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water-soluble polymer is chosen from polyethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol methyl ether, polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, polyethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether, polyethyleneglycol bis carboxymethyl ether, polyethylene block polyethyleneglycol and/or polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer. The metal salt of cross-linking type resin composition further contains monofunctional and bifunctional aldehyde cross-linking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy storage is formed as a nickel metal hydride battery or a nickel cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery or a super cap.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ion exchange membrane is anion and cation. The organic matter is one contained in organic wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Acidifier for acidifying deionized water solution is acetic acid, hydrochloric acid or vitriol. Protection atmosphere in (b) is nitrogen, argon or helium. Preferred Process: The acidifier is added in the deionized water to make the value of pH to be 0.5-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The imidazole-derived iodized salt is mixture of at least one of 1,2 dimethyl-3-propyl imidazole iodized salt, 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazole iodized salt, 1-methyl-3-propyl imidazole iodized salt, 1-methyl-3-ethyl imidazole iodized salt, or 1-methyl-3-methyl imidazole iodized salt. The quaternary ammonium iodized salt is mixture of at least one of tetra-butyl ammonium iodide, tetra-propyl ammonium iodide, tetraethyl ammonium iodide, or tetra-methyl ammonium iodide. The metallic iodide is mixture of at least one of lithium iodide (LiI), sodium iodide (NaI), potassium iodide (KI), aluminum iodide (AlI3), zinc iodide (ZnI2), copper iodide (CuI), or copper (II) iodide (CuI2). Preferred Additives: The additive is mixture of at least one of 4-tert-butyl pyridine, crown ether, N-methyl benzimadazoles, or N-butyl benzimadazoles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Titanium or titanium alloy comprises industrial pure titanium, sponge titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, or biologic titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the cathode is selected from oxygen activation catalysts (preferably platinum). The anode is selected from hydrocarbon activation catalysts (preferably platinum, mixtures of copper and copper chromite, and mixtures of iron, platinum and chromia). The feed to the cathode compartment is lightly humidified. The fuel cell (C1) is at a temperature of 600-800 degrees C. The feed to the anode comprises alkanes (80 wt.%) selected from ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane or octane (preferably ethane). Preferred Definitions:    e=0.25-0.35;    f=0.15-2;and    L=Pr.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The solar cell module consists of a solar cell element which is sealed with filler containing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, and protection sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is made of glass, quartz crystal, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, cyclo-olefin type polymer and/or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas stream has less than 30% water. The ammonia or hydrazine in the gas stream is ammonia dry only or greater than or equal to 30 (preferably 99)% ammonia. The gas stream is free of oxidizing and sulfiding agents. Preferred Method: The treatment is done for 10-1000 (preferably 50-200) hours. The gas stream has 1-5 bar pressure. The porous surface is generated by decomposing nickel nitride, or gaseous nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a nickel alloy or in the form of a nickel surface coating having a purity of greater than 98.5 (preferably 99)%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixing step is done at 20-50 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Preferred Components: The silicates are clays which are montmorillonite, laumonite, bentonite, mica, vermiculite and kaolinite, and from silica gels, natural and synthetic molecular sieves, zeolites, and activated alumina. The silicates have a particle size of 10-100 micrometers. The sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates are iron(II) or (III), zinc(II), cadmium(II) or mercury(II) nitrate. The powdered sorbent composition has the sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates (5-35%). The powdered sorbent composition has an average surface area of 50-350 m2/g. The sulfur compounds comprise sulfur-containing aromatic compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sulfur compounds are in a batch reactor, slurry reactor, packed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, or a fixed bed reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-containing aromatic compounds are thiophene, benzothiophene or dibenzothiophene and their alkylated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The amount of the conductive aniline is 0.01-100 parts by weight. The organic polymer is at least one component selected from rubbers, polyolefin resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, epoxy resins, polyimide resins and fluororesins. EXAMPLE - In toluene (100 g), aniline (2 g), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (4.2 g), Solsperse 26000 (RTM: polyacrylic acid derivative) (1 g), and 4-methylaniline (0.03 g) were dissolved, then distilled water (50 g) in which 6N hydrochloric acid (3.58 ml) was dissolved, was added. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (180 mg) was added to the mixed solution, cooled to less than or equal to 5 degrees C, then distilled water (30 g) in which ammonium persulfate (5.4 g) was dissolved, was added. The resultant mixture was oxidative polymerized to less than or equal to 5 degrees C, then the toluene was distilled off. The polyaniline precipitate formed in the water was obtained by filtration to obtain Polyaniline 1. The obtained polyaniline was dispersed in toluene (150 g) and aqueous layer was removed to obtain polyaniline toluene dispersion. The dispersion was stable and did not coagulate or precipitate, even after the elapse of six months at room temperature. From the elemental analysis, the molar ratio per aniline monomer unit of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid was 0.45, yield of the polyaniline was 97% and electrpconductivity was 0.25 Scm-1. An organic polymer composition comprising (parts by weight): Nipol 1502 (RTM: styrene butadiene rubber) (100) and the polyaniline 1 (5) was prepared. The composition had electroconductivity of 10-5 Scm-1. Dye-sensitized solar cell prepared by using he polymer composition was tested for photocurrent-photovoltage characteristics. The cell had short-circuit photocurrent of 14 mA/cm2, open-circuit photovoltage of 724 mV, fill factor of 0.65 and energy conversion efficiency of 6.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Initiator: The initiator (a) is an azo compound, preferably azoester compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid (excluding compound (A)) contained in the composition has polystyrene-equivalent number average molecular weight of 10000-300000, measured by gel permeation chromatography, and does not contain a component having molecular weight of 3000000 or more. Preferred Methods: The polymerization reaction is performed by dissolving compound (A) in an organic solvent having an ester group, and reacting vinyl or ethynyl groups in presence of a polymerization initiator (a). The temperature of a reaction mixture containing compound (A) and organic solvent is maintained at one-hour half-life temperature of the polymerization initiator, during the polymerization reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a glass or a semiconductor. The carrier gas is nitrogen gas, a rare gas, or hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate can be resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of the dipyrromethane compound involves reacting a precursor compound of formula X-((Ar)m-(CH2)n)p-R (II) with a pyrrole.X=aldehyde or acetal.Preferred Compound: The dipyrromethane is 1,9-diacyldipyrromethane. Preferred Definitions:    n=at least 1;    m=at least 2;or    m+n=1-5;    Ar=phenyl;    p=1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Compounds are disclosed as the dipyrromethane compound, e.g. 5-(3-butenyl)dipyrromethane (IA), 5-(4-vinylphenyl)dipyrromethane, 5-(4-allylphenyl)dipyrromethane, 5-(2,4,6-triethylphenyl)dipyrromethane and 5-allyldipyrromethane.    EXAMPLE - A solution of 4-pentenal (4 g) in pyrrole (332 ml) at room temperature under argon was treated with InCl3 (1.05 g) for 1.5 hours. Powdered NaOH (5.71 g) was added. After stirring for 30 minutes, the mixture was suction-filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under high vacuum. The resulting residue was chromatographed to afford 5-(3-butenyl)dipyrromethane (7.48 g, yield 78%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises one of polycarbonate, polyethylene, aluminum oxide, barium titanate, titanium oxide, and lead zirconium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compounds: The p-type silicon substrate uses nitric acid. Hydrofluoric acid and deionized water are used in the etching of a surface of a p-type silicon substrate. The n-type doping layer is coated with a solution of phosphoric acid and deionized water. The insulating layer has argon gas. Silver-aluminum paste is used in the rear metal electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The dye-sensitized solar cell (1) has a transparent electrode (2) provided on porous layer (4). The porous layer contains metal oxide having surface modified by pigment. The dye-sensitized solar cell has a counter electrode (3) opposing the transparent electrode. An electrolyte (5) is provided between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pi -conjugation planar component has porphyrin structure. The pi -conjugation expansion group has naphthalene structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon waste material is produced from production of silicon wafer. The non-oxidizing atmosphere is mixed gas in vacuum of nitrogen gas, argon gas or hydrogen gas. Preferred Process: The manufacture of highly pure silicon involves oxidation reduction reaction. Preferred Parameter: The pressure is 10-100 MPa at sintering temperature of 500-2000?Doc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The caps provided in upper surface of laminated reactor units of the reactor is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS316L standard.A catalyst for reformation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a first reactor,A catalyst for selective oxidation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a second reactor,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weather-resistant resin composition is fluororesin-containing composition. The electrically insulating resin composition contains polyester, liquid crystal polymer and/or cyclic olefin polymer. The mechanical-strength resin composition contains low oligomer property polyester. The sealing property resin composition contains ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface of structure is coated by substance chosen from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide and/or aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The acidic-radical containing polymer is olefin-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer or its metal salt. The olefin-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer is chosen from ethylene-unsaturated-carboxylic-acid random copolymer and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid grafted olefin polymer. The silane-modified polymer is silane grafted ethylenic copolymer. The epoxy-group containing olefin polymer is ethylene-glycidyl (meth)acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The electricity-supply process is performed by contacting electrodes (A and B) arranged in a distance of 300 mm or less, with the liquid (a) containing an acid (proton donor), such that electricity is supplied through the liquid (a). An acid-treatment process which performs substitution of proton to the film is performed before carrying out the electricity supply process. The acid-treatment process is performed through liquid (b) containing acid. The method further involves performing spread film formation process and tearing-off process. The spread film formation process is performed by flow-spreading a dope containing a polymer (A) having cationic species and an organic solvent (B), from spread die and forming a spread film on the support. The formed spread film is peeled off from the support, by the tearing-off process. Preferred Properties: The liquid (b) has proton concentration of 0.05 mol/l or more. The content of anion contained in the liquid (a or b) is 40-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is organic solvent containing hydroxyl group and has dielectric constant of 30 or less. The compounding mass ratio of hydrocarbon type electrolyte polymer and solvent is 1/99-30/70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hydrocarbon type electrolyte polymer is block polymer having proton-conductive unit and methanol dissolution-proof unit, or block copolymer having aromatic vinyl compound unit and hydrogenated conjugated diene component unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains crosslinking agent. Preferred Definitions:    A=phenyl-containing group of formulae (1-13);and    l=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An organic photoelectric transducer has a pair of transparent or semitransparent electrode, an organic layer (a) containing electron-accepting compound, and provided between the electrodes and an organic layer (b) containing electron donor and provided on the organic layer (a). The electron-accepting compound is aromatic polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3,R8=(un)substituted optionally branched 1-20C alkyl group.    EXAMPLE - Fluorene-containing compound of formula (I) (in mg) (10000) and thiophene-containing compound of formula (II) (8615) were dissolved in toluene (253 g) in an inert atmosphere. To the mixture, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (318) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 20% aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (49.6 g) was added to the mixture, the mixture was heated at 105 degrees C and refluxed for 13 hours. To the reacting mixture, phenylboronic acid (2515) was added, heated and refluxed at 105 degrees C for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled, methanol (2393 ml) was dripped to the cooled mixture, precipitated, filtered, washed and dried to obtain a solid substance. The obtained solid substance was dissolved in toluene (598 ml), concentrated, precipitated, filtered, washed and dried to obtain fluorene-containing compound of formula (III) (8880) having weight average molecular weight of 40000 and number average molecular weight of 20000.    s=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support body is hollow body. Preferred Method: The catalyst particle is immersed in hollow side of support body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method involves process which provides aqueous solution containing organic compound, metal ion and photocatalyst particle involving irradiation process which irradiates excitation light to photocatalyst particle in order to produce organic polymer layer from organic compound and to produce catalyst particle from metal ion, carbonization process which carbonizes organic polymer layer, and dissolution process which dissolves photocatalyst particle. The method involves process which provides structure containing porous inorganic acidized layer formed in surface of base material and base material involving first formation process which forms first organic polymer layer in lower layer part of porous inorganic acidized layer, insertion process which inserts catalyst particle in pore of porous inorganic acidized layer, second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer in upper layer part of first organic polymer layer, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material and porous inorganic acidized layer. The method involves process which provides structure containing first organic polymer layer formed in surface of base material and base material and process which provides catalyst particle on first organic polymer layer involving second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer on first organic polymer layer and catalyst particle, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The crosslinking agent is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane. The crosslinking adjuvant is triaryl cyanurate and/or triaryl isocyanurate. The silane coupling agent is ( gamma )-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Composition: The vinyl acetate content in the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-28 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-acetic acid vinyl copolymer. The sealing film contains crosslinking agent (in mass parts) (0.1-1), and further contains crosslinking adjuvant (0.1-3) and silane coupling agent (0.1-0.7) with respect to ethylene-polar monomer copolymer (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is equipped with transparent silicone resin filling body and titania phosphate type-catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydroxyl-containing resin is polyvinyl alcohol type resin which does not have cationic group, and resin having cationic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper electrode has aluminum and the titanium layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. Preferred Property: The layer (A) has thickness of 30-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound has weight average molecular weight of 1000-1x 108 by polystyrene conversion. The high molecular compound contains having repeating unit of formula (1), preferably of formula (2) containing residue obtained by eliminating hydrogen from phenoxide of alkali metal.M=alkali metal;R=substituent;andp=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticles are silver and/or copper microparticles, preferably silver microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal microparticle ink paste contains an organometallic compound. The organometallic compound is fatty-acid metal salt. The organometallic compound is obtained by reacting fatty-acid metal salt, tertiary fatty-acid metal salt and/or fatty-acid metal salt with amine compound. The fatty-acid metal salt is silver salt of fatty-acid. The weight ratio of organometallic compound with respect to dispersion medium is 0.25-10. The weight ratio of metal microparticle with respect to organometallic compound is 0.5-5. The organic acid is 1-3C organic acid. The dispersion medium is chosen from aromatic solvent, ether type solvent, glycol-ether type solvent, acetate ester type solvent and/or saturated-hydrocarbon type solvent. Preferred Properties: The metal microparticle has particle diameter (D90) of 0.1-5 mu m, whose content of integrating in accumulation grading curve of particle size is 90%. The metal microparticle has bottom boiling point of 200 degrees C or less at normal pressure. The metal microparticle is processed with organic acid having ionization constant of 1x 10-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver paste contains oxidized phosphorus and halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volatile substance is ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fixed agent is a polymer that polymerizes polymerizable monomer from methacrylic acid type monomer, acrylamide type monomer, allyl type monomer, styrene type monomer, epoxy type monomer or preferably acrylic acid type monomer. The polymerizable monomer is greater than or equal to 30 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.% of all monomers. Preferred Process: The catalyst electrode is manufactured by mixing polymerizable monomer, polymerization initiator, ionic liquid and volatile substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer further contains a platinum-type catalyst supported with lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide. The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is of formula: LaaSrbGacMgdCoeOx.a+b,c+d+e=1;a,c=0.6-0.9;andx=(total valance of lanthanum, strontium, gallium, magnesium and cobalt)/2.The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is preferably of formula: La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.1Co0.1O3. The platinum type catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nitrogen-containing compound has wavelength shorter than maximal absorption wavelength of compound as maximal absorption wavelength. Preferred Definitions:    ring A,ring B'=naphthalene ring having benzene ring, naphthalene ring, benzene ring having electron-donating group, and electron-donating group;and    n=1-0, preferably 1, more preferably 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode plate is made of material chosen from silicon, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, carbon and aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode plate is made of material such as aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode plate is made of material chosen from polyimide and Teflon (RTM: polytetra fluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent insulator substrate is composed of any of quartz glass, crystallized glass, borosilicate glass, and soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive contains at least one resin selected from silicone resin, acrylic resin, cycloaliphatic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum-based metal is made of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium. The inorganic oxide comprises an oxide of zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium and/or zinc. The strong acid ion comprises sulfate ion and/or phosphate ion. The carrier comprises aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and/or cordierite. The oxidizing catalyst comprises more than 0.5 parts by weight and less than or equal to 50 parts by weight of the platinum-based metal of platinum, 10-70 parts by weight of the solid acid of sulfated zirconium oxide, and less than 89.5 parts by weight of the carrier of aluminum oxide. The non-platinum-based catalyst includes 10-30 parts by weight of cerium oxide, 0.1-5 parts by weight of oxide of nickel, cobalt and/or iron, 1-10 parts by weight of cupric oxide, less than or equal to 88.9 parts by weight of a carrier supporting the non-platinum-based catalyst, and 5-20 parts by weight of zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell (2) is of high temperature type. The controller (27) is operated so that the lambda -value during the regeneration phase is more than 0.40 (specifically less than 0.50). A heat exchanger (31) is located in a cathode air supply line (4) of the fuel cell. The recirculation line (17) leads from an anode exhaust gas line (18) via the heat exchanger to the gas mixer (10) in the reformer (3). A temperature sensor (33) is located between the gas mixer and the catalyst (11) and/or downstream of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gases are chlorine gas, hydrogen chloride or hydrogen. The inert gas is argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gases are chlorine gas, hydrogen chloride or hydrogen. The inert gas is argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery has a transparent conductive film made of zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Additionally, glass sheet is made of silicate. The luminous transform layer radiates its absorbed shortwave light in form of multiband spectrum. The semiwave of one spectrum extreme value lambda=510-720 nm surpasses 120 nm, and it is at yellow-orange spectrum region for other spectrum, the semiwave width of near infrared ray whose extreme value is distributed in 940-1060 nm is 4-6 nm, and it is applied to the largest photosensitive region of mono-crystalline silicon chip, it is rightly at 900-1100 nm section of integrated solar radiation. The inorganic fluorescent powder includes chemical compound Y3-x-y-z-pGdxCeyLupNdzAl5O12, activated ion Ce+3 will radiate in lambda=510-720 nm region, the activated ion Nd+3 will radiate in lambda=920-1100 region. The luminous transform layer exists in thin film shape, thin dispersed inorganic fluorescent powders are filled inside said thin film, the distributed distance is 20 times diameter of average powder, and the light-transmission rate of said thin film is 80-88%, the light scattering value is 4-6%. The volume density of said inorganic fluorescent powders in luminous transform layer is 0.1-0.25%. The luminous quanta rate is 0.8-0.95 when the shortwave is activated. The total efficiency of said solar battery is increased to 20 %.x=0.001-0.30;y=0.001-0.1;z=0.005-0.05; andp=0.0005-0.1.Preferred Composition: The luminous transform layer comprises ethide vinyl acetate polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The large particle-diameter titanium dioxide and small particle-diameter titanium dioxide have grain diameter of 70-90 and 1-40 nanometers, respectively. The weight ratio of the small grain-diameter titanium dioxide to the large grain-diameter titanium dioxide is 9-99/1. Total content of the large particle-diameter titanium dioxide and small particle-diameter titanium dioxide is 15-35 wt. %. Solvent of the sol is water or lower alcohols of 1-4C atoms. Preferred Parameters: The thickness of the thin film is 1-60 microns. Preferred Process: Preparation of the sol including the large particle-diameter titanium dioxide and small particle-diameter titanium dioxide comprises mixing the sols including the large particle-diameter titanium dioxide and small particle-diameter titanium dioxide homogenously. The sols including the large particle-diameter titanium dioxide and small particle-diameter titanium dioxide have a 9-99/1 weight ratio of the small grain-diameter titanium dioxide to the large grain-diameter titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparation of titanium nano-crystal porous film comprises: loading the sol including the large grain-diameter titanium dioxide and small grain-diameter titanium dioxide on a release film; and eliminating solvent in the sol and separating from the release film. Diameter of the large particle-diameter titanium dioxide is 60-95 nanometers and grain diameter of the small particle-diameter titanium dioxide is less than 40 nanometers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Preparation of D-A type C60 triarylamine derivative comprises compounding the triarylamine expressed of formula (II).R1, R2=H, halo, NO2, amido, (iso)alkyl, alkoxy, olefine, alkyne, alkylaldehyde, alkylketone, pyridine and pyridine derivative, furan or furan derivative, imidazole and imidazole derivative, thiophene and thiophene derivative, aromatic base or substitutional aromatic base, provided that R1 and R2 are not hydrogen atom at the same time.Preferred Conditions: The mole ratio of fullerene and sarcosine with triarylamine is 1-3:4-6:7-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is nickel, and/or palladium catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is orthodichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises redox couple of iodine/triiodide group. The dye-sensitized semiconductor material is made up of titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer glass tube comprises an internal transparent conductive oxide coating made up of tin, silver and lead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye-sensitized semiconductor material is made up of anthocyanin organic dye of the group blueberry, blackberry, raspberry and beetroot. The dye-sensitized semiconductor material comprises ruthenium bipyridyl-based dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst composition contains trivalent manganese-containing compound supported by electrical conductive material, preferably carbon material. The anode of fuel cell contains gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of gold atoms is 0.15-0.25, when setting number of platinum atoms to 100. The platinum is modified by gold. The electrode catalyst composition further contains a carbon material. The number of gold atoms which modifies platinum is 0.15 or less, excluding 0. The electrode catalyst composition is obtained by precipitating gold by reduction reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The polymer layer (3) contains polyimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide and/or polyamidoimide, preferably polyimide. The polymer layer (4) contains asphalt or petroleum pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic solution is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or perchloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The temperature of the electrodeposition solution is 18-60 degrees C. The concentration of ethylene glycol in the electrodeposition solution is 0.01-5 M. The concentration of the acidic solution in the electrodeposition solution is 0.005-10 M. The platinum-based chloride in the electrodeposition solution is 0.1-100 M. Preferred Process: The process further involves placing a reference electrode into the reactor, where the reference electrode is a saturated calomel electrode, silver/silver chloride electrode or standard hydrogen electrode. The potential is a pulse direct current of 1 to -2 V(SHE) (potential versus a standard hydrogen electrode). The pulse direct current has a frequency of 0.000001-1000000 Hz. The potential is non-pulse direct current (constant potential) of -0.00001 to -2 V(SHE). In the process, the applying potential time is 1 microsecond to 24 hours. Preferred Components: The acidic solution is acetic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises alcohols, amines, silanes, complex metal hydride compounds, boranes, hydrocarbons, carbazoles, saturated cyclic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, and/or saturated amino boranes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second substrate includes a flexible polymer and a flexible metal substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The base plate consists of alumina, quartz, silicon nitride, cubic boron nitride, hexagonal crystal boron nitride, silicon carbide, graphite or magnesia. The film adhered to concave portion of base plate is made of silicon-oxide, silicon nitride or silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The discotic-liquid-crystalline compound includes phthalocyanine structure. Preferred Compound: The novel discotic-liquid-crystalline compound is an isoindole-containing compound of formula (1).R=group of formula (2);R1=1-30C alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio;andM=two protons or metal cation chosen from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, lead and bismuth. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Specific discotic-liquid-crystalline compounds of formulae (3,4,5 and 6) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 4,5-Bis-(4-dodecyloxy phenyl)-1,2-dicyano benzene (in g) (0.500), cupric chloride (0.0278), 1-hexanol (5 ml) and eight drops of diazabicyclo undecene were added and refluxed for 14 hours. Then, methanol was added to the reaction solution, filtered, deposit were washed with ethanol and acetone and purified in column chromatography, to obtain green discotic-liquid-crystalline compound of formula (3) (0.321) in the yield of 64%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: When the titanium/indium atomic ratio is deemed x and the tungsten/indium atomic ratio is deemed y, the ratio satisfies y=0.019-1.27x to 0.034-0.68x. The light absorbing layer is copper indium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper gallium selenide, copper gallium sulfide, or solid solution of these compounds, and cadmium telluride. The middle layer is a solution of precipitated cadmium sulfide layer and (cadmium, zinc) sulfide layer. The window layer is zinc oxide or (zinc, magnesium) oxide. Preferred Property: The average light transmittance for wavelengths of 1000-1400 nm is at least 60%. The carrier electron concentration given by Hall effect measurement is up to 5.5x 1020 or up to 4x 1020 cm-3. The carrier electron mobility given by Hall effect measurement is at least 40 or at least 70 cm2/Vsec.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The quantum dots, quantum wells or inorganic semiconductor nanoparticle is selected from functionalized or non functionalized cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, titanium dioxide, copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium disulfide, copper(indium-gallium)diselenide or copper(indium-gallium)disulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The conjugated molecule is selected from repeating units of a metal-free or metalliferous phthalocyanine, porphyrin, substituted or unsubstituted aureole or pentacene or perylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer or conjugated oligomer is selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene, phenylene vinylene, phenylene ethynylene, phenylene, fluorene, acetylene, isothianaphthene, benzothiadiazole, pyrrole, tri aryl amines, thieno pyrazine, polymethine, cyanine, polyene or polyaniline.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-3C alkyl, 1-3C alkoxy, 5-6C heterocyclic radical containing nitrogen, preferably methyl, methoxy or piperidinyl group having substituent at position 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the oxidation reduction electrode pair (I2:LiI) is 1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer closest to the incident solar radiation is indium-gallium phosphide and/or gallium nitride layer. The semiconductor layer farther from the incident solar radiation is the polycrystalline silicon layer and/or indium antimonide layer. The semiconductor with apparent band gap is comprised of silicon, polycrystalline silicon, thin-film silicon, amorphous silicon, germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs), GaAlAs/GaAs, gallium phosphide (GaP), indium gallium arsenic (InGaAs), indium phosphide (InP), InGaAs/InP, gallium arsenic phosphide (GaAsP), GaAsP/GaP, cadmium sulfide (CdS), copper indium diselenide (CIS), and indium gallium phosphide (InGaP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic peroxide is dialkyl peroxide-type organic peroxide. The sealing film further comprises cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-5 mass parts). Preferred Composition: The content of vinyl acetate in ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 20-35 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorption unit comprises a coil made of copper/titanium alloy. The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit comprises a copper panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit are made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plasticizer is propylene-glycol type compound, preferably (poly)propylene glycol alkyl ether.The (poly)propylene glycol alkyl ether is tripropylene glycol monobutylether.The amidine compound is a guanidine compound having an aryl group. Preferred Property: The plasticizer has boiling point of 200 degrees C or more, at pressure of 760 mmHg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic polymer has polyoxyalkylene and/or (meth)acrylate type polymer, as main chain structure.The content of reactive silicon group contained in the organic polymer is 3-100 weight%. The reactive silicon group is of formula: -SiX13. Preferred Definitions:    R3 = organic group such as -NR52; and    R5 = organic group.    EXAMPLE - Polyoxypropylene polymer (in weight parts) (50) having methyl dimethoxy silyl group, polyoxypropylene polymer (50) having trimethoxy silyl group, surface-treated calcium carbonate (120), Actocol P-23 (RTM: polypropylene glycol having molecular weight of 3000 as plasticizer) (39), TITAQUE R-820 (RTM: titanium oxide) (20), sauce preventing agent (2), Tinuvin 326 (RTM: benzotriazole as ultraviolet absorber) (1) and Sanol LS-770 (RTM: hindered amine as optical stabilizer) (1) were mixed, spin-dried at 120 degrees C for 2 hours, cooled at 50 degrees C or less, and mixed with vinyl trimethoxy silane (2), to obtain curable composition. A cured material formed using the obtained curable composition, had excellent surface smoothness, strength and hardness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The forming the oxynitride passivation layer comprises growing the oxynitride passivation layer in an environment including oxygen and nitrogen gases or growing an oxide layer and annealing in an environment with nitrogen gas so as to transform the oxide layer to an oxynitride layer. The method includes texturing a front surface of the silicon substrate to increase solar collection efficiency. The P-type and N-type active diffusion regions are formed by deposition of doping sources, and then diffusion of dopants from the doping sources into the diffusion regions. The doping sources are deposited by direct printing. The oxynitride passivation layer is deposited over the doping sources. The surface recombination during operation of the solar cell is reduced by the oxynitride passivation layer. The oxynitride passivation layer is grown in an environment including oxygen and nitrogen gases. The surface recombination during operation of the solar cell is reduced by the oxynitride passivation layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal layer is aluminum layer, silver layer or silver-aluminum alloy layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic polymer layer is made from photo-curable material, heat-curable material or self-curable material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor p/n junctions of first and second sub-cells, comprise gallium arsenide or copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer comprises molybdenum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fuel oil composition has flash point of more than 40 degrees C, distillation temperature of 270 degrees C or less at 95 volume% of kerosene as measured using distillation curve based on JIS1, and density of 750-850 kg/m3 at 15 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorescent substance comprises copper-aluminum-sulfur-manganese-silicon-containing complex of formula: CuAlS2:Mn,Si. Preferred Composition: The content of silicon is 1-50 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The amino siloxane type quaternary salt of formula: (R2-N+(-R1)(-R3)-(C(-R4)(-R5))l-(Si(-R6)(-R7)-O)m-Si(-R6)(-R7)-(C(-R8)(-R9))n-N+(-R10)(-R3)-R11)2Y- (4) is prepared by reacting amino siloxane type compound of formula: R2-N+(-R1)-(C(-R4)(-R5))l-(Si(-R6)(-R7)-O)m-Si(-R6)(-R7)-(C(-R8)(-R9))n-N+(-R10)-R11 (2) with an alkylating agent of formula: R3X (3).X=leaving group. Preferred Definitions:    Y-=(R13SO2)2N-, R13SO3-, R13COO-, BF4-, PF6-, NO3-, (CN)2N- or halogen ion;and    R13=perfluoroalkyl, alkyl or aromatic group.    EXAMPLE - 1,3-Bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane (in g) (3.05), methanol (40 ml) and methyl iodide (1.8 ml) were refluxed in a flask. After 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled, and solvent was distilled off, to obtain white solid. The obtained white solid (2.87), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide lithium (3.16) and methanol (40 ml) were stir-mixed. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the residue and mixed for 4 hours. The aqueous layer was removed. To the ethyl acetate layer, activated carbon (0.5) was added and stirred. The reaction mixture was subjected to distillation, to obtain amino siloxane-type ionic liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The flaky heat resisting material is chosen from mica, vermiculite, montmorillonite, iron montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite, nontronite, magadiite, ilerite, kanemite, smectite and layered titanic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The flaky heat resisting material contains hydrophobic cation substance such as quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt, pyridinium salt and imidazolium salt, in the inter layer. Preferred Ester: The ionic liquid is liquid imidazolium salt. Preferred Property: The content of ionic liquid is 1-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The flaky heat resisting material is chosen from mica, vermiculite, montmorillonite, iron montmorillonite, beidellite, saponite, hectorite, stevensite, nontronite, magadiite, ilerite, kanemite, smectite and layered titanic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The flaky heat resisting material contains hydrophobic cation substance such as quaternary ammonium salt, quaternary phosphonium salt, pyridinium salt and imidazolium salt, in the inter layer. Preferred Ester: The flame retardant fluid substance is phosphate ester, preferably non-halogen phosphate ester containing aromatic compound. Preferred Property: The content of flame retardant fluid substance is 1-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The photoelectric transducer has semiconductor layer and electrolyte layer containing the heterocyclic compounds of formulae (1-4) provided between counter electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound of formula (3) is preferably of formula (4).Ar2,Ar3=Ar1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The heterocyclic compound is chosen from 17 disclosed compounds such as of formulae (A-1 to A-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multi-wall carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains thermoplastic resin (in weight%) (25-99.85), carbon nanotube (0.1-50) and triazine derivative having basic functional group or organic dye derivative having basic functional group (0.05-25). The reins composition further comprises plasticizer. EXAMPLE - Phthalocyanine derivative (in g) (3), ion-exchange water (1000) and carbon nanotube (30) were added into a container and mixed. Then, dimethylethanol amine was added, pH was adjusted to 9, zirconia beads were added, dispersed for 1 hour using paint shaker, heated and solvent in the reaction mixture was evaporated, to obtain carbon nanotube composition. The obtained carbon nanotube composition (33) was added with Ajisper PB-821 (RTM: dispersant) (33) and low-density polyethylene (934), stirred for 3 minutes, melt-kneaded at 150 degrees C, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded using injection molding machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metals are palladium, iridium, rhodium and/or platinum. The transition metal is cobalt, iron, molybdenum and/or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic ring is 2-(1H-pyrrole-3-yl pyridine). The nitrogen containing low molecular weight compounds are pyridine and/or phenanthroline.
Preferred Definitions:    R5-R24=electron withdrawing group of formula (2);and    R25-R29=H, or (un)substituted (1-40C alkyl, 6-40C aryl or 3-40C heteroaryl).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 28 Specific amine compounds are disclosed, such as N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-benzoyl phenyl)benzidine, N,N'-bis(4-(4-benzoylphenyl))benzidine, N,N'-bis(3-methyl phenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl benzidine, (4-((4-((4-benzoyl-phenyl)-phenyl-amino)-phenyl)-phenyl-amino)-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone and compound of formula (I).    EXAMPLE - N,N'-diphenyl benzidine (in g) (2.9), 4-bromo benzophenone (5), tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium (0.24) and sodium t-butoxide (2.7) were added to anhydrous toluene (100 ml), under argon atmosphere. Then, tri(t-butyl)phosphene/toluene solution was added and refluxed for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, purified and recrystallized with toluene, to obtain N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-benzoyl phenyl)benzidine (5.5). A photoelectric transducer formed using photoelectric transducer material containing the obtained N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(4-benzoyl phenyl)benzidine, had high open end voltage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum ion is platinum complex anion, where the precursor is soluble salt with platinum complex anion. The soluble salt with platinum complex anion is platinic chloride, potassium chloroplatinite, ammonium chloroplatinite, and sodium chloroplatinite or sodium chloroplatinate. Preferred Composition: The platinum ion concentration in the soluble salt solution is 0.01-1 mol/L. The reducing agent is hydroboron or hydrazine hydrate, where concentration of reducing agent has excess metal ion for full reduction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymeric material has glass transition point of (-)80-200 degrees C. Preferred Component: The polymeric material is polyacrylic acid, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate, preferably polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Composition: The polymeric material contains ultraviolet absorber (0.1-50 mass%) with respect to 100 mass% of polyethylene terephthalate. The polycarbonate polymer containing compound is of formula (2, 3 and 4).A31,A32=heteroatom chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur;Y'31,Y'32=same as Y'21;D'=same as B';Y'41,Y'42=monovalent substituent, where Y'41 or Y'42 is cyano, (un)substituted (alkyl carbonyl, aryl carbonyl, heterocyclic carbonyl, alkyl sulfonyl or aryl sulfonyl);V'41,V'42=same as Y'21;R51,R52=1-18C (un)substituted alkyl or 2-18C (un)substituted alkyl carbonyl;andR53=2-18C (un)substituted alkyl or 6-10C (un)substituted aryl.Preferred Process: The polymeric material is obtained by melt-kneading polyethylene terephthalate and ultraviolet absorber at 200 degrees C, and coating mixture obtained by dissolving acrylic ester and ultraviolet absorber in solvent at 200 degrees C, on substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises triple junction amorphous silicon solar cell(s). The photovoltaic device includes back-reflecting structure between substrate and solar cell(s), and top conducting layer between solar cell(s) and protective coating. The photovoltaic device includes current collection grid between top conducting layer and protective coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The top conducting layer comprises indium-tin-oxide (ITO). The transparent conductive material layer comprises a layer of ITO or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The protective coating comprises silicone based material layer. The protective coating is a spray deposited coating of a silicone based material. The polymer comprises polyimide. The substrate comprises a thin web of metal or polymer. The protective coating includes transparent conductive material layer on top layer of a silicone based material. Preferred Properties: The protective coating is 0.01-2, preferably 0.5-2 mil thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The drainage conduit in communication with water removal channel has a pillar made of hydrophilic material such as plastic including polyoxy methylene, elastomer, ceramics and glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide B is oxide of tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and/or boron. The hydrophilic metal oxide A consists of titanium oxide TiOx or zirconia oxide ZrOx.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Structure: A semiconductor layer and electrolyte layer containing the nitrogen-containing compound is provided between the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The semiconductor layer contains titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nitrogen-containing compound is preferably of formula (2, 3, 4 or 5).R3-R10=R1;Y1=CR1' or N;R1'=H, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, amino, aryl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, thiol or heterocyclic group;Y2=CR1" or N;R1"=R';andW'=optionally substituted atomic group required in order to form 5 or 6-membered aromatic ring or complex aromatic ring.R3-R10, R1' and R1" may combine to form cyclic structure. The nitrogen-containing compound further contains acidic group. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=aryl or heterocyclic group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The nitrogen-containing compound is chosen from 13 specific disclosed compounds such as (2Z)-2-cyano-3-(4-(3-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acrylic acid of formula (A-1), (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acrylic acid, (2Z)-2-cyano-3-(4-((4Z)-4-ethylcarbazolylmethylene-3-methyl-5-(phenylimino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)acrylic acid, 2-cyano-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4,11-tetraaza-cyclopenta(b)anthracene)acrylic acid and ((5E)-4-oxo-5-(4-(3-phenyl-1H-indazol-1-yl)benzylidene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather-containing glass, plastic, metal, timber and/or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The metal colloid particle is coated by coating, spraying, printing, discharging and/or transferring process. The coating method is chosen from inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system and/or spray system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal colloid particles are chosen from gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. Preferred Properties: The metal colloid particle has average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. The metal colloid particles are globular form, polygon shape, or non-uniform shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen-containing protective agent is chosen from amino group, amide group or imide group. The oxygen-containing protective agent is chosen from carbonyl, carboxyl, aldehyde group, or amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Base Material: The base material is ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather, glass, plastic, metal, timber and/or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles of the metal colloid particles consist of gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. The metal colloid particles have an average particle diameter of 1-60 nm, and globular shape, polygonal shape, or amoeba shape. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is applied on the base material by spraying, printing, discharge, coating and/or transfer, or by inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: Nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group, and/or imide group. Oxygen containing in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The frequency of microwave is 890-940 MHz, 2400-2500 MHz, or 5725-5878 MHz. The irradiation time of microwave is 0.1-60 minutes. Preferred Element: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group, and/or imide group. The oxygen contained in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group, and/or amide group. Preferred Particles: The metal colloid particles comprise metal chosen from gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium, and iridium, preferably gold. Preferred Properties: The metal colloid particles have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. The metal colloid particles are granular particles having globular shape, polygon shape, or amoeba shape. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is coated on the base material by spraying method, printing method, discharge method, transfer method, and/or inkjet method, and using disperser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system. Preferred Material: The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather containing glass, plastic and metal, timber and tile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles comprising metal colloidal particles contain gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium or iridium, preferably gold. The metal colloidal particles have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm and are globular form, polygonal or in the form of amoeba. Preferred Process: The metal colloid is coated on the base material by coating, spraying, discharge or transfer method, or by inkjet method, dispenser system, screen printing system, reverse printing system, slit coat system, and/or spray system. The wavelength of ultraviolet ray is 254-365 nm. Preferred Material: The base material is ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather containing glass, plastics, metal, timber or tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is derived from amino group, amide group or imide group. The oxygen in the protective agent is derived from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde or imide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The base material is ceramics, cement, concrete, stone, textiles, paper, leather glass, plastic, metal, wood and tile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal particles are gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, indium and/or iridium, preferably gold. The shape of metal colloid particles is globular, polygon or amoeboid. Preferred Property: The infrared rays has infrared peak wavelength of 1-2.20 mu m. The metal colloid particles has average particle diameter of 1-60 nm. Preferred Method: The metal colloid is coated on base material by spraying, printing, discharging and transferring process using inkjet method, screen printing system, dispenser system, reverse printing method, slit coat method or spray method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The protecting agent contains nitrogen originating from amino group, amide group and imido group. The protecting agent contains oxygen originating from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group and amide group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The optical supply unit is a light source which irradiates a light to the photocatalyst. The optical supply unit supplies the external light of fuel cell system to photocatalyst. The fuel cell is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is a hydrophilic organic solvent or its aqueous solution, having less surface tension than water. The solvent is a liquid mixture of ethanol and water. Preferred Condition: The drying is performed at saturated vapor pressure in presence of solvent for 2 hours or more. The film thickness of the polymeric thin film is determined by the formula: L=(Vx dIx CN)/(dNx Ax 100), where L is layer thickness of the polymeric thin film in cm, V is volume of dripped polymer solution in cm3, dI is density of polymer solution in g/cm3, CN is concentration of polymer solution in weight%, dN is density after polymeric drying in g/cm3 and A is area of glassy carbon substrate in cm2. Preferred Property: The polymeric thin film has film thickness of 10 mu m or less and surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or less. EXAMPLE - Glassy carbon substrate having diameter of 10 mm and area of 0.785 cm2 was polished using alumina paste. Then, the substrate was ultrasonically cleaned using hot water and degreased using 99.5 volume% of ethanol. Then, the substrate was cleaned using pure water. Then, Nafion (RTM: alcohol solution) (5 weight%) was diluted using ethanol and was dripped on glassy carbon substrate. Then, the substrate was dried at 25 degrees C, and the solvent was evaporated at saturated vapor pressure for 10 hours, to form polymeric thin film. The obtained polymeric thin film had excellent surface flatness and ultra film thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The iodine-adsorption agent is a polymer of cyclodextrin, and the cyclodextrin is alpha -cyclodextrin. EXAMPLE - alpha-Cyclodextrin and beta -cyclodextrin were mixed and dissolved in 40% sodium-hydroxide aqueous solution (200 mL) with amorphous silicic acid (60 g) at 65 degrees C. Epichlorohydrin (45.6) was dripped, stirred and reacted for 8 hours. The product was filtered, washed and vacuum-dried, to obtain a cyclodextrin polymer as iodine-adsorption agent. The adsorption agent enabled efficient adsorption and recovery of iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A transparent layer of the bent shaped concave surface is silicon dioxide or silicone nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The solid phase synthesis comprises heating to 350-550 degrees C in argon gas, keeping the temperature for 1-4 hours, and cooling to obtain CIGS powder. The isostatic compaction is processed at 300 MPa. The high temperature sintering process is keeping the temperature of the obtained intermediate product at 500-850 degrees C for 2-4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Cerium-zirconium-aluminum oxide solid solution is prepared using hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride as surfactant. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride with respect to cerium nitrate is 1:2-2:1. The mol ratio of cerium nitrate with respect to zirconium nitrate is 4:1-1:1. The mol ratio of cerium nitrate with respect to aluminum nitrate is 4:1-1:1. Preferred Process: The suspension liquid is stirred for 3-12 hours, cured at 90 degrees C for 3-5 hours, dried at 90-120 degrees C for 4-8 hours and baked at 300-800 degrees C for 3-5 hours. Preferred Properties: The cerium-zirconium-aluminum oxide solid solution has single cubic fluorite crystal phase, high surface ratio of 200-250 m2/g, narrow mesoporous distribution of 2.5-3.4 nm, large hole capacitance of 0.2-0.3 cm3/ g, and vermiculate pore structure. The pH of the suspension liquid is 8.5-11.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The co-firing process includes heating the belt furnace at 50-100 degrees C/s to 700-900 degrees C; holding the temperature in the belt furnace at 700-900 degrees C for 1-5 seconds; and reducing the temperature in the belt furnace at 50-100 degrees C/s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer is formed of any one of zinc oxide, silicon carbide, indium tin oxide. The optical reflective device is made of any one of indium tin oxide, tin oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sintering conductive material and the thermosetting conductive material has silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sintering conductive material consist of organic vehicle and organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosetting resin consists of epoxy-based thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: The photoelectric conversion element has a semiconductor layer and an electrolyte layer (5) provided between the opposed electrodes (2,7). The semiconductor layer comprises a semiconductor (3) containing the triarylamine derivative (4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor is titania, zinc oxide, tin oxide, ferric oxide, tungstic oxide, niobium oxide, cadmium sulfide, and/or lead sulfide, preferably titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The triarylamine derivative is of formula (2 or 3).R1=halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted amino, or optionally substituted heterocyclic group;anda=0-4. Preferred Definitions:    n=2-6, preferably 2 or 3;and    X=organic residue chosen from groups of formulae (a-c).    The acidic group is carboxy, phospho or sulfo.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Specific triarylamine derivatives are disclosed. E.g. tris(2-cyanoacrylic acid)triphenylamine of formula (A), tris((3'-ethyl-5-methylene-4,4'-dioxo-2'-thioxo-2,5'-bi-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid)triphenylamine, tris((5-methylene-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid)triphenylamine, tris(((5E)-4-oxo-5-(thien-2-ylmethylene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid)triphenylamine, and tris(((5E)-4-oxo-5-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2,2'-bithien-5-ylmethylene)-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid)triphenylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optimized germane (GeH4) to disilane (Si2H6) ratio is provided for forming high efficiency single junction solar cell during i-layer deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is metal salts including lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, lithium bromide, sodium bromide and potassium bromide, imidazolium iodides, and/or their metal salts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of acidic functional group to basic functional group is 1:1-1:20, preferably 1:1. The two oligomers have radius of gyration of 6-50 Angstrom . The basic functional group is 5-30C heteroaryl group containing nitrogen heteroatom. The acidic functional group is carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, and/or sulfonic acid. The first oligomer having basic functional group at both ends of the molecule has formula R1-X(R2X)n-R1, preferably C5H5N-O-((CH2)2-O)n-C5H5N, C5H5N-CH2O-((CH2)2-O)n-CH2-C5H5N, or C5H5N-CH2O-((CH2)3-O)n-CH2-C5H5N. The second oligomer having acidic functional group at both ends of molecule has formula Y-R3-X(R2X)n-R3-Y, preferably COOH-Ph-O-((CH2)2-O)n-Ph-COOH, COOH-Ph-O-((CH2)3-O)n-Ph-COOH, or HO-(O)S(O)-Ph-O-((CH2)2-O)n-Ph- HO-(O)S(O).R1=5-30C heteroaryl group or heteroarylalkyl group containing nitrogen as heteroatom (all optionally substituted);R2=optionally substituted 1-5C (hetero)alkyl;R3=1-10C alkyl, 6-30C aryl(alkyl), 2-30C heteroaryl(alkyl), 5-20C cycloalkyl, 2-30C heterocycloalkyl, 1-30C alkylester, 1-30C arylester, or 2-30C heteroaryl ester (optionally substituted);X=O, S, Se, or Te;Y=carboxylic acid functional group, phosphoric acid functional group, or sulfonic acid functional group;andn=1-40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano particle oxide of light emitting display consists of titanium oxide, tin oxide and niobium oxide. An electrolyte solution of light emitting display has an electrolyte that dissolves 1,2-dimethyl-3-octyl-imidazolium iodide, lithium iodide and 4-tert-butylpyridine in acetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cation of the light emitting display consists of zinc, magnesium, cadmium, nickel, copper, lithium, sodium, silver and potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): (I) is prepared by reacting Cl-CF2-CF-Cl-I with CF2=C-F-R-SO2Q to form Cl-CF2-CF-Cl-CF2-CF-I-R-SO2Q, which is treated with allyl acetate peroxide initiator to form the intermediate (II) or (III), which is then reacted with zinc and copper iodide to form (I). Preferred Compound: (I) is preferably a compound of formula CF2=CF-CF2-CF-(CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO2Q)-CH2-CH=CH3 and (II) is preferably a compound of formula Cl-CF2-CF-(Cl)-CF2-CF-(CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO2Q)-CH2-CH2-CH-(I)-CH2-O-C(=O)-CH3. Preferred Definitions:    R=(CF2)x, (CF2)yOCF2CF2, or (CF2CF(CF3)O)zCF2CF2;    x and y=1-4;    z=1-2;    R2=perfluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, or perfluorophenyl;and    Q=F.    EXAMPLE - A flask (200 ml) was charged with zinc (9.8 g), copper iodide (1 g) and N-methyl prrolidinone (50 ml) under N2. Then, AcOCH2CHlCH2CF(CFClCF2Cl)CF2O CF2CF2SO2F (33 g) was added dropwise at room temperature. In order to keep the temperature below 30 degrees C during the addition, the flask was cooled with cool water. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 degrees C for 1 hour and then the condenser was replaced with a distillation head. All volatiles were distilled out in full vacuum and the receiver cooled with dry ice until half of mixture had distilled. The distillate was poured into water and the low layer was separated, washed with water and/or brine for several times. Finally, the crude product was distilled at 10 mmHg to give pure product, CH2=CHCH2CF(CF2CF=CF2)CF2OCF2CF2SO2F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first enzyme is glucose oxidase. The second enzyme is bilirubin oxidase or laccase. The first and second enzymes are immobilized with respect to the first and second nanomaterials by electrochemical or microwave-assisted process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are porous silicon. At least one of the first and second nanomaterials is single-wall carbon nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene, nano onion, and/or nanocomposite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises 100 mM beta -D-glucose in pH 7 phosphate buffer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are polymeric substrates or nanotube membranes. Fullerene molecule(s) is chemically tethered to the first and second nanomaterials, respectively. The electrolyte is immobilized in pores of porous polymer, preferably PTFE. A biocompatible polymer encompasses the biofuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic binder utilizes a glass frit of the mixture in which a raw material mixed among silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), boric oxide (B2O3), and sodium oxide (Na2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: A semiconductor layer containing the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound and electrolyte layer are provided between the counter electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of formula (1 or 2) has acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The enamine compound contains substituent of formula (a) or substituent of formula: -C(Rb)=C(X)(Y) (b).Z=5-6C compound having acidic group(s);X=electron withdrawing group;Y=acidic group;andRa,Rb=H or arbitrary monovalent organic residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte solution contains oxygen-containing cyclic compound of formula (4 or 5). Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution further contains a non-aqueous solvent containing nitrile group, such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, a sulfolane, the methyl sulfolane, the acetonitrile, a propionitrile, a butyronitrile, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, an ethylmethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate, the carbonate compound of formulae: H-X1-C(=O)-(Q)r-C(=O)-X2-H (6) and H-X1-C(=O)-(Q)r-C(-Z1)(-Z2)-X2-H (7). Preferred Property: The weight ratio of carbonate compounds (6) and (7) is 300 ppm or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=alkyl group;and    A+=1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethyl imidazolium or 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl imidazolium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: A semiconductor electrode formed using photoelectric conversion material contains metal chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred component: A semiconductor layer adsorbed with pigment is coated on surface of electroconductive support to form a semiconductor electrode. The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A semiconductor electrode comprises substrate having electroconductive property, semiconductor layer coated on electroconductive surface, and pigment adsorbed to the surface of semiconductor layer. The semiconductor comprises chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ion-conductive complex is 3,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 4,4'-(3,6-pyridazinyl) bisphenol, 4,4'-(3,6-pyrimidinyl) bisphenol, 3,6-di-4-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 3,6-di-4-pyridinyl-pyridazine, or 2,5-di-4-pyridinyl-pyrimidine. Preferred Property: The ion-conductive complex has a crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lead material consists of aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and metal plated copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell module has sealing units comprising polypropylene resins or polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of sealing is polypropylene resin, polyolefin-type resin, or polyethylene-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrolyte salt is alkali metal salt, quat. ammonium salt and/or quat. phosphonium salt preferably lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solid polymer electrolyte film is consist of oxyethylene, oxypropylene or oxytetra methylene. High molecular compound (C) has carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing compound is of formula (2). The nitrogen-containing compound has substituent of formula (a) or of formula: -C(R6)=C(X)(Y') (b).n=1 or 2;Ar5=aryl or heterocyclic group (both optionally substituted);R1,R2=alkyl, aralkyl or aryl (all optionally substituted);R3,R4=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy or aryl (all optionally substituted);Q=carbon, oxygen or sulfur;Z=group having acidic group(s) such as carboxyl group which bond together with carbon to form 5-membered ring, 6-membered ring or alkylene chain;X=methine chain or 5 or 6-membered ring having electron withdrawing group;Y'=acidic group connected with alkylene chain;andR5,R6=H, halogen, optionally substituted aralkyl or optionally substituted aryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of cationic polyacrylamide with respect to heat-storage microcapsule, is 0.1-10 mass%. The film-material ratio of heat-storage microcapsule, is 10-24 mass%. EXAMPLE - 37% Formaldehyde aqueous solution (in mass parts) (15.4) and melamine powder (12) were added to water (40), and heated at 70 degrees C, to obtain melamine-formaldehyde initial condensate aqueous solution. Sodium-salt aqueous solution of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (100) and n-hexadecane (80) were mixed and emulsified, to obtain emulsification liquid. The obtained emulsification liquid and the obtained melamine-formaldehyde initial condensate aqueous solution were mixed at 70 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, water was added, to obtain heat-storage microcapsule slurry having solid content of 40 mass% and film-material ratio of 22.1 mass%. Cationic polyacrylamide aqueous solution (10) was added to the obtained slurry (250) and spray-dried using a spray drier with inlet temperature of 270 degrees C and outlet temperature of 125 degrees C, to obtain heat-storage microcapsule fine particles with average particle diameter of 200 mu m and yield of 95%. The obtained heat-storage microcapsule fine particles had excellent solvent resistance and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The application layer is made of an electroconductive paste consisting of silver, copper, aluminum or nickel. The base material of the support is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor is a metal-oxide semiconductor or a metal sulfide semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing compound (1) contains substituent of formula: asterisk-CH=C(-X)(-Y') (2) or formula (3).X=5 or 6-membered ring which has substituent having electron withdrawing group, or electron withdrawing group;Y'=acidic group optionally connected with alkylene chain;andZ=substituent which has acidic group(s) and which is connected by 5 or 6-membered ring or alkylene chain, and alkyl chain with carbon atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The benzene-containing compound is of formula (B).R11-R17=same as R2;X1=same as X;anda1,b1,m1=0-4. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 25 Specific benzene-containing compounds are disclosed, such as compounds of formula (I-V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric-converting layer has a layer containing n-type semiconductor material and a dye (a), as semiconductor layer (A) and layer containing p-type semiconductor material and dye (b), as semiconductor layer (B). The dye (a) has a metal complex chosen from ruthenium complex, osmium complex, iron complex, copper complex and platinum complex. The metal complex has a ligand-containing pyridine ring. The dye (b) contains coumarin-type dye and methine dye as main components. The carrier transport layer contains a benzene-containing compound of formula (2).X1-X4=H, or (un)substituted linear alkyl group.At least one of X1-X4 is (un)substituted linear 3-8C alkyl, and other is H, methyl or ethyl. Preferred properties: The energy rank of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of dye (a) is lower than the energy rank of HOMO of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring-containing compound. The energy rank of HOMO of dye (b) is located between the energy rank of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of aromatic hydrocarbon ring-containing compound and energy rank of HOMO of aromatic hydrocarbon ring-containing compound. The energy rank of LUMO of benzene-containing compound is located between the energy rank of LUMO of layer (A) and energy rank of LUMO of layer (B). The energy rank of HOMO of benzene-containing compound is located between the energy rank of HOMO of layer (A) and energy rank of HOMO of layer (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal of metal complex is copper or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar chip is comprised of silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium antimony, or indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductor layer is made of conductor material e.g. conductive transparent oxide such as indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor layer is made of conductor material such as metal such as silver or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The vulcon XC-72 is added to nitric acid (32 wt.%) at 110 degrees C till pH become 6-7, reduced and dried at 800 degrees C for 2-3 hours under nitrogen and hydrogen atmosphere. The tungsten carbide is added to sodium carbonate solution and reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The metal powder contains silver powder (in weight%) (10-90) and aluminum powder (10-90). The silver powder contains ball-shaped silver powder (95-75) and sheet-shaped silver powder (5-25). Preferred Compounds: The organic medium is tetraethyl orthosilicate. The glass powder is zinc borosilicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cooling system comprises a coolant from water or glycol/water mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The predetermined minimum fuel cell stack voltage is 0V plus minus 20 mV/fuel cell in the fuel cell stack.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Group III and VI element-containing single precursor has alkyl-containing structure of formula: (R2M(a-ER'))2. The group I metal-containing precursor is monovalent copper precursor having a structure of (hfac)I(DMB), where hfac is hexafluoroacetylaceto and DMB is 3,3-dimethyl-l-butene. The group VI element-containing precursor has chalcogen-containing structure of formula: R2E and H2E.M=group III metal element chosen from indium, gallium and aluminum;R,R'=1-6C alkyl;E=group VI chalcogen element chosen from sulfur, selenium and tellurium;anda=double-bond between group VI element and group III element.Preferred Process: The I-III-VI2 compound thin film is I-III1-x-III'x-VI2 which is formed by supplying and depositing a precursor containing a group III' element different from the group III element onto the resulting thin film during the thin film formation process. The I-III-VI2 compound thin film is I-III-(VI1-y-VI'y)2 which is formed by supplying and depositing a precursor containing a Group VI' element different from the group VI element or a gas containing the group VI' element onto the resulting thin film during the thin film formation process. The I-III-VI2 compound thin film is I-III1-xIII'x-(VI1-y-VI'y)2 which is formed by supplying and depositing group III' element-containing precursor and group VI' element-containing precursor or gas onto the resulting thin film during the thin film formation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Dichloro (p-cymene)ruthenium (II) dimer and ammonium thiocyanate are reacted with bipyridyl ring-containing compounds of formulae (4, 5, 6) to obtain the ruthenium type sensitizer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ruthenium type sensitizer is chosen from compounds of formula (D5, D6) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 4-Dibutylaminostyryl-styryl-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (in g) (0.20) and dichloro (p-cymene)ruthenium (II) dimer (0.12) in dimethylformamide were heated to 80 degrees C for 4 hours. 4,4'-Dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine (0.097) was added and the mixture was heated to 160 degrees C and stirred for 4 hours. Ammonium thiocyanate was added and stirred at 130 degrees C for 4 hours. The solvent was evaporated and water (200 ml) was added. The obtained precipitate was filtered and dried to obtain ruthenium type sensitizer. The produced sensitizer was used for fabricating a dye sensitized solar cell. The sensitizer had high photoenergy conversion efficiency and the solar cell had improved efficiency and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The coating layer has a water contact angle of 90 degrees or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An additional polymeric film with embossed V-grooves and reflective coating is attached to the interconnector to provide the reflective structure. The polymeric film is made by liquid or soft resin coated, embossed, cured and reflective coated direct into the interconnector. The reflective coating may be a silver, aluminum, gold or reflective polymer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of fluorine-containing compound (II) is 1-10 mol%, preferably 2.5-5 mol%. The content of nitrogen-containing compound of formula (III or IIIa) is 10-50 mol%. Preferred Compounds: The plastic crystal further contains nitrogen-containing compound (III and IIIa). The nitrogen-containing compound is of formula: N+(CH3)(CH2CH3)2(CH2CH2CH3).X- (III). The nitrogen-containing compound is of formula: N+(CH3)2(CH2CH3)(CH2CH2CH3).X- (IIIa).X=hydroxide ion, halogen-compound ion or pseudohalogen ion.Preferred Component: The plastic crystal further contains nitrogen-containing compound (Ib), fluorine-containing compound (IIb) (1-10 mol%, preferably 2.5-5 mol%), and nitrogen-containing compound (IIIb)(10-50 mol%). The nitrogen-containing compound (Ib) is of formula: CH3-N+(-CH3)(-CH3)-CH2OCH3 F-B-(-F)(-F)C2F5. The fluorine-containing compound is of formula: Mn+1(BF3(C2F5))n (IIb). The nitrogen-containing compound (IIIb) is of formula: N+(CH3)3(CH2OCH3).X- (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anti-reflection layer includes silicon nitride. The front electrode includes silver. The rear electrode includes aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The melt is cooled to temperature above the solidus temperature or between the solidus and liquidus temperature. The dross is removed by heating melt above the liquidus temperature. The cooled melt is contacted with gas by injecting. The gas is injected with a rotary impeller, porous plug or other device for creating small bubbles. The injection of gas is lowered until it maximizes the efficiency of chlorine reaction with the melt. The melt is contacted with one or more salts to lower the impurity levels. The gas mixture is injected between the solidus and liquidus temperature of the melt. The cooled melt is contacted with argon or nitrogen, after contacting with gas. Aluminum is removed from the aluminum-silicon mixture. The removal process is carried out using 453.592-18143.694 kg of mixture. Preferred Composition: The mixture further contains calcium. The gas contains 3-20 wt.% of chlorine and 80-97 wt.% of inert gas. The mixture contains 25-70 wt.% of silicon. The mixture contains metallurgical silicon and 1000 series aluminum. phosphorus is reduced to 2-15 ppm wt.%. Boron is reduced to 0.1-10 ppm wt.%. Tools, refractory and rotary impeller are made of graphite, silicon carbide, silicon carbide-alumina, alumina, fused silica, quartz or silicon nitride material. The furnace lining or crucible is made of non-phosphate bonded refractory.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The organometallic compound or its base is reacted with thiophene compound of formula (9) in a protic solvent to obtain porphyrazine derivative.B'=bromine atom;andR1=hexyl, butyl or dodecyl group.Preferred Derivative: The porphyrazine derivative is fused structure of porphyrazine and thiophene group. The porphyrazine derivative is alternately of formulae (2-4). The porphyrazine forms metal ion and complex of formula (8).R'2-R'4=1-30C alkyl, alkoxy or alkyl thio group optionally substituted by oxygen, nitrogen and/or sulfur atom, or aromatic group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Specific porphyrazine derivatives of formulae (5-7) are claimed.    EXAMPLE - 2-Hexyl thiophene, 2-bromo-5-hexyl thiophene, 3-bromo-5-hexyl thiophene, 2,3-dibromo-5-hexyl thiophene and 2,3-dicyano-5-hexyl thiophene were reacted in presence of lithium-1-pentaoxide at 80 degrees C for 11 hours to obtain tetra(hexyl thieno)porphyrazine of formula (VI). The obtained compound (10 mg) and copper acetate were dissolved in 1-pentanol (5 ml), and refluxed for 1 hour to obtain copper (II) complex of formula (VII). The obtained complex had excellent solubility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction of cyclic urea and cyclic amine is carried out in the presence of a reaction accelerator. The manufacturing method involves reacting cyclic urea and reaction accelerator, and reacting cyclic amine. Preferred Definitions:    Y'-=(R4SO2)2N-, R4SO3-, R4OSO3-, R4SO2S-, R4COO-, BF4-, PF6-, NO3-, (CN)2N-, (CHO)2N-, NCS- or halogen ion;and    R4=perfluoro alkyl, alkyl or aromatic group.    EXAMPLE - 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (in g) (19.4), toluene (50 ml) and phosphorus oxychloride (13) were stirred at 65 degrees C to obtain chlorinated compound containing solution of 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. Dichloromethane (50 ml), triethylamine (23.6 ml) and dichloromethane solution of pyrrolidine (13.8 ml) were added to the chlorinated compound containing solution and stirred at 55 degrees C. The contents were cooled to room temperature and 4,5-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1H-imidazolium chloride (15.9). The obtained compound had excellent ionic conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The phosphine oxide is trialkylphosphine oxide containing 4-20C alkyl. Preferred Parameter: The titanium oxide particle size is 1-100 nm. EXAMPLE - A titanium tetrachloride (0.9 ml) was added to trioctylphosphine oxide (10 g) melted at 55 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere. When the reaction system was irradiated with microwave at irradiation density of 15 W/cm3, temperature of reaction system was increased up to 290 degrees C in less than or equal to 5 minutes. Then, titanium tetraisopropoxide (2.4 ml) was quickly added into reaction system, and stirred for 10 minutes under heating, while continuing microwave irradiation to keep reaction temperature at 290 degrees C. The mixture was cooled at room temperature using compressed air. An ethanol (50 ml) was added to the mixture, followed by centrifugal separation for 10 minutes to obtain sediment. The sediment was air dried at room temperature to obtain pale yellow powder. The particle size of titanium oxide powder was found to be 5-10 nm. The particles were well dispersed in organic solvent in primary particle state without causing agglomeration.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fullerene film comprises coating film obtained by coating the solution of fullerene derivative which is thermally decomposed at temperature lower than thermal decomposition temperature of fullerene on base material, is heated at temperature higher than thermal decomposition temperature of fullerene derivative and lower than the thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene which is obtained by thermally decomposing at least one portion of fullerene derivative. Preferred Properties: The weight of fullerene derivative is decreased after thermal decomposition during the formation of fullerene film, which is 5 weight% or more with respect to the weight before thermal decomposition. The thermal decomposition temperature of the fullerene derivative is 100-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fullerene derivative is derivative of (60)fullerene and derivative of fullerene mixture. The fullerene derivative comprises pentadiene derivative of formulae (1 and 2). The fullerene film further comprises fullerene polymer.R1,R2=hydrocarbon optionally having substituents, where R1 and R2 optionally bonded with carbon, nitrogen and oxygen to form nitrogen-containing ring optionally having substituents.Preferred Polymer: The fullerene polymer comprises nitrogen and oxygen in its structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A photoelectric transducer has a semiconductor fine particles layer (3) in which photosensitization pigment (4) is adsorbed, and an electroconductive substrate (8). A photoelectrochemical cell has the photoelectric transducer, a charge transferring layer and a counter electrode (9).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal atom is iron, ruthenium or osmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ligand: The pyridine ligand is alternately of formula (2) or (3).Y3,Y4=unsaturated-aliphatic hydrocarbon group or aromatic ring;R3,R4=acidic group or its salt;B'=group optionally substituted by nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, silicon, sulfur or selenium atom, preferably -S-;andn,c,d=0-2, c+d is 1 or more, preferably n is 1 or 0. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=carboxyl, sulfonic, suquaric acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid group, more preferably carboxyl group;    Y1,Y2=olefin group of formula (4) or (5);    Ar=(un)substituted aryl group, more preferably thiophene ring;    Q1,Q2=H, 1-20C alkyl group, 6-20C aryl group or cyano group;    A=-N(R5)-, -O-, -C(R5)(R6)-, -Si(R5)(R6)-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- or -Se-;    R5,R6=H, 1-20C alkyl group, or 6-20C aryl group;    m=0, a+b is 2;and    p=1-3, more preferably 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is sapphire substrate, silicon substrate, silicon carbide, gallium nitride substrate, aluminum gallium nitride substrate, indium gallium nitride, zinc oxide substrate, scandium aluminum magnesium oxide (ScAlMgO4), yttria-stabilized zirconia substrate, strontium copper oxide (SrCuO2) substrate, copper aluminum oxide (CuAlO2) substrate, lanthanum copper osmium (LaCuOS) substrate, nickel oxide substrate, lithium gallium oxide (LiGaO2) substrate, lithium aluminum oxide ( LiAlO2 ) substrate, gallium arsenic substrate, indium phosphorus substrate and glass substrate. The composition of the passivation layer consists of more than fifty inorganic compounds e.g. aluminum nitride, calcium sulfide, indium nitride, cupric oxide, ferrous oxide, strontium oxide, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, nickel oxide and hafnium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye-supported layer has bump-like protrusions, and so zinc oxide radially protrudes from the surface of the substrate. At least a portion of the dye is supported on the surface of zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wetting agent in the solar grade wafer mold consists of silicon nitride, boron nitride and silica. The suspended degassing agent in the solar grade wafer mold consists of carbon oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The suspended binding agent in the solar grade wafer mold consists of tetraethyl ortho-silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), zinc chloride gas of 430-900 degrees C is supplied to the reaction in the step (D); the reaction of zinc chloride with hydrogen gas in the step (D) is carried out at 700-1500 degrees C. In the step (E), the reaction product obtained in the step (D) is cooled down to less than or equal to 50 degrees C; then, zinc is separated and recovered in the form of powder zinc, and hydrogen chloride is absorbed in water and separated and recovered; unreacted hydrogen gas is further separated and recovered, and it is used as hydrogen gas supplied to the reaction in the step (D). In the step (B), hydrogen gas by-produced in the step (A) is separated and recovered, and the by-produced hydrogen gas is used as hydrogen gas supplied to the reaction in the step (D). Zinc chloride separated and recovered in the form of a liquid from reaction gas is discharged in the step (C) by cooling the reaction gas to less than or equal to 732 degrees C, and is supplied to step (D); the zinc separated and recovered from the reaction gas in the form of powder zinc is used as a raw material for zinc gas supplied in the step (C) and silicon tetrachloride separated and recovered from the reaction gas is used as silicon tetrachloride supplied to the step (C). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-metal is silicon. The composite sheet is a solar cell. The cooling fluid comprises carbon dioxide. The cooling unit comprises a shield to keep cooling fluid from leaking. Preferred Condition: The cooling unit is in a temperature of - 20 to - 50 degrees C. Preferred Methods: The cooling unit eliminates the bow of composite sheet by spraying a cooling fluid. The cooling unit eliminates the bow of composite sheet by providing a cooling plate contacting lower sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha olefin is ethylene. The alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, and/or monomethyl maleic acid. The silane coupling agent is gamma-chloropropylmethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(beta-methoxyethoxy)silane, gamma-vinylbenzylpropyltrimethoxysilane, N-beta-(N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl)-gammaaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, gammamethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, gamma-mercaptopropylmethoxysilane, gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and/or N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The organic peroxide is 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-betylperoxy)hexane-3, di-tert-butyl peroxide, tert-butylcumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tertbutylperoxy)hexane, dicumyl peroxide, alpha, alpha1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)benzene, n-butyl-4,4-bis(tertbutylperoxy)valerate, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butyl-peroxy)cyclohexane, 1,1 -bis(tertbutylperoxy)-3,3,5 -trimethyl-cyclohexane, tert-butylperoxybenzoate, and/or benzoyl peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst of the catalyzed surface is platinum, palladium or cerium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inlet manifolds of the fuel cell plates are lined with porous, non-electrically conductive flame arresting material such as aramid fiber, aramid fabric, fiberglass, ceramic or treated organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The back cover comprises a polyvinyl fluoride polymer. The first layer of transparent material is a thermosetting plastic, preferably ethyl vinyl acetate. The weight mitigation layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate and an ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive metal particle is oxide and/or carbide material of alloy and transition metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive substance consists of ketchen black, acetylene black and/or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc complex contains ( beta )-diketonato as ligand, and is of formula (I).R1,R2=linear or branched 1-8C alkyl, where alkyl group is substituted by linear or branched 1-4C alkyloxy, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, silyl, mono-, di- or tri- substituted linear or branched 1-4C alkyl or silyloxy;andR3=H or linear or branched 1-4C alkyl.The zinc complex is bis(acetylacetanato)zinc or bis(2-methoxy-6-methyl-3,5-heptane dionate)zinc. Preferred Conditions: The film-forming substrate is maintained at oxygen partial pressure of 10-200 kPa. The liquefied zinc oxide thin film is manufactured at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The 2 layer structure of aluminum nitride and cerium oxide is formed in template inner surface. Preferred Parameter: The powder is less than or equal to 50 mu m in average particle diameter. Preferred Component: The powder which is aluminum nitride powder contains aluminum oxide. Preferred Composition: The powder is 0.2-10 wt.% in oxygen concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer is the resin material containing microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sealing portion segregates metal or metal compounds containing aluminum, magnesium, calcium, strontium, titanium, zinc, and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The dye compound is poly(disilanylene oligo thienylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average aspect-radio of the needle crystal of the titanic acid alkali metal is 10-20. Preferred Compound: The alkali metal in the titanic acid alkali metal is sodium. The alkaline-earth metal in the titanic acid alkaline-earth metal is strontium. The platinum group element is ruthenium. The pigment is a compound of formula (I) or (II).R11,R21=substituent, preferably electron-attractive group;R12,R13,R22,R23=H or substituent;R14,R24,R26=carboxy or phosphono group;R15,R25=alkyl;X11-X14,X21-X26=oxygen, sulfur or selenium, where X11, X12, X14, X21, X22, X24, X26=sulfur and X13, X23, X25=oxygen;L11,L21,L22=bivalent coupling group;andm,n=0-4, preferably 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon nanotube has integral value of 0.25-1 and average length of 0.1-500 mu m. The thickness of transparent electrode is 5-500 nm. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is formed by carrying out acid treatment and/or ultrasonication process. Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is single wall carbon nanotube, thin multiwall carbon nanotube and/or multiwall carbon nanotube. An acidic solution containing nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and/or phosphoric acid is used during acid treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing molar quantity of organic compound is 0-20 mol with respect to 1 mol of cationic surfactant. The salt of titanium salt is chosen from sulfate, oxysulfate, oxychloride, phosphate, acetate and/or nitrate. Preferred Condition: The mixing process is carried out at 10-80 degrees C. Preferred Process: The manufacture of porous titanium oxide further involves removing organic matter, after mixing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic compound has linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photocatalyst is titanium oxide. A catalyst auxiliary agent is used along with photocatalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid contains imidazolium ion, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation or quaternary ammonium cation, and chloride (Cl-) , bromide (Br-) , iodide (I-) , tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), hexafluoro phosphate (PF6-), nitrate (NO3-), trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2-), trifluoro methane sulfonate (CF3SO3-), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonyl imide ion (CF3SO2)2N-, fluoro sulfonyl imide ion (FSO2)2N-, tris-trifluoro sulfonyl carbide (CF3SO2)3C-, pentafluoro sulfonyl imide ion (C2F5SO2)2N-, aluminum chloride such as AlCl4 or Al2Cl7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The novel discotic-liquid-crystalline compound has phthalocyanine structure. Preferred Compound: The novel discotic-liquid-crystalline compound is of formula (1).R=H;R1=H, 1-30 alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or group of formula (2);andM=two protons or metal cation chosen from magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, lead and bismuth. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specific 9 discotic-liquid-crystalline compound are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 4,5-Bis-(4-decyloxy phenyl)-1,2-dicyano benzene (in g) (0.20), cupric chloride (0.016), 1-hexanol (2 ml) and four drops of diazabicyclo undecene were added and refluxed for 23 hours. Then, methanol was added to the reaction solution, filtered, washed using chloroform and methanol and recovered. Further, solvent was distilled off from the recovered product, washed 3 times using ethanol and 3 times using methanol, recrystallized and purified, to obtain green-solid of discotic-liquid-crystalline compound of formula (1a) (0.15) having yield of 73%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The arylene group-containing compound has at least two carboxyl groups. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 17 Specific arylene group-containing compounds are disclosed, such as compounds of formulae (I-V).    EXAMPLE - Titanium-oxide paste having particle size of 18 nm, was coated on a fluorine-doped stannic-oxide electroconductive glass substrate, heated at 60 degrees C for 10 minutes and baked at 500 degrees C for 30 minutes, to obtain titanium-oxide thin film having film thickness of 5 mu m. The obtained titanium-oxide thin film was immersed in a solution (3x 10-4 mol/L) of arylene group-containing compound of formula (I) and ethanol for 16 hours, and vacuum-dried, to form photoelectric-conversion electrode. The obtained photoelectric-conversion electrode, a counter electrode and electrolyte solution were assembled, to obtain photoelectric transducer having high durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron transport membranes are electron carrying layer and/or electron injection layer. The compound may also be of formula (2).Ar1-Ar3=bivalent groups of one or more of 8 compounds, e.g. group of formula (1a), (1b), (1c), (1d), (1e), (1f), (1g) or (1h);R=1-18C alkyl;a=1-10;b,c=1-8;d-g=1-6;h=1-4; andQ1,Q2=monovalent group with oxirane ring, alkali metal, H, 1-18C alkyl, oxetane, acryloyl or methacryloyl, or alkali metal and/or H.Preferred Definition:Ar2=one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formula (1a), (1c) or (1h); andQ1,Q2=H or preferably alkali metal. Preferred Definition:    R=Me.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hollow transparent solid housing is made of acrylic fiber or transparent plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cathode has two-layer window arrangement of zinc oxide and aluminum or intrinsic zinc oxide. The material of the anode is selected from aluminum, silver, calcium, magnesium or calcium or aluminum, magnesium or aluminum, magnesium or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The partial layer of the photoactive layer receiving the electrons is fullerene, preferably copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine. The partial layer of the photoactive layer emitting the electrons is copper phthalocyanine, preferably oxotitanium phthalocyanine. The partial layer of the photoactive layer receiving the electrons is formed as a buffer layer of an organic material, which is trichloroethylene 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum, preferably 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl and later buffer layer, which is a mixture of copper phthalocyanine and ferric chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves metal precursor liquid hydrolysis or deoxidizing, gas phase pyrolysis or deoxidizing, and metal thermal deposition. Preferred Parameter: The grain diameter of the carrier is 10-200 nm, and the specific surface area is 10-200 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight proportion between the polyatomic alcohol and aqueous solution is 1:2-2:1 in the mixing solution in first step, and 1:5-5:1 in second step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains n-propanol and less than 10% of alcohols with molecular weight greater than butanol. The composition contains 15 volume% or more, preferably 25 volume% or more of secondary butanol and/or t-butanol, and is devoid of n-butanol and methanol. The composition contains less than 5% of n-butanol. The olefin hydrolysis is performed on composition containing 2-4C alkane and 2-4C olefin. Preferred Property: The energy content of the fuel composition meets or exceeds that of ASTM D5798-99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The M is a material from niobium (Nb), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti) and/or tungsten (W). The semiconductor particulates comprise an elementary substance semiconductor, compound semiconductor, and/or perovskite compound; and an oxide comprising metal selected from Ti, zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), Zn, indium (In), lanthanum (La), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), W, tin (Sn), Nb, magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), scandium (Sc), samarium (Sm), gallium (Ga), indium (In) and/or TiSr. The conductive layer contains conductive metal oxide selected from indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, ZnO-(Ga2O3 or Al2O3), tin-based oxide, antimony tin oxide and/or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate is plastic substrate selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyimide, triacetylcellulose, polyethersulfone and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The thin film devices are silicon based thin film devices comprising one of individual sheets, or a continuous web selected from glass, polyimide, or stainless steel; deposited with amorphous, crystalline or partially crystalline silicon P-I-N along with metal conductor layers. The devices are at least 1 m x 0.5 m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier coating is selected from silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon carbide, or titanium carbide coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The physical classification method is classification method by water sieving, table classification method, magnetic classification method and electrical classification method. The silicon dioxide obtained by physical classification method is dissolvent in underwater and the pH of the resulting aqueous solution is adjusted, to obtain purified silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron-donating organic material is conjugated-system polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polyester-type resin layer contains 5-40 weight % of titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesion layer provided in the sheet is made of polyester-type resin chosen from the polyester polyurethane group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alkali chemicals (A) and non-ionic surfactant (B) is 0.1-30 weight%. The weight ratio of alkali chemicals (A) and non-ionic surfactant (B) to ester compound (C) is 50/1-3/1. The cleaning composition further contains chelating agent (D).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conjugated polymer of formula (I) is preferably of formula (1).Q1,Q2,R,h=same as defined above;andAr2=same as defined above, preferably group of formulae (II,IV,IX).The content of conjugated polymer is 0.1-10000 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Boron-containing compound (in g) (6.2171) of formula (A), bromine-containing compound (0.5085) of formula (B), oxygen-containing compound (6.2225) of formula (C), nitrogen-containing compound (0.5487) of formula (D), toluene (100 ml), dichlorobis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (II) (7.6 mg) and sodium carbonate (24 ml) were added, and stirred for 3 hours. The obtained reaction mixture was washed and organic phase was dropped into methanol, precipitated, filtered and dried, to obtain conjugated polymer (7.72) having number average molecular weight of 1.2x 105, and weight average molecular weight of 2.9x 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is made of methanol, ethanol, propanol, formic acid, acetic acid, formaldehyde, ethylene, glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte layer is made of poly perfluoro sulfonic acid, trifluoro styrene derivative, polybenzimidazole, aromatic polyether ketone sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal of metal complex of compound (A), is chosen from boron, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc. Preferred Composition: The compound (A) having pyrromethene structure or its metal complex is boron-containing metal complex of formula (II).R8-R14=same as R1;andR15, R16=halogen or aryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The electron-donating organic material (B) is conjugated type polymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 48 Pyrrolmethene structures are disclosed, such as compounds of formulae (III-VII). 60 Boron-containing metal complexes are disclosed, such as complexes of formulae (VIII-XII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The metal atom is iron, ruthenium or osmium. Preferred Definitions:    R3,R4=H or substituent, preferably H, 1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkoxy;    a+b=1 or more, preferably 2;    R1,R2=H, substituent or acidic group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, suquaric acid, phosphoric acid group, boric acid group or silicic acid group, preferably carboxyl group, or its salt such as salt with organic base;    Q1,Q2=H;    Ar=benzene ring having substituent;    -(A)m-=-N(Y1)-, -O-, -C(Y1)(Y2)-, -Si(Y1)(Y2)-, -S-, -SO-, -SO2- or -Se-, preferably -S-;    Y1,Y2=H, 1-20C alkyl or 6-20C aryl group;and    m=1.    EXAMPLE - 2-Bromo-4-methyl pyridine (in g) (25) dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and potassium t-butoxide and DMF solution of para methoxy benzaldehyde (19.7) were reacted to obtain 2-bromo-4-((E)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)vinyl)pyridine. The obtained compound was reacted with sodium sulfide to obtain 4-((E)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)vinyl)pyridine-2-thiol. The obtained compound (150.2 mg) and dibromopyridine (157.6 mg) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylsulfoxide (70 ml) and reacted with potassium carbonate (394.4 mg) at 120 degrees C, and with n-butyl lithium to obtain a lithiated compound. The lithiated compound (42.7 mg), bi(pyridyl ethyl ester) (25.6 mg) and tetrakis triphenylphosphine palladium (18.4 mg) were reacted to obtain terpyridyl compound. The obtained compound was stirred in lithium hydroxide (15.2 mg) and neutralized with hydrochloric acid. The obtained solid was refluxed with ruthenium chloride trihydrate and heat-stirred with potassium thiocyanate (34.3 mg) and water (1 ml) to obtain terpyridyl structure-containing compound with molecular weight of 780. A photoelectrochemical cell was produced using the obtained compound. The photoelectrochemical cell had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The equivalence ratio of cation with respect to anion is 0.6-1.1, preferably 0.65-1. Preferred Composition: The anion contains bisulfate ion (HSO4-) and/or sulfate ion (SO42-). The cation is pyrrolium-containing cation of formula (I-IV).R1-R4,R6,R7=H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl;andR5,R8=same as R1 excluding H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: A holder, preferably, a metal oxide is supported with the pigment, and is used in an electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron-attractive group is one or more groups chosen from carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group, and phosphoric acid group. Preferred Structure: The pigment further has a cyclic structure which contains methine chain, or methine chain as a portion of the ring. The methine chain has a substituent at the terminal, where the substituent is two or more unsaturated bonds. Preferred Property: The methine chain has carbon number of 1-5. Preferred Process: The cyclic structure which contains methine chain, or methine chain as portion of the ring is introduced into first or third position of the azulene structure of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The ultrafine fiber is formed by electrostatic spinning method in presence of a solvent. The solvent is mixed solvent containing halogenated hydrocarbon compound and low volatile solvent having boiling point of 140 degrees C or more, or mixed solvent of aromatic hydrocarbon and solvent(s) chosen from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethyl acetamide. 0.01-5% of organic-acid salt or inorganic-acid salt is included in the solution used in electrostatic spinning. Preferred Composition: The polyphenylene-ether fiber assembly consists of ultrafine fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high conductive material is made of stainless steel, gold, titanium, graphite, and carbon metallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of the body is of epoxy resin (FR4, FR5) base plates, epoxide resin base plate, glass fiber base plate, ceramics base plate, high molecular plasticizing base plate, and combined type material base plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The foundation plate is made of ceramic or fortified glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The films include aluminum. The foundation plate is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foundation plate is made of transparent plastic. The resin includes silicone, polyvinyl butyral or vinyl acetate synthesis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Adding and zeolite and chitosan to acetum of 2 wt% of (1) for dissolving is: respectively adding and zeolite and chitosan to acetum and gaining dispersed zeolite suspension and homogeneous chitosan solution, and further adding zeolite suspension to homogeneous chitosan solution and mixing equably. Preferred Parameters: Zeolite is zeolite with average grain diameter of 2.0microns of 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X and silkete or HZSM5 whose thickness of membrane is between 50-90 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A low resistance grid electrode is prepared by using platinum, gold, silver, titanium, nickel and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The underlay comprises a transparent conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nanometer oxide semiconductor film is zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, or zirconium oxide. The inorganic acid comprises nitric acid, vitriol, or hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid comprises acetic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The underlay comprises a transparent conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optimal proportion of charcoal powder and composite oxide of cobalt is 3:7. Preferred Component: The conductive mixing material is charcoal powder; and the base body is foam nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cementing medium is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conversion layer is filled with a transparent polymer of ethyl-vinylacetate or polycarbonate type. The polymer is filled with fluorescent powder containing alpha -alumina-titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene is C60 or C60/C70.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carotenoid comprises beta -carotene, lycopene, xanthin, zeaxanthol, astaxanthin or phytoflavin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film former is alcohol-acid resin, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, epoxide resin, urethane resin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate or acrylic acid. The impregnant is Sherwood oil, turpentine, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, glycol, propanediol, acetone, acetylacetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, methyl-butyl ketone, methyl-isobutylketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, dimethoxyethane, glycol ether, glycol isopropyl ether or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The additive is polysiloxane, alkylated siloxane modified polyether, alkyl ammonium salt of multipolymer, polyether multipolymer, terpilenol, polyacrylic ester with epoxy functional group, electro-conductive graphite or acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic solvent is a polyfluoro emulsion or a hydrophobic organic silicon emulsion, where the polyfluoro emulsion is a tetrafluoroethylene emulsion, a polyvinylidene fluoride emulsion or a polyperfluoropropene emulsion. The hydrophobic organic silicon emulsion is polydimethylsiloxane or polyether modification polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The substrate is glass, metallic material or plastic material. The substrate is non-aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polycrystalline silicon film is Czochralski-silicon, polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reflection-reducing protective film is aluminum oxide film, silicon nitride including hydrogen film, or silicon dioxide film. Preferred Method: The reflection-reducing aluminum oxide protective film is prepared on metal substrate surface using anodizing method at 20-80 V and - 10 to 50 degrees C for 0.5-30 minutes, where anodizing solution is oxalate acid solution or chromic acid (0.5-5.0 mol/L). The method further comprises immersing aluminum foil metal substrate into electrolyte for advance surface treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode layer is indium tin oxide or gold film. The cathode is from alkali metals or alkaline-earth metals. It contains aluminum, silver, or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium film has a thickness of 5-500 Angstrom . Preferred Component: The solvent of dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium solution is alcohol, ester, and ether. It is ethyl acetate, Sherwood oil, preferably isopropanol, isooctanol, and ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass or polyester film. The anode decorating layer is a composite film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and sodium polystyrenesulfonate. The photoelectric active layer is a composite film of poly paraphenylene vinylene derivative and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-methanofullerene. Preferred Parameter: The rotating speed for spin coating is 1000-5000 revolutions/minute. The temperature for vacuum drying is from room temperature to 250 degrees C; and the time is 5 minutes-48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polyfluoroethylene film is obtained by adding polyfluoroethylene resin with 1% dibutyl phthalate, drying, heating to extrude, shaping, stretching lengthwise, stretching breadthwise, edge-cutting, and reeling. The PET film is obtained by adding PET resin with age inhibitor. Preferred Composition: The PET film comprises (pbw): PET resin (100), antioxidant (0.1), hindered amine stabilizer (1), and light stabilizer (0.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic salt electrolyte is lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of the multi-hydroxyl polymer and the polymer containing ether is 400-20000. Preferred Condition: Removing moisture of polymer gel electrolyte substrate in the first step is implemented in vacuum oven at 60-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is a thermosol such as ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer or polyvinyl glutaral. The flexible film is polyvinyl fluoride co-extruded film or polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanometer particulate is the quantum point which can give off the 500-700 nm visible light when excited by UV radiation or violet light less than 400 nm, and with high chemical stability and high thermal stability, and has a size less than 10 nm, such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, carbon, silicon, aluminum oxide, germanium, indium phosphide, silicon carbide, plead sulfide, lead selenide, or gallium arsenide. Preferred Method: The nanometer particulate is manufactured by chemical liquid phase compounding, chemical solid phase compounding, chemical gas phase compounding, electrolyzing, electroplating, sputtering, evaporation or ion beam generation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The embellishing agent is mercapto glycerin, thiourea, naphthalene agent, sulfonic succinic double dimethyl amyl ester sodium salt, tetrathiafulvalene, tetrathiolate or sodium dodecyl sulfate. The solvent is water, alcohol, acetone, epoxy resin, silica gel, or chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is the transparent organic compound with high permeability in the range of 400-900 nm light, high chemical stability and high thermal stability, such as PVC or poly-methyl acrylic methyl ester or poly-dimethyl siloxane or polyimide. Preferred Method: The steps of coating and forming the transparent light wave transforming thin film layer use silk-screen printing, spin coating, spray coating, chemical deposition or electrochemical deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solar grade silicon comprises a silicon ingot, silicon sheet, or silicon ribbon. The p-type dopant comprises gallium or gallium alloy, or aluminum or aluminum alloy. Preferred Method: Group V elements are added to increase the resistivity of the silicon in the melt. Group III elements are added to decrease the resistivity of the silicon in the melt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Component: The positive or negative lens is a Fresnel lens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photopolymerizable composition is free of catalyst inhibitor. Preferred Component: The silicon-containing resin comprises a primary organosiloxane and a secondary organosiloxane. The primary organosiloxane has unit of formula: R1aHcSiO(4-a-c)/2. The secondary organosiloxane has unit of formula: R1aR2bSiO(4-a-b)/2.R1=monovalent, linear, branched or cyclic (un)substituted 1-18C hydrocarbon group free of aliphatic unsaturation;R2=2-10C monovalent hydrocarbon group having aliphatic unsaturation;c=0, 1, or 2;anda,b,a+b,a+c=0, 1, 2, or 3.Preferred Component: The substrate is transparent, and comprises a pressure sensitive adhesive formed using free-radical polymerizable monomers chosen from (meth)acrylate and vinyl monomer. The pressure sensitive adhesive is alternately formed using a (meth)acrylate block copolymer comprising block polymeric units (A) (20-50 wt.%) and block polymeric units (B) (50-80 wt.%). The pressure sensitive adhesive comprises a silicone-based pressure sensitive adhesive. The optical article further comprises a curable adhesive-forming composition disposed on the photopolymerizable composition. The block polymeric units (A) are a reaction product of a primary monomer composition comprising an alkyl methacrylate, an aralkyl methacrylate, and/or an aryl methacrylate. The block (A) has glass transition temperature of 5O degrees C or less. The block polymeric unit (B) is a reaction product of a secondary monomer composition comprising an alkyl (meth)acrylate, a heteroalkyl (meth)acrylate, and/or a vinyl ester. The block (B) has glass transition temperature 2O degrees C or less. The block polymeric units (A) are present as nanodomains having an average size of 150 nm or less in a matrix of the block polymeric unit (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The average value of diameter of the antimicrobial metal projection is 5-500 nm, preferably 5-50 nm. The arbitrary region on the surface of the base material has a width of 1x 1 ~mm. The base material has a translucency, the difference in visible light transmittance of the antimicrobial base material and the visible light transmittance of the base material that removed the antimicrobial metal projections from the antimicrobial base material, is 15% or less. The visible light transmittance is 30% or more. The maximum height of antimicrobial metal projection is 50 nm or less. Preferred Components: The antimicrobial metal projection is chosen from silver, copper and zinc, as a base metal. The antimicrobial metal projection contains base metal and addition metal. The base metal is silver and addition metal is palladium. The base material has photocatalyst layer containing titanium oxide. The surface of the base material is made of the photocatalyst layer. The base material has further film which contains polycrystal zirconium oxide including crystal structure of monoclinic crystal type as a base layer of the photocatalyst layer. The photocatalyst layer contains a polycrystal titanium oxide including the crystal structure of an anatase type. The base material has base material main component, and base layer formed such that the base material component is contacted. The base layer is chosen from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, tin oxide and complex oxide of zinc and tin. The base material comprises raw material such as glass plate, plastic plate and resin film. The base material is comprised by reinforcement or half-reinforce figured glass, preferably mirror. The antimicrobial metal projection is formed by the sputtering method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The paste used for oxide semiconductor layer formation consists of titanium isopropoxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paste also consists of glycol ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Ammonium compound of formula (2) and hydroxyl group-containing compound of formula: (M) n+ ((OH)-)n, are reacted, to obtain cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salt of formula (1) .(M) n+ X=define above.Preferred Composition: The cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salt is preferably of formula (11). An electrolyte contains cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salt of formula (1). An electrolyte liquid contains the electrolyte and non-aqueous solvent (0.01 mol/dm2 or more), which is polar aprotic solvent.(M1)=alkali metal ion, organic ammonium ion or phosphonium ion;andn(M) n+X=define above. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 38 specific cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salts are disclosed, such as compound of formulae (I-V).    EXAMPLE - Trimethyl amine (of formula: N(CH3)3) (50 ml), was dripped into fluoro compound of formula (s) (in g) (550) at 20 degrees C or less for 12 hours. The resulting solution was subjected to distillation, to obtain fluoro compound (513) of formula: CF2(COF)(SO2F). The obtained fluoro compound (50.4) and tetrahydrofuran (200 ml), were stirred. Liquid ammonia was introduced into the resulting mixture at a flow rate of 0.34 mol/hour for 4 hours at -30 degrees C. Excess ammonia was purged into the resulting mixture after stirring at 25 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction solution was filtered. The filtrate was collected, concentrated and vacuum-dried, to obtain ammonium compound (42.79) of formula (A) having purity of 90%. The ammonium compound (5.2) of formula (II), lithium hydroxide hydrate (1.33) and acetonitrile (50 ml), were reacted at 80 degrees C for 4 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled and filtered. The filtrate was dried and purified and dioxane, to obtain cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salt (4.17) of formula (I). An electrolyte liquid obtained by dissolving cyclic flurosulfonyl imide salt in non-aqueous solvent, had excellent electrical conductivity and chemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary flexible seams are a metal hinge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The primary and secondary flexible seams are a rubber sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic and/or an organic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The polymer of phosphazine compound is prepared by using phosphazene condensation reactions as described in Schwesinger et al. Liebigs Annalen, (1996) vol. 7, page 1055 - 1081. Preferred Definitions:    Q=hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid fuel is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia, ethylene glycol, and/or sodium borohydride aqueous solution. Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel contains 0.5-24.7 mol/L methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-return valve is a ball-type valve made of carbon having specific gravity of less than 1.6 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The transparent electrode is indium-tin oxide or fluorine doped stannic oxide electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The molecule is pyridine-containing compounds of formulae (1-4).R,R1=H or methyl group;R2,R3=pyridine ligand;R4,R5=quinone group;andX=linear or branched alkyl or oligo-ethylene glycol group.Preferred Molecule: The quinone molecule of the photosystem protein complex is removed, and the molecule is integrated to deactivate the electrode element structure. Preferred Component: The photosystem protein complex is PSI, PSII or purple bacterium of cyanophyta plant or higher plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer of light reflection surface, consists of aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fillers include ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. The hardening resin for sealing the diode comprises silicon, silicone rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, fluororubber or ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The porosity of support plate is measured according to JISR2205 standard. The locating pin of substrate is made of SUS material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer which has branched structure is a dendritic polymer which contains one or more of 56 compounds, e.g. group of formula (1). The matrix polymer contains polybenzoxazole, polyimide, polyether sulfone or polyether ketone and contains one or more of 4 compounds, e.g. group of formula (4).Ar,Ar1,Ar2=aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The half value width of carbon coated metal component measured in G band and D band of Raman scattered spectrum is 50-200 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The organic transistor is obtained by forming a gate electrode (11), a gate insulating film (12), a source electrode and a drain electrode (14,15), and an organic film (16) containing tetrathiafulvalene derivative, on a substrate (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Dicarboxylate compound of formula (1a) is processed in presence of ammonium, tetrahydrofuran and water to obtain diamide compound of formula (1b). The obtained compound is further process in presence of thionyl chloride and dimethyl furan to obtain tetrathiafulvalene derivative.Y'=same as defined above. Preferred Definitions:    X=cyano group;and    Y'=linear thioalkyl group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 specific tetrathiafulvalene derivatives are disclosed. E.g. (2,2')Bi((1,3)dithiolylidene) of formula (2), 4,5,4',5'-tetramethyl-(2,2')bi((1,3)dithiolylidene), (2,2')bi((1,3)dithiolylidene)-4,5,4',5'-tetracarbonitrile, 4,5,4',5'-tetrakis-trifluoromethyl-(2,2')bi((1,3)dithiolylidene) and 2-(5-(1,3)dithiol-2-ylidene-(1,3)dithiolo(4,5-d)(1,3)dithiol-2-ylidene)-(1,3)dithiole-4,5-dicarbonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Active hybrid system comprises a gas cell system, and an energy storage (3), which is particularly formed of lead, nickel metal hydride, lithium-ion and nickel cadmium accumulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The diffusion barrier film is made of transparent conductive metal oxides comprising gallium or baron doped zinc oxide, stannic oxide, titanium oxide and indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The film layer is made of silicon and silicon alloys. The aluminum film may be substituted by metal films such as nickel, copper, gold or conductive alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the photoelectric conversion layer is selected from the group of non-crystalline silicon, cadmium sulphide, and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The metallic silicon has solidification velocity of 0.1-1 mm/minute and cooling rate of 0.1-2 degrees C/minute. The metallic silicon has iron and aluminum content of 0.05-0.00005 wt.%. The sum total content of metallic element other than iron and aluminum is 0.03 wt.% or less. EXAMPLE - Crude metal silicon (5000 g) containing iron (in wt.%) (0.3), aluminum (0.3), calcium (0.1), sodium (0.01), potassium (0.01), chromium (0.01) and copper (0.1), and having purity of 2N was put into ingot container, solidified at 1 mm/minute for 1 hour, and cooled to 200 degrees C at rate of 2 degrees C/minute for 10 hours to obtain metallic silicon. The obtained metallic silicon had average grain size of 2 mm, life time average value of 55%, purity of 3N, and photoelectric-conversion effect of 5%. The obtained metallic silicon contained iron (0.03), aluminum (0.03), calcium (0.01), sodium (0.001), potassium (0.001), chromium (0.001) and copper (0.01).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steel mesh is coated with titanium nitride, indium tin oxide or fluorine doped tin oxide. A charge carrier acceptor material of porous photoactive charge carrier material is selected from group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, zirconium oxide, sulfide, selenide, telluride, silicon and conducting organic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises steel mesh coated with molybdenum, tungsten, carbon-rich stainless steel or boron-rich stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - In the method of manufacturing the solar cell, the sputtering method involves reacting nitrogen in a plasma, radical, or atomic state with a group-III element, thereby forming the layer. The method further involves a first step of alternately repeating a process of supplying only dopant element and a process of simultaneously supplying a compound comprising group-III element and a nitrogen raw material; and a second step of performing a heat treatment on the layer formed by the first step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is at least one selected from quartz, glass, sapphire, silicon carbide (SiC), silicon, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese zinc iron oxide, magnesium aluminum oxide, zirconium boride, gallium oxide, indium oxide, lithium gallium oxide, lithium aluminum oxide, neodymium gallium oxide, lanthanum strontium aluminum tantalum oxide, strontium titanium oxide and titanium oxide. The buffer layer is formed of aluminum nitride (AlN) or gallium nitride (GaN). The dopant element is at least one selected from silicon, germanium, tin, magnesium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The buffer film is 100-1000, preferably 150-600 Angstrom thick. The buffer film is conductive and transparent. The buffer film comprising tin oxide is doped with antimony. The transparent front electrode comprises one or more of indium-tin-oxide, zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, and/or indium zinc oxide. The semiconductor film comprises cadmium sulfide (CdS) and/or cadmium telluride (CdTe). An atmosphere in which target(s) used in forming the electrode and/or the buffer film is sputtered includes both argon and oxygen gas, and has an oxygen gas to total gas ratio of 0.00001-0.0025. Preferred Properties: The buffer film has a work function of greater than or equal to 4.3, 4-5.7, 4.3-5.2 or 4.5-5 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Depositing fluorine on the membrane includes depositing a fluorine gas combined with an inert gas on the membrane; or depositing a fluorinated solvent on the membrane. The gas is introduced into a container in which the hydrocarbon membrane is mounted at a slow rate so that the gas does not burn the membrane. Preferred Composition: The fluorine in the gas is less than 20 wt.%. Preferred Component: The inert gas is nitrogen. The fluorinated solvent is Freon(RTM: chlorofluorocarbon).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Providing a hydrocarbon membrane includes providing an aromatic-sulfonic acid membrane and a straight chain hydrocarbon membrane, which includes an aliphatic sulfonic acid membrane or aliphatic-aromatic sulfonic acid membrane. It comprises providing a sulfonated hydrocarbon membrane comprising perfluorocyclobutane, Parmax 1200(RTM: polyphenylene), polyarylene thioether ketone, polyarylene ether thiosulfone, poly(4-phenyl-1-butene), or polyarylene ether ketone membranes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The optoelectronic device has an electrode and a transparent electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The core nanoparticles contain copper. The portion (A) and portion (B) of core nanoparticle contains gallium, indium and/or aluminum. The transparent electrode contains layer of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains dispersant, binder and/or resin, emulsifier, anti-foaming agent, defoaming agent, dryer, solvent, filler, extender, thickening agent, film conditioner, anti-oxidant, flow and leveling agent, plasticizer and/or preservative. The transparent electrode contains transparent conductive polymeric layer. The transparent conductive polymeric layer contains poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene doped with poly(styrenesulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonate is sodium carbonate and the fuel is sodium borohydride. The borane is stored as borane polymers. When the first precursor reagent is ammonia, the second precursor reagent is borane or diborane and the reagents react to form ammonia borane. When the first precursor reagent is methylethylazine, the second precursor reagent is water and the reagents react at elevated temperature to form hydrazine. The first precursor reagent methylethylazine is formed by reacting hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone, where the hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone are storable as precursor reagents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - When the first precursor reagent is dimethyl dicarbonate, the second precursor is water and the reagents react to form methanol. When the first precursor reagent is a carbonate, the second precursor reagent is borane or diborane and the reagents react to form a borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tungsten-containing compound comprises tungsten phosphide. The noble metal is platinum, ruthenium, palladium, gold, rhodium, silver, iridium, osmium and/or rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A stamp with predetermined texture pattern is compressed on the substrate of the photoelectric converter, in which the stamp may be made of nickel or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film contains (in weight parts) polyarylene sulfide (70-99) and thermoplastic resin (1-30) with respect to 100 weight parts of total amount of polyarylene sulfide and thermoplastic resin. The amount of the compatabilizing agent is 0.05-3 weight parts. Preferred Compound: The polyarylene sulfide is a polyphenylene sulfide. The compatabilizing agent is chosen from epoxy group, amino group and isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film has central-line average roughness of 20-200 nm, maximum height of 1000 nm or less, friction coefficient of 0.2-0.9 and glass transition temperature of 95 degrees C or less. Preferred Process: An entrainer is supplied to a biaxial vent-type extruder and the polyarylene sulfide resin is extruded after removing and entrainer. A metal layer is vapor deposited on one side or both sides of the biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film and a metallization polyarylene sulfide film is formed. The obtained metallization polyarylene sulfide film is wounded or laminated, to obtain a capacitor. Preferred Compound: The thermoplastic resin is a polymer chosen from polyarylate, polyphenylene ether, polyether imide, polyether sulfone and polysulfone. The entrainer is chosen from polyarylene sulfide resin, water, N-methyl pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol and triethyleneglycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles are particles of gold, silver, platinum, copper, palladium, nickel, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, lanthanum and iridium, preferably gold. The base material is chosen from ceramic, cement, concrete, stone, fiber, paper, leather, glass, plastic, metal, timber and tile. The acidic-gas atmosphere is an atmosphere which vaporizes an acid (A). Preferred Property: The metal colloidal particles are granular particles having globular shape, polygon shape or amoeba shape, and have average particle diameter of 1-60 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nitrogen contained in the protective agent is originated from amino group, amide group and/or imide group. The oxygen contained in the protective agent is originated from carbonyl group, carboxyl group, aldehyde group and/or amide group. The acid (A) is chosen from formic acid, acetic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic acid is hydrochloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkoxy group is butoxy group. The aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid. The organic amine is tertiary amine, preferably phenanthroline. EXAMPLE - 1.1 M 1-bromo butane dimethyl formamide solution (130 ml), 3,4-dihydroethyl benzoate (in g) (11), potassium carbonate (9) and dimethyl formamide suspension solution (120 ml) were reacted at 90 degrees C for 18 hours, cooled, extracted, solvent was removed and recrystallized, to obtain white solid of 3,4-butoxy ethyl benzoate. Then, 3,4-butoxy ethyl benzoate (15) and ethanol solution (200 ml) containing sodium hydroxide (4) was refluxed for 12 hours. Further, the reaction solution was cooled and ether (200 ml) and 1 N hydrochloric acid were added. Subsequently, solvent was removed, dried and recrystallized, to obtain 3,4-dibutoxy benzoic acid (9.1). Then, 3,4-dibutoxy benzoic acid (0.83), 12 N hydrochloric acid (0.60 ml), europium oxide (0.18) and ethanol (30 ml) were refluxed. Then, phenanthroline (0.19) was added, white solid were filtered, neutralized, washed with ethanol and water, and dried, to obtain europium complex of formula (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phenolic antioxidant is of formula (1).R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR2,R3=1-8C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 0.01-2 mass parts of antioxidant with respect to 100 mass parts of thermoplastic resin composition. The thermoplastic resin contains acrylic resin and styrene resin. The styrene resin is styrene maleic anhydride copolymer containing 0.1-50 mass% of maleic acid anhydride, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer containing 1-40 mass% of acrylonitrile or styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer containing 1-50 mass% of methacrylic acid. The sum total content of acrylic resin and styrene resin in the composition is 80 mass% or more. The mass ratio of acrylic resin and styrene resin is 20/80-80/20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating layer (I) is resin film which is polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A semiconductor electrode formed using the photoelectric-conversion material has a semiconductor layer containing metal chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt, and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The arylene group-containing compound contains a substituent of formula (a or b).Z=atomic group which forms 5- or 6-membered ring with carbon of acidic group(s);Ra,Rb=H, or substituent;X=electron withdrawing group;andY'=acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pyranthrone-type compound has mass reduction percentage of 2% or less measured by thermogravimetric analysis, and determined using formula: D400/500=((G400-G450)/Gi)x 100, where Gi is mass during measurement, and G400 and G500 are mass at 400 degrees C and 450 degrees C, respectively. Preferred Process: The pyranthrone-type compound is obtained by carrying out multistage sublimation purification process, and heat processing in presence of solvent having high boiling point. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 26 Specific pyranthrone-type compounds are disclosed, such as compounds of formulae (II-VI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The reinforcement layer contains an electroconductive polymer film or a metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A solution containing the sensitizing dye is impregnated into a zinc oxide porous material in presence of deoxycholic acid to form photoelectrode layer (1), and a dye sensitizing type photoelectric transducer (10) is produced. EXAMPLE - 3-(2-Methyl-3,3-dibutyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indolinium) iodo propanoate (in g) (0.049), 3-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-4-hydroxy-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione (0.037) and solvent (5 ml) containing mixture of benzene and toluene in the volume ratio of 1:1 were mixed, refluxed for 4 hours and purified by silica-gel column chromatography to obtain squarylium pigment (0.010). The maximum absorption wavelength of squarylium pigment in ethanol was 606 nm. The photoelectric transducer provided with photoelectrode layer containing the squarylium pigment as sensitizing dye had short-circuit-current of 3.62 mA/m2, open circuit voltage of 0.55 V, fill factor of 0.61 and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 1.21%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ionic compound of formula (3) in an organic solvent (A) and salt of formula: A+X- are reacted to obtain ionic compound of formula: (NPR42)n.A+=monovalent cation;X-=monovalent anion;R4=halogen, monovalent substituent or ionic substituent of formula: -N+R23X-;andn=3-15.Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chosen from aromatic hydrocarbon, ester compound and ether compound, preferably toluene, ethyl acetate and diethyl ether. The concentration of cyclic phosphazene compound and amine in the solvent are 1-5 mol/l, respectively. The organic solvent (A) is halogenated hydrocarbon, preferably chloroform. The concentration of the ionic compound and salt in solvent (A) are 0.01-0.04 mol/l, respectively. EXAMPLE - Diethyl ether solution of 6-chloro-2,2,4,4,6-pentafluoro-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5,2 lambda -5,4 lambda -5,6 lambda -5-triazatriphosphinine and diethyl ether solution of triethylamine were reacted for 3 hours. The produced precipitate was filtered and the solvent was evaporated to obtain crude crystals. The crude crystals were dissolved in chloroform to remove insoluble substance, and chloroform was evaporated, to obtain crystals (1.56 g) of ionic compound of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): The 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl compound is obtained by condensing hydrated alkyl group of 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl, and alkyl halide group of 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl.Preferred Composition: The 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl compound of formula (I) is preferably of formula (III) and (IV).m, n = 1 or more;m+n = 3 or more;andAr = trivalent aromatic hydrocarbon, where hydrogen atom is substituted by 1-18C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains polymeric material, charge transport material, 4,4'-bis-9-carbazoyl-biphenyl compound and luminescent material.The polymeric material is conjugated polymer.The composition further contains solvent.The content of 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl compound is 0.1-10000 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of polymeric material. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 15 Specific 4,4'-bis(9-carbazoyl)-biphenyl compounds are disclosed, such as compounds of formula (1)-(3).    EXAMPLE - Hydroxyl-containing compound (in g) (5.43) of formula (6), carbon tetrabromide (6.63) and tetrahydrofuran (54.3) were stirred at room temperature, and cooled. Then, triphenyl phosphine (5.25) was added to the reaction mixture, concentrated, and ethanol (120) was added. The ethanol was removed, and solid was washed using ethanol (20), to obtain bromine-containing compound (5) of formula (7). The obtained bromine-containing compound (2.73), phloroglucine (0.126), potassium carbonate (1.24) and N,N-dimethylformamide (27.3) were added, heated at 80 degrees C, cooled and washed using chloroform. The reaction mixture was heated and concentrated, to obtain charge transportable compound (1.05) of formula (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agents: The cross-linking agent is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane. The content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-3 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of copolymer. The film further contains a cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-3 mass parts) and a silane-coupling agent (0.1-0.7 mass parts). The cross-linking adjuvant is triaryl cyanurate and/or triaryl isocyanurate. The silane-coupling agent is gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cation contains platinum ion, palladium ion, rhodium ion, ruthenium ion, nickel ion, gold ion, iridium ion, osmium ion and tungsten ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pyrene-type compound is obtained by multi-stage sublimation purification process, heat processing in high boiling point solvent, train sublimation purification process or acid paste processing method. Preferred Property: The mass percentage-reduction (D400/450) of pyrene type compound is 1% or less calculated using formulae: D400/450=((G400-G450)/Gi)x 100, where Gi is mass at time of measurement, and G400 and G450 are mass at 400 degrees C and 450 degrees C, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The electroconductive metal preferably contains silver metal and plated metal. The electroconductive metal has blackening layer. Preferred Material: The translucent electroconductive material further has transparent conductive layer containing electroconductive metal oxide particles such as stannic oxide particles in which stannic oxide or antimony is doped, or indium-tin oxide particles, and conductive polymer. Preferred Properties: The easily bonding layer has swelling rate with respect to water preferably of 50% or less. The thin wire pattern has metal thickness of 0.2-30 mu m, and width of 1-30 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The easily bonding layer contains acrylic resin, polyester resin, polyurethane resin and/or styrene-butadiene rubber, preferably acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent film is formed of polycarbonate type resin, acrylic resin and polystyrene type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The upstream desulfurizer and metal oxide is chosen from silver, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, cobalt, cerium, and/or lanthanum. Preferred Arrangement: The upstream desulfurizer is arranged such that desulfurizer is attached or detached in the distribution channel of the source gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The stabilized desulfurizing agent metal surface is oxidized to oxide, and metal-processed with carbon dioxide. The desulfurizing agent is reduction-processed at normal temperature before desulfurization processing of the source gas. The oxygen of the source gas is removed using deoxidation unit. Preferred Condition: The source gas is desulfurized at 300 degrees C or less using desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A dye sensitized solar cell consists of cathode, nano crystal metal oxide containing ruthenium-bipyridine complex as dye sensitizing agent, the electrolyte and counter electrode. The counter electrode is fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass containing platinum. The dye sensitizing agent is covalently bonded with nano crystal metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanocrystal metal oxide contains nano crystal titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phthalocyanine has gamma -type, alpha -type or beta -type, preferably beta -type crystal structure. The phthalocyanine is of formula (II): X-MPc-(OR')n.M,Pc,X,n=same as defined above;andR'=H, alkyl, cyclic alkyl, aryl alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or aryl group.The phthalocyanine is preferably oxy titanium phthalocyanine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further contains polymer matrix chosen from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate and polythiophene, preferably polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The porous fine particles bake the brittle-material ultrafine particles to form brittle-material porous fine particles having diameter of less than 0.1 mu m. Preferred Properties: The porous composite is manufactured at room temperature. The aerosol is aslant sprayed on the surface of the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic compounds have a cation and anion. The cation is tetra-alkyl ammonium, tetra-alkyl phosphonium or trialkyl sulfonium, where the alkyl residue is selected from same or different residues if necessary unsaturated alkyl residues, alkali or alkaline earth metal cations complex or molecular complexing agent. The anion is selected from halide, phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, perchlorate, alkyl and aryl sulfate, alkyl and aryl sulfonate, tetrafluoroborate, tetrachloroaluminate, alkylborate, alkyl carboxylate, bi(perfluoroalkyl sulfonyl) or amides. The alkali or alkaline earth metal cation is sodium or potassium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molecular complexing agent is polyether, amino polyether, thio polyether, which is selected from closed or open macrocyclic chain. The ionic liquid with a cation is selected from imidazolium, imidazolinium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, pyrimidinium, quinolinium or isoquinolinium. The macrocyclic polyether is substituted (15)crown-5 or (18)crown-6. The macrocyclic aminopolyether is an aza(15)crown-5- substituted or aza(18)crown-6-, where one or preferably two of the oxygen atoms containing in (15)crown-5- or (18)crown-6- are replaced by nitrogen or substituted (2.2.2)krypton or (2.2.1)krypton compound. The macrocyclic thiopolyether is a thio(15)crown-5- or thio(18)crown-6-substituted, where an oxygen atom containing in (15)crown-5- or (18)crown-6- is replaced by sulfur.