TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolytic solution comprises an electrolyte of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium borotetrafluoride (LiBF4), and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolytic solution comprises a solvent of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and/or dimethyl carbonate in a volumetric ratio of 2.5-3.5:1:3.5-4.5:1.5-2.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The graphite particle is graphitized mesocarbon microbead. The ACS-forming material is phenol resin, furan resin, polyvinyl alcohol resin, polystyrene resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin, and/or cellulose resin. Preferred Compositions: The composite particle has a size of not greater than 100, preferably not greater than 40 microns. Preferred Method: The first heat treatment comprises heating the mixture at not less than 300degrees C; or a curing treatment at 40-120degrees C, and a stabilization at 150-300degrees C under an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The second heat treatment comprises the carbonization of the mixture at 500-1500degrees C; and further comprises the graphitization of the carbonized mixture at not less than 1500degrees C and not greater than 3000degrees C. The graphitization is conducted at a helium or argon gas atmosphere. EXAMPLE - Graphitized mesocarbon microbeads were mixed with phenol resin (40%), and then stirred for 15 minutes obtaining a mixture. The mixture was placed in a vacuum oven and cured under an atmosphere at 35-70degrees C for 40 minutes and held at 70degrees C for 90 minutes; heated to 75-80degrees C for 20 minutes and held at 80degrees C for 1 hour; and cooled from 80-35degrees C for 1 hour. The curing treatment allowed the phenol resin to crosslink so that the mixture formed a block. The block was placed in a high temperature furnace for stabilization under air; and cooling to room temperature. Under the protection of nitrogen gas, the block was subjected to a heat treatment. The glassy carbon structure of the coating structure on the graphitized mesocarbon microbead was transformed to an amorphous carbon structure. The block composite was crushed to small blocks, and graphitized under the protection of an inert gas. The graphitized product was bead milled and screened to obtain carbonaceous composite particles with a size ranging from 10-100microns. The composite particle comprised the graphitized mesocarbon microbead and a layer of the amorphous carbon structure covering the microbead.