TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The system has a fuel cell stack made from direct alcohol fuel cells. The cathode of the further electrochemical cell is separated from the surroundings by a porous layer. A voltage of 0.5-5 V is applied between the anode and cathode of the electrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carrying semiconductor layer is made of a germanium layer, particularly a p-endowed germanium layer, a gallium arsenide layer or a silicon layer. The two front side metallization is made of palladium-germanium layer or a palladium-germanium alloy and is also made of gold and germanium, particularly an eutectic gold-germanium mixture. The solar cell module is made of gold, silver or aluminum, which consists of a wire as cell connector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Condition: The CIS thin film is suppressed at room temperature and 150-200 MPa, or suppressed after heating the mold and the sample to increase to 40-60 degrees C, and 300-600 MPa. Heat treatment for 30-60 minutes is applied to the suppressed thin film in hydrogen or nitrogen atmosphere, and 400-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The absorbing layer is cadmium telluride, amorphous silicon, or cadmium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The underlay of metal material is not stainless steel foil, molybdenum foil, copper foil, aluminum foil, or titanium foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The underlay of polymer is polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The RuO2 is first added to form network covering active material after the carbon black has admixed to it and fills any discontinuities between adjacent particles of carbon black. RuO2 is used as the material forming the electronically conducting network and is applied to active material, optionally after admixing of conductive material, in form of RuCl3 and is subsequently oxidized to RuO2 by heating in air or oxygen. The active material is TiO2 and is prepared in form of mesoporous spherical bodies by taking a Ti, Cd, O and S containing precursor, heating it in air to obtain crystalline TiO2/CdSO4 composites and removing CdSO4 in dilute nitric acid solution followed by washing with distilled water and drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting CuXa2 (a), MXb3 (b) and L2Y1 (c) in water to give (I).Xa, Xb = halo (preferably Cl);M = Ga or In;L = alkali metal (preferably Na); andY1 = S or Se.Preferred Components: The average particle diameter is less than the Bohr radius of the chalcopyrite. (I) has particle diameters within 0.7 nm of the average particle diameter. The average particle diameter is 5 (preferably 4) nm or less. The surfactant comprises a water-soluble mercaptan, preferably mercaptoaceticacid. The w is controlled by controlling MXb3 to surfactant ratio, CuXa2-MXb3 ratio, overall concentration of CuXa2, MXb3 and L2Y1, temperature, rate of temperature increase and/or reaction time. (a) is cupric chloride dihydrate. (b) is indium chloride. Preferred Process: The process further comprises presence of a water-soluble surfactant. The process is performed at 80-100 degrees C (attained by microwave heating) for a time of 30 minutes or less. EXAMPLE - Cupric chloride dihydrate and indium chloride were mixed thoroughly with a surfactant (mercapto-acetic acid (MAA)) in deionized water (200 ml) to provide a dilute solution. Sodium sulfide was then added to the solution. Cupric chloride dihydrate (100 mg), indium chloride (110 mg) and sodium sulfide (78 mg) were employed in amounts to provide an atomic ratio of 1:1:2, with excess copper (20%). Further, the indium chloride and MAA were employed in amounts to provide an atomic/molecular ratio of 1:50. The solution was then placed inside a microwave oven and heated to 90 degrees C for 30 minutes using controlled ramping of 2 minutes. The solution was allowed to cool then the obtained volatiles were removed to give nanoparticles of copper indium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane includes Teflon (RTM: fluoropolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A pH of the sulfuric acid solution is 1-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The reaction inhibitor is acetylacetone, glacial acetic acid, ethylene glycol, or hydrolyzed water. Cyclodextrin comprises alpha -cyclodextrin, beta -cyclodextrin, or gamma -cyclodextrin. Preferred Compositions: A mole ratio between titanium precursor and reaction inhibitor is 1:1-1:2. A mole ratio between cyclodextrin and titanium precursor is 1:0.5-1:12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: The reaction is performed in the presence of a reaction inhibitor to control a rate of polymerization of the titanium precursor. The manufacture of porous titanium dioxide further comprises performing hydrothermal treatment of resulting product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of filling comprises: forming a liquefied solution of a solvent and the carbon yield material; infiltrating the opal-like lattice with the liquefied solution; converting the liquefied solution so-infiltrated in the opal-like lattice to the cured form of the carbon yield material. The step of forming the liquefied solution comprises: forming a first solution of the solvent and the carbon yield material; forming a second solution of the solvent and the CNTs; and mixing the first solution with the second solution to produce the liquefied solution. The method further comprises: heating the first solution during its formation; and heating the second solution during its formation. The step of infiltrating comprises immersing the opal-like lattice in a dynamic bath of the liquefied solution, where the CNTs remain dispersed in the liquefied solution. The step of converting to the cured form comprises: removing the solvent from the liquefied solution, where the carbon yield material having the CNTs dispersed in it assumes a solid state; and curing the carbon yield material having the CNTs dispersed in it in the solid state to form the cured form the carbon yield material. The step of eradicating comprises chemically dissolving the spheres. Preferred Components: The spheres are made from silicon dioxide. The spheres are approximately the same size. The carbon yield material in the liquefied solution comprises a polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The transition metal catalyst is nickel compound or palladium compound having at least one ligand of formulae (4,5).R=H or 1-4C alkyl;Y'=O, S or methylene;Ar=5-10C aryl;x=0-4;andz=0-2. EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran (in g) (5), magnesium metal (0.53) and iodine were stirred at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere until color of iodine disappeared. Then, tetrahydrofuran solution (15.6) of 4-chlorophenyl diphenyl amine (5.6) was added for 3 hours, and reaction liquid was maintained at 60 degrees C to reflux temperature. Further, the reaction liquid was stirred at reflux temperature for 20 hours and Grignard reagent was obtained. The reaction liquid was cooled to room temperature and 1,1'-bis(diphenyl phosphino) ferrocene palladium chloride (0.08) was added. Subsequently, toluene solution (15.66) of 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene (5.66) was added for 2 hours, and cured at room temperature for 4 hours. 10% ammonium chloride aqueous solution was added and produced salt was dissolved. The organic layer was fractionated and 82.7% yield of 4-bromo-4'-(diphenyl amino)biphenyl was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting a 2,4-disubstituted quinoline compound of formula (IV) with an aldehyde compound of formula (R3-CHO) (IVa) in the presence of a base to obtain (V); reacting (V) with benzamidinium hydrochloride under basic solvent and (R4-C(NH2)(=NH2)+) (Cl-) to obtain a 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-pyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline compound of formula (VI) and subsequently oxidizing (VI) to give a 5,6-dihydro-pyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline compound of formula (VII); and optionally aromatizing (VII) using a dehydrogenating agent.Preferred Process: The aromatization process takes place through palladium catalyst dehydrogenating agent, preferably palladium-on carbon. (VI) is oxidized using chloranil.The matrix material is reversible reducible.The matrix material decomposes in stable, redox-reactive components.Preferred Components: The base is potassium hydroxide or potassium tert.-butylate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. 2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-pyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline of formula (Ia) and 2,7,9-triphenyl-4-p-toluylpyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline.    EXAMPLE - 5,6-Dihydro-2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-pyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline (940 mg) in diethylene glycol (50 ml) was heated and 5% palladium on carbon (200 mg) was portion-wise added. The suspension was heated for 10 hours, and subsequently cooled. Further distilled water (50 ml) was added. The suspension was filtered for 30 minutes and washed portion-wise with distilled water and dried. The obtained residue was further portion-wise washed with chloroform (400 ml). The obtained filtrate was dried over water-free sodium sulfate. The cream residue was dissolved in chloroform (50 ml) under heating, filtered in cyclohexane (100 ml) and dried in high vacuum to obtain 2,4,7,9-tetraphenyl-pyrido(3,2-h)quinazoline (0.82 g) with a melting point of 327 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive paste includes the polymer matrix with silver particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An insulation layer is formed as a polymer layer, where a conductive paste includes a polymer matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: M1 and M2 are metal ammine complexes. M1 is especially strontium octammine dichloride (Sr(NH3)8Cl2) or calcium octammine dichloride (Ca(NH3)8Cl2) and M2 is especially magnesium hexammine dichloride (Mg(NH3)6Cl2). M1 and M2 are in the form of compacted solids. Preferred Apparatus: The vessels containing M1 and M2 are connected by a conduit with a valve which is closed for supplying ammonia from the M2-containing vessel to the consumption unit and opened for supplying ammonia from the M1-containing vessel to the M2-containing vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mixture of eighty seven to ninety two percent oxides and phosphates of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel with one to three percent lithium-conducting salts, particularly lithium-organoborate, three to five percent magnesium oxide and three to five percent polymer compounds like modified styrol blockcopolymerisation or fluoro elastomer are used as cathode masses. The mixture of ninety to ninety four percent synthetic or natural carbons or titanium oxide with one to three percent lithium- conductive salts are used as anode masses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is argon. Hydrogen is added in the source gas mixture. Other silicon-containing gases such as disilane, tetrafluorosilane, dichlorosilane and trichlorosilane are added in the gas mixture. These gases are used to substitute silicane or added in the silicane. Preferred Method: Before nanocrystal silicon generation, plasma etching is performed via glow discharge steps with mixed gas comprising nitrogen, inert gas and silicon-containing gas. Preferred Conditions: The flow rate proportion of argon to hydrogen is more than 1. The proportion of argon to silicane in source mixed gas is 10-100. Pressure in PECVD reactor is 0.2-15 mbar. Deposition speed is 6-120 nm/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Content of porous nanometer TiO2 or porous nanometer TiO2-SiO2 is 5-10 wt.% and the content of active carbon is 80 wt.%. The sum of the content of Pt and Ru is 10-15 wt.%. Preferred Components: Active carbon is Vulcan XC-72.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier comprises carbon, titanium, gold, silver or copper. Preferred Compound: The high-molecule proton conduction ion is high molecule fluoride which is high-molecule perfluorinated sulfonic acid ion or sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer. Preferred Condition: The bond-linkage is covalent bond-linkage or non-covalent bond-linkage. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of accelerant and couplant is 10-200, preferably 50. The weight ratio of accelerant and proton conduction ion is 1-20, preferably 4. Preferred Composition: The composition obtained using complex further contains solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group (B1) comprises silane group, siloxane group, carbonic acid group, phosphoric acid group or boric acid group. The functional group (B2) comprises epoxy group or amino. Preferred Compounds: The couplant is r-glycidol oxy propyl trimethoxy silicane or amino propyl trimethoxy silicane. The accelerant is transition metal or its compound, preferably platinum-ruthenium or platinum. The solvent is butyl acetate, ethylene glycerin or glycerin. Preferred Process: The accelerant is combined with carrier, and the carrier is bond-linked with high-molecule proton-conduction ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer comprise silicon dioxide. The electrically-conductive layers comprise a transparent conductive material including a transparent conductive oxide selected from indium-tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc oxide:aluminum, tin oxide or tin oxide:fluorine. The transparent substrates are glass substrates. The semiconductor layers comprise semiconductor materials selected from cadmium sulfide, gallium sulfide, zinc sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium selenide, zinc selenide, cadmium telluride, gallium telluride, silicon carbide, silicon, gallium arsenide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, copper-indium selenide, Cu(In,Ga)S2, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and/or chalcopyrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically-conductive layers comprise metallic material selected from gold, aluminum, silver or molybdenum. The current collector layer comprises silver, aluminum and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The barrier layer comprise poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The semiconductive material of the semiconductive layer, is embedded in an organic conductive polymer. The semiconductor layers comprise semiconductor materials selected from poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) and/or (6,6)-phenyl-C-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Each fluid circulation zone (20) also has a fluid inlet (24), a fluid outlet (36), a main fluid distributor (26) opening into the inlet and a main fluid collector (34) opening into the outlet. Each individual channel (38) has a width of 0.1-1 mm and is at least partially coated with a catalyst, specifically of iron-nickel alloy, polymer or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The etching solution comprises 27 wt.% nitric acid, 26 wt.% sulfuric acid and 1.4 wt.% hydrofluoric acid in deionized water. The wafers are partially immersed in the solution. The wafers have surface structuring that remains above the liquid level of the solution. The wafers are moved parallel to the surface of the solution by means of rollers or conveyor belts. The edges of the wafers are at least partially immersed. The solution is kept at 7-10 degrees C. The wafers are doped by diffusion and the phosphosilicate or borosilicate glass formed during the diffusion process is etched away. The process is operated continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is zinc oxide, titanium oxide and/or stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material (A) which gets converted into gas is an organometallic compound. The organometallic compound is acetyl acetone metal complex, acetoacetic acid metal complex, diethyl malonic ester metal complex, cyclopentadiene complex, naphthenic acid metallic compound, octylic acid metallic compound, stearic acid metallic compound and/or palmitic acid metallic compound. The compound (C) is an oxide, hydroxide or organic metallic compound. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive paste further comprises zinc oxide, titanium oxide, stannic oxide, copper oxide, or nickel oxide. The electroconductive paste comprises electroconductive particles (in weight parts) (100), glass frit (0.5-10), material (A) or organometallic compound (B) (0.1-10) and metal oxide (0.5-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The desired resistivity is 0.4-4 ohm-cm over greater than or equal to 30% of the solar grade silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Group IB material is Cu. The Group IIIA material is In and/or Ga. The Group VIA material is Se and/or S. The Group IA material includes Na, K or Li. The substrate layer is a stainless steel web. The base comprises a contact layer including Mo, W, Ru, Ir or Os. The Group IIIA-VIA non-metallic phase comprises at least one of selenides and sulfides of Cu, In, Ga, CuIn, CuGa, InGa, and CuInGa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solvent comprises one or more anhydrous volatile inert hydrophobic solvents and the reactant comprises water, and hydrogen sulfide, volatile sulfides, hydrogen, and/or aldehydes. The precursor species comprises metal alkoxides and/or metal chlorides; and tin, germanium, titanium, silicon, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, lead, and/or mercury. The hollow sphere comprises a metal oxide shell. The method further comprises converting the metal oxide shell to a metal shell; and annealing the hollow spheres to convert the hollow spheres from an amorphous state to a multi-crystalline state. The hollow sphere or the nanofoam comprises a metal shell and/or a metal sulfide shell, where the metal is silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, lead, and/or mercury. The aerosol reactor further comprises a catalyst (ammonia, organic amines, hydrogen chloride or organic acids). The homogeneous precursor solution and the hollow spheres further comprises one or more pharmaceutical compositions. The precursor species, the hollow spheres, or the nanofoam comprises quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and/or preformed nanocrystallines. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aminoguanidine salt and the hydrazide compound are used along with an inorganic powder. The organic acid property gas deodorizer is chosen from hydrated zirconium oxide, hydrated titanium oxide, zinc oxide, hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite baked products. A hydrocarbon type fuel is chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene, glycol, dimethyl, ether, and formic acid. Preferred Component: The by-product-gas absorption filter is formed using a water gas absorber and an air permeable sheet. Preferred Material: The water gas absorber is a particulate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A group Ib metallic compound and group VIb metallic compound are mixed in organic solvent to obtain Ib group metal-VIb group element, and group IIIb metal is added and mixed to obtain chalcopyrite nanoparticles. Preferred Composition: The group Ib element metallic compound is compound containing copper or gold. The group IIIb metallic compound is compound containing indium, gallium, or aluminum. The group VIb is compound containing sulfur or selenium. The metallic compound containing copper is copper salt or copper complex. The group VIb compound is selenol compound. The selenol compound is obtained by dissolving selenium in sulfur or thiol compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene is 20C fullerene, 36C fullerene, 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 80C fullerene, 84C fullerene, 120C fullerene, or Zeppelin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The amphiphilic block copolymer is obtained by introducing fullerene as a radical trap agent, when radical polymerizing a liquid crystalline methacrylic-ester monomer which comprises an amphiphilic block copolymer. The amphiphilic block copolymer is of formula (1):A=hydrophilic polymer chain;B=halogen;F=fullerene;R1=H, or alkyl group;a=5-500;l=4-30;C=liquid crystalline mesogen chain of formula: -X-(R2-Y')m-R3;X,Y'=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group or optionally substituted bivalent heterocyclic group;R2=single bond, -CH2CH2-, -CH2O-, -OCH2-, -C(=O)O-, -OC(=O)-, -C?=C-, -CH=CH-, -CF=CF-, -(CH2)4-, -CH2CH2CH2O-, -OCH2CH2CH2-, -CH=CH-CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2-CH=CH-, -N=N-, -CH=CH-COO-, -OCO-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-CO- or -CO-CH=CH-;R3=H, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cyano, mercapto, nitro, or amino;andm=1-4.Preferred Polymer: The hydrophilic polymer chain is poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), poly(acrylamide), poly(methacrylate) having hydrophilic side chain, or poly(acrylate), poly(methacrylate) or poly(acrylate), poly(styrene), or vinyl polymer having mesogen side chain, long-chain alkyl side chain or hydrophobic side chain. Preferred Film: The cylinder is orientated in the perpendicular direction with respect to the surface of the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The linear fluoro polyether compound (A) is of formula: HO-CH2-CH2-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-CH2-CH2-OH. The silicate compound is a methoxysilane oligomer obtained by hydrolyzing and partially condensing the methoxysilane compound of formula: (CH3-O-)3Si-X.X= methyl, ethyl or methoxy;andp+q=8-12.Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains silicate compound (B) (in weight parts) (11-44) with respect to linear fluoro polyether compound (A) (100). Preferred Process: The reaction of linear fluoro polyether compound and silicate compound is carried out in presence of transesterification catalyst. EXAMPLE - Fluoro link E10H (RTM: linear fluoro polyether compound having at least two hydroxyl groups in one molecule and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule) (in weight parts) (100), MS-51 (RTM: silicate compound) (22) and di-n-butyl tin dilaurate (0.1) were mixed and heated at 80 degrees C for 4 hours, to obtain resin composition. A film of thickness 5 mm was produced using the obtained resin composition and vulcanized at 150 degrees C for 3 hours, to form a sample. The produced sample had excellent solvent resistance, adhesiveness based on JIS K6850 and low permeability for iodine and acetonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent layer formed on the convex surface and concave surface is made of silicon nitride or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflection layer formed on the concave surface is made of silver, aluminum or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The arc-shaped concave surface is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An aluminum-bearing material is applied on a part of the surface of a silicon wafer, which has aluminum alloys of a phosphorus glass. The aluminum-bearing material is removed by wet-chemical etching, particularly in a hydrochloric acid containing solution. A dielectric layer, particularly a layer from silicon nitride or silicon dioxide, or silicon carbide is applied on the silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The III-V group compound semi-conductor PN-connected optical-electric converting sub-battery is formed from III-V group element such as a gallium (Ga), indium (In), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As) and germanium (Ge).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer resin is novolac resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cells comprise polycrystalline silicon/germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic bond serial substance is made of magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sleeve is made of stainless steel or nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles (1, 2) have different average particle diameter. The particles (1) have average particle diameter more than the average particle diameter of the particles (2). The particles (1, 2) are made into repulsive state by making the zeta potential of all the particles into positive or negative values and the particles (1, 2) are made into attractive state by making at least one of the zeta potential of the particles (1, 2) into positive electric potential and negative electric potential, respectively. Alternately, the particles are changed from repulsive state to attractive state by adjusting the pH of the solution. The particles contain catalyst particles (1) containing noble metals (3) having catalytic function and metal oxide particles (2) adhered with oxide or complex oxide of noble metals. The catalyst particles (1) contain co-catalyst component (4) having oxygen occlusion-discharging function. The metal oxide particles contain cerium oxide, zirconia, alumina, titania, silica, magnesia, yttria, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives. The particle solid content is extracted from the solution and baked to obtain catalyst composite particles with mean pore diameter of 3-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The intramolecular ring closure reaction is ring-closure metathesis reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R5)(R6)=C(R4)-C(R3)=C(R2)-M(X1)(Y1)-C(R1)=C(R8)(R7) (1).M=silicon or germanium;X1,Y1=H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkynyl, alkenyl or amino group;andR1-R8=alkylene, arylene, alkylene oxy, optionally substituted arylene oxy, H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy group which optionally intervene silicon or germanium, alkynyl, alkenyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkyl carbonyl, aryl carbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryl carbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl oxy, aryloxy carbonyloxy, amino, nitro, nitroso, azo, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphanyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, cyano, isocyano, cyanato, isocyanato, thiocyanato, carbamoyl, formyl, formyl oxy, silyl, stannyl, boryl or heterocyclic group.The groups X1,Y1,R1-R8 may couple to form monocyclic or condensed ring optionally containing hetero atom and optionally substituted by groups R1-R8. A cyclic compound of formula (2) and an alkene of formula (3) are produced during the ring-closure metathesis reaction. The intramolecular ring-closure reaction is ene-yne methathesis reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R13)(R14)=C(R12)-C(R11)=C(R10)-M(X2)(Y2)-CC(R9) (4) to produce cyclic compounds of formulae (5,6), or trans-allyl silylation or trans-allyl germyl reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R15)C-C(R16)=C(R17)-M(X3)(Y3)-C(R18)(R19)-C(R20)=C(R21)(R22) (7) to produce cyclic compound of formula (8).X2,Y2,X3,Y3=X1,Y1;andR9-R22=R1-R8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The silane gas is monosilane, disilane, trisilane, tetrasilane, monochlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trichlorosilane, and/or tetrachlorosilane. Preferred Components: The reaction container is made of quartz. Graphite (5) is arranged surrounding the reaction container. Preferred Arrangement: Graphite is heated by a high-frequency induction-heating coil (7), and silicon in the reaction container is heated by radioactive heat emitted by graphite. A slit (5a) is formed in the direction orthogonal to the heating coil. A graphite heater is arranged surrounding the reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thickness of aluminum foil is measured in accordance with JIS1N30 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The precursor layer comprises copper-gallium, indium hydroxide, optionally with elemental gallium; or comprises copper nanoparticles and indium-gallium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polar solvent is selected from aliphatic alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, nitriles, alkoxyalcohols and/or iso-propyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from substituted celluloses, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohols, polyethylenoxides, polyacrylonitriles, polysaccharides, nitrocelluloses and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The polar solvent is selected from polyglycols, polyethers and/or polyols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ferroelectric substrate comprises a perovskite, a variant of a perovskite structure, a tungsten-bronze structure, a bismuth oxide layered structure, a water-soluble ferroelectric, a ferroelectric organic polymer, or a ferroelectric ceramic-polymer (preferably lead-titanate (PbTiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode comprises metal and/or metallic oxide. The metal comprises copper, gold, silver, platinum (Pt), titanium (Ii), indium, tin, strontium, and/or lanthanum. The metallic oxide comprises indium-tin-oxide, strontium-titanate (SrTiO3), and/or strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO3). The catalytically active material comprises one monolayer of the metal or one unit cell of the metallic oxide. The catalytically active material comprises Pt, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, nickel, vanadium, Ti, and/or aluminum (preferably Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyester film comprises block copolymerization resin and resin (0.05-15 weight%) containing polyalkylene glycol, 2-6C aliphatic diol component and phthalic acid. The diol component comprises alicyclic glycol (0.1-25 weight%). The polyester film comprises layer (B) which does not contain cyclic olefin copolymer resin, and layer (C). The layer (B) comprises optical stabilizer and titanium dioxide particles. The optical stabilizer is triazine derivative. Preferred Properties: The particle size distribution of cyclic olefin copolymer resin is 1 or less. The apparent density of polyester resin is 0.5-1 g/cm3. The parallel-ray transmittance of polyester film is less than 0.8%. The light reflecting power of polyester film is 100% or more. The glass transition temperature of cyclic olefin copolymer resin is 120-230 degrees C. The melt volume rate of cyclic olefin copolymer resin at 260 degrees C is 1-50 ml/10 minutes. The surface specific resistance value of layer (C) is less than 1x 1013 ~o/square. The average roughness of one surface of polyester film is 100-450 nm, and 10 piece average roughness of film is 1-4 mu m. Preferred Process: The polyester resin is formed in presence of titanium compound as catalyst during polymerization process. Preferred Composition: The content of polyester resin is 60-90 weight%, and content of cyclic olefin copolymer resin is 10-40 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rear dielectric passivation layer has silicon oxide, a silicon nitride and/or a silicon oxynitride. The doped islands have doped elemental silicon/germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell is selected from dye-sensitized solar cells, polymer solar cells, silicon solar cells, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, and hybrid inorganic-organic solar cells; and further comprises a polymer gel electrolyte, ionic liquid, conjugated polymer, ZnO or TiO2 nanoparticles and/or conjugated polymers mixed with electron acceptor nanoparticles. The photoelectrode is a transparent conducting and light trapping window in the solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The element of Group III is selected from Al, In, Ga, and B. The film is doped in an amount less than 75 atomic percent. The nanostructures comprise single crystalline undoped or doped ZnO and are aligned in a direction normal to the substrate. The nanostructures are selected from nanowires, nanorods and/or nanotips. The nanostructures comprise ZnO doped with In or Ga. The substrate is selected from glass, gold, aluminum, steel, silicon wafers, SiO2, and polyimide. The dye and/or polymer molecules are bonded to the nanostructures. The dye is selected from Ru-based, Fe-based, and phthalocyanine-based dyes. The zinc oxide alloy is MgxZn1-xO.x=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer molecule is selected from poly(alkyl)thiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polyvinyldifluoride, and their copolymers. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - The ink is formed by mixture with water or by mixture with organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The step of forming non-oxide quantum nanoparticles includes preparing metal nanoparticles containing elements of Groups IB, IIIA, VIA or a IB-IIIA-VIA alloy, by laser ablation, nucleation from vapor, exploding wires by electrical current surge, thermal decomposition of organometallic compounds, sonolysis, pulse radiolysis, electrochemical reduction or chemical reduction. The method further involves capping the nanoparticles with an organic material. The Group IB element is copper (Cu), the Group IIIA element is indium (In) and optionally includes gallium (Ga) and the Group VIA element is selenium (Se) or sulfur (S) and a stoichiometric ratio of the Cu, In and Se or S in the liquid is approximately CuIn1-xGax(S or Se)2, where x is 0 or 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic material is a small molecule with low boiling point (preferably trioctyl phosphine oxide, trioctyl phosphine, triphenyl phosphine, pyridine, alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol), ethane thiol, tetrahydrofuran, ethers, ammonia, amines (methylamine, ethylamine, ethylene-diamine) or acetonitrile, especially pyridine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The indium oxide powder has heating loss of 0.03-2 mass% when heated at 105 degrees C for 3 hours, and spatula angle of 20-45 degrees after applying impact. The indium oxide powder has compression angle of 20-40%, repose angle of 20-40 degrees and apparent density of 0.7-2 g/cm3. Preferred Composition: The indium oxide powder contains indium oxide aggregate of 80 mass% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The reaction component has a truncated cone shape or truncated pyramid shape. Preferred Arrangement: The inner edge of the lower surface of the upper reaction component is located inside the inner edge of the upper surface of the lower reaction component. The upper reaction component is blown by the lower reaction component. The reaction component consists of a silicon nitride sintered compact. The inner surface of the reaction component is polished.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrical-conductive film is formed using gas containing silane and diborane as reactive gases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive layer is formed using adhesive agent (4) having polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: An organic electroluminescent element includes organic electronic functional material comprising aromatic tertiary amine as hole injection and/or transport agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Halogenated aryl amine and bis(p-terphenyl-4-yl) amine are reacted in presence of palladium catalyst, base and hydrocarbon solvent such as xylene, in inert-gas atmosphere such as argon. Preferred Definitions:    x,y,z=2;and    A=9-carbazolyl or phenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aromatic tertiary amine (I) is 3,6-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-9-(1,1',4',1")terphenyl-4-yl-9H-carbazole of formula (1) and (4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(1,1',4',1")terphenyl-4-yl-amine of formula (2).    EXAMPLE - Bis(p-terphenyl-4-yl)amine (in g) (14.5) and 9-(4'-iodobiphenyl-4-yl)carbazole (13.6) were added to separable flask. Palladium acetate (0.034), tri-t-butylphosphine (0.062), sodium t-butoxide (4.4) and xylene (320 ml) were added to the flask, and reacted at 100 degrees C for 5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with toluene, to obtain yellow-white color crystals of (4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(1,1',4',1")terphenyl-4-yl-amine of formula (2) (12.6) in yield of 52%. The obtained (4'-carbazol-9-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-bis-(1,1',4',1")terphenyl-4-yl-amine had glass transition temperature of 142 degrees C, decomposition temperature of 512 degrees C, oxidation potential of 0.60 V (vs Ag/Ag+), and excellent heat resistance. The organic electroluminescent element comprising hole transport layer formed using the obtained amine compound had current efficiency of 5.4 cd/A, and high luminous efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of palladium catalyst is 0.01-1 wt.% with respect to halogeno pyridine (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The water soluble aprotic solvent is ether solvent or amide group solvent. The halogeno pyridine (I) is halogeno pyridine carboxylic acid salt of formula (III), which is obtained by hydrolysis of halogeno cyano pyridine of formula (IV). The halogeno pyridine (I) is preferably expressed with formula (V).R,X,M=as defined above.Preferred Process: After hydrolysis of halogeno cyano pyridine (IV), the process liquid is subjected to coupling reaction without separating the compound (III). The process liquid is subjected to ammonia removal process so that residual amount of ammonia with respect to palladium metal of palladium catalyst is 50 mol times or more. EXAMPLE - A mixed solution comprising potassium hydroxide (in g) (44.2), water (300) and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (158), was added with an aqueous solution of palladium catalyst (2.5), hydrazine monohydrate (7.5) and 2-chloropyridine-4-carboxylic acid (50). The components were subjected to coupling reaction with stirring at 65 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled, and filtered to remove the catalyst. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the filtrate showed formation of 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (27) with yield of 69.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst further contains a solid acid such as alumina. A portion of copper has a spinel structure. The metal oxide is an oxide of nickel, cobalt and/or copper. The spinel structure is chosen from copper-nickel-manganese type spinel, copper-cobalt-manganese type spinel, copper-nickel-manganese-iron type spinel, copper-nickel-iron type spinel, copper-cobalt-iron type spinel and copper-cobalt-manganese-iron type spinel. Preferred Property: The ratio of copper, nickel and cobalt, and platinum is 99.9:0.1-10.90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The securing strip is made of quartz or borosilicate glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The melt contains 3-95 mol% of zirconia, 3-95 mol% of ceria and 0.5-45 mol% of rare earth oxide with respect to the total amount of zirconia, ceria and rare earth oxide. The content of metal oxide is 10-60 mol% with respect to the sum total of metal oxide and boric oxide. The amorphous substance has flake shape or fiber shape. The solid solution fine particles contain 3-97 mol% of zirconia, 3-97 mol% of ceria and 0.1-15 mol% of rare earth oxide, with respect to the total amount of zirconia, ceria and rare earth oxide. The solid solution fine particles have average primary particle diameter of 5-200 nm and specific surface area of more than 20 m2/g. Preferred Condition: The heating is performed at 600-900 degrees C. The crystals of the solid solution are separated by adding an acid to the precipitate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supply solution comprises cadmium and zinc. The supply solution is anaqueous cadmium sulfide deposition bath comprising ammonium hydroxide, thiourea, and cadmium-chloride, -sulfate and -acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first p-n junction or the second p-n junction comprises at least one material selected from nitrides of III group, phosphides of III group, and arsenides of III group. The transparent metal oxide layer comprises at least one material selected from indium tin oxide, cadmium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, zinc tin oxide, and zinc oxide (ZnO). The DBR comprises at least two different materials selected from PI, BCB, PFCB, epoxy, Su8, indium tin oxide, silicon nitride (SiNx), spin-on glass (SOG), silica (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and magnesium oxide (MgO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal layer comprises at least one material selected from beryllium gold alloy (BeAu), germanium gold alloy (GeAu), nickel gold alloy (NiAu), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive layer comprises at least one material selected from polyimide (PI), benzocyclobutene (BCB), perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB), epoxy resin, and silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. Preferred Process: The pigment is added and dissolved in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or potassium hydroxide (10-2-10-5 M). The pigment which is replaced by alkali metal is adsorbed by zinc oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pigments are N-719 pigment, black pigment and N3 pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is aqueous solution of methanol and the liquid fuel is aqueous solution of high concentrated alcohol or alcohol compared with aqueous solution of methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zinc-palladium fine-particles is obtained by mixing zinc, palladium complex and organic ligand by predetermined molar ratio, heating below melting point and boiling point of organic ligand, and stirring to obtain liquid mixture, heating liquid mixture at 320-350 degrees C for predetermined-time, and stirring to obtain zinc-palladium fine particles, and purifying the obtained zinc-palladium fine particles. The manufacturing process further comprises adding reducing agent to zinc liquid mixture or palladium complex liquid mixture. Preferred Property: The length of zinc-palladium fine particles is 1-100 mm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc atom contained in zinc-palladium fine particles is 10-90%. The molar ratio of zinc atom in zinc complex and palladium atom in palladium complex is 15:1-40:1. Preferred Component: The zinc-palladium fine particles are zinc-palladium alloy fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic ligand is oleyl amine or oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin is non-perhalo polymer, tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene/hexafluoropropylene-type copolymer and/or polyvinylidine fluoride. Preferred Property: The melt viscosity of fluororesin at temperature of 50 degrees C higher than melting point is 1x 102-1x 105 Pa.seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module comprises back surface production sheet with external resin layer as outer surface. EXAMPLE - Coating agent containing acrylic resin as main component was coated is on bi-axial-stretching polyester film. Then, adhesive resin layer was laminated on both sides polyester film. Then, DyneonTHV X610G (RTM: ternary-polymer resin of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride) was coated on the adhesive resin layer to form external resin layer. On the other adhesive resin layer, polyvinyl fluoride of thickness 15 mu m was laminated to form inner surface resin layer. Thus, back surface protection sheet was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon black has iodine absorption amount of 15-40 mg/g, average particle diameter of 40-100 nm and dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 40-150 cm3/100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains cross-linking agent. The cross-linking agent is compound containing two silane groups in a molecule, of formula: H-Si(R3)2-(O-Si(R3)2)a-R4-(Si(R3)2)b-Si(R3)2-H (II), or compound containing three silane groups in a molecule, of formula (III).R3,R5=(un)substituted, saturated 1-10C monovalent hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon;a,b=0-20;R4=1-30C bivalent organic group or oxygen;andR6=1-30C trivalent organic group.The composition contains 3.0-7.0 weight parts of compound of formula (II) or 0.1-2.0 weight parts of compound of formula (III), with respect to 100 weight parts of the copolymer and resin components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The copolymer contains norbornene compound of formula (I) as non-conjugated polyene.n=0-10;R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR2=H or 1-5C alkyl.The composition contains 1-40 weight parts of carbon black and 20-60 weight parts of surface modified silica with respect to 100 weight parts of the copolymer and other resin components. The resin components are ethylene alpha -olefin-non-conjugated polyene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Film: A polybenzoxazole precursor is dissolved in an organic solvent, the solution is expanded on the support and dried to obtain self-supportive polybenzoxazole precursor film. The obtained film is peeled and heat-processed to obtain film containing polybenzoxazole. Preferred Property: The film has arithmetic mean height on the surface of 4 nm or less. EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Dihydroxy benzidine (10.81 g), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (140 g) were stirred with trimethyl silyl chloride (25 mL) for 1 hour under nitrogen atmosphere, 2-chloro terephthalic acid (11.87 g) and lithium carbonate (7.13 g) were added to obtain polymer solution. The obtained solution was pulverized, filtered, and dried to obtain polybenzoxazole solution. The obtained solution was used to form film having arithmetic mean height of 36.11 nm and 37.34 nm based on JIS B0601(2001), maximum height of 3.57 nm and 3.77 nm, Young's modulus of 8 GPa, and thermal expansion coefficient of 19.1 ppm/ degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred property: A semiconductor electrode is sensitized with the ethylene compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A hydrocarbon-containing compound of formula: R1-CH2-R2, is reacted with an aldehyde compound of formula: R3-CHO to obtain ethylene compound. Preferred Definitions:    R3=carboxy group.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 200 specific ethylene compounds are disclosed. E.g. 4-((E)-3-(7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-benzoic acid of formula (1a), 4-((E)-3-(7-dibutylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester, 4-((E)-3-(7-(ethyl-(2-propoxy-ethyl)-amino)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-benzoic acid, 4-((E)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(2-oxo-7-pyrrolidin-1-yl-2H-chromen-3-yl)-propenyl)-benzoic acid and 4-((E)-2-methyl-3-oxo-3-(10-oxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,4H,10H-11-oxa-3a-aza-benzo(de)anthracen-9-yl)-propenyl)-benzoic acid.    EXAMPLE - Toluene (5 mL), terephthal aldehydic-acid (0.6 g), acetic acid (0.6 mL) and piperidine (1 mL) were refluxed for 7 hours, cooled and filtered. The filtrate was extracted, diisopropyl ether was added, dissolved in acetonitrile/water mixed liquid, and crystals were separated. The obtained precipitate was recrystalized with acetonitrile to obtain yellow powder of 4-((E)-3-(7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-benzoic acid having absorption maximum of 3.81x 104 at visible region wavelength of 451 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicon hydride-containing compound (C) is of formula (III-1). The silicon hydride-containing compound (B) is of formula (II-1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-conjugated polyene of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin and non-conjugated polyene copolymer is norbornene compound of formula (I).R1=hydrogen or 1-10C alkyl;R2=hydrogen or 1-5C alkyl;andn=0-10.Preferred Composition: The content of silicon hydride-containing compound (C) is 0.1-2 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of ethylene-( alpha )-olefin and non-conjugated polyene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching solution is acidic etching solution. The acidic etching solution is hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and/or trifluoromethane sulfonic acid. Preferred Methods: The observing emitted photoluminescence includes observing the two dimensional distribution of crystalline structural defects of semiconductor substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: The PVD unit is an electron beam vaporization unit or cathode sputtering unit. The transport system allows the substrate to be moved in a direction within the coating plane and at right angles to the direction in which the substrate is moved through the coating apparatus. The laser beams can be moved in directions at right angles to each other using a linear drive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A zinc oxide (ZnO):Al conducting layer, ZnO high insulative layer and cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffering layer are provided between glass substrate and absorbing layer AlSb. Carbon nano-tube coating layer is added after the absorbing layer AlSb as transparent back contact layer. Molybdenum (Mo) is deposited as back electrode between the glass substrate and absorbing layer CIS.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rear dielectric layer formed on the rear surface contact is made of silicon nitride, silicon carbide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The amorphous silicon layer can also be made of silicon germanium alloy. The heavily doped region is formed by laser doping of phosphorus dopants. The metal contacts can be made of nickel, copper or silver. The rear surface contact is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium oxide microparticles are single crystals. The crystals of titanium oxide microparticles comprises ion chosen from nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, boron and fluorine. The dispersion liquid is formed by dispersing titanium oxide microparticles in solvent. Preferred Properties: The contact angle with the water surface of film having titanium oxide microparticles hydrophilizes to 5 degrees or less within 30 minutes with respect to irradiation of white fluorescent lamp of ultraviolet ray intensity of 50 mu W/cm2. The pH of dispersion liquid is 4-8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacturing process of titanium oxide microparticles comprises hydrothermal reaction solution containing hexamethylene tetraamine or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The matrix is perforated with nanochannels perpendiculat to the surface, e.g. made of anodic alumina or silicon. The face of the matrix opposite the film is sealed. The process cycle comprises filling the pores of the matrix with a fluid, adhering a plastic film to the matrix, expanding the fluid to draw out the fibers, and solidifying the fibers. Preferred Material: The nano- or microvelvet comprises nanofibers in the form of single- or multi-walled nanotubes of carbon or another electrically conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anti-reflective coating comprises zinc oxide. The emitting layer comprises cadmium sulfide. The environmental protection layer further comprises glass having a low iron content. The photon-absorbing layer comprises chalcopyrite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Article: The first resin system comprises a thermosetting resin impregnated into the sheet at a level of 5-35 wt.%. The first resin system comprises a resin selected form polybenzoxazine resin, and/or epoxy resin. At least one structure formed on one of the major surfaces of the sheet comprises channel along the surface of the sheet. Preferred Process: The first resin system is at least partially cured prior to surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet. The surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet involves embossing a channel along the surface of the resin-impregnated sheet. The second resin system is applied to the sheet at a level of 0.1-9 wt.%. The second resin system comprises a methacrylate resin. The heat curable polymerizable monofunctional and polyfunctional methacrylate resin is applied to the surface treated sheet at a level of 0.05-10 (preferably 0.2-6) wt.%. The second resin system comprises a dye, and a free radical initiator. The free radical initiator comprises a substituted azonitrile compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The material used for current collector is selected from group comprising gold, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery has a metal oxide that is made of tin oxide and zinc oxide. The transparent conduction layer is made of aluminum or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar battery layer is made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, microcrystal hydrogenated silicon and hydrogenated poly-silicon. The transparent conduction layer is made of tin oxide, zinc oxide and indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear electrode layer is formed with silver or aluminum. The transparent conduction layer is added with aluminum and fluorine material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder metal-plating comprises tin type solder or tin-type alloy solder containing an element selected from a group consisting of lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tetracarboxylic-acid component is chosen from group 1,2,4,5-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride and group containing its derivative. The epoxy compound (B) is chosen from hydrogenation polyphenol type epoxy compound, alicyclic polycarboxylic acid glycidyl ester, aliphatic polyol glycidyl ether and alicyclic epoxy compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of solvent soluble type polyimide (A) and epoxy compound (B) is 100:0.1-7. The polyimide varnish contains polyimide resin composition and organic solvent (C) containing N,N-dimethyl acetamide as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The laser has a plate-like neodymium vanadate crystal as active medium which is pumped on the front side by gallium arsenide laser diodes. The laser beam has a rectangular cross-section with a homogeneous intensity profile. The laser has a 50 kHz repeating rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The crystal bar adopts straight pulling single crystal silicon preparation technique. The obtained silicon plate is single crystal silicon plate. The crystal growth adopts casting multi-crystal preparation technique and the obtained silicon plate is multi-crystal silicon plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Compound usher body comprises (parts) Pt compound usher body (3.1-7.9 (preferably 5)), Ni compound usher body (2.1-5.9 (preferably 4)) and Pb compound usher body (1.1-4.9 (preferably 4)) Preferred components: Pt compound usher body is Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2, Pt (NH3)4Cl2, H2PtCl6, CH3CHOOPt or Na6Pt(SO3)4. Ni compound usher body is Ni(NO)(NO2), Ni(NO3)2, CH3CHOONi or NiCl2. Pb compound usher body is Pb(NO3)2, CH3CHOOPb or PbCl2. Reducer is NaBH4 or KBH4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic small molecule alcohols is ethanol, glycol or isopropyl alcohol. Reducer is glycol or ethanol. Preferred Process: Adjusting pH value of liquid by sodium hydroxide-acetic acid natrium or sodium hydroxide-sodium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electric field has a field strength within the volume of at least 5 or at least 35 kV/mm. The external field comprises an electric field and magnetic field. Preferred Device: The device for applying external field is arranged for providing variations of a strength of the external field. In the oxygen storage, a sensor (34) is connected to the device for applying the external field, for sensing at least one of temperature and gas composition, where the device for applying external field is arranged for providing the variations of a strength of the external field in response to an output from the sensor. Preferred Method: The method involves varying a strength of the external field; and detecting at least one of a surrounding temperature and a surrounding gas composition, and the varying step is performed in response to a result of the detecting. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cathode of lithium ion cell comprises lithium cobalt oxide or lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide of formula: LiNixCoyMnzO2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium ion cell comprises current collector made of aluminum and does not contain a copper current collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first conductive substrate of the photoelectrode and second conductive substrate of counter electrode comprise first and second substrates that are made of a transparent polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, or polyether sulfone (PES). The separation membrane includes one or more selected from among polyethylene, polypropylene, polyimide, cellulose, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or includes a thin polymer separation membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate has electroconductivity. Preferred Layers: The pores of porous layer are oriented in predetermined direction, preferably vertical direction with respect to substrate. The porous layer is an anodized film, and has melting point more than that of pore diameter control layer. The pore diameter control layer has melting point of 600 degrees C or more and electroconductivity, and contains material penetrating into interior portion of carbon nanotube. The oxidation degree of pore diameter control layer in lower portion of contact portion with carbon nanotube is less than oxidation degree of pore diameter control layer in upper portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor material region comprises gallium nitride material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip consists of any one of gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phospide (InP) and indium gallium phospide (InGaP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorescent dye is selected from perylene or terrylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of nitrogen contained in the perovskite thin film is 2-10 atomic%. The perovskite thin film preferably contains strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles are metallic element(s) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum and gold. The structured carbon material is single-wall carbon nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene, fullerene nano whisker, carbon nano-fiber, nano graphite and/or carbon nano filament. Preferred Condition: The carbon material is heat processed under vacuum or inert atmosphere. Preferred Process: The support containing the catalyst particles is baked under reducing environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The hydrogen atom concentration of i type amorphous layer of first photoelectric converting layer is higher than hydrogen atom concentration of i type amorphous layer of second photoelectric converting layer. Preferred Process: The plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method uses source gas containing hydrogen gas and silane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The specific surface area of raw material titanium oxide is 200-350 m2/g and half value width of peak (101) of anastase by X-ray diffraction analysis is 0.8-1.2 degrees . Preferred Process: The raw material titanium oxide is obtained by neutralizing titanium salt (preferably titanium tetrachloride) and alkali compound or by hydrolyzing titanium salt. Preferred Composition: The total mass of sulfur atom and nitrogen atom with respect to 100 mass parts of sulfur compound and nitrogen compound is 5-150 mass parts. Preferred Components: The raw material titanium oxide contains transition metal, noble metals, transition metal compound or noble metal compound in titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material contains resin such as polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. Preferred Medium: The dispersion medium is polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The curved-surface portion of the corner portion has same curvature radius in the top view and sectional view of the container. The value of the curvature radius is 10-40 mm. Preferred Process: The container is provided in the vacuum chamber of the melting unit and the raw materials are supplied to the container. EXAMPLE - A container having accommodation portion of 50 mm, and having same curvature-radius of curved portion in the top view and sectional view was formed. Silicon having purity of 99.8% and phosphorus having concentration of 25 ppm were added to the container and electron beam having intensity of 80 kw was irradiated for 50 minutes. The container efficiently provided highly purified silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multi-wall carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains thermoplastic resin (in weight%) (25-99.85), carbon nanotube (0.1-50) and triazine derivative having basic functional group or organic dye derivative having basic functional group (0.05-25). The reins composition further comprises plasticizer. EXAMPLE - Benz imidazolone derivative (in g) (3), ion-exchange water (1000) and carbon nanotube (30) were added into a container and mixed. Then, acetic acid was added, pH was adjusted to 5, zirconia beads were added, dispersed for 1 hour using paint shaker, heated and solvent in the reaction mixture was evaporated, to obtain carbon nanotube composition. The obtained carbon nanotube composition (33) was added with Polyethylene A-C540 (RTM: ethylene acrylic-acid copolymer) (33) and low-density polyethylene (934), stirred for 3 minutes, melt-kneaded at 150 degrees C, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded using injection molding machine. The obtained resin composition had excellent dispersibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A sulfur compound in the kerosene is oxidized and removed by desulfurization process. The hydrogen is supplied during desulfurization process. An oxygen-containing gas is supplied during electric power generation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The olefin polymerization catalyst consists of solid-state titanium-catalyst component (I) containing magnesium (a) (in mass%) (5-35), titanium (b) (0.3-10), halogen (c) (30-75), compound (d) having 2 or more ether bond (0.5-30), hydrocarbon (0.05-20), and electron donor (0.05-7), organoaluminum compound catalyst component (II), and electron donor (III).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ( alpha )-olefin is hexane. The compound (d) is 2-isopropyl-2-isobutyl-1,3-dimethoxy propane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The laminated material further has layer (2) and layer (3), on the outer surface of the layer (1) consisting of 4-methyl-1-pentene type random polymer. The layer (3) consists of 4-methyl-1-pentene type polymer containing 4-methyl-1-pentene component (80-100 mol%), and 2-20C alpha -olefin component other than 4-methyl-1-pentene (0-20 mol%). Preferred Properties: The 4-methyl-1-pentene type random copolymer has crystallinity degree of 36-54, and melting point of 216-245 degrees C. The thickness of each layer (1)/(2) is 5-80/20-300 mu m. The thickness of each layer (3)/(1)/(2) is 3-100/5-100/20-300 mu m. Preferred Process: The 4-methyl-1-pentene type random copolymer is obtained by polymerizing in the presence of olefin polymerization catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar cells are multi-crystalline solar cells, thin film solar cells, compound semiconductor solar cells, or amorphous silicon solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell includes second encapsulant layer laminated to opposite side of solar cell layer from encapsulant layer(s). The second encapsulant layer comprises the composition or composition containing ionomers, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), acoustic poly(vinyl acetal), acoustic poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl butyral) thermoplastic polyurethane, PVC, metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate copolymer, acid copolymers, silicon elastomers, or epoxy resins.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The poly(vinyl butyral) composition contains (wt.%) triethylene glycol di-2-ethyl hexanoate plasticizer (20-25). The encapsulant layer(s) is laminated to light-receiving side of solar cell layer. The solar cell laminate includes incident layer as an outer layer of laminate on light-receiving side of the solar cell layer. An incident layer is made of transparent material. The transparent material is glass and/or fluoropolymers. Preferred Properties: The interlayer sheet optionally has compressive shear strength of greater than or equal to 1000, preferably 1000-2500 lb/in2, pummel value of greater than or equal to 1, preferably 2-7, elongation at 50% of greater than or equal to 300 lb/in2, elongation at 20 % of 8-15 N/mm2, and/or thickness of 20-45 mils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Atom ratio of Pt and Ru in Pt and Ru precursor in metal salt solution is 8:2-3:7. Preferred Parameters: Lattice parameter of PtRu alloy catalyst is 3.856-3.885 Angstrom ; and the size of particle is 2-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reducing gas in thermal processing is hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, or helium gas. Preferred Conditions: Thermal processing is done at 100-500 degrees C for 20-180 minutes, and pH value of metal salt solution is adjusted to 10-14 (1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive glass is inorganic conductive glass or soft and transmutable organic conductive glass. The vacuum cold spraying process uses air current in lance to make particle of nanometer structure complex TiO2 powder speedup and spray finishing bounces conductive glass substrate surface and forms TiO2 film in low-pressure room. The organic matter is organic carboxylic acid, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid and/or methyl-acrylate. Preferred Methods: The method is treated by heat treatment, UV irradiation treatment, microwave irradiation treatment, electron beam irradiation treatment for TiO2 deposited on conductive glass surface, and make organic matter deviate from internal of TiO2 film by the type of vaporization or decomposition. The method comprises separating organic matter from TiO2 film by vaporization or decomposition, carrying out strengthening treatment of TiO2 elementary particles of internal of film of TiO2 film to further strengthen connection between TiO2 particles, and between TiO2 particles conductive glass. The connection strengthening treatment is two or more titanium(IV) chloride, UV irradiation treatment, microwave irradiation treatment, electron beam irradiation treatment, chemical vapor deposition treatment, hydro-thermal treatment or hydrotherm treatment. Preferred Property: The TiO2 compound powder is 0.05-2 mu m, original particle size of nano-crystalline TiO2 is 1-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal thin film is selected from the group of chromium, titanium, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A hydrolysis or alkali neutralization of titanium salt is further performed to obtain slurry, and further reacted with metallic compound to obtain a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is stirred with sulfur compound, and baked. Preferred Method: A metal reintroduction process and sulfur reintroduction process are further performed during after baking. Preferred Composition: The titanium salt is titanium tetrachloride. The metallic compound is a compound containing iron element. The content of iron in metal containing raw material titanium oxide is 0.03-0.15 mass%. Preferred Properties: The reaction mixture is heated at 200-350 degrees C. The metal containing sulfur and titanium oxide has crystal structure of anatase type crystal structure. The content of sulfur in metal containing sulfur and titanium oxide is 0.02-0.1 mass%. The metal containing titanium salt has specific surface area of 150-400 m2/g, preferably 60-120 m2/g. The half value width of peak (101) of anatase is 2( theta )=1.2-1.5 degrees , by X-ray diffraction analysis. The content of sulfur in metal containing sulfur and titanium oxide is 0.02-0.1 mass%. The content of metal in titanium oxide with respect to total content of metal is 15-90 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compounds: The photosensitizer is preferably pyridyl-ring-containing compound of formula (2, 3 or 4).R17=R1;andR18=1-20C alkyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 458 Specific photosensitizer compounds are disclosed. E.g. compounds of formulae (A-E).    EXAMPLE - Dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium dimer (in g) (1.63) and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (1.36) were dissolved in ethanol (100 ml), and heat-refluxed for 4 hours. After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was filtered and dispersed in toluene (100 ml), to obtain 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-containing ruthenium compound (2.93). 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione (0.27) and 1,2-diamino-4,5-dinitrobenzene (0.27) were dissolved in methanol and heat-refluxed for 10 hours. Dinitro component (0.33) was obtained by filtration after reaction completion. Catalytic reduction of the dinitro component with hydrogen was carried out, to obtain a diamino component (0.28). The diamino component (0.28) and 3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (0.3) were mixed with ethanol, and orthoformic acid ester was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. Zinc acetate (0.17) was added and refluxed for 10 hours, to obtain 4,5,9,14-tetraaza-benzo(b)triphenylene-containing zinc compound. The zinc compound (0.32) and ruthenium compound (0.28) were dissolved in dimethyl formamide (20 ml) and heat-stirred for 4 hours. Ammonium thiocyanate (1.2) was added and heat-stirred for 4 hours. After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was concentrated and dispersed in water, to obtain a photosensitizer compound of formula (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises a cathode, an anode, and a light emitting layer containing a host material and a phosphorescent light-emitting material, where: the host material is (I); and the light emitting layer is present between cathode and anode. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 30 compounds (I) is specifically claimed e.g. 7,10-bis-(10,11-dihydro-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-5-yl)-dibenzo(f,h)quinoxaline, N,N'-di-naphthalen-1-yl-N,N'-diphenyl-dibenzo(f,h)quinoxaline-7,10-diamine, N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-dibenzo(f,h)quinoxaline-7,10-diamine, 2,3,N,N,N',N'-hexaphenyl-dibenzo(f,h)quinoxaline-6,11-diamine and N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-dibenzo(a,c)phenazine-2,7-diamine of formula (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor film is made of microcrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon carbide, microcrystalline silicon germanium, amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate is made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon rich dielectric layer is made of silicon-rich oxide or silicon-rich nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole injection layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate), polyaniline-CSA, pentacene, copper phthalocyanine, poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, poly(1-methoxy-4-(O-disperse Red 1)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, polypyridiazine, polyisothia-naphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or its derivatives. The photoactive layer is a blend layer comprising conductive polymer and an electron acceptor. The conductive polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), polysiloxane carbazole, polyaniline, polyethylene oxide, poly(1-methoxy-4-(O-disperse Red 1)-2,5-phenylene-vinylene), polyindole, polycarbazole, polypyridiazine, polyisothianaphthalene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyvinylpyridine, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polypyridine and/or its derivatives, preferably poly(3-hexylthiophene). The electron acceptor is fullerene or its derivatives, nanocrystals, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanorods and/or carbon nanowires, preferably (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Thiophene halide monomer, such as 3-bromothiophene is reacted with anhydride, such as propionic anhydride. The reaction product is esterified to produce thiophene monomer. The monomer is polymerized to obtain thiophene derivative. Preferred Compound: The polythiophene derivative (I) is dissolved in an organic solvent, and derivative (II) is undissolved in organic solvent. EXAMPLE - Ether and n-butyl lithium were mixed under nitrogen atmosphere. 3-bromothiophene was added and stirred at -78 degrees C for 10 minutes. Magnesium bromide and dry ether were mixed in another flask and stirred for 10 minutes. Both flasks were mixed and stirred for 30 minutes to form an intermediate. Propionic anhydride and dry ether were mixed and stirred for 10 minutes. The intermediate was added to mixture and stirred at -78 degrees C for 4 hours. The reaction solution was warmed to -10 degrees C, and ammonium chloride aqueous solution was added. The resulting solution was extracted with water, and water and ether were removed to obtain thiophen-3-yl propan-1-one.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The thermoplastic polymer is polycarbonate or polyester-polycarbonate. Preferred Dye: The fluorescent dye is perylene and/or terrylene. Preferred Compound: The diffuser is an organic diffuser chosen from poly(acrylate), poly (alkyl methacrylate), poly (tetrafluoroethylene), silicone and/or hydrolyzed poly(alkyl trialkoxy silane), where alkyl groups have 1-12 carbon atoms. Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic composition further comprises an additive chosen from filler, antioxidant, heat stabilizer, light stabilizer, ultraviolet light absorber, plasticizer, mold release agent, lubricant, antistatic agent, flame retardant, anti-drip agent and/or gamma -stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Structure: A metal oxide layer containing the dye is formed on a transparent electrode provided on a substrate containing conductive material. The substrate is glass substrate, plastic substrate or silica substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An amine-containing dispersant of formula: NH2-(C(X1)(X2)-C(X3)(X4)-O)m-An-B' is added to a solution of ruthenium dye of formula (I) and reacted to obtain the novel dye.X1-X4,A,B',m,n=same as defined above.Preferred Compound: The dye is chosen from compounds of formulae (3-6), preferably of formula (7).X=phenyl or cyclohexyl group;R1-R5=H or methyl;k=5-10;l=0 or 1;andm=4-10. EXAMPLE - Triton X-100 (RTM: nonionic surfactant) (in g) (10) was dissolved in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 ml). Triethyl amine (4.86) was added to the solution and stirred. Methane sulfonyl chloride (5.5) was added and the obtained product (10.2) was dissolved in ethanol (20 ml). The solution was added to ammonia solution (11.16), and refluxed for 12 hours. The reaction product was poured into excess ice water and the organic layer was extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was washed with brine solution and evaporated to obtain an amine compound. Ruthenium 535 (70 mg) and the amine compound (234.2 mg) were dissolved in ethanol (10 ml), and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was evaporated to obtain ruthenium dye. A binder solution (7) comprising water and t-butanol was mixed with the dye (120 mg) and stirred for 30 minutes. Titania powder (3) having particle size of 13 nm was added and stirred for 1 hour to obtain a paste composition. The paste composition was applied on a plastic substrate containing fluorine doped tin oxide, to obtain semiconductor electrode. The solar cell produced using the semiconductor electrode had high photoelectric efficiency and processability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains fluoride anion and/or chloride anion, and pyridinium cation and/or quaternary ammonium ion. The fluoride anion is tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, and/or trifluoromethane sulfonate ion. The chloride ion is perchlorate ion. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains 1-n-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, butylmethylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, triethylmethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium perchlorate, and/or tetraethylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate or butylene carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, or diethylcarbonate as solvent. The electrolyte further contains methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst such as titanium oxide cerium oxide and niobium oxide are filled in modification flow path of modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst such as platinum is filled in modification flow path of modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hole-transport layer has adhesiveness. The photoelectric conversion layer comprises pigment supported on the surface of semiconductor particles. The pigment has metal complex as main component. The metal complex has ligand containing pyridine ring. The metal complex comprises cyano or thiocyanate group. Preferred Composition: The content of benzene-containing compound is 75 weight% or more. Preferred Layers: The photoelectric conversion layer and semiconductor layer are mutually bonded and comprise semiconductor particles. Preferred Definitions:    X1-X4=3-8C straight alkyl substituted by cyano or thiocyante.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxidation-reduction pair contains iodine or iodine compound. The element is boron or nitrogen. The compound having element which coordinates with oxidation-reduction pair is a monomer compound of formula (I) or polymer compound formed by polymerizing the monomer compound, or compound of formula (II).R1-R3=monovalent organic group having polymeric group at terminal;a-c=1-4;d-f=1-10;andg=1-4.The bonding position (b) is bonded with bonding position (a) of other repeating units, and bonding position (c) is substituted by H or monovalent organic group. Preferred Property: The polymer compound has molecular weight of 10000-1 million.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Total content of platinum and/or oxide of platinum, cobalt and/or oxide of cobalt, oxide of molybdenum and oxide of vanadium is 50-80 wt% and 20-50 wt% content of carbon carrier. Protective solvent is mixed solvent of 3 to 1-1 to 3 glycol and tartaric acid and 1 to 10-2 to 1 mixed solvent of glycol and water or tartaric acid and water. Reducer comprises methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid or sodium borohydride with 2-20 times of stoichiometry. Platinum compound comprises chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinate, platinic chloride, nitrate of platinum and complex of platinum, molybdenate is ammonium molybdate, potassium molybdate or sodium molybdate, vanadate is ammonium metavanadate, sodium metavanadate or kalium metavanadate; cobalt salt is cobalt chloride, cobalt sulphate or cobalt nitrate. Preferred Conditions: Temperature of contacting reducer and a suspension liquid is 30-80 degrees C at 2-10h Preferred Process: Preparation of suspension liquid comprises dispersing the carbon carrier in the dispersed liquid at 30-90 degrees C adding platinum compound, molybdenate, vanadate and cobalt salt in the dispersed liquid dispersing carbon carrier and the temperature is controlled into 30-90 degrees C at pH is 3-10 so that the carbon carrier can absorb platinum, molybdenate, vanadate and cobalt salt. Adding platinum, molybdenate, vanadate and cobalt in dispersed liquid dispersing carbon carrier is added in the 10-90 vol% protective solvent comprising tartaric acid, glycol and water and mixed evenly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is directly carried by conductive fibers in the region carrying the catalyst. Each of the regions carrying the catalyst of conductive fiber membrane, the region free from carrying the catalyst of conductive fiber membrane, and conductive fine particle layer comprise hydrophobic agent. Preferred Properties: The region carrying the catalyst is greater than or equal to 20, preferably greater than or equal to 50 mu m thick in a direction perpendicular to the one of the surfaces. Preferred Methods: The catalyst is formed on conductive fiber by oxidation reactive sputtering or reactive ion plating. The catalyst is obtained by reducing platinum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dialkoxysilane contains amino group chosen from 3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane or N-3-(amino ethyl)-3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene copolymer composition contains ethylene copolymer, and weatherproofing stabilizer additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer, and antioxidant. The ethylene copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene, unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, and ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made up of gallium arsenide. The emitter and base region are made of indium gallium aluminum phosphide and the grading interlayer is made of indium gallium aluminum arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The porous container can also comprises ceramic or alumina silicate. The electrolyte and cathode comprise ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell can contain anodes. Each anode is within a common anode chamber. The container is permeable to fuel (14) and is impermeable to anode when the anode is fluid. The container physically separates a fuel from the anode when the anode is fluid. The electrolyte is ionically conductive. The cathode is positioned in the center of the electrolyte. Preferred Properties: The container has air permissivity of greater than or equal to 0.1 cm3/min-cm/psi, porosity of greater than or equal to 50, preferably 75 %, and average pore size of less than or equal to 300, preferably 50-200 mu m. The container is cylindrical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode comprises metal, preferably tin. The porous container comprises alumina, or zirconium dioxide. The electrolyte transports oxygen or yttria-substituted zirconia. The cathode comprises lanthanum-strontium-magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell contains hydrocarbon fuel or unreformed fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The particulate materials can be silica, titania, silver, and/or gold. The acid is hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid, and/or phosphoric acid. The base comprises sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is toluene, cyclohexane, benzene, and/or chloroform.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene sulfone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyimide, polyetheretherketone, polyetherimide, acrylic resin, olefin-maleimide copolymers or norbornene resins. The particulate materials are polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, polylysin, and/or polydivinylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The hollow column structure is perpendicular to the polymer film surface, and has a diameter of 1-100 nm. The semiconductor material has a weight ratio of 40-80%, and is N-type. The N-type semiconductor material comprises light-absorbing semiconductor materials, and/or carbonaceous materials. Preferred Components: The substrate comprises inorganic light emitting diode, or silicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light-absorbing semiconductor material comprises CdS, CdSe, or CdTe. The substrate comprises a slide, carbon-coated slide, indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, silicon oxide, or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material comprises carbon 60 or 70 derivatives (preferably (6,6)-phenyl-61C butyric acid methyl ester (PC61MB); or (6,6)-phenyl-71C butyric acid methyl ester (PC71MB)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film comprises conducting polymers (preferably poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(para-phenylenevinylene), or polyfluorene; especially poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)). The block copolymer comprises conducting polymers comprising a first copolymer and a second copolymer, and has a polydispersity index (PDI) of less than 1.6. The first copolymer and the second copolymer are immiscible. The first copolymer comprises L-polylactic acid, meso-polylactic acid, polylactic acid, or polycaprolactone. The second copolymer comprises poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(para-phenylenevinylene), or polyfluorene. Preferred Method: The polymer film is formed on the substrate by spin coating. The first copolymers are removed by hydrolysis. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humidity-controlling component comprises solution(s) from lithium chloride, potassium acetate, magnesium chloride, potassium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, sodium bromide, cobalt chloride, sodium nitrite, strontium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium chloride, potassium bromide, ammonium sulfate, potassium chloride, strontium nitrate, barium chloride, potassium nitrate, and/or potassium sulfate. The humidity controlling solution is contained within a material from a porous particulate substance, zeolite, natural clay, or inorganic gel. The humidity-controlling component comprises a metal salt having an alkali or a rare earth metal halide, metal nitrate, metal sulfate or metal phosphate. The target gas is carbon dioxide. Preferred Method: The method further comprises maintaining a relative humidity of the air gas stream within the electrochemical cell at 70-85%, generating hydrogen, and storing the hydrogen in an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The humidity controlling solution is contained in a material comprising an organic polymer gel or a porous membrane. The active material comprises an amine or an imine functional group(s); or amine-functionalized polymer and/or amine-functionalized copolymer. The amine functional moiety comprises monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and/or triethanolamine. The imine functional moiety comprises polyethyleneimine. The polymer and copolymer comprises polystyrene, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyimide, polyetherimide, polysulfone, polyarylene oxide, or polycarbonate. The active material is 1,8-diazabicyclo undec-7-ene; tetrahydro pyrimidine; or N-methyl tetrahydro pyrimidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactant is selected from metal halides, metal acetates, metal sulfates, metal nitrates, metal alcholates, metal carbonates, metal phenolates, metal hydroxides, and organometallics. The metal halide is copper halide or indium halide. The halide is chlorine (Cl) or iodine (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon ingot solidifies the silicon melt solution in the cast mold. The surface-layer component comprises coagulated portion of silicon melt solution, upper surface of the silicon ingot formed in the casting-mold opening side and casting-surface of the silicon ingot. Preferred Process: The surface processing of silicon ingot is carried out at temperature below melting point of silicon. The surface processing is wet etching, grinding and blasting process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic peroxide is chosen from 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy) hexane, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(butylperoxy)hexyne, alpha , alpha '-bis(tert-butylperoxy)diisopropyl benzene, dicumyl peroxide, t-butyl cumyl peroxide and 3-di-t-butyl peroxide. The ultraviolet absorber is benzophenone-type ultraviolet absorber which has 2 or less hydroxyl groups in a molecule. The mass ratio of organic peroxide and ultraviolet absorber is 1:0.1-1:3.5. The mass ratio of organic peroxide and hindered amine-type light stabilizer is 1:0.1-1:10. Preferred Property: The ultraviolet absorber has maximum absorption wavelength of 320-350 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ultraviolet absorber and hindered amine-type light stabilizer contained with respect to 100 mass parts of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-0.7 mass parts and 0.1-2.5 mass parts, respectively. The content of vinyl acetate unit contained with respect to 100 mass parts of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-30 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Alternately, the photosensitizer has compositional formula: D2-A+B+.B=ions other than guanidine derivative.The metal complex is ruthenium complex chosen from bipyridine ruthenium complex, terpyridine ruthenium complex and quarter pyridine ruthenium complex. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=H or alkyl;and    D=metal complex having pi-electron conjugated system substituent chosen from aryl, ethyenylene and/or ethynylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The seed crystal is of microelectronic, solar or photovoltaic quality. The seed crystal is derived from a previous crystallization operation. The seed crystal is a mono- or polycrystalline platelet. Several rectangular seed crystals are arranged side by side. An intermediate layer of solid silicon of at least metallurgical quality is disposed above the seed crystal and the metallurgical silicon is disposed on the intermediate layer. The surface of the intermediate layer facing the seed crystal is rough. The process comprises measuring the temperature in the vicinity of the seed crystal and increasing the cooling power when an increase in this temperature is detected. The lower surface of the seed crystal is in contact with a heat sink.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous spacer layer contains semiconductor particles or insulating particles made of a material (A) chosen from titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony pentoxide, cadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, niobium pentoxide, zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, silicon oxide, alumina, copper aluminate, strontium titanate, strontium-copper oxide and silica/glass beads and a metal carbonate (C) such as magnesium carbonate and/or calcium carbonate and a metal sulfate (D) such as calcium sulfate and/or barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor particles or insulating particles is made of heat-resistant polymer (B) such as crosslinked silicone resin, crosslinked polystyrene, crosslinked acrylic resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, aromatic polyamide resin, polyimide resin, polyamide-imide resin and/or crosslinked polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: Preferred amounts of components (wt%) are: Al 4.8 - 6.2; Cr 19 - 22; Si 0.05 - 0.5; Mn 0.005 - 0.5; Y 0.03 - 0.1; Zr 0.02 - 0.08; Hf 0.02 - 0.1; C 0.0.003 - 0.020; Mg 0.0001 -0.05; Ca 0.001m- 0.05 and p 0.010 - 0.030. Y may be replaced partially or completely by one or more of Sc, La and Ce. Hf may be replaced partially or completely by one or more of Sc, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, La and Ce.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor is selected from aluminum-indium-nitride (Al1-xInxN), gallium-aluminum-nitride (Ga1-xAlxN), gallium-indium-phosphide (Ga1-xInxP), aluminum-indium-phosphide (Al1-xInxP), gallium-indium-arsenide (Ga1-xInxAs), gallium-aluminum-phosphide(Ga1-xAlxP), doped indium oxide (InO), indium sulfide (InS), indium selenide (InSe), zinc oxide (ZnO), copper-indium-selenide (CIS), copper-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises a catalyst in which gold is supported on an oxide having a cerium; or carbon. The oxide is cerium-zirconium compound or cerium-aluminum compound oxide. The negative electrode comprises metallic lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum and/or zinc, preferably aluminum. The wire-form metal is obtained by melt spinning method, and has diameter of less than 500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel stored in the storage tank is chosen from group consisting of ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether (DME), formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution or sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cartridge comprises a resin layer which is excellent in oxygen barrier property consists of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride or polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The sensitizing dye compound is adsorbed as pigment to the surface of a semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer is provided on top surface of electroconductive support to obtain semiconductor electrode. Preferred Definitions:    X=carboxylate ester group; and    SD=sensitizing dye residue containing one or more indoline structures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cathode: The cathode further comprises an electrolyte The electrolyte is an alkali metal haloaluminate salt. The alkali metal haloaluminate salt is sodium chloroaluminate. The electrolyte is dispersed the first and second particulate materials. Preferred Method: The second particulate material is added to the first particulate material; is suspended in a molten salt electrolyte under vacuum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal halide of the first and/or second particulate materials is selected from sodium chloride, sodium fluoride and/or sodium iodide; and further comprise aluminum. The second particulate material further comprises at least one metal. The metal in the first and/or second particulate materials is selected from iron, nickel, cobalt, chromium and/or manganese. The first and/or second particulate material. The mean particle size of the first particulate material is 400-1100 mu m. The mean particle size of the second particulate material is less than 100 mu m. The second particulate material is in powder form. The second particulate materials are retained in a compartment. The compartment has a wall at least partially comprising beta alumina. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active substance of laser medium consists of rare-earth ions containing niobium (Nb), ytterbium (Yb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lower metal oxide layer comprises mixture of metal oxides or mixture of metal oxides having at least two different metal cations and transition metal oxide. The metal oxide is chosen from lanthanum oxide and transition metal oxides, preferably cobalt oxide, manganese oxide and/or copper oxide. The metal oxides having at least two different metal cations and perovskite structure is chosen from doped lanthanum manganite, doped lanthanum cobaltite and/or doped lanthanum ferrite. The middle metal oxide layer comprises mixture of metal oxides having at least two different metal cations, and metal oxide chosen from alkaline earth metal oxide, preferably magnesium oxide, barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide and transition metal oxides.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. phenyl-1,4-bis-phthalimide of formula (Ib); 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-phenyl-1,4-(bis-phthalimide); 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-phenyl-1,4-bis-(4-tert-butylphthalimide); and 1,2-bis-(4-tert-butylphthalimide)-cyclohexane.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of phenyl-1,2-diamine and phthalic anhydride was subjected to microwave (300 W) irradiation at 250 degrees C for 40 minutes. A dark colored insoluble material was then sublimed at 265 degrees C to give off-white crystals of phthalimide compound in 80% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst shows at least two peaks at 260 degrees C or less, when analyzed using a temperature programmed reduction (TPR) analysis which is performed at a ramping rate of 10 K/min in 10 volume% H2/Ar. Preferred Composition: The transition metal is cobalt. The atomic ratio of the transition metal with respect to the platinum is 5-20, preferably 10-20. The content of platinum is 0.2-1 wt.%, preferably 0.5-1 wt.% based on the total weight of the catalyst. Preferred Support: The support comprises compound chosen from oxides of Group II element, oxides of Group III element and oxides of Group IV element. The support is zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), cerium dioxide (CeO2) or CexZr1-xO2, where x is 0-1 (excluding 0 and 1). The support is stabilized with Group II element and/or Group III element, preferably yttrium (Y), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and/or lanthanum (La). The support comprises compound chosen from yttrium stabilized zirconium dioxide (YSZ), calcium stabilized zirconium dioxide, magnesium stabilized zirconium dioxide, CexZr1-xO2, yttrium stabilized CexZr1-xO2, lanthanum stabilized CexZr1-xO2 and lanthanum stabilized cerium dioxide (CeO2). Preferred Precursor: The catalyst is prepared using a precursor of platinum which is chloride of platinum, ammonium chloride of platinum, nitrate of platinum and/or ammonium nitrate of platinum, or precursor of transition metal which is chloride of transition metal, ammonium chloride of transition metal, nitrate of transition metal and/or ammonium nitrate of transition metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic photoconductive material comprises tin (II) and lead phthalocyanine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic photoconductive material comprises phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material is cut from silicon ingot which is casted using continuous casting process. The cross-sectional shape of the silicon block is a square which is cut out to be a rectangle. The cutting method of the silicon ingot involves dividing the silicon ingot into 2 or 6 in which the rectangle has short side and cut out the silicon block with the same dimension from silicon ingot. The cut-out silicon block is cut and it used for substrate for solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is chosen from methanol liquid, ethanol liquid, dimethyl ether, formic acid, hydrazine, ammonia liquor, ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride aqueous solution and sucrose aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is chosen from ethylene vinyl alcohol, copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Coating materials include metal nitrides. The coating is used in combination with a metal oxide barrier layer, especially comprising zinc oxide, aluminum-, gallium-, boron- or scandium-doped zinc oxide, tin-doped indium oxide or antimony-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The grille is made of silver, copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel, chromium or a nickel-chromium alloy. Coating materials include titanium, gold, platinum and palladium. EXAMPLE - Electrode for an all-solid electrochromic device comprises an aluminum grille coated with titanium nitride. The grille comprises a rectangular network of 20 mu m strands with a spacing of 300 mu m and a thickness of 3 mu m. The coating is 50 nm thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat sink is constructed of black anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic dianhydride comprises 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 4-(2,5-dioxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-l,2-dicarboxylic anhydride, and/or 4,4'-(4,4'-isopropylidenediphenoxy)bis(phthalic anhydride). The aromatic diamine comprises oxydianiline, l,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene, l,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, l,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene, bis(3-aminophenyl)sulfone, bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 3,3'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(4(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2'-bis(3(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane, 4,4'-bis(3-aminophenoxy)diphenylsulfone, and/or 2,2-bis(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesion layer includes titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The assisting layer comprises poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(dimethylsiloxane), silicone rubber, surlyn, epoxy resin, poly-urethane, poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), cellulose acetate, polystyrene, polyethylene, poly(vinylchloride), polyimide, Novolac (RTM: cross-linked phenolformaldehyde polymer resin), or Sylgard (RTM: silicone elastomer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive particles are indium-tin-oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO), zinc tin oxide (ZnSnO), aluminum zinc oxide (AlZnO), indium zinc oxide (InZnO), cadmium tin oxide (CdSnO), gallium zinc oxide (GaZnO), carbon, carbon nanotube or metallic nano rods. The metallic foil comprises one of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), tungsten (W), nickel (Ni) and their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer contains layers comprising microcrystalline-silicon doped hydrogen, microcrystalline-silicon carbide doped hydrogen and/or microcrystalline silicon-germanium doped hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The fuel cell is at 600-800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode includes oxygen activation catalyst. The feed to the cathode compartment is lightly humidified. The anode is platinum, mixture of copper and copper chromite, or mixtures of iron, platinum, and chromia. The cathode is platinum. The lanthanide dopant in ceramic membrane is praseodymium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is hydrocarbon activation catalyst.
EXAMPLE - The ruthenium (Ru)-complex was prepared by dissolving 0.3173 g of (RuCl(p-cymene))2 and 0.734 g of ligand-1 in 30 ml of the anhydrous dimethyl formamide. The solution was then heated to 80 degrees C for 4 hours. After this, 0.2530 g of 4-4'-dicarboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine was added to the solution, followed by heating the solution to 160 degrees C. The solution was allowed to react for another 4 hours. An excessive amount of ammonium containing compound was added to the solution, and the reaction was continued for 5 hours at 130 degrees C. After the reaction was completed, the solution was concentrated by removing some of the solvent. Water was added to the solution to precipitate the product. The solid substance was obtained by vacuum filtration. Deionized water, sodium hydroxide solution at pH 12, and ether respectively was used to wash the solid crude product. The crude product was then dissolved in methanol. After passing the solution through a column, a dark color section of the solution was collected. After majority of the solvent was removed, few drops of 0.01M nitric acid aqueous solution were added to the solution, and precipitation of 0.4838 g of the photosensitizer dye was obtained (39.9% yield).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ammonium compound is tetra-normal-propyl ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The ammonium compound has concentration of 10 g/l or more. Preferred Composition: A lead storage battery formed using ammonium compound has anode. Preferred Layer: The anode has a layer containing lead formed on a base material. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl or dodecyl;and    X-=OH-, SO42- or H2SO4-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metallic-silicon powder has purity of 99.5 mass% or more. Preferred Process: The metallic-silicon powder is crushed powder of metallic silicon by solidifying-segregation method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene derivative and the electron donor are in a mixture layer on one of the pair of electrodes. Electron donor is a high molecular weight heterocyclic compound such as porphyrin, phthalocyanine, polythiophene, copper-phthalocyanine complex. Preferred Method: The mixture layer is formed by applying a mixture containing the fullerene derivative and electron donor or vapor depositing the fullerene derivative and electron donor. R1=1-10C alkyl, 2-10C alkenyl, 2-10C alkynyl or of formula (3);    R3=1-5C alkyl, 2-5C alkenyl or 1-5C alkynyl;    M=Fe or Ru;    n=0-5;and    L=H, halo, alkoxy, alkyl, alkyne, alkene, aryl, alkylidene, vinylidene, allenyliden, thiolate, amide, phosphine, carbonyl, nitrile, isonitrile, imino, NH2, ketone or cyclopentadienyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The primary barrier layer contains aluminum foil, and the barrier layer has plastic film having barrier property. Preferred Process: A deposition thin film layer of an inorganic compound is formed on the plastic-film surface. Preferred Compound: The compound is chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesion-improvement layer comprises polyester-type resin and/or polyester-polyurethane type resin cross-linked by cross-linking agent(s) chosen from alkylated melamine and polyisocyanate. Preferred Film: The transparent base film, white film, and weather-resistant film are extended polyester films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The function element is integrated circuit, photoelectric transducer, or micro machine. The semiconductor wafer is single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or compound semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The adhesive layer has a glass transition temperature of 70 degrees C or more. The adhesive layer is a thermosetting-type adhesive layer containing an aromatic polyamide resin or a heat-fusible polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The lamination integration is carried out to outermost sheet layer on both surfaces of intermediate sheet layer. Preferred Component: The intermediate sheet layer is low melt flow rate layer and both-sides outermost sheet layer is high melt flow rate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amine cation is of formulae (R1)(R2)(R3)(R4)N+, R5-C6H4-(CH2)n-N+(R6)(R7) and R8-C5H4-NH+.R1-R4,R6,R7=H or 1-10C alkyl;R5,R8=dimethylamino, diethylamino or R1; andn=0-1. EXAMPLE - Ethanol (30 g), titanium tetraisopropoxide (6.6 g) and dry ice (50 g) were added little by little into a solution and bubbling was carried out to a flask (100ml). About 30% of hydrogen peroxide solution (2.6 g) were added to the solution, butylamine (3.4 g) was dripped and stirred at room temperature. After stirring at room temperature for after 1 hour and was reacted, a pale yellow transparent solution was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent inorganic material is glass, quartz crystal or quartz, white calcite, topaz, spinel, tourmaline, cristobalite, diamond, zirconia, or sapphire.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The partial spherical surface of the transparent inorganic material is coated with metal or semiconductor, preferably, titanium or germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The eluent is constituted by light polyacetal reagent of grade 1 used in excess, or a mixture of light polyacetals of grade 1 and 2 comprising less than or equal to 34 mol.% of light polyacetal of grade 2. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R3 = H; and    R1, R6 = 1-8C.    EXAMPLE - Amberlyst 15 (RTM: Macroreticular ion-exchange resin) was used in a column of liquid chromatography for the separation of products. The 5 mm diameter was thermostatically controlled at 45 degrees C and was fed with a continuous flow of dimethoxymethane (DMM) (1.5 ml/minute). The reservoir of DMM was thermostated at a temperature of reaction. In upstream of the column, the injection-valve was used for injecting trioxane dissolved in the DMM into the column. Then the reaction was done during the trioxane passage in the column and the output of column was collected. The flow of DMM in the column was 1.5 ml/minute and the amount of injected trioxane was 0.03 moles. Then the obtained product was further worked up to obtain a polyoxymethylenedimethylether with a purity of greater than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. The alkali is ammonia.
Preferred Definitions:    M=sodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic main component substance contains aluminum powder. The main component element of electrode layer is aluminum. Preferred Process: The magnesium oxide layer is formed in outermost surface of aluminum particle. Preferred Compositions: The weight proportion of magnesium is 0.1-10 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts total of aluminum and magnesium in inorganic main component substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The imaginary axis is specified as an axis orthogonal to the direction of accelerating velocity provided by the microparticles. The material source of physical vapor-phase epitaxy is introduced along the imaginary axis. The deposition source (3) is moved to the position included in the rotating stage before initiation of physical vapor-phase epitaxy. After production of microparticles, an addition product (12) is added. The physical vapor-phase epitaxy is vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The transit time of arc-plasma jet in diffusion suppression unit is 11 millisecond or more. Preferred Method: The arc-plasma jet is injected into a chamber (13), and silicon is collected from the chamber. The chamber is held in inert gas atmosphere or vacuum atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The diffusion suppression unit has cylindrical shape, and produces magnetic field in the circumference.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having lone pair in an atom or a molecule is group (XV) or group (XVI) element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having unsaturated bond in a molecule is alkene, alkyne, aromatic compound, ketone, aldehyde or imine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is novolak-type resin. Preferred Property: The resin has electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal salt is LiX, NaX, or KX.X=F, Cl, Br, I, PF6, BF4 or ClO4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The intercalation comprises an electrolysis processing which carries out the electrolytic reduction of the porous layer of TiO2 in the electrolyte liquid which dissolved the nonaqueous solvent; or a chemical processing which immerses the porous layer of TiO2 in the solution containing organoalkali metal compound. Preferred Components: The organoalkali metal compound is MeLi, BuLi, PhLi, thienyllithium, t-BuOLi, MeONa, EtONa, or t-BuOK. The pigment is an organic dye selected from Eosin Y, Rhodamine B, Chicago Sky Blue, Alizarin, or Coumarin 343. Preferred Composition: About 0.001-0.5 mol TiO2/mol of alkali metal ion intercalated by TiO2 is contained by the alkali metal salt or organoalkali metal compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Ruthenium salt of formula (3) and 2,2'-bibenz imidazole of formula (4) are reacted in a solvent to obtain the ruthenium complex (1)R1-R19=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium terpyridyl chloride (in g) (1), bibenzimidazole (650 mg), ethylene glycol (100 ml) and ammonium hexafluoro phosphate (1.5) were reacted to obtain crude crystals of ruthenium chloride terpyridyl bibenzimidazole hexafluorophosphate (1.717). The obtained crude crystals (300 mg), sodium methoxide (386 mg) and methanol (18 ml) were reacted to obtain sodium salt of ruthenium chloride terpyridyl bibenzimidazole (181 mg) with yield of 72%, as dark reddish brown fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is titanium oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of cable clamp comprises modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene ether and polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The applied pressure is 10-150 (preferably 50-75) MPa. The pulsed current strength is 500-6000 (preferably 1000-3000) A; and the current is applied in impulse periods of 1-5 (e.g. 3.3) ms, in series of 1-15 (e.g. 12) impulses separated by 1-15 (e.g. 3) periods. The temperature of the pieces (I) to be assembled is increased to 1400-1950 (preferably 1600-1950) degrees C. The temperature of at least 1300 degrees C is maintained for 0-10 (preferably 0-7, e.g. ca. 5) minutes. The overall duration of the process is 10-30 (preferably 20) minutes. The assembled pieces are cooled at 80-600 degrees C per minute. 2-100 Pieces, of same or different refractory ceramic material, are assembled. Preferred Materials: The refractory ceramics are selected from carbides, oxides and nitrides, especially silicon carbide, titanium nitride, zirconium carbide and titanium carbide. EXAMPLE - Two disks (diameter 8 mm; thickness 5 mm) of silicon carbide (SiC) were assembled using commercially available spark plasma sintering (SPS) apparatus. A temperature of 1800 degrees C was applied for 5 minutes under a pressure of 50 MPa, using a series of 3.2 ms impulses. Optical inspection of the sample revealed good cohesion and no faults. Destructive testing by compensated electron microscopy after cutting and polishing showed a surface with high, homogeneous porosity and no evidence of an interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene copolymer is Surlyn (RTM: random copolymer poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid)) or Elvax (RTM: ethylene vinyl acetate resin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the first compound comprises polyalkyleneoxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkylether, polyalkyleneimine, polyalkylenesulfide, or corresponding copolymers or mixtures. The polymer of the second compound comprises polyalkyleneoxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyalkyleneimine, polyalkylenesulfide, polyvinylidenehalide, or corresponding copolymers or mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming hydrogen-producing catalysts include copper-zinc-thulium alloy, palladium-cerium alloy and chromium-molybdenum alloy. The water-transformation catalysts include alloy palladium-copper-chromium alloy and palladium-cerium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second charge separating layer comprises ((6,6)-phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester) and (6,6)-phenyl-71C butyric acid methyl ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first and second charge-separating layer comprises poly-(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-b1)dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Group VI material selenium (Se). The Group IA material includes at least one of sodium (Na), potassium (K) and lithium (Li).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The Group IB and Group IIIA material comprises copper (Cu), indium (In) and gallium (Ga) metals. The base comprises a stainless steel substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer arranged over the nanowall structure consists of metal oxide and amorphous silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer arranged over the nanowall structure consists of amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon-germanium and nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-V compound semiconductor comprises gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The band gap altering element comprises indium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: A semiconductor electrode (10) has titanium-oxide film and a porous layer (13), sequentially laminated a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. EXAMPLE - Biphenyl compound for formula (2) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (14 mL), and spin-dehydrated 5-bromo-7,7-dioctyl-7H-benzo(c)fluorene (24 mg) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (75 mg) under argon atmosphere. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel (132 mg) was added to the solution, heated at 60 degrees C for 2 hours, and cooled at room temperature. The reaction product was dripped in mixture of aqueous ammonium (4 mL), methanol (15 mL) and ion exchange water (14 mL) for 0.5 hours, filtered, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain high molecular compound having number average molecular weight of 2300 and weight average molecular weight of 2400. The high molecular compound contains oxybiphenyl compound of formula (3) and fluorene compound of formula (4) as repeating unit in ratio of 80:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid component is chosen from methide anion, tetrafluoroboric acid anion, hexafluorophosphate anion and imide anion. The hexafluorophosphate anion is of formula: R5-N--R6. The imide anion is of formula: R7-C-(-R8)-R9.R5-R9=fluoro alkyl group, cyano group, fluoroalkyl sulfonyl group, fluoro sulfonyl group, fluoroalkyl carbonyl group or fluoro phosphonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An insulator layer of the solar cell is silicon oxide or silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lens group of the solar cell consists of ultraviolet ray cured resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow path structural material is made of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent insulation substrate is made of quartz glass, glass-ceramic material, borosilicate glass and soda lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection electrode pattern is made of tungsten, titanium, chromium, aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin layer is made of silicone resin, acrylic resin, alicyclic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The electron attracting group is a carboxyl group (-COOH), a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H), and/or a phosphoric acid group (-PO3H). Preferred Structure: The pigment further has a cyclic structure having 1-5C methine chain as a portion of ring and is introduced into the position of 1, 2, or 3 of the indolizine structure of formula (1). Preferred Substituent: The methine chain has two or more unsaturated bond-containing substituent at the terminal. Preferred Component: An electrode has a holder which is a metal oxide supporting the pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A porous membrane (15b) is formed on surface of a transparent electroconductive base material having light transmittance. The porous membrane comprises titanium oxide particles (15a) which adsorb the pigment. The dye sensitizing solar cell uses the photoelectric transducer (11). EXAMPLE - Diethyl ether solution of 4-iodo azobenzene (1.5 wt.%) was cooled to -70 degrees C under argon atmosphere. Hexane solution of n-butyl-lithium was added, and stirred at (-)70-(-)20 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain a black-red color solution. The obtained black-red color solution was cooled to -70 degrees C. Then, tetrachlorosilane was added, and stirred at (-)70 degrees C-room temperature for 17 hours to obtain a reaction mixture. The obtained reaction mixture was washed using saturated salt solution, distilled, and recrystallized using hexane and ether to obtain a bis(4-azobenzene) silane diol. The pigment had high absorbance index in visible region. The dye sensitizing solar cell formed using pigment had excellent durability, and conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The thiocyanic acid tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium is reacted in presence of microwave radiation. The manufacture of cis-bis(2,2'-bipyridine-4-carboxylic-acid-4'-carboxylate N,N') bis(thiocyante N)ruthenium (II) acid bis(tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium) further involves evaporating thiocyanic acid tetra-(n-butyl)ammonium under reduced pressure to obtain solid matter which is dissolved in water to obtain aqueous solution or suspension liquid having pH of 3-4.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (2,2'-bisbenzimidazolate) bis(8-quinolinolate) ruthenium (II) is obtained by reacting 2,2'-bisbenzimidazolate ruthenium (II) dihalogenated salt and 8-quinolinolate alkali metal salt of formula (5)A = alkali metal;andR9-R14 = as above.Preferred Process: (2,2'-Bisbenzimidazolate) bis(8-quinolinolate) ruthenium (II) is obtained using ruthenium chloride trihydrate, 2,2-bisbenzimidazole, and 8-quinolinolate alkali metal salt. EXAMPLE - 2,2'-Bisbenzimidazolate (p-cymene) dimethyl formaldehyde ruthenium (II) dichloride (100 mg), bisbenzimidazole (77 mg), and dimethylformamide (9 ml) were taken in a flask. A solution obtained by dissolving sodium 8-quinolinolate (109 mg) in methanol (5 ml) was added to the brown homogeneous solution in the flask, and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 110 degrees C more after stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. Thus, (2,2'-bisbenzimidazolate) bis(8-quinolinolate) ruthenium (II) (250 mg) was obtained as plum fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxide particle have average particle diameter of 10-150 nm. Preferred Compound: The semi metal is silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide and/or titanium oxide. The catalyst further contains platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium and iridium as a support metal. Preferred Process: The source gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and oxygen-containing gas are reacted in presence of catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is reduced to 5 volume ppm or less, preferably 3.5 volume ppm or less. Preferred Property: The ratio of maximum intensity (Y1) of ruthenium concentration with respect to radial direction of catalyst cross-section and maximum intensity (Y2) of ruthenium concentration in a region of intermediate point (P1) to the position (Pm) of outer surface of catalyst is 1.1-10, by line analysis using electron probe microanalysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The materials for fabricating the photoelectric conversion layer comprise amorphous silicon and amorphous silicon alloy, cadmium sulfide, copper-indium-gallium-selenium, copper-indium-selenium, cadmium telluride, or organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesives of the first and second gasket webs comprise pressure sensitive adhesives, heat activated adhesive, or UV curable adhesives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dialkoxysilane having double bond, is 3-(meth)acryloxy propyl dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene copolymer is copolymer of ethylene ionomer and vinyl acetate, copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylate and/or copolymer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid, preferably copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate. The copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate, contains vinyl acetate (10-40 wt.%). The crosslinkable ethylene copolymer composition is formed by add-mixing peroxide having half-life temperature of 140 degrees C or less, for 1 hour into mixture containing components (A and B). The crosslinkable ethylene copolymer composition further contains a crosslinking adjuvant having an allyl group, and a weatherproofing stabilizer additive chosen from ultraviolet absorber, an optical stabilizer and an antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isocyanate compound (B) is an organic isocyanate compound which has at least 2 isocyanate groups in a molecule.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The prepolymer further contains a reaction catalyst such as urethane reaction catalyst. The component (A) has at least 2 hydroxyl groups in a molecule. The fluororesin is fluoropolyether compound having a perfluoropolyether structure in its principal chain. The fluoropolyether compound is of formula (1): HO-CF2(-O-CF2-CF2-)p(-O-CF2-)qCF2-OH.p+q=8-32.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reactive gas of production apparatus and separation apparatus and contact part of silicone are from quartz glass and silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The tetrachlorosilane is atomized in zinc gas in production apparatus. Preferred Component: The silicone holder is made from ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The weight ratio of rutile type crystal acicular titanium oxide and anatase-type crystal-grain-like titanium oxide is 2:1-10:1. Preferred Method: The titanium-oxide film is formed by screen-printing method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The desulfurizer has a heating unit for heating liquid fuel supplied from supply unit. The desulfurizing apparatus further has temperature detection unit for detecting temperature of liquid fuel flowing out of desulfurizer or temperature of desulfurizer, and heat exchange unit (122) provided between desulfurizer and retention tank. The control unit controls heating state of heating unit. The heat exchange unit carries out heating of liquid fuel supplied by supply unit by heat exchange with desulfurized fuel. The detection unit has liquid level sensor for detecting liquid level position of fuel retained in retention tank, and control unit controls drive state of feed pump according to liquid level position.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The recycled regeneration stream (8), before being supplied to the compressor (4), is used to form a balancing gas stream tangential to the permeate side surface of the membrane; and/or part of the non-recycled regeneration stream (9) is extracted and supplied to the filtration module (2) to form the balancing gas stream. The regeneration stage of stage (c) involves depressurizing to a low pressure (P4) (by cocurrent depressurization), eluting at the pressure P4 and repressurizing to the pressure P3. Specifically P1 is 15-120 (preferably 30-80) bars; P2 is 1.5-6 (preferably 2-4) bars; P3 is 20-60 bars; and P4 is 1.5-6 (preferably 3-6) bars. The starting gaseous mixture consists of H2-enriched natural gas, having H2 content not more than 30 (preferably not more than 10) vol. %. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen (H2), contained at 10 vol. % in natural gas circulating in a network under a pressure of 50 bars, was purified by membrane filtration (2) and pressure swing adsorption (3), with recycling of an adsorbent recycling stream to the compressor (4) between the filtration module and adsorption device, using a plant as shown in the first figure. Pure H2 was obtained in an overall yield of 25.5%, at an energy cost of 4.6% of the calorific value of the H2 (or 7.8% if the pressure reduction is taken into account).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The two sub groups are made from amorphous silicon-hydrogen cell and micro-crystalline silicon-hydrogen cell. The cell types are developed on base of amorphous-silicon hydrogen or amorphous silicon germanium-hydrogen in different mixing ratios or micro-crystalline silicon-hydrogen or silicon carbon-hydrogen in different mixing ratios.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous structure comprises graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flow field plate is made of metals, e.g. steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys, and carbon composites. The dry carbon powder is graphite powder, amorphous carbon powder, carbon black powder, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and/or soot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The dry carbon powder includes fluoropolymer present at less than (5, preferably 1) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The defects comprise transition metals, metallic impurities, non-metallic impurities, lattice defects, or mixed or pure clusters of transition metals, metallic impurities, non-metallic impurities, and lattice defects.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid component comprises type AB, AB2, A2B, AB5, and BCC metal hydrides, LaNi5, FeTi, or MmNi5, where Mm refers to a mixture of lanthanides. The solid component comprises clathrates, silicas, aluminas, zeolites, graphite, activated carbons, nano-structured carbons, micro-ceramics, nano-ceramics, boron nitride nanotubes, and palladium-containing materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nucleation layer is a compound of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fluid source delivers metal ions such as silver, nickel, zinc or tin containing electrolyte to the surface of substrate and electrode. The electrode is made of titanium, platinum, copper and phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layer is formed over the seed layer by immersing the seed layer and electrode in an electrolyte that contains copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper pyro-phosphate and copper fluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The apparatus for forming metal layer on flexible solar cell substrate comprises fluid source that delivers metal ion consisting of copper, silver, nickel, zinc or tin on the metallized surface. The metal layer comprises silver, nickel, zinc and tin. An additional metal layer is formed over the metal layer by immersing the metal layer on electrolyte that contains metal ion comprising tin, silver, copper, gold, lead and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The vinyl silane is at least one of vinyl tri-ethoxy silane or vinyl tri-methoxy silane. The free radical initiator is a peroxide. The polymeric material comprises a polyolefin polymer grafted with an unsaturated organic compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation and at least one carbonyl group. The unsaturated organic compound is maleic anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layers are formed of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) or tin oxide (SnO2). The substrates are formed of conductive polymer. The metal oxide layer is formed of material selected from group consisting of titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide. The counter electrodes are made of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is an imidazolium derivative, pyridinium derivative, pyrrolidinium derivative and/or ammonium derivative. The anion is boron tetrafluoride, trifluoromethane sulfonate, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfuric acid and/or dihydrogen phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: A photoelectric element has a back electrode that is formed between optical absorption layers, buffer layer, grid electrode, and window layer that are formed on the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound is arsenic sulfide (As2S3) or copper pyrite (CuSe2). Preferred Properties: The photoelectric material is crystalline or amorphous, and has optical band gap of 1.38-1.65 eV at 20 degrees C. After conducting X-ray diffraction experiment, photoelectric material has position (2( theta )) of peak is formed at 43 or 45 degrees C and 63 or 65 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    A=copper;    X=arsenic;    Y'=sulfur;and    Y"=selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The usage amount of tertiary amine is 1-20 equivalent per 1 mol of platinum atoms in platinum ion by conversion of nitrogen amount. The mass ratio of platinum (metal equivalent amount) and porous material in the solvent during reaction is 20/80-80/20. The reduction reaction temperature is 15-100 degrees C and a reaction time is 15 minutes to 50 hours. Preferred Components: Alternately, bivalent platinum ion, and metal (complex) ion of gold, silver, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, rhenium, iridium, copper, chromium, manganese, iron, indium, molybdenum, tin, cobalt, nickel, zinc, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum and/or tungsten are reduced by the tertiary amine in the presence of porous material in a solvent, to obtain the metal-supporting porous material. The bivalent platinum ion is platinum complex ion of tetra-coordination. Preferably, the platinum complex ion is bivalent tetrachloroplatinum (II) acid ion. The solvent is water or aqueous medium. Preferred Material: The porous material is electroconductive carbon or ceramic material. The porous material has a BET specific surface area of 200-1500 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amine: The tertiary amine is aliphatic, aralkyl or alicyclic tertiary amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic-element material has a photovoltaic element including electron-accepting organic material arranged between a cathode (4) and an anode (2). The electron-accepting organic material is fullerene derivative. EXAMPLE - Poly(3-butyl thiophene) (in mg) (0.5) having polymerization degree of 145, poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (4.5) having polymerization degree of 120, phenyl 61C butyric-acid methyl ester (5) and chloroform (1 ml), were added into a sample bottle and subjected to ultrasonic irradiation for 2 hours, to obtain a reaction solution. Subsequently, an anode and cathode were formed. Then, the obtained reaction solution was dripped on a layer including polyethylene dioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate, to obtain an organic-semiconductor layer and a photovoltaic element was obtained. The obtained photovoltaic-element material had short-circuit-current density of 7.35 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.59 V, fill-factor value of 0.50 and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.17%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: A solar cell is formed by sealing or interposing sealing film, and subjected to cross-linking integration between surface-side transparent protection component and back surface side protection component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. The content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-0.7 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer. The cross-linking agent is 1,1-di(tert-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane. The cross-linking agent is an organic peroxide chosen from tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl monocarbonate and/or 2,5-dimethyl-2,5 di(tert-butylperoxy) hexane. The sealing film further contains a triaryl cyanurate and a triaryl isocyanurate as a cross-linking adjuvant. The content of cross-linking adjuvant is 0.1-1 with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity vinyl monomer copolymer. The sealing film further contains a (~c )-methyacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane as an adhesion improvement agent. Preferred Property: The cross-linking agent has half-life temperature of 80-120?o C for 10 hours. EXAMPLE - Ethylene acetic-acid vinyl copolymer (in mass parts) (100), 1,1-di(tert-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane (0.6), cross-linking adjuvant (0.5), and (~c )-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (0.3) were added and blended to obtain a reaction mixture. The obtained reaction mixture was molded at 80?o C to form a film having thickness of 600 ~m m. The sealing film suppresses the generation of foaming. The solar cells having sealing film had excellent durability and external-appearance characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Phthalic anhydride derivative of formula (3) and pyrene derivative of formula (2) are reacted to obtain diphthaloyl pyrene type compound.R1-R6,n=same as defined above;andX3=R1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The diphthaloyl pyrene type compound is chosen from 45 specific compounds such as of formulae (C-1 to C-5).    EXAMPLE - An intermediate layer dispersion liquid was prepared using polyamide binder resin (in mass parts) (1), rutile titanium dioxide as N-type semiconductive particles (3.5) and ethanol/n-propyl alcohol/tetrahydrofuran (10). Diphthaloyl pyrene type compound (24) of formula (C-7), S-Lec BL-1 (RTM: polyvinyl butyral resin) (12) and 2-butanone/cyclohexanone (300) were mixed to obtain coating liquid for charge generating layer. An intermediate layer was formed using the dispersion liquid and the coating liquid was applied on the formed layer, and dried to form charge generating layer. An electric charge carrying layer was formed on the charge generating layer using composition containing charge transporting substance (225), Z300 (RTM: polycarbonate) (300), antioxidant (6), tetrahydrofuran/toluene (2000) and silicone oil (1), and a photoreceptor was produced. The photoreceptor had high sensitivity and dot reproducibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The chambers are designed as process ring channels. The sealing fluid outlet (3.2) is connected to the process fluid inlet (1.11) by connecting pipes (14, 14.1, 14.2). One of these is fitted with a pressure-reducing valve (15). The membrane is a gas-tight, proton-permeable polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): An aluminum source compound and an organodiamine compound are reacted in presence of a solvent to obtain primary reaction mixture, and the primary reaction mixture is heated to reflux to obtain secondary reaction mixture comprising organoaluminum precursor compound. The organoaluminum precursor compound is separated from the second reaction mixture, to obtain organoaluminum precursor compound (1). Preferred Property: The organoaluminum precursor compound is liquid at 20 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The aluminum source compound is chosen from trimethyl aluminum (Me3Al), dimethylaluminum hydride (Me2AlH), triethyl aluminum (Et3Al), diethylmethyl aluminum (Et2MeAl), diethylaluminum hydride (Et2AlH) and/or tripropyl aluminum (Pr3Al). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl;and    R5=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 organoaluminum precursor compounds such as dimethylethyl ethylenediamine methylaluminum, trimethyl ethylenediamine dimethylaluminum, triethyl ethylenediamine dimethylaluminum, diethylmethyl ethylenediamine dimethylaluminum and dimethylpropyl ethylenediamine dimethylaluminum, are claimed.    EXAMPLE - Trimethyl aluminum (in ml) (5) and anhydrous toluene (30) were reacted, and the resultant solution was added to trimethylethylene diamine (8.5). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours by stirring at room temperature for 12 hours, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The resultant product is distilled, to obtain trimethylethylene diamine dimethylaluminum with high purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wand consists of acrylic plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The turbo compressor has a bearing coated with polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material layer is made from a group consisting of a crystalline material, an amorphous material, an organic material, and a polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid is air, water, nitrogen, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back-electrode is made of aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises urethane polymer, acrylic polymer, fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 66, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The sealant is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), RTV silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer layers are poly-para-xylylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder metal plating contains lead (Pb), indium (In), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu). The conductor is made up of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag) and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer comprises nitrogen-containing compound of formula (2).R1-R6,Ar1-Ar6,B'=same as defined above;andk,l=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of opening area (S3) of powder discharged port of return pipe, and piping cross-sectional area (S1) of return pipe, is 0.2-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The eddy rotation state is maintained in integration process for 1 hour or more. The raw material is supplied to crucible having solidified layer remaining after pouring silicon melt solution into casting mold. The solidified layer is dissolved with raw material, and integration process, solidified layer forming process and molten metal pouring process. The foreign material floating on the surface of silicon melt solution is integrated by blowing off inert gas towards surface of silicon melt solution on pouring spout vicinity of the crucible. The foreign material is removed by discharging a portion of silicon melt solution from pouring spout, while integrating foreign material. The foreign material is alternately removed by suction removal process. Preferred Property: The silicon melt solution has rotational speed of 10-100 rpm in integration process. Preferred Solution: The silicon melt solution contains solid impurity of silicon nitride. The silicon melt solution is obtained by dissolving off-cuts removed from silicon ingot produced by casting method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The composition of fuel gas is measured according to JISK2301 standard. The surface area of medication catalyst layer is measured according to JISZ8830 standard. The particle size of catalyst layer is measured according to JISK0119 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A desulfurizer has a container including desulfurizing agent in an accommodation space, heater for heating the desulfurizing agent and control unit for controlling the heating temperature of desulfurizing agent according to the desulfurization period of desulfurizing agent. The fuel gas generation apparatus includes desulfurizer (120), raw-material supply unit (110) for supplying hydrocarbon raw material in container of desulfurizing apparatus, vaporizer (130) for vaporizing hydrocarbon raw-material to source gas, and reformer (140) for generating fuel gas having hydrogen as main component by modifying the source gas. A fuel-cell system (100) includes fuel gas formation apparatus, oxygen-containing gas supply unit (150) and fuel cell (170).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizing agent is a metal containing nickel as main component or metal chosen from nickel and silver, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and/or lanthanoid type rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon raw material is liquid fuel (111A) chosen from naphtha, kerosene oil and/or light oil. Preferred Process: The temperature at which desulfurization of hydrocarbon raw material is completed by desulfurizing agent, is 200-270 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive ions of the amorphous silicon thin films are arsenic ion, phosphorus ion and bromine ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The under coat processing is a process which applies an under coat agent that consists of a mixture of acrylic polyol, isocyanate compound and silane coupling agent. The overcoat processing is a procedure for applying an overcoat agent which includes a mixture of water soluble polymer, metal alkoxide and silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acidic group is chosen from carboxylic acid group, phosphonic acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, hydroxyl group, hydroxamic acid group, boron acidic radical and/or suquaric acid group. The electron donating substituent is an amino group substituent. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=optionally substituted alkylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The blowing agent comprises mineral particles or polymeric balls of methyl polymethacrylate and acrylic acid/methyl methacrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is based on a compound, e.g. gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, aluminium gallium arsenide, copper indium gallium selenides or combination of it.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The processing column (20) has at least three (especially at least ten) separating plates in the flow direction of the molten NFM (3).The gas supply device (36) for gassing the molten NFM in the column opens below the column base (26) in the reactor vessel (18).A filter device (60) is provided for recovering evaporated NFM, specifically in such a way that the foreign elements and/or compounds (2) are separable in fractions from the exhaust gas stream.Preferred Process: A reduced pressure of less than 500 (especially less than 0.01) mbar is generated. In the gassing stage the gas (37) flows in counter-current to the flow direction (28) of the NFM, and the gas consists of inert and/or reactive gas(es). EXAMPLE - 1.5 kg of impure silicon (Si) in a ten separating plate processing column was gassed with argon (Ar) at 1500 degrees C and 1 mbar, causing evaporation of ca. 172 g of Si and 3.6 g of phosphorus (P). Cooling of the exhaust gas stream to 1300 degrees C condensed almost half of the Si in the exhaust gas stream and at 800 degrees C the recovery of Si was almost complete. The column was supplied with impure Si (containing 100 ppm (atomic basis) of P) at 2 kg/h, together with 5 mol of Ar (per mol Si and plate) at 1 mbar and 1500 degrees C in countercurrent. The P content of the purified Si was 0.04 ppm (atomic basis) and the evaporation loss of Si was ca. 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanocrystals (I-III) contain cadmium-selenium, cadmium-tellurium and indium-phosphorus, respectively, and are chosen from II-VI, III-V, IV-VI and I-III-VI group element semiconductors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sintered nanostructured film is processed with hydrazine or bidendate amine. The volatile organic molecules are pyridine, short chain amine, acetate, oxalate, picolinic acid or chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal contained in the coating solution is indium, tin, zinc, or titanium. The metal oxide is indium oxides, tin oxides, indium-tin oxides, zinc oxides, indium-zinc oxides, titanium oxides, or metal-doped oxides derived from any of these oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low-molecular-weight organic matter is luminescent material. The solvents are organic solvents. Preferred Composition: The content of the organic matter is 20-80 wt.%, with respect to a solid matter weight except for a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst for hydrocarbon modification reaction, is obtained by reducing hydrotalcite-like layered compound, baking and supporting noble metal component. Preferred Composition: The noble metal elements are rhodium and/or ruthenium. The oxygen-containing gas is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An electrode of photoelectric transducer, has a holder such as metal oxide which is supported with the dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ligand (A) further has an electron-attracting group chosen from carboxyl group, sulfonic acid group and phosphoric acid group. The ligand (B) is chosen from thiocyanic acid (NCS), cyanide (CN), cynic acid (NCO), chlorine, iodine and/or bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor comprises metal chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A semiconductor electrode comprises substrate having electroconductivity on the surface, semiconductor layer coated on electroconductive surface. The semiconductor layer comprises thiazolidine-containing compound as a pigment. Preferred Definitions:    R1=aromatic group, preferably fluorene-containing group of formulae (2 and 3), and benzene-containing group of formulae (4 and 5);and    R2,R3=connected to form 5 or 6-membered ring, preferably 5-membered ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 specific thiazolidine-containing compounds are claimed. E.g. Thiazolidine-containing indole derivative of formulae (A-1 to A-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The immersion fluid contains metal oxide, metal salt compound and/or metal alkoxide compound containing metallic element with a band gap larger than zinc oxide and a conduction band level more basic than zinc oxide when it is set as zinc or oxide. The metallic element is zinc, magnesium, titanium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, cadmium, aluminum, indium, silicon, tin or antimony. The immersion fluid contains an acid or a base. The fine particle membrane of zinc oxide on the substrate is formed from a paste containing fine particle and organic solvent of a zinc oxide. The paste contains dispersing agent from amino, carboxyl, phosphoric acid, ketone and/or hydroxyl group. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder was heated for 30 minutes at 450degrees C. The zinc powder (2.6 g) was added to ethanol (7 mL), stirred for 10 minutes and 32 wt.% of zinc oxide paste was obtained. The zinc oxide paste was uniformly coated on a glass substrate with a fluorine dope stannic oxide electrically conductive film by a fixed interval using glass rod, left to stand for 2 minutes, and fine particle membrane of zinc oxide on an electroconductive substrate was obtained. The fine particle membrane was then immersed in water or aqueous solution of zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium ethoxide, magnesium acetate, molybdenum oxide, or zinc oxide and magnesium oxide for 10 minutes at 40degrees C. The zinc oxide porous electrode was obtained on the electroconductive substrate by drying at 100degrees C for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The total amounts of SiCl4 and GeCl4 used is 1-5 wt.% of germanium. The silicon-germanium metal phase obtained contains at least part of the silicon in the solid state. Preferred Parameter: The gas injection flow rate is lower than 0.8 kg/minute-m2 of bath surface. Preferred Method: The silicon-germanium metal phase is cooled down at 450-600degrees C. The purification step is performed at reduced pressure or under vacuum. The zinc chloride is subjected to molten salt electrolysis to recover zinc and chlorine. The zinc is recycled to the contacting step. The chlorine is recycled to silicon and/or germanium chlorination. The vaporized zinc is condensed and recycled to the contacting step. The unreacted fractions of SiCl4 and GeCl4 are recycled to the contacting step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, acenaphthylene, benzoanthracene, benzopyrene, benzofluoranthene, benzofluoranthene, benzophenanthrene, fluoranthene, fluorine, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, pyrene and/or perylene. The medium is water, organic solvent and/or polymer matrix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer backbone further comprises amine functional groups and has cationic charge. The side chain moiety is derived from an organic dye or aromatic hydrocarbon, and is terminally attached to the backbone to form an end group. The polymer backbone has structure of formula (I or II). Single walled carbon nanotube is dispersed in a medium in the presence of the synthetic polymer comprising polymer backbone. The synthetic polymer is underivatized styrene-maleic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: An aqueous or non-aqueous electrolyte solution used for manufacturing anodized and oxidatively-annealed titanium oxide or titanium alloy oxide substrate, contains fluoride salt. The non-aqueous solution is polyhydric alcohol chosen from glycerol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol. An electrolyte solution used for manufacturing the substrate comprises a complexing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The liquid of fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion has a pH of less than 3, preferably 0.5-3. Preferred Monomer: The fluoro monomer having sulfonic-acid precursor functional group is a fluorovinyl compound of formula: CF2=CF-(A)l-(CF2CFY1-O)n-(CFY2)m-SO2X.Y1,Y2=fluorine, chlorine or perfluoroalkyl;n,l=0-1;m=0-5 when n is 0, and 1-5 when n is 1;X=fluorine or chlorine;andA=-O- or -CF2O-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is obtained by emulsion-polymerizing fluoro monomer and ethylenic fluoro monomer, and adjusting the liquid of dispersion to acidity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin contained in bus-bar electrode and adhesive layer is selected from group consisting of epoxy resin, imide resin and phenol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material is 4-chlorophenyl trichlorosilane and/or chloromethyl trichlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The humidity buffer solution comprises a salt selected from potassium bromide (KBr), sodium bromide (NaBr), barium chloride (BaCl2), cobalt chloride (CoCl2), potassium chloride (KCl), lithium chloride (LiCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), and strontium chloride (SrCl2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium salt of acetic acid, and potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas scrubbing subsystem comprises a material selected from amine, amidine, and amide. The amine comprises a composition selected from tripropanol amine, dipropanol amine, monopropanol amine, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, and methyl diethanolamine. The amidine comprises a composition selected from 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, tetrahydropyrimidine, and N-methyl tetrahydropyrimidine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The crossbar comprises Inconel (RTM: nickel-based super alloys), stainless steel, Kovar (RTM: nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy), Invar (RTM: nickel steel alloy), steel, Titanium, molybdenum (Mo), or tungsten (W). The frame comprises stainless steel, steel, aluminum, titanium, Kovar, or Invar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Device: The particle mixture is melted in a quenching vessel comprising a collection pan having an actively cooled quench plate above a bottom of the collection pan. The apparatus comprises a volatile component trap, a pump configured to purge the enclosure's atmosphere through the trap, viewport through the enclosure and configured to allow viewing and/or electronic imaging of melting operations, a charge vessel inside the enclosure, a charge controller which operates the charge vessel from outside the enclosure. Preferred Properties: The melting or sublimation temperature of the particles is more than 500 degrees C. The solid particles have a size of 300 mu m or less. The applied kinetic energy increases a reaction rate of the particle mixture. The alloyed particles are amorphous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The organic photoelectric transducer further contains exciton block layer (4) between electron receiving layer and electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The condensed polycyclic aromatic compound (A) is of formula (I and III), and condensed polycyclic aromatic compound (B) is of formula (II and IV).R1-R4=alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl and heterocyclic;andAr1-Ar4=aryl and naphthyl. EXAMPLE - Electron donor layer having thickness of 20 nm was formed using 9,10,15,16-tetraphenyl dibenzo(a,c)tetracene, on indium-tin oxide film as primary electrode. The electron receiving layer having thickness of 40 nm was formed using fullerene, on electron toner layer. Then, exciton block layer having thickness of 10 nm was formed using 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The secondary electrode was formed by depositing aluminum on exciton block layer. Thus, organic photoelectric transducer was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygenated hydrocarbons comprise methanol, ethanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ethyleneglycol and glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell has a hole blocker layer made of titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The members of Ferroplasma are selected from Ferroplasma acidiphilum and Ferroplasma acidarmanus. The members of Leptospirillum are selected from Leptospirillum ferriphilum, Leptospirillum thermoferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrodiazotrophum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The redox couple is ferric ions/ferrous ions, cuprous ions/cupric ions, or Mo5+/Mo6+. The anode is selected from platinized carbon or transition metal compounds such as tungsten carbide, iron phosphide or cobalt phosphide. The cathode includes a layer of a porous material selected from carbon or stainless steel. The cathode includes a catalyst selected from gold, platinum, palladium, tungsten carbide or lead. The nutrients are selected from ammonium ions, potassium ions, magnesium ions, calcium ions, sulfate ions, nitrate ions, phosphate ions and/or chloride ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel having a hydrogen constituent is selected from hydrogen gas, methanol, ethanol, ammonia or hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin in the compatible resin layer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer or copolymerized polymer containing ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer basic structure. The adhesive layer is formed with urethane type adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate is nanotube, nanofiber or nanowires, preferably one-dimensional carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The surface-modified carbon-containing substrate is patterned by crystallizing polymer at nucleation sites located on the surface-modified carbon-containing substrate and orienting crystals formed by polymer crystallization. The patterning process comprises forming and uniformly orienting single-crystal rods having axis substantially perpendicular to an axis of one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate. The physical vapor deposition is carried out by controlling an environmental factor such as vacuum pressure or heating temperature, to produce a substantially periodic pattern. The patterning process further comprises removing portion of polymeric material by etching, solvent dissolution or heating, and covalently bonding a compound to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate to inhibit localized polymeric crystallization. The physical vapor deposition is performed at room temperature, without using a solvent. Preferred Properties: The single-crystal rods have interval periodicity of 24-55 nm, preferably 23-42.5 nm, more preferably 30-40 nm. Preferred Material: A centipede-shaped or necklace-shaped nanohybrid material comprises crystal attached to the carbon-containing substrate, the crystals are formed by physical vapor deposition. The crystals are periodically located along an axis of the carbon-containing substrate. The crystals have an axis oriented substantially to the axis of the carbon-containing substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon 6, 6, polyethylene oxide or poly(phenylene sulfide). The polymeric material is oriented parallel to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acid acceptor contains magnesium hydroxide. The acid acceptor of back surface side sealing film is acid accepting particles such as magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, trilead tetraoxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide, calcium carbonate or hydrotalcite-containing compound. Preferred Properties: The acid acceptor has average particle diameter of 0.1-4 mu m, preferably 0.1-0.9 mu m. The amount of acid acceptor is preferably 0.5-5 mass parts in back surface side sealing film. The acid acceptor in back surface side sealing film has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The back surface side sealing film further contains coloring agent. Preferred Composition: The light-receiving-surface side sealing film contains an ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer (100 mass parts) having vinylacetate (5-50 mass parts), and coloring agent (2-10 mass parts) with respect to an acid acceptor (0.01-0.15 mass parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The oligo-aniline compound is obtained by adding primary and/or secondary amino group-containing compound with fluorinated aryl group-containing compound. Preferred Definitions:    X=fluorinated biphenyl, fluorinated phenyl, fluorinated binaphthyl or fluorinated naphthyl group, preferably perfluoro biphenyl, perfluoro benzene, perfluoro binaphthyl or perfluoro naphthalene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Bistetra-anilino octafluoro biphenyl and phenyl tetra-aniline are disclosed as oligo-aniline compound.    EXAMPLE - The tetraaniline (in g) (5), perfluoro biphenyl (2.73), dioxane (500 ml) and sodium hydride (2.74) was spin-dehydrated in nitrogen atmosphere 80 degrees C for 15 hours, cooled and filtered. The filtered residue was washed with dioxane and pure water, dispersed ultrasonically, filtered and washed with silica gel under reduced pressure. The distillate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain green-black powder of bistetra-anilino octafluoro biphenyl of formula (I). A charge transportable thin film was formed on the indium-tin oxide substrate using the obtained powder. The obtained film suppressed the drive voltage of organic electroluminescent element, and had excellent charge transportability.    Aasterisk=joining group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises at least partially drying, preferably spray drying the mixture obtained from the step (B), before the step (C).Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the ionomer (dried) to support material is 1:30-10:1. The catalytically active substances are from IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB group elements or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor compound of the catalytically active substance is ammonium salt, nitrate, nitrosyl nitrate, nitrite- and/or amine- complex. The reduction agent is at least an alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionomer is proton conducting polymer, preferably sulfonated polymer. The ionomer exhibits a weight average molecular weight of 15000-1000000 g/mol. EXAMPLE - Ketjen black EC300 J (3 g); Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer) solution (3 g); water (194 g); platinum nitrate (4.36 g); and ethanol (5 g) were mixed at 25 degrees C for 1-30 minutes to obtain electrocatalyst or electrocatalyst ink.
Preferred Definitions:    R1, R2, R3 = phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, biphenyl, binaphthyl, bianthryl, pyrenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6-quinolyl, 7-quinolyl, 8-quinolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, bipyridyl, biquinolyl, bithienyl (all are optionally substituted); and either    R4, R5 = phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthryl, 2-anthryl, 9-anthryl, biphenyl, binaphthyl, bianthryl, pyrenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-quinolyl, 3-quinolyl, 4-quinolyl, 5-quinolyl, 6-quinolyl, 7-quinolyl, 8-quinolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, bipyridyl, biquinolyl, bithienyl (all are optionally substituted); or    R4R5+B = a boron containing heterocycle that contains oxygen or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The regioregular polythiophene is a homopolymer/copolymer, 3-alkyl substituted polythiophene and polythiophene soluble in halogenated aromatic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode material contains elements selected from zirconium (Zr), cerium (Ce), magnesium (Mg), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), calcium (Ca), gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), potassium (K), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tantalum (Ta) and vanadium (V). The porous support unit is made of oxide for collectors containing several elements of insulating oxide or chromium (Cr), etc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gelatinizer is an organic compound selected from agar, agarose, carrageenan, xanthan gum and gelatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The unreacted gas from fuel cell stack is unreacted oxygen and unreacted hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photoactive layer comprises nanoparticles of materials selected from selenides, sulfides, tellurides, titanium oxides, tungsten oxides, zinc oxides and/or zirconium oxides. The semiconductive material comprises indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mesh comprises metallic material selected from silver, gold, copper, aluminum, palladium, platinum, titanium, stainless steel or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises a flexible polymer such as polyethylene naphthalate or polyethylene terephthalate. The semiconductive material comprises a partially-transparent polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atoms comprise hydrogen and carbon atoms. The gas comprises a hydrogen and a methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The concentration measuring device has the reference electrode composed of a silver/silver chloride electrode or a mecury/sulphuric acid electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer cover of the degree of acidity measuring device is made of alumina, nickel, and stainless steel 316.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reference electrode has a body electrode composed of fluoro resin and epoxy resin. The outer cover of the degree of acidity measuring device is made of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride polyphenylene sulfide, carbon, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The portion of the refiner that touches the molten metal for refinement is made of graphite, silicon carbide and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film contains mixture resin of polyester-type resin and polyolefin-type resin, or polyester-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is an electroconductive glass or plastic plate.Preferred Conditions: The ratio of concentration and flow ratio of silane in the reaction chamber is 1-20%. The process-gas pressure in the reaction chamber is 1-2000 mTorr, and the substrate-processing temperature is from room temperature to 350degrees C. The vapor deposition is plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The silicon-hydrogen and silicon-carbon chain are formed in partial bonds on the surface of silicon atom. The silicon quantum point portion fabric layer has a thickness less than 100 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas material of the silicon quantum point inactivation layer is gas which can produce hydrogen gas, methane, or other hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluorine-containing aromatic compound is of formula (2).V',p=same as defined above.Preferred Device: The organic thin film device consists of organic thin film transistor having gate electrode, gate insulating layer, organic semiconductor layer and source/drain electrodes on a substrate. The organic thin film device consists of an organic electroluminescent element having an anode, organic compound layer having one or more layers, and cathode on a substrate. The organic compound layer and organic semiconductor layer contain fluorine-containing aromatic compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The fluorine-containing aromatic compound is 2,3,5,6,2',3',5',6'-octafluoro-4,4'-bis-phenylethynyl-biphenyl of formula (3) or aromatic compound of formula (4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic matrix has carbon, fluorine, oxygen, hydrogen and silicon. The structure in the matrix is silicon-silicon, silicon-oxygen-silicon, silicon-oxygen-carbon and silicon-carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A reformer (5) produces the anode waste gas from a hydrogen-containing fuel. A fuel valve arrangement (25) distributes a common fuel stream to the starting burner and to the reformer. A starting burner valve arrangement distributes a starting burner waste gas stream to the main burner and to the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sacrificial layer is made up of porous silicon and germanium silicon (GexSi1-x).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive carrier is a laminar carrier from copper, copper a containing alloy, galvanized steel or aluminum. The surface of the diode is a gold, nickel, a silver, a titanium, a palladium or an aluminum surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating material comprises (wt.%): a composition of copper (35.8); indium (52.4); and gallium (11.83 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The non-polymeric material comprises an inorganic silicon-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precursor material is hexamethyl disiloxane or dimethyl siloxane. It comprises a single organo-silicon compound, or a mixture of organo-silicon compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The amount of polymeric material in one hybrid layer differs by greater than or equal to 10 wt.% from the amount of polymeric material in another hybrid layer. The polymeric material is a silicon-containing polymer. Preferred Concentration: The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material is 90:10-10:90 (preferably 25:75-10:90). Preferred Property: The hybrid layer has a wetting contact angle of a water droplet at 30-85degrees (preferably 36-60degrees ), a nano-indentation hardness of 3-20 (preferably 10-18) GPa, and a surface roughness (root-mean-square) of 0.1-10 nm. The hybrid layer, when deposited as a 4 mu m layer on a 50 mu m thick polyimide foil substrate, is flexible that no microstructural changes are observed after greater than or equal to 55000 rolling cycles on a 1 inch diameter roll at a tensile strain of 0.2%, and no cracks appear under a tensile strain of greater than or equal to 0.35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocrystalline metal oxide comprises a nanocrystalline titanium dioxide. The negative electrode comprises a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and the counter electrode comprises FTO glass with thermally deposited platinum. The dye sensitizer is adsorbed and covalently bound on the nanocrystalline metal oxide. The phthalocyanine compound is oxytitanium phthalocyanine. The nanocrystalline metal oxide comprises the dye as a dye sensitizer. The solar cell has a structure of electron donor/electron acceptor, where the electron donor comprises the dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) has a crystal structure comprising gamma , alpha and beta (preferred) forms. (A) further comprises a polymer matrix. The polymer matrix is polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol (preferred), polyacrylonitriles, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates or polythiophenes. The dye sensitizer comprises a rutheniumbipyridine complex. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The anthraquinone carboxylic acid derivative is adsorbed to oxide type semiconductor electrode and used in dye sensitizing type oxide type semiconductor electrode. The obtained electrode, carrier transport layer (3) and counter electrode (4) are laminated in order on a substrate (6) to obtain dye sensitized solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 9,10-Dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid is thermally reacted in presence of organic solvent such as aniline/para or meta thiomethyl aniline at 120-200degrees C in inert gas atmosphere in presence of reaction catalyst such as boric acid, to obtain anthraquinone carboxylic acid derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The anthraquinone carboxylic acid derivative is chosen from 7 disclosed derivatives such as 5,8-bis(phenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid of formula (I), 5,8-bis(1-butylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid, 5,8-bis(4-dimethylamino-phenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid, 5,8-bis(4-methoxy-phenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid and 5,8-bis(4-methylsulfanyl-phenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid.    EXAMPLE - 9,10-Dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (in g) (2.00), aniline (20), propionic acid (2.40), boric acid (0.36) and zinc dust (0.36) were refluxed at 160degrees C for 6.5 hours. The reaction liquid was diluted with dichloromethane and filtered. The obtained crystals were purified to obtain 5,8-bis(phenylamino)-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (1.25) with yield of 40.9%. The dye sensitized solar cell produced using the obtained compound had favorable conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Thiophene derivative is processed with n-butyl lithium and reacted with trimethyl boric acid derivative, to obtain oligo phenyl ester of boric acid. The obtained compound is reacted with binaphthol derivative in presence of tetrakis (triphenyl phosphine) palladium catalyst, to obtain the cholesteric liquid crystal compound. Preferred Compounds: The cholesteric liquid crystal compound has S configuration of formula (2) or R configuration of formula (3).R,n=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - 2-propyl-3"'-methyl quarter thiophene (in g) (3) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and cooled to -78degrees C. n-butyl lithium hexane solution was added and the mixture was heated to 0degrees C. THF solution of trimethyl boric acid was added and the mixture was heated to room temperature. 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane diol (1.04) was added and stirred for 1 hour. The solvent was distilled off and quarter thiophenyl ester of boric acid (2.2) was obtained. The obtained compound (0.52) and (S)-binaphthol derivative (0.41) were reacted in presence of tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (58 mg). 10 wt.% sodium carbonate aqueous solution was added and the contents were refluxed for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled and the precipitated product was filtered. The obtained precipitate was dissolved in THF and filtrate and concentrated, to obtain orange crystals of cholesteric liquid crystal compound (0.21). The obtained liquid crystal compound had favorable charge transport characteristic and stable cholesteric vitreous state at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is made of gallium-arsenide (GaAs) based, indium-gallium-arsenide (InGaAs) based, cadmium-telluride (CdTe) based, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs) or copper-indium-gallium-selenium (CuIn(Ga)Se2) based or combination of these.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation may be (CH3)(C2H5)2HN+, (C2H5)H2S+, (C2H5)H3N+, or compound of formula (18) or (19). The electrolyte membrane contains two types of ionic conductors different from each other. One of the ionic conductors has high oxygen reduction activity and the other ionic conductor has high hydrogen oxidation activity. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte membrane contains greater than or equal to 50 mol% ionic conductor having high oxygen reduction activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The treatment chamber has a circular, square or rectangular cross-section so that the flat material is positioned close to the top of the treatment chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixed solution is added with carbonaceous material from nanometer carbon tube, active carbon, acetylene black or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The anode film is a catalyst which includes manganese oxides. The gel electrolyte includes sodium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide electrolyte. The anode material is lithium-titanium carbonate which is modified by covering carbon. Preferred Materials: A porous carbon material in the anode film is active carbon, middle-phase carbon ball, graphite, dielectric carbon, or nano-carbon tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive film is formed from stannic oxide or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The material used for the insulating layer is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the insulating layer is selected from the group of silicon, silicon oxide, and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes are made of an electrically conductive material that is selected from the group of copper, nickel, tin, silver, gold, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, palladium or metal alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the insulating layer is selected from the group of organic lacquer, pertinax, ethylene vinyl acetate foil and plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photovoltaic cell has anti-reflective film containing titania or alumina at light receiving surface. The columnar optical element is made of borosilicate salt glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The shading element contains 10-50 weight% of fluorinated silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alloying metal deposited on the target material is selected from the group consisting of platinum and aluminum. The target material is doped with dopant selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Cooling is carried out in controlled atmosphere containing inert gas or controlled atmosphere of atmospheric pressure. Thermal insulation is performed in controlled atmosphere of inert gas. Vibration is provided to melt solution in crucible. Microparticles changing from silicon compound whose melting point is higher than silicon, to granular silicon melt solution when falling, are collided with high relative velocity than fall rate of melt solution. Preferred Condition: The fall length of granular silicon melt during cooling is 200-5000 times of diameter of melt solution. The fall length of silicon melt solution during thermal insulation is higher than fall length of melt solution during cooling. The weak supercooling degree is 40-200degrees C. The temperature of melt solution during thermal insulation is 1214-1374degrees C. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of melt solution is 100-600 mu m. The silicon particle has teardrop shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent (D) has average pore diameter of 1.5-2 nm. Preferred Condition: The adsorption pressure during adsorption process is 0.5-4 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon group raw material comprises gas or liquid chosen from town gas containing natural gas, propane, butane, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, methanol, ethanol and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline inorganic solid such as calcium hydroxide reacts with gas existing between fuel electrode and solid state methanol container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The differences of temperature of the condensate in the condenser of stage (i+1) and the condenser of stage (i) is greater than or equal to 10degrees C, where i is greater than or equal to 1, and with number of upper-stage condensers of 2-5. The differences of temperature of the condensate in the condenser of stage (i+1) and the condenser of stage (i) is greater than or equal to 15degrees C with number of upper-stage condensers of 3 or 4. The temperature of the bottom-portion reboiler of the reactor is 100-150degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of dichlorosilane supplied is 2-100 mol%, preferably 5-50 mol% with respect to the sum total content of trichlorosilane and dichlorosilane. The bottom-portion recovering liquid contains tetrachloro silane (50-100 mol%) with respect to the bottom portion recovering liquid without the catalyst. Preferred Compound: The hydrochloride of tertiary aliphatic-hydrocarbon substituted amine is of formula (I): R1R2R3N and tertiary aliphatic-hydrocarbon substituted amine is of formula (II): R1R2R3NH+Cl-.R1-R3=2C or more aliphatic hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkalic metal is one selected from a group comprising potassium (K),cesium(Cs) and lithium(Li). The first conductive material is a material having a mixture ratio of 100-500 grams conductive particles to 1000 milliliter transparent paint solution. The conductive particles are mixed particles of silver particles and graphite particles having 1: 1-4 weight percent ratio, and the transparent paint solution is a mixed solution of a varnish and a solvent having 1:19-49 volume percent ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion material alternately contains the fullerene derivate of formula (10 or 11).R2=same as defined above;R3=group of formula (A);X1=carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid group or -SiO3;M=metal atom;R20=organic group;n,m=integer of 0-4;andR4=group formula (B). Preferred Definitions:    R1=carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid group, 1-30C alkyl, 2-30C alkenyl, 2-30C alkynyl, 4-30C alkyldienyl, 6-18C aryl, 7-30C alkyl aryl, 7-30C aryl alkyl, 4-30C cycloalkyl, or 4-30C cycloalkenyl group having -SiO3;and    R2=H or 1-30C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is silicon carbide, sapphire, or silicon e.g. (001) silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent adhesive is selected from silicone resin, acrylic resin, alicyclic acrylic resin, liquid crystal polymer, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent electroconductive adhesive is configured to contain at least one of a silicone resin, an acrylic resin, an alicyclic acrylic resin, a liquid crystal polymer, a polycarbonate, and a polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The metallic particles may comprise a cap or coating including an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, polystyrene/methacrylate, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The deposition material includes metallo-organic. Preferred Methods: The method includes depositing optical material on solar cell and using electrostatic spray head to deposit the deposition material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The optical material comprises organically-modified ceramic or polymer. The optical surface comprises anti-reflection surface, moisture and water vapor barrier, or micro lenslet array. The surface comprises sheet of premetallized flexible plastic. The structure is deposited on layer of polyaniline containing tetra-cyanoquino dimethane for injecting electrodes. The deposition material includes transparent conducting material containing polyaniline or 60C-doped conducting polymer and polymeric semiconducting material. The droplets comprise droplet of material and droplet of another material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The second collection electrode contains grains of less than or equal to 35 (preferably greater than or equal to 7) weight part zinc or zinc alloy with respect 100 weight part of silver. Preferred Components: The first collection electrode contains zinc, zinc alloy or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alloy of platinum, ruthenium and molybdenum, is formed by heat processing platinum, ruthenium and molybdenum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel in the fuel cell contains ethanol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The Lewis acid compound is an aluminum compound of formula (3): AlXoR3-o.o=0-3;X=chlorine atom, bromine atom or iodine atom;andR=1-4C hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acrylic-ester monomer is a carbonyl-containing compound of formula (2): CH2=CH-C(=O)-O-R1.R1=1-4C hydrocarbon or 3-20C mono-cyclic or polycyclic cycloalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The water-vapor barrier layer is formed by vapor-deposition of a metal foil, a metal oxide or a nonmetallic inorganic acid compound on surface of the base material which such as the adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copolymer (a) comprises an unsaturated dibasic acid (a1) which has ethylenically unsaturated double bond, a monomer (a2) which does not have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group, and monomer (a3) which have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The solar-cell back sheet further has an adhesive layer and a plastic film laminated on the weather-resistant resin layer, and a plastic film and an adhesive layer laminated between the weather-resistant resin layer and the water-vapor barrier layer. Preferred Film: The plastic-film base material is a polyethylene-terephthalate film which is colorless or colored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Portion: The electro-conductive pattern board has a non-electro-conductive portion (4) which does not have electro-conductivity, where the electro-conductive portion and the non-electro-conductive portion are formed as one layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane coupling agent is of formula: Y'-Si((CH3)n)-X'(3-n).X'=alkoxyl;Y'=epoxy or acryloyl;andn=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: An acid is doped with the polythiophene derivative, the polymeric group is capable of polycondensation of the silane coupling agent, and the functional group reacts with the acid. The polythiophene derivative is a poly (3,4-alkylene dioxythiophene) in which sulfonic acid is doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-monoxide adsorption agent consists of micro particles of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, gold and/or nickel, activated carbon, silica, alumina, or zeolite. The carbon-dioxide adsorption agent consists of activated carbon, alumina, silica, zeolite, amine compound, silane compound, diatomaceous earth, silicic rock, or magnesium, calcium, magnesium, lanthanum or their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group is chosen from carboxyl group, sulfo group and/or phosphonium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material of conductive polymer is interacting by pi-pi stacking. The functional group is introduced into the surface of the fine line form or cylindrical carbon material. The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material is complexes by interaction of functional group and conductive polymer. The fine line form or cylindrical carbon material is single layer and multi wall carbon nanotube and/or carbon nanotube and fullerene. Preferred Processes: The conductive polymer is a polymer formed by polymerizing a monomer containing compound chosen from aromatic-amine compound of formula (I or II), thiophene compound of formula (III) and/or pyrrole compound of formula (IV).R1,R6=H, methyl or ethyl;R2-R5,R7-R10=H, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy, 6-12C aryl, 6-12C aralkyl, cyano, thiocyano, halogen or nitro;andR11-R14=same as R2 except 6-12C aralkyl.The conductive polymer is a polymer formed by polymerizing aniline, polymerizing 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene, and polymerizing pyrrole, 3-methyl pyrrole, 3-butyl pyrrole and/or 3-octyl pyrrole as monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cation: The onium cation is quaternary-class ammonium cation (I). The quaternary-class ammonium cation is aliphatic type ammonium cation, imidazolinium cation and/or imidazolium ion. Preferred Liquid: The non-aqueous liquid is methanol, ethanol, propanol, hydrazine, formalin, liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene-oil, liquefied natural gas and/or liquefying dimethyl ether, preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol or their mixtures. Preferred Process: The non-aqueous liquid is supplied outside by applying a direct current voltage to the non-aqueous electricity responsive gel, and non-aqueous liquid is discharged from the gel. The non-aqueous liquid or fuel is supplied outside by repeating replenishment by discharge and absorption of non-aqueous liquid from gel by applying direct current voltage. The non-aqueous electricity responsive gel is incorporated in an apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The non-aqueous electricity responsive gel which absorbs a non-aqueous liquid (B) is gelable to polymeric bridge component (A). EXAMPLE - Acrylic-acid (in g) (360), pentaerythritol triaryl ether (1.08) and water (1140) were mixed, cooled, and dissolved oxygen was reduced. 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (0.36), hydrogen-peroxide solution (3.1) and L ascorbic acid (0.38) were added to the resulting solution as polymerization initiator, and polymerized to obtain water-containing gel. The obtained gel was subdivided, and aqueous-solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (2573) and imidazolinium cation were added to the gel, methanol was distilled, dried, and dried product was ground to obtain bridge component. The obtained bridge component had absorbed quantity with respect to methanol of 100 g/g. Thus, non-aqueous electricity responsive material was obtained. The obtained material had excellent absorption capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The density of the pitch type carbon short fiber is measured according to JISK 7112 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber filler is formed of polypyrrole, poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene), polyacetylene, polyaniline and a polymeric organic complex material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The distance component consists of material like barium disilicate, calcium disilicate, barium calcium orthosilicate. The solder component consists of the material like gold, silver and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: Component (c) is graphite and/or carbon black with relative particle diameter less than 50 (especially 30-45) nm and BET specific surface 50-70 m2/g, especially carbon black with relative particle diameter 40 nm and BET specific surface 62 m2/g. (I) contains component (c) at 0.5-8 (especially 3-7) wt. % and has viscosity 25-35 Pa.s. EXAMPLE - A solvent mixture of 218 g deionized water, 223 g 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1,6g ethylene glycol was treated successively under stirring with 465 g phosphoric acid (85 %) and 11 g polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The clear homogeneous mixture was treated with 50 g of nanoparticulate carbon black and stirred for 2 hours, giving a ready-for-use etching paste suitable for printing using a 280 mesh refined steel fabric screen. The paste was storage-stable and retained good etching properties for a long period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the board body is poly styrene, steel-polymer-steel, polyethersulfone, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polysulphone, polypropylene, polyphenylsulfone, poly vinyl methyl oxazolidinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal compound pro-solution solvent is water or isopropyl alcohol organic solvent. The metal ion is calcium cation (Ca3+), titanium cation (Ti4+), zirconium cation (Zr4+), niobium cation (Nb5+) where metal compound exists in the forms of oxide, sulfide, carbonate, sulfate, phosphate, ortho-phosphite, hypophosphite, or metaphosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye is dipyridyl complexes dye of a-bis(thiocyanate radical)-bis(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-dipyridyl)ruthenium or a-bis(thiocyanate radical)-bis(4,4'-dicarboxylic acid radical amine tetrabutyl-2,2'-dipyridyl) ruthenium or tri(thiocyanate radical)-(4, 4',4''-tri-carboxyl-2, 2',6',2''-tri-dipyridyl) ruthenium or metal ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles having the McConnellite crystal structure comprise at least 10 (preferably 50) wt.% of the pigment; have a plate-like morphology; and have an aspect ratio of greater than 2:1. The particles further comprise one selected from divalent atom and/or tetravalent atom. The particles are coated with a material selected from silver metal, aluminum metal, a transparent coating having a different refractive index from the particles, and/or a translucent coating having a different refractive index from the particles. The mixed-metal oxide pigment includes plate-like particles having the formula A'B'O2.A'=monovalent metal atom (preferably copper, silver or platinum);andB'=trivalent metal atom (preferably chromium, aluminum, iron or manganese).Preferred Method: The mixture of precursor compounds further comprises silicon atoms or an alkali halide compound. Preferred Composition: In (C2), the mixed-metal oxide pigment is dispersed throughout the composition. EXAMPLE - A paint composition was prepared comprising (g) copper (II) oxide (51.1), chromium (III) oxide (48.9), AEROSIL (RTM: fumed silica) (3), sodium chloride (2), sodium antimonate (2), copper-manganese-iron (Cu-Mn-Fe) pigment (3). The paint formulation (A1) was applied by spraying to separate portions of a paper test card that included a white area and a black area. The results showed that (A1) did not cause the violet paint base to become lighter in color. In other words, the color did not washed out. Examination of the test card in various lighting conditions revealed that the paint formulation exhibited a consistent, more aesthetically pleasing 'metal flake' appearance over a wider range of viewing angles and lighting conditions than the paint formulation containing mica-based special effect pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles comprise microflakes and nanoflakes. The particles (greater than or equal to 75 wt.%) are microflakes. The nanoparticles have similar material composition. The microflakes comprises chalcogenide (1018) or selenide (Se) particles. The microflakes are made of copper, Se, indium Se, or gallium Se. Preferred Properties: The planar shape of microflakes creates greater surface area contact between adjacent microflakes that allows the dense film to form at annealing temperature of greater than or equal to 50degrees C, i.e. less as compared to the film made from precursor layer using ink of spherical nanoparticles which is identical to the ink. The microflakes create a packing density of greater than or equal to 75, preferably greater than or equal to 95% in the precursor layer. The planar of microflakes results in grain size of greater than or equal to 0.3 preferably greater than or equal to 1 mu m in one dimension(s) in semiconductor absorber of photovoltaic device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles include chalcogenide particles, or selenide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Kerosene is de-sulfurized using the de-sulfurizing agent at -50degrees C to 400degrees C and a pressure range of normal pressure to 0.9 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The solid-liquid separation portion, washing portion, and classification portion are comprised so that the solid content for silicon recovery or silicon-containing fine particles do not contact aqueous solution and/or acid aqueous solution. The classification portion removes the metal-containing fine particles. The regenerator is further provided with a molding portion (11) for pressurizing and granulating the silicon-containing fine particles, a heating portion (13) for melting the fine particles at a temperature beyond the melting point of silicon after granulating at temperature lower than the melting point of silicon and baking, and a purification portion (15) for removing impurities contained in the silicon-containing melt substance (EE) obtained by melting the fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The waste slurry contains waste metal of ferromagnetic material mixed during cutting or polishing of silicon lump or silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silver paste layer contains a metal selected from the eleventh group elements of periodic table and palladium paste layer contains a metal selected from tenth group elements of periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyimide is a thermoset polyimide and thermoplastic polyimide while the first polymer layer and second polymer layer are made of perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Arrangement: The intermediate sheet layer is completely covered with outside sheet layers along the circumferential direction. The intermediate sheet layer and outside sheet layers are laminated along the thickness direction of the adhesive sheet. Preferred Property: The thickness of outside sheet layer along the thickness direction of the adhesive sheet is 30% or less with respect to adhesive-sheet thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): A compound having two or more reactive substituents is dissolved in an organic solvent, and polymerized by Suzuki coupling reaction using palladium (tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)) as catalyst, to obtain the high molecular compound. Preferred Compound: The biphenyl-containing repeating unit of formula (1) is preferably of formula (8) and tricyclic repeating unit of formula (70) is preferably of formula (2a-2e). The high molecular compound further has aryl repeating unit of formula (2): -Ar1-.R17,R18=substituent, preferably alkyl or alkoxy;X,Y'=O or S;Ra=substituent;m=0-5;n=0-3;Rj,Rk=H, alkyl, alkoxy or aryl group;andAr1=bivalent heterocyclic group other than group of formula (70), or aromatic amine group.The high molecular compound has number average molecular weight of 1.0x 103-1.0x 108 by polystyrene conversion. EXAMPLE - 2,8-Dioctyloxy-3,7-dibromodibenzofuran (in g) (0.61), 3,3'-dibromo-4,4'-dioctyloxy biphenyl (0.28) and 2,2'-bipyridyl were charged in a reactor. Spin dried tetrahydrofuran (70) and bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel (1.24) were stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, and reacted at 60degrees C for 5 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and mixture of methanol/ion exchange water was added. The produced precipitate was filter-dried and purified with toluene. The toluene solution was poured into methanol and the produced precipitate was collected and dried under reduced pressure to obtain high molecular compound (0.29) having number average molecular weight of 1.1x 104 and weight average molecular weight of 3.9x 104 by polystyrene conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A semiconductor electrode has an electroconductive support, semiconductor layer which covers the top surface of the electroconductive support, and photoelectric-conversion material which adsorbs to the surface of semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The semiconductor contain metal chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, tantalum, vanadium, niobium, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - Pigment of formula (A-3) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to obtain pigment solution. Titanium oxide (in g) (2), acetyl acetone (0.2), surfactant (0.3), water (6.5), concentrated nitric acid (0.2 mL), ethanol (0.4 mL) and polyethylene glycol (1.2) were stirred for 6 hours, and applied to a glass substrate of thickness 12 mu m. The substrate was dried at 100degrees C for 1 hour, and baked at 550degrees C for 1 hour to obtain semiconductor electrode. The obtained semiconductor electrode was immersed in pigment solution at room temperature for1 15 hours, and process to obtain coated transducer having excellent photoelectric transfer characteristic and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Before stage (D), the gas is heated in a heat exchanger (11) to the temperature of the sulfur absorber (3, 4). Before stage (E), the sulfur-free gas (67) is heated in a heat exchanger (11, 12) to the temperature of the anode (5) in the fuel cell (17); the anode off-gas (69) is then transferred to the heat exchanger (12). Stage (D) involves passing the particle-depleted gas (63, 64) to a second sulfur-absorber (3). Stages (B) and (C) are carried out in a single apparatus (2), which preferably contains a monolith (205) inside a filter element (203) for complete or partial catalytic reaction, which may be adjusted with the aid of a by-pass control, while a further reaction medium (e.g. air, hydrogen and/or steam) (83) may be injected through a lance (204). Preferred Apparatus: Conversion plant as above, with one apparatus (2) for stages (B) and (C), in which particle separation takes place on filter elements (203) and reaction takes place on catalytically coated or active monoliths (205), the position of which can be adjusted so as to adjust the degree of reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additional component comprises anion chosen from phosphate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, permanganate, nitrate, sulfonate, oxalate, formate, thiol and/or organic sulfide. The coating layer is a ceramic coating chosen from the oxide, carbide, doped oxide and doped carbide, preferably alumina, titania, chromia and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises metal substrate, metal alloy substrate or metallized substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pores create channels (13) towards substrate and channels are filled with material at the interface of substrate with coating layer, by electrochemical deposition. The electrochemical deposition is followed by polymerization. The inherently conductive monomers are chosen from aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, phenylenevinylene, diacetylene, acetylene, quinoline, heteroarylene vinylene and its derivatives or copolymers. The material further comprises additional component. The coating layer comprises thermal sprayed coating layer. The coating layer has porosity of 0.5-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The solar cell module has a structure obtained by integrating units. The solar cell module has a crystalline-silicon cell (3) sealed with a sealing agent (2) containing fluorescent resin composition between a front cover (1) and a back cover (4). The solar cell module consists of fluorescent resin composition containing rare-earth-metal complex (0.05-1 mass%). The content of ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer in the sealing agent is 50 mass% or more. The front cover contains glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex is a complex of europium or samarium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex contains three ligands such as carboxylic-acid residue, (beta )-diketone compound and/or nitrogen-containing-heterocyclic-ring compound. The organic-type rare-earth-metal complex is of formula (I or II).R=aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;Ln=rare earth metal;R1,R3=aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;R2=H, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic hydrocarbon group;A=-CH=CH-group;andn=0 or 1.Preferred Compound: The carboxylic-acid residue is aliphatic or aromatic-dicarboxylic-acid residue. The nitrogen-containing-heterocyclic-ring compound is 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridyl. The (beta )-diketone compound is of formula (III): R1-COCHR2COR3.R1-R3=same as defined above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer contains ethylene units (60-90 mass%) and vinyl-acetates units (10-40 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Zone: The reaction zone is a downflow reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: An alkali rare earth metal is introduced into ion exchange site of zeolite. The catalyst further contains silica alumina as active matrix. The ratio of silicon and aluminum in the zeolite is 3-20 by atomic ratio. Preferred Properties: Content of delta -coke on the catalyst is 0.2-1.5 mass%. The difference of temperature of catalyst dense phase in the regeneration zone and outlet temperature of reaction zone is less than 140degrees C. The crystal-lattice constant and crystallinity degree of the zeolite is 24.35 Angstrom or less and 90% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass contains fat-and-oil component derived from animal and vegetable oil whose oxygen content is 0.1-13 mass% and boiling point is 230degrees C or more. The raw material oil is atomized in reaction zone using steam equivalent to 2-8 mass% of raw material oil.Preferred Process: Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 25-220degrees C obtained by processing of biomass, or its hydride is contained in gasoline. The gasoline contains ether obtained by reacting isobutylene formed by processing of biomass, with methanol or ethanol, or a reaction material obtained by reacting butylene formed by processing of biomass with isobutane using alkylation apparatus, or dimerization material of butylene. Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 170-370degrees C obtained by processing of biomass is contained in diesel fuel, or 3C or 4C hydrocarbon obtained by processing of biomass is contained in liquefied petroleum gas. Propylene obtained by processing of biomass is contained as structural monomer of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first and second metal layers contain copper. The first metal layer include an element selected from silver, nickel, zinc and tin. The first and second metal layers, and electrode are immersed in a second electrolyte selected from silver, copper, gold, zinc and lead to form a third metal layer. A first electrolyte in which substrate and electrode are immersed, contains copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, coppery pyrophosphate and copper fluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact structure comprises the capping layer made from a material selected from the group consisting of cobalt boride (CoB), cobalt phosphide (CoP), cobalt tungsten phosphide (CoWP), cobalt tungsten boride (CoWB), cobalt molybdenum phosphide (CoMoP), cobalt molybdenum boride (CoMoB), cobalt rhenium boride (CoReB), cobalt rhenium phosphide (CoReP), nickel boride (NiB), nickel phosphide (NiP), nickel tungsten phosphide (NiWP), nickel tungsten boride (NiWB), nickel molybdenum phosphide (NiMoB), nickel molybdenum phosphide (NiMoP), nickel rhenium phosphide (NiReP), nickel rhenium boride (NiReB), tin (Sn), tin-copper (SnCu), tin-silver (SnAg), tin- copper-silver (SnCuAg), bismuth (Bi), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), antimony (Sb), and zinc (Zn).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first TCO film comprises one or more of zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin-oxide, and indium zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The TCO film is formed of zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide. The dielectric layer is formed of silicon oxynitride and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The baking electrode is made of silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The baking electrode is made of silver. The base of the solar cell panel is made of aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base of the solar cell panel is made of plastic or high density polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel comprises polymeric material such as cellulose derivative, polyacrylic acid, vinyl alcohol and/or their derivatives, ionomers, copolymers and cross-linking materials, preferably polyolefin derivative, urethane derivative or styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The container for silicon ingot consists of quartz or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing frame comprises silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains a mixture containing water, glycol, alcohol and glycol ether, as base. Preferred Property: The coolant composition has thiourea or its derivative(s) content of 0.001-20 weight part with respect to 100 weight part of base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The n-type semiconductor is made of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide or tungsten oxide. Preferred Composition: The electrolytic solution comprises iodine at 0.05-0.3 mol/L and iodide salt at 0.6-2.4 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The counter-electrode is platinum having a catalyst function, or a mesh formed using a carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye made to adsorb to the n-type semiconductor is an organic transition metal complex-type dye containing bipyridyl group(s), a phthalocyanine-type dye, a naphthalocyanine-type dye, a merocyanine-type dye, a cyanine dye, a porphyrin-type dye, a rhodanine type dye, an indole-type dye, a quinoline type dye or a benzothiazole-type dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The counter electrode is coated with a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The bond is made of epoxy resin, epoxy diluting agent, and liquid carboxy Buna-N rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Two or more types of potential pigment are mixed and converted after formation of film by coating method and used as the pigment. Preferred Pigment: The pigment exhibits semiconductor characteristics. The pigment is porphyrin phthalocyanine quinacridone, pyrrolo pyrrole, dithio ketopyrrolo pyrrole and/or its derivate(s). Preferably, the potential pigment and material exhibiting semiconductor characteristics are mixed in solid state and formed into a film by coating method. The majority carrier of the pigment and majority carrier of material have reverse polarity. The materials are particles, preferably inorganic particles. Preferred Layer: The active layer has electron donor layer containing electron donor and electron acceptor layer containing electron acceptor. The soluble precursor of the benzophosphyrin compound of formula (I or II) having bicyclo ring is converted into benzophorphyrin compound by heat transfer, to form electron donor layer. The soluble precursor is given by formula (III or IV).Z1a-Z4a, Z1b-Z4b, R1-R4, Y1-Y4=monovalent atom or monovalent atomic group, Z1a-Z4a, Z1b-Z4b optionally couple together to form ring;andM=bivalent metal atom or metal of more than trivalence.The soluble precursor layer is formed by coating. Subsequently, electron acceptor layer is formed on the soluble precursor layer, and subsequently electron donor layer is formed by thermal conversion on the electron acceptor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A pencil for a test conforms to JIS-S-6006 according to the pencil hardness evaluation method that conforms to JIS-K-5400.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin substrate containing polyethylene terephthalate (PET), triacetyl cellulose (TAC), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyether sulfone (PES), polycarbonate (PC) or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film contains titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or stannic oxide. The thin film is supported with methine dye in the presence of inclusion compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The methine dye (1) is of formula (2).m,X,Y',Z,A1,A4,A5,R1-R4=same as defined above.Preferred Film: The thin film is supported with methine dye and organic dye having metal complex and/or structure other than (1). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably 1-18C saturated alkyl, more preferably 4-8C unsubstituted saturated linear alkyl;    m=1-3;    X,Y'=carboxyl, cyano or acyl, at least one of X and Y' is carboxyl and other is cyano, at least one of X or Y' is group (G) of ring system having group chosen from carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphoric acid group, sulfonic acid group and their salt as substituent, and X and Y' couples together to form ring of formula (2001-2044) having carboxyl group as substituent, preferably ring of formula (2007 or 2012);    group (G)=group chosen from group of formula (1001-1033);    asterisk=carbon atom;    A5=n-hexyl;and    Z=sulfur atom.    When m is 1, A4 or A5 is aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally having substituent. When m is 2 or more, at least one or more of A4 and A5 is aliphatic hydrocarbon residue optionally having substituent, preferably optionally substituted saturated alkyl such as n-hexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stack includes a polymer electrolyte membrane requiring humidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The incompatible resin is polymethyl pentene. The layer structure of a composite film consists of 3 layers (A/B/A) or 2 layers (A/B). Preferred Parameter: The thickness of skin layer (A) is greater than or equal to 7% of the total film thickness. The cleavage intensity between laminated films and base material layer (B) is greater than or equal to 950 g/15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes on the uneven layer consists of zinc oxide and indium tin oxide respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate consists of a film chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide and polyallylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An adhesive layer containing copolymerization acrylic resin is formed at the surface of solar cell component, and solar cell component sheet is formed. The layer(s) of solar cell component is a gas barrier layer containing inorganic acid compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The end plates are made of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The discontinuous film is formed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or vapor deposition, and is irregular film. The discontinuous film is subjected to annealing treatment or laser irradiation processing, before etching. The discontinuous film used as mask is removed. Alternately, a porous material (a) having continuous air hole is formed on the surface of base material, by phase separation, sintering or anode oxidation. Anisotropic etching of base material surface is carried out using porous material as mask. A porous material having several holes is then formed. The material (a) contains polyethylene, polyimide, alumina, titanium oxide or silicon carbide. Anisotropic etching is carried out by wet etching using sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Material: The base material contains silicon having (110) crystal orientation. Preferred Film: The discontinuous film contains copper, ruthenium, cobalt, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, iron, nickel, gold, silver, lead, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten nitride, tungsten carbon nitride, polyethylene, fluororesin or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reflecting films made up of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are plated on a transparent glass plate of the device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The metal salt is nitrate, acetate or oxalate. Nitrate is lithium nitrate, nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O), manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2) or iron nitrate (Fe(NO3)2.9H2O). Acetate is nickel acetate (Ni(CH3COO)2.4H2O), manganese acetate (Mn(CH3COO)2.4H2O) or cobalt acetate (Co(CH3COO)2.4H2O). Oxalate is cobalt oxalate (CoC2O4.2H2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar electrical energy generating and heat collecting layer is made of monocrystalline silicon, twining crystal silicon or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chalcopyrite is copper indium diselenide. The inert gas is argon. The chalcogen containing reactive gas is hydrogen selenide. The target is indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali solution includes alkali selected from group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anodes comprises graphite, and the surface of the anodes comprises granules of activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The nonwoven is made of stainless steel. Preferred Component: The nonwoven with a fine mesh structure has an aluminum silicate coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating on the fine mesh structure takes the form of a polymer with acid or alkali residues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin wire of the electrode contains silver and binder material in volume ratio 1/4 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate of the beam trap is formed of polymer e.g. polydimethylsiloxane, acrylate, which offer better resistance against ultraviolet ray degradation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis is carried out in vacuumized conditions, at 10-1-10-9 (preferably 10-3-10-7 and especially 10-4-10-6) mmHg; or carried out under an inert gas atmosphere. The pyrolysis is carried out with a gradient of Tmax of less than or equal to 850 (preferably less than or equal to 650, especially less than or equal to 500)degrees C, Tmin of less than or equal to ambient temperature. Preferred Material: The carbon nitride material has a chemical formula of C3N4 and is in the form of grahitic structure. Preferred Components: The non-metallic rodanide is ammonium rodanide. The inert gas atmosphere comprises nitrogen or argon. EXAMPLE - Ammonium rodanide (10 g) made of quartz glass and shaped as two connected vessels, was loaded into a reaction chamber. The chamber was vacuumized to pressure of 10-4-10-5 mmHg and sealed. The chamber was placed into an oven and heated upto 600degrees C, keeping the temperature gradient (Tmax) of 600 0C, Tmin equal to ambient temperature through vessels. The reaction was conducted for 12 hours. Formed carbon disulfide (CS2) and volatile impurities condensed in one of the vessels due to the existence of the temperature gradient. The vessel was removed and ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S dissolved readily in water, was removed by simple washing, and graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) (yield 20%) was obtained as a pale-brown powder. The carbon nitride material had no traces of sulfur or any other elements were present.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The water dispersion agent is a surface active agent. The thickening agent is urea-type compound. Preferred Oil: The non-aqueous base oil is mineral oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous metal-oxide film forming-solution (2) contains copper-containing metal source having copper element and zinc-containing metal source having zinc element, nickel-containing metal source having nickel element, zirconium-containing metal source having zirconium element and yttrium-containing metal source having yttrium element, cobalt-containing metal source having cobalt element and iron-containing metal source having iron element, titanium-containing metal source having titanium element and lanthanum-containing metal source having lanthanum element, cerium-containing metal source having cerium element and calcium-containing metal source having calcium element, indium-containing metal source having indium element and vanadium-containing metal source having vanadium element, tantalum-containing metal source having tantalum element and gadolinium-containing metal source having gadolinium element, chromium-containing metal source having chromium element and molybdenum-containing metal source having molybdenum element and/or tungsten-containing metal source having tungsten element and aluminum-containing metal source having aluminum element. The solution (2) further contains an oxidizing agent and/or a reducing agent. Preferred Process: The contact of solution (2) and base material is performed by atomization of the solution (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol used for extraction processing is 3-10C alcohol. The usage amount of the alcohol is 1-15 times with respect to the weight of N-alkyl-N'-alkyl imidazolium salt. Imidazolium halide used as raw material of salt exchange reaction is obtained by reacting imidazolium compound of formula (IV) with a halide of formula (V): RX.R,R',R1-R3,X=same as defined above. EXAMPLE - 1-Methylimidazole (in g) (11.0), ethyl bromide (15.0) and acetonitrile (11.0) were reacted at 40degrees C for 10 hours, and concentrated to obtain N-ethyl-N'-methyl imidazolium bromide (25.6). Subsequently, potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (27.2) and acetone (34) were added to N-ethyl-N'-methyl imidazolium bromide (25.6), and reacted at 50degrees C for 6 hours. The reaction liquid was cooled to 25degrees C and liquid mixture of crude N-ethyl-N'-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide and residual N-ethyl-N'-methyl imidazolium bromide was obtained. Isopropanol (100) was added to the liquid mixture and liquid-separated to obtain N-ethyl-N'-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide layer and isopropanol layer. The layer of N-ethyl-N'-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide is removed and vacuum dried to obtain N-ethyl-N'-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (31.5) with yield of 80.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The atmospheric temperature of zinc gas (greater than or equal to 1000degrees C) is higher than the boiling temperature in the zinc normal pressure. The temperature of the liquefied tetrachlorosilane is less than or equal to 200degrees C. The reaction is performed within the reactor made from quartz glass maintained at greater than or equal to 1000degrees C. Preferred Component: The high temperature zinc gas is mixed gas of zinc and zinc chloride which contains argon gas for concentration adjustment. The isolation of the solid silicon from gas is performed in a cyclone type splitter and temperature was maintained at temperature greater than or equal to boiling point of zinc. The liquid silicon is maintained at the silicon layer below the splitter. The produced liquid silicon was removed out of the system continuously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fuel: The gelatinized fuel is embedded under the fuel penetration suppression material, or encapsulated with a shell film of fuel penetration suppression material. The fuel penetration suppression material is a casing which provides fuel penetration prevention property to gelatinized fuel. The shell film and gelatinized fuel are integrated by ionic bond, hydrogen bond, electrostatic bond, coordinate bond, Vander Waals bonding, cross-linking bond or covalent bond. Preferred Method: The direct reaction of gelatinized fuel and re-liquefacient is carried out and volatile fuel is discharged. The re-liquefacient reacts with gelatinized fuel in presence of a re-liquefying inducer, gelatinized fuel is re-liquefied and volatile fuel is discharged. Preferred Compound: The volatile fuel is methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, formic acid, formalin, hydrazine and/or sodium boride. The re-liquefacient is ammonium salt, glycol chitosan, polyelectrolyte, ascorbic acid, stearic acid, peptide and/or sodium hydrogen carbonate. The gelatinizer is polyacrylic acid, polyacryl amide, polyethylene glycol, cross-linking type polyacrylic acid and/or cross-linking type polyacryl amide. The material of shell film is gelatin and/or vegetable polysaccharide. Preferred Conditions: The volatilization temperature of volatile fluid is increased more than boiling point of gelatinized fuel. The evaporation rate of volatile fuel is reduced from evaporating rate of volatile fuel simple substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorinated polymer is made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene or ethylene fluoroethylene propylene. The fluorinated polymer layer is the inner most layer in the pipe. The pipe comprises an inner layer made of polyamide. The fluorinated polymer layer is in contact with the inner layer and the intermediate layer. The pipe comprises a polyamide layer lying between the layer made of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and the outer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound solar battery comprises solar batteries of zinc-selenium, cadmium-sulfur, gallium-arsenide, cadmium-tellurium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The baseplate is made of aluminum dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrocondution slurry is silver, aluminum, alloy and metal mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weight proportion of organic proton conductor and heteropolyacid salt is 5:1-5:1-5. The heteropolyacid salt is of structures YnH3-nXM12O40 or YnH6-nXM18O62, and it can be cesium salt of molybdophosphoric acid, cesium salt of phosphotungstic acid, cesium salt of silicomolybdic acid or cesium salt of silicon tungstenic acid.Y=Cs;X=P or Si; andM=Mo or W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conducting paste of the transparent conducting film includes zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide and antimony-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nano-carbon is XC-72 (RTM: nano-carbon) or carbon nano-tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working solution has 8 to 10 percent of oleic acid, 2 to 3 percent of tri-ethanol amino, 2 to 4 percent of potassium hydroxide (KOH), 1 to 1.5 percent of sodium laurylsulfate, 1 to 2 percent of sodium molybdate, and 1 to 2 percent of borax.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working solution has 1.5 to 2 percent of glycerine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The working solution has 4 to 6 percent of rosin, 0.2 to 0.5 percent of silicone oil, and 1.5 to 2 percent of emulsifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal agent is gold, silver, copper, nickel, tungsten, aluminum, manganese, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Three or six-arm branched-structure carbazole derivative is prepared by bromization and cyclization or arylation of indole and hexabromo carbazole derivative and reacting with acidified or esterified monoborate oligomer of aromatic fluorescent chromophore in microwave reactor by Suzuki coupling reaction. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=9,9-disubstituted fluorene of formula (a), 9-substituted carbazole of formula (c), thiophene of formula (e) or triphenylamine of formula (g);    R,R'= 1-24C aromatic or alkyl;    R'',R''',R1,R2=H or R; and    n=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type dopant is aluminum or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass substrate comprises a glass composition containing (wt.%): silicon dioxide (SiO2) (67-75), sodium oxide (Na2O) (10-20), calcium oxide (CaO) (5-15), total iron expressed as iron oxide (Fe2O3) (0.001-0.05), % ferrous oxide (FeO) (less than or equal to 0.0038), glass redox (less than or equal to 0.12), antimony oxide (0 to less than 0.01), cerium oxide (0-0.2), where the glass substrate has visible transmission of at least 89%, a transmissive color value of -1 to +1, a transmissive color value of 0 to +1.5, % high total solar transmission (TS) of at least 90%, and a UV transmission of at least 75%. The glass substrate comprises (wt.%): % FeO (less than or equal to 0.0030), glass redox (less than or equal to 0.09), and IR transmission (less than or equal to 90). The glass substrate having %TS of at least 90.5%, a UV transmission of at least 84%, comprises (wt.%): FeO (less than or equal to 0.0015), and glass redox (less than or equal to 0.08). The glass substrate contains not greater than 2 ppm of at least four of erbium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium. The glass substrate comprises sulfur trioxide in an amount of at least 0.25 (preferably 0.29)%, and cerium oxide (0-0.01%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The raw material fine particle is a carbon fine particle. The nanoparticles are formed on the surface of the carbon fine particle and are used as catalyst for fuel cells. Preferred Property: The nanoparticles have particle size of 1-10 nm. The carbon fine particles have particle size of 10-100 nm. Preferred Material: The coaxial-type vacuum arc vapor deposition source contains a capacitor (15h) in the vicinity of deposition source. EXAMPLE - A cathode electrode comprising platinum was positioned as a target material using the coaxial-type vacuum arc vapor deposition apparatus. An electric charge was charged by direct current-voltage source at the capacitor condenser unit. An arc voltage was set to 80 volts and the capacitance was set to 8800 mu F. Subsequently, the pulse voltage was output to the trigger electrode, from the trigger power supply and the trigger discharge was generated between the cathode electrode and the trigger electrode. An electron was produced from the joint of the cathode electrode and insulator. The plasma of platinum was formed from the cathode electrode. Discharge was stopped by discharge release of the electric charge electrically stored by the capacitor condenser unit. Microparticles produced by dissolving platinum were formed between the arc discharges. Platinum particle grains were adhered to the carbon black surface having particle size of 20-50 nm at room temperature, and nanoparticles were formed. The obtained nanoparticles had particle size of 2 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum total content of the compounds (A,B) is 5-20 wt.%. The molar ratio of contents of compounds (A,B) is 99.5/0.5-35/65.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic indium compound (A) is acetone indium. The organometallic compound (B) is organic tin compound (which is acetylacetone tin compound), organic titanium compound, organic zinc compound, organic zirconium compound, organic tungsten compound and/or organoaluminum. The photoinitiator (E) is 2-methyl-1-(4-4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholino-1-one. The solvent (F) is alkyl phenol and/or alkenyl phenol, and dibasic acid ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The monomer (C) has functionality of 3 or more and contains functional group which cross-links the resin (D). The number of functional group and average acid value of the alkaline-soluble component of the monomer (C), are 2.5 or more and 50 mgKOH/g or more. The average acid value of the resin (D) is 50 mgKOH/g. Preferred Compounds: The monomer (C) and/or resin (D) are acrylic-type and/or meta-acryl-type compounds. Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains thioxanthone-type sensitizer (G) and cellulose resin (H) (3 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The body or housing of the harvesting apparatus is formed of clear polycarbonate or acrylic or toughened glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic ions are selected from sodium, lithium, magnesium, zinc, and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The second encapsulant layer comprises a composition selected from acid copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ionomers derived from partially or fully neutralized acid copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), polyvinyl acetal), polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, linear low density polyethylenes, polyoJefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers and epoxy resins. The additional polymer layer in first encapsulant layer is selected from copolymers of alpha -olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, ionomers derived from partially or fully neutralized acid copolymers of alpha - olefins and alpha ,beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), polyvinyl acetal), polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, linear low density polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers, and/or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst component is tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, nickel, inconel, stainless steel, iridium or rhenium. The compound or mixture is metal carbide or metallic compound or metal mixture, and contains elements other than silicon. Preferred Process: The compound or mixture mixes metal oxide with catalyst, or metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains perfluorocyclic polyene (c). The content of double bond in perfluoro polymer (a) is 0.1-2 mmol/g. The perfluoro polymer further contains a unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene. The aliphatic ring system contained in perfluorocyclic monoene (b) and perfluorocyclic polyene (c), is a 5 or 6-membered containing 1 or 2 oxygen atoms and carbon-carbon double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms. Preferred Compound: The perfluorocyclic polyene has an aliphatic ring system containing carbon atom optionally having an oxygen atom, and 2 or more polymerizable carbon-carbon double bonds. Preferred Property: The perfluoro polymer (a) has mean molecular weight of 1000-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The n-type diffused layer contains phosphorus, antimony or arsenic. The p-type diffused layer contains boron, gallium or aluminum. The base material contains gallium phosphide single crystal or gallium arsenide single crystal. In the n-type diffused layer, zinc is diffused thermally.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The group-III-nitride active region is made of material such as nitrogen (N) face gallium nitride (GaN), N-face indium nitride (InN) and N-face aluminum nitride (AlN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal film comprises one or more of copper, silver, gold, aluminum, nickel and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent insulator substrate is quartz glass, crystallized glass, borosilicate glass and soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent insulator substrate contains titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor of the connecting lead wire is formed from metal selected from copper, aluminum, silver, and gold, or tough pitch copper, low oxygen copper, oxygen-free copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper, or high purity copper with purity of not less than 99.9999 percent. The plating layer is selected from nickel, silver, tin, zinc, chromium, gold, palladium, ruthenium, and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The organic n-type semiconductor pigment is 0.01-90 wt.%. The photosensitive organic semiconductor composition further comprises solvent. Preferred Compounds: The organic n-type semiconductor pigment is an aromatic imide derived from 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTDA), preferably perylenediimide. The n-type conducting polymer is a non-conjugated conducting polymer containing pendant groups of aromatic imide derived from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The electron affinity of the organic n-type semiconductor pigment and n-type conducting polymer differs by less than 0.5 V, preferably 0.1 eV. The organic n-type semiconductor pigment exhibits high absorption for visible and near infrared radiation, forms nanometer-sized crystals, and has particle sizes of less than 0.5, preferably less than 0.1 microns in length. The n-type conducting polymer exhibits weak or no absorption of visible or near infrared light. Preferred Compounds: The n-type conducting polymer is poly(cyanephenylenevinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The admixture is prepared by dry mixing the metal compound and the substrate until uniformity of the admixture is achieved. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a carbon allotrope. The carbon allotrope is chosen from amorphous carbon, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanofoam, diamond, fullerene, graphite, exfoliated graphite, single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube, lonsdaleite and aggregated diamond nanorods. Preferred Metal: The metal contained in the metal compound is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, rubidium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper, gold, silver, zinc, cadmium and mercury, preferably palladium, platinum, silver, iron and gold. Preferred Property: The metal particles that are deposited on the substrate have particle size of 1 nm-500 nm. Preferred Compound: The metal compound is chosen from silver acetate, iron acetate, palladium acetate, platinum acetate, auric acid, palladium tetrachloride, palladium dichloride dimethylsulfide, platinum dichloride dimethylsulfide and platinum potassium chloride. Preferred Condition: The energy is supplied to the admixture by heating the admixture at 250-350degrees C for 2-6 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer of polymer composite is chosen from polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, polyesters, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyureas, poly(urethaneurea)s, polyepoxies, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)s polyimides, polyarylates, poly(arylene ether)s, poly(vinyl acetate)s, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyphenylene sulfides, poly(vinyl ester)s, polyvinyl chlorides, bismaleimide polymers, polyanhydrides, liquid crystalline polymers and cellulose polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The donor-like material preferably comprises a subphthalocyanine compound, subporphyrin compound and subporphyrazine compound. The subphthalocyanine compound is boron subphthalocyanine halide, preferably boron subphthalocyanine chloride. Preferred Compound: The subphthalocyanine compound is of formula (1). The subporphyrin compound is of formula (2). The subporphyrazine compound is of formula (3).R1-R12=electron donating or electron withdrawing groups chosen from H, straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl, halide, thioalkyl, thioaryl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsufonyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, hydroxy, alkoxy, acylamino, acyloxy, phenyl, carboxy, carboxoamido, carboalkoxy, acyl, sulfonyl, cyano and nitro, where any of R1-R12 can be portion of a fused aliphatic or aromatic ring;M=boron, divalent metal or trivalent metal;X=anionic group;Z=N, CH, CR16;andR16=same as R1.The heterojunction is a double heterostructure, a bulk heterojunction or a planar heterojunction. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R12=group chosen from SC8H17, SC6H5, SO2C6H5 and SO2C8H17;    M=group chosen from boron, beryllium, magnesium, aluminum and gallium;    X=group chosen from halide, alkoxy, phenoxy, hydroxy, aryl, phenyl, and OCOCR13R14R15;and    R13-R15=same as R1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The p-doped microcrystalline diamond layer is doped with boron, aluminum, gallium or indium. The n-doped ultra-nanocrystalline diamond layer is doped with nitrogen, phosphorus, antimony or sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder metal plating is selected from tin, tin alloy, lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel, tough pitch copper, hypoxia copper, anoxia copper, phosphorus deoxidation copper or highly purified copper having purity of 99.3333% or more. The flat conductor is chosen from group consisting of copper, aluminum, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The automatic performance evaluation apparatus of photocatalyst material further has solenoid valve connected with unit to induce low concentration toxic standard gas containing moisture, a pressure reduction valve, a low-speed mass controller and a water trap. The photocatalytic reaction device is photocatalytic reaction device having irradiation installation by light source. The operation of solenoid valve is controlled with personal computer. The units of the automatic evaluation apparatus of photocatalyst material other than personal computer, is installed in constant temperature region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound vapor deposition layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer contains acrylpolyol, isocyanate and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The laminated film has plastic film formed on both surfaces of base material through adhesive layer. The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film which is a hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube-containing structure further contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate unit, polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, polymerization initiator, high molecular compound and solvent. EXAMPLE - 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid (100 mmol), aqueous solution of triethylamine (4 mol/L), and ammonium peroxodisulfate (100 mmol) were added and stirred at 25degrees C for 12 hours to obtain reaction product. The obtained reaction product was filtered, washed, and dried to obtain polymer powder (15 g). Then, carbon nanotube (0.1 mass parts) and Fine sphere E-102 (RTM: acrylic-resin-particles) (5 mass parts), and water (100 mass parts) were added and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain carbon nanotube containing composition. The carbon nanotube-containing structure had excellent electroconductivity, film formability, moldability, transparency, water resistance, weather resistance, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, abrasion resistance and hardness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The fiber is organic fiber and synthetic fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The fiber is thermoplastic resin and/or thermosetting resin. The fiber is aromatic polyamide fiber and/or polyallylate type-fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The warp structure comprises phosphorus doped silicon. The weft structure comprises boron doped silion and copper. The lower side of the solar panel comprises plastic or rubber coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: The non-metal fluoride is sulfur hexafluoride or nitrogen trifluoride. Two process chambers are used, one of which is cleaned while the other is in operation. The apparatus includes replacements for each of the burners, to which the process chamber can be connected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal hydride comprises lanthanum nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The outer side of the adhesive strip consists of polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, fluorine resin, silicone resin, polyphenylsulphide resin, silicone rubber or polyetherimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Plastic: Polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rare earth element is Y, La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Tm, Er, Lu and/or Sm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The characteristics of the solar cell element is measured in accordance with JISC8913 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer of the solar cell element is made of oxide or nitride. The reflection layer of solar cell component is made of silver and the conductive layer is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gel: The gel has a potassium chloride concentration of at least 0.01 M and a ratio of GUO:GMP is 0.25 (preferably 0.2, especially 0.08). EXAMPLE - Solutions of guanosine and guanosine 5'-monophosphate with the molar ratio of 0.025:0.1 were added in buffer (25 mM, pH 7.2). The potassium chloride (0.05 M) was added and then refrigerated as liquids overnight. The liquids were evaluated for thermoassociative properties at low temperature (5degrees C) and room temperature (25degrees C) across a cation concentration. The results showed that the gel was occurred on increased temperature and was enhanced at higher concentrations of monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glue spots are made of material or a combination of materials selected from the group of silicone with ultraviolet catalyst and polyurethane. The resin is mode of a material or a combination of materials selected from the group of: cured resin type 0E9500, cured resin type CE100-7 and cured resin type NT620.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The irradiation process and heating process are carried out simultaneously or in steps. The precursor solution containing fluorine and tin is converted into stannic oxide. Preferred Condition: The irradiation processes are carried out at 25degrees C. The heating process is carried out at 25-600degrees C. Preferred Components: The precursor solution containing fluorine and tin is solution containing organotin compound having fluorine. The organotin compound is (beta )-diketonate, organic acid salt or alkoxide. The precursor solution is solution containing mixture of fluorine compound and organotin compound. The ultraviolet light is pulse-laser light or lamp light having wavelength of 400 nm or less. EXAMPLE - Tin(II)hexafluoro pentadionate solution was coated on silicon substrate, irradiated using argon-fluorine excimer laser, and heated at 250degrees C for 5 minutes, and again irradiated to obtain transparent electrically conductive film. The obtained film had excellent electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The semi transparent substrate comprised at least one of silicone, silicone resin, reinforced silicone, reinforced silicone resin, high temperature polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The band gap layer is formed using hydrogen-, chlorine-, and fluorine-containing gases. The band gap layer including SixCy is formed by adding methane (CH4) or another carbon-containing gas. The band gap layer including SixNy is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or ammonia (NH3). The band gap layer including SixOyN2 is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2). The first doped layer, band gap layer, and second doped layer are formed by adding H2, thereby reducing a split-atomic-bond occurrence in films forming layers of the device. The n-type layer is formed, using substantially hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition, by using a primary gas mixture including silane (SiH4), where primary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 20-150 sccm, and a secondary gas mixture, including about 5% PH3 and 95% H2, where secondary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 1-5 sccm, while substrate is heated to a temperature of 150-300degrees C at a pressure of 30-600 mT using a filament current of 30-100 A and a deposition time of 300-600 seconds. The chemical composition of graded band gap layer is smoothly transitioning in sequence of SixGe1-x, Si, SixCy, SixNy, SixOyN2, in a light direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The metal component is an iron-group element such as iron, cobalt or nickel. Preferred Property: The solution concentration of the metal component is 0.01-0.2 mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal sheet is made of aluminum. The surface layer of the metal sheet is made of the silver, copper, nickel, and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrical insulation layer contains thermosetting resin in semi-hardened state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound vapor deposited layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The product of self bias value and plasma density of the processing surface after performing low temperature plasma processing at 100-1000 V.second.m-2, is 200-2000V. Plastic films (11,12) are laminated on the front and reverse surface of the base material through adhesive layers (40,41). The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film, preferably hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate film contains polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate composition containing 0.05-30 wt.% of ultraviolet absorber. Preferred Absorber: The ultraviolet absorber is cyclic imino ester of formula (1 or 2).X1=bivalent aromatic residue having two bonds;X2=1, 2 or trivalent aromatic residue, where at least one of X1 and X2 is naphthalene residue;n=1, 2 or 3;A=monovalent hydrocarbon residue-containing group of formula (A or B);R1,R2=monovalent hydrocarbon residue;andX3=naphthalene ring residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An electrophotographic photoreceptor (1) has a photoreceptor layer (11) containing binder resin and triarylamine derivative (as charge-transport agent), provided on an electroconductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Diarylamine derivative of formula (1) is coupled with halogenated-aryl derivative of formula (2), to obtain triarylamine derivative of formula (I).R1-R9=same as defined above;andX1=halogen atom. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Triarylamine derivative such as compounds of formulae (A-E), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (4-((E)-2-pyren-1-yl-vinyl)-phenyl)-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-amine (in g) (11), 2-(di-cyclohexyl phosphino)biphenyl (22 mg), trisdi-benzylidene acetone dipalladium (28.8 mg), t-butoxy sodium (1.81), chloro benzene (2.83) and o-xylene (150 ml) were stirred under argon atmosphere at 120degrees C for 3 hours in a flask, and cooled to room temperature. An organic layer was separated and washed with water, and dried. The resulting residue was subjected to column chromatography and purified, to obtain triarylamine derivative (9.88) of formula (A) with a yield of 76.6%. A monolayer-type photosensitive layer of electrophotographic photoreceptor was formed using the obtained triarylamine derivative. The obtained monolayer-type photosensitive layer had thickness of 25 microns, and provides electrophotographic photoreceptor with excellent electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The paste is made of ethylcellulose resin soluble in a terpineol type solvent. The oxide in the oxide layer is silicon oxide with base of hydroxypropylcellulose resin soluble in propylene glycol type solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles of the layer of metal catalyst particle supported carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of platinum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum, selenium, tin, ruthenium, palladium, tungsten, iridium, osmium, rhodium, niobium, tantalum, lead, bismuth, platinum or platinum containing alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antenna layer comprises anthracene, 9,10-dicholoroanthracene, or 9,10-dipenylanthracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The period IV transition metal phosphide is nickel phosphide and/or cobalt phosphide. The catalyst comprises noble metal, and is chosen from non-precious metal carbide, non-precious metal nitride, non-precious metal carbonitride, and non-precious metal chalcogenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Source: The aluminum source is aluminum triisopropoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The porous ceramic contains aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cordierite, and/or mullite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: When the cross-sectional area of the honeycomb structure is 100%, the area of cell in which sealing portion is not formed is 1-10%. When the cross-sectional shape of the cell is a square, the cell in which the sealing portion is not formed is located for every two cells in the diagonal direction of each related cell. Several components are joined to the partition through an adhesive layer. The honeycomb structure has an outer peripheral material layer (5) of thickness 0.5 mm or more provided on the outer peripheral surface in the circumferential direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat cycle test of the solar cell module is performed in accordance with JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photopolymerizable base of the organic thin film contains a vinyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The light emitting layer contains single luminescent material. The amount of luminescent material forming light emitting layer in hole transport layer is 5-50 wt.%. The hole transport layer contains high molecular compound (30 wt.% or more) having weight average molecular weight of 20000 or more. The hole transport layer further contains heat and/or photosetting material. The hole transport material has heat and/or photocurable functional group. The organic electroluminescent element has a positive hole injection layer (3) provided between anode and hole transport layer. Preferred Material: The hole transport material contains aromatic compound of formula: -(Ar1-N(-Ar2)-Ar3)n-(Ar4)m-.Ar1-Ar4=4-60C (un)substituted heterocyclic group containing conjugate bond or 6-60C substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group containing conjugate bond;n,m=0-10000;andm+n=1-20000.Preferred Property: The average value of difference of solubility parameter (SA) of light emitting layer host material or luminescent material in light emitting layer and solubility parameter (SB) of material other than light emitting layer host material or luminescent material in hole transport layer is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The reflection preventing film has minimum reflectance value at wavelength of 400-800 nm. Preferred Process: The reflection prevention layer is coated before crystal orientation of polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate film, and is dried, extended and heat processed. EXAMPLE - Methyl methacrylate (64 mol.%), ethyl acrylate (24 mol.%), N-methylol acrylamide (5 mol.%) and 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (7 mol.%) were mixed to obtain acrylic resin (in wt.pts) (64) having glass transition temperature of 42degrees C, copolymer (26) of methyl methacrylate (40 mol.%) and 2-isopropenyl oxazoline (60 mol.%) and polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (10) were mixed to obtain reflection prevention layer coating agent. Manganese acetate (0.03), dimethyl-naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate (100) and ethylene glycol (60) were mixed and transesterified at 150-238degrees C. Then, antimony trioxide (0.024) and trimethyl phosphate (0.023) were added to the resulting solution and heated at 135degrees C, and polymerized to obtain polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate. The obtained polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate was extruded at 170degrees C and extended to obtain polyester film. Then, obtained reflection prevention layer coating agent was coated on polyester film, heated and extended to obtain reflection preventing film. The obtained film had light transmittance of 89.6% and excellent reflection prevention property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The black ceramic layer is formed by screen-printing ink formed by mixing glass component and pigment component with solvent, and baking. The glass component contains bismuth oxide, diboron trioxide, and/or siliceous sand.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pigment component contains manganese dioxide and chromium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is terpene group solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fluorene repeating unit of formula (I) and phenoxazine repeating unit of formula (II), is of formula (IV) and (V).R7,R8=same as R1;R9-R12=same as R3;ande-h=same as a, preferably 0.The bivalent fused polycyclic hydrocarbon group-containing repeating unit of formula (III) is of formula (VI), preferably of formula (VII).Ar6=arylene or bivalent heterocyclic group of formula (XIV), and (VIII), preferably of formula (IX and XIII);R13-R16,R21,R24-R26=same as R3;l,j=0-4;k,l=0-5;R17-R20=same as R1;m=0-8;andp-r=0-4. Preferred Definitions:    Ar7,Ar8=bivalent group of formula (XI);    R23=same as R3;and    o=0-2.    EXAMPLE - Dichloromethane (55 ml), N-octyl phenoxazine (in g) (15), 1,3-dibromo-5-5-dimethylhydantoin (15.1) and N,N-dimethylformamide (15.8 ml) were added and stirred at room temperature for 6 hour, to obtain 3,7-dibromo-N-octyl phenoxazine (16.6). 2,7-bis-(1,3,2-dioxa-borolan-2-yl)-9,9-dioctyl fluorene (1.59), 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctyl fluorene (1.24), 3,7-dibromo-N-octyl phenoxazine (0.20), N,N'-bis-(4-bromophenyl)-N,N'-di-p-tolyl anthracene-9,10-diamine (0.21), palladium acetate (2.6 mg), tri(2-methyl phenyl) phosphine (22.9 mg) and toluene (42 ml) were mixed, heated at 105degrees C and refluxed for 4 hours. Then, phenyl boric acid (42 mg) was added to the reaction mixture and refluxed for 1 hour. Subsequently, aqueous solution of diethyl dithia carbamic-acid sodium (20 ml) was added, stirred at 80degrees C for 2 hours, cooled and purified using alumina column and silica gel column, to obtain high molecular compound (2.23) having fluorene repeating unit of formula (A), a phenoxazine repeating unit of formula (B) and a bivalent fused polycyclic hydrocarbon group-containing repeating unit of formula (C). The high molecular compound had polystyrene conversion number average molecular weight of 8.9x 104 and polystyrene weight average molecular weight of 1.9x 105.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer on the photoelectric conversion element consists of an alloy containing titanium, tantalum and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-conductive inorganic material has silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer binder is carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cells comprise active layers containing organic compound, polymeric organic compound or conjugated polymeric organic compound (preferably polythiophene organic compound).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon allotropes are selected from carbon nanotubes, bucky balls, and/or carbon onions (preferably carbon nanotubes). The metal is selected from copper, aluminum, nickel, iron, and/or their alloys. The conductive ceramic is selected from alumina, zirconia, carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, and their composites. The dielectric material is selected from barium titanate (BaTiO3), lead zirconate titanate (PZT), tantalum oxide (Ta2O3), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), lead zirconate (PbZrO3), lead titanate (PbTiO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), barium oxide (BaO), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulfate (Mg2SO4), fused silica glass, soda lime silica glass, high lead glass, graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, metal matrix composite, reverse metal matrix composite, bismuth tin (BiSb), lead telluride (PbTe), silicon germanium (SiGe), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), zinc antimonide (Zn4Sb3), lanthanum telluride (La2Te3), and/or polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer is selected from natural rubbers, polyisoprenes, urethane rubbers, polyester rubbers, chloroprene rubbers, epichlorhydrin rubbers, silicone rubbers, styrene-butadiene-styrene block co-polymers, styrene-isoprene-styrene block co-polymers, styrene-ethylene butylenes-styrene co-polymers, butyl rubbers, phosphazine rubbers, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyethyleneoxides, polypropyleneoxides, polystyrenes, vinylchlorides, ethylene-ethylacetate copolymers, 1,2-polybutadiene, 1,4-polybutadiene, epoxy resins, phenol resins, cyclic polybutadienes, cyclic polyisoprenes, polytetrafluoroethylenes, and/or polymethylmethacrylates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The functional group of acrylic resin further comprises isocyanate compound more than bifunction. The fluorine-resin film base material comprises resin composition having fluorine resin and acrylic resin, and which are polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, poly tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer or tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer. Preferred Composition: The compounding ratio of fluorine resin and acrylic resin are different. The compounding ratio of acrylic resin is 99-50 wt.% and compounding ratio of fluorine resin is 1-50 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Polyvinylidene fluoride and polymethyl methacrylate type acrylic resin were mixed and used as the fluorine resin film base material. Then, polyethylene-terephthalate film having thickness of 50 microns, was subjected to annealing treatment and used as the polyester film base material. Then, polyester polyol, isophorone-diisocyanate and xylylene diisocyanate were mixed to obtain polyurethane adhesive. Then, (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrylate (meth)acrylic acid hydroxyethyl, isophorone-diisocyanate and xylylene diisocyanate were mixed to obtain acrylic resin coating agent. Then, obtained acrylic resin coating agent was coated on fluorine resin film base material to obtain acrylic resin coat layer. Then, obtained polyurethane adhesive was formed on the acrylic resin coat layer. Then, polyester film base material and fluorine resin film base material were bonded and aged at 60degrees C for 5 days, and laminated to obtain sheet. Solar cell module was formed using the obtained sheet. The obtained solar cell module had excellent weather resistance, and maintained electric output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: A zinc oxide composite material contain zinc oxide particles and zinc-containing thin film. Preferred Processes: The needle shape is obtained by controlling the precipitation of zinc oxide crystals from zinc-containing solution. Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide composite material has high surface area. The precipitation of zinc oxide crystal is controlled by controlling the degree of supersaturation. The precipitation of anisotropic crystal of zinc oxide is controlled by controlling the high degree of supersaturation. The crystal growth of zinc oxide crystal is suppressed by decreasing the degree of supersaturation. The precipitation of zinc-containing thin film is controlled by low degree of supersaturation. EXAMPLE - Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (15 mM) was dissolved in distilled water at 60degrees C. Then, ethylene diamine (15 mM) was added and a glass substrate was immersed into the solution at 60degrees C for 80 minutes. The zinc oxide particles are slowly deposited on substrate. The zinc oxide particle had excellent electroconductivity and high surface area. The sensor containing zinc oxide particle had excellent mechanical strength, low heat resistance, and manufactured economically.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The chlorine-containing gas is gaseous chlorine or silicon tetrachloride. The ratio of chlorine-containing gas and water vapor is 1:3. Preferred Salt: The fused salt is silicon dioxide and/or calcium oxide, and calcium fluoride (1-20 wt.%). The weight ratio of silicon dioxide in the fused salt is 35-75 wt.%. Preferred Process: The fused salt is added to fused silicon during preparation of mixture. Silicon is melted by heating with an induction-heating electric furnace. The metallic elements are removed by solidifying-segregation phenomenon. Silicon existing in the mixture after purification is separated. Before melting, silicon is washed using an acid. Preferred Property: The purified silicon has a boron concentration of 4 ppm or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, and an adaption concentration of 0.1-0.3 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The biofuel cell anode and cathode comprises catalyst, preferably biocatalyst, biofuel cell current collector, and self-assembled monolayer where the catalyst is deposited. The battery stack and biofuel cell are deposited on different sides of the substrate or are mutually stacked on top of each other. The substrate is provided with electrically insulating layer(s) separating the substrate and biofuel cell. The electrochemical energy source comprises protective packaging at least partially covering the battery stack and/or biofuel cell, and electron conductive barrier layer(s) between substrate and battery stack. The protective packaging is made of electrically insulating layer. The barrier layer precludes diffusion of active species of battery stack into the substrate. A part of cavities form pillars, trenches, slits, or holes. The electrochemical energy source and electronic device form system in package.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery anode and cathode store hydrogen, lithium, beryllium, magnesium, copper, silver, sodium, and potassium. The battery anode and cathode are made of carbon, tin, germanium, lead, zinc, bismuth, lithium, antimony, or preferably doped silicon. The current collector is made of aluminum, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, tantalum, titanium, titanium nitride, or tantalum nitride. The barrier layer is made of tantalum (nitride), or titanium (nitride). The substrate is made of carbon, silicon, tin, titanium, germanium, aluminum, copper, tantalum, or lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer of element consists of antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), boron (B), gallium (Ga) or aluminum (Al) impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The Group IB material includes copper and the first Group IIIA material includes gallium or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal contact structure comprises two metal seed layers each containing at least one metal selected from a group consisting of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), titanium nitride (TiN), titanium tungsten (TiW), tantalum (Ta), tantalum nitride (TaN), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), aluminum (Al) and ruthenium (Ru).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of chlorine and indium is adjusted to 0-0.68. The substance containing chlorine is sodium chloride and/or electrolytic tailing solution of indium. The reducing agent is metallic zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon nanotube is single walled carbon nanotube. Preferred Particles: The photosensitive nanoparticles comprise quantum dot, nanorod, nanobipod, nanotripod, nanomultipod or nanowire, preferably quantum dot. The photosensitive nanoparticles consists of alloy of cadmium-selenium, zinc-selenium, lead-selenium, indium-phosphorus, silicon-germanium, cadmium-tellurium, cadmium-mercury-tellurium, group II-VI material, group II-IV material, group III-V material, lead sulfide, zinc sulfide, silicon or germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The hole conducting polymer is poly-3-hexyl thiophene, poly-3-octyl thiophene, poly (2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl hexyloxy)-1,4- phenylene vinylene) or polyethylene thioxy thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The polyacene group structural unit has structure of formulae (a-g).n=1-100. EXAMPLE - Bell fine APF15001 (RTM: polyacene type material) (4 g) and fuming sulfuric acid (62.8 g) were added to Erlenmeyer flask and heated. Then, ice (200 g) and pure water (100 ml) were added, stirred and centrifuged for 15 minutes, to obtain precipitate. The precipitate was washed with pure water and centrifuged. The process was repeated 5 times, until the pH of supernatant liquid became neutral. Then, the obtained precipitate was dried at 100degrees C to obtain sulfonated polyacene (electrolyte for fuel cell) having sulfonic-acid group introduction rate of 0.160plus minus 0.003 meq/g. Sulfonated polyacene (50 mg) was mixed with polyvinylidene fluoride (50 mg). Then, dimethylformamide (0.355 g) was added, to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was supplied to polytetrafluoroethylene mold, dried and molded with a press at 80degrees C, to obtain pellet having thickness of 0.652 mm. The pellet was made into a disc-shaped product. The obtained product had conductivity of 1.89 mS/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The synthetic resin is polyolefin, silicone resin, epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyamide resin, polyimide resin, polyether ketone resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, urethane resin, phenol resin and/or polyether sulfone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The water-soluble phase transition substance is mineral salt hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The microcapsulation agent is monomer or pre-polymer of urethane of water hardening type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The silicon compound (a) is bis-hydroxy alkylsilane of formula: HORx-(Si(Ry)2-O)n-Si(Ry)2-Rx-OH.Rx=bivalent organic group;Ry=-H, -CH3, -C6H5, -O-CO-CH=CH2, -O-CO-C(CH3)=CH2, -OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2CH2CH3;andn=positive integer.The perfluoropolyether compound (b) is bis-hydroxy perfluoropolyether compound of formula: HO-CH2CF2-O-(CF2CF2O)p-(CF2O)q-CF2CH2OH, where p and q are positive integers. The isocyanate (c) is diisocyanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyurethane-random copolymer is obtained by carrying out random polymerization of silicon compound (a) having hydroxyl group in both terminal, perfluoropolyether compound (b) having hydroxyl group in both terminal, and isocyanate (c), and then reacting photopolymerizable functional group-containing compound (d). The compound (d) is isocyanate alkyl (meth)acrylate having (meth)acryloyl group, preferably (meth)acrylate-type compound having (meth)acryloyl group. The resin composition further contains a photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor compounds are fed into the reaction vessel through an associated inlet tube. Each inlet tube is a portion of an arrangement of concentric tubes. The reaction vessel is operated at 400-1000degrees C, preferably 600-950degrees C. Preferred Compounds: The oxygen compound is water. The nitrogen compound is ammonia. The gaseous titanium compound is titanium halide. Preferred Particles: The nitrogen-doped titanium oxide nanoparticles have specific surface area of 55-96 m2/g, and comprises hollow crystallites. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The gaseous titanium compound is titanium tetrachloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc salt is zinc chloride, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc phosphate, zinc acetate, zinc borate, zinc bromide, zinc carbonate or zinc stearate. Preferred Compositions: The volume ratio of HNO3, H3PO4 and water (H2O) in HNO3-H3PO4-H2O mixture etchant solution is 1-5:50-59:5-50. The volume ratio of Br2 and methanol is 0.01-2: 100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate comprises single crystal silicon, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, Group II/VI or Group III/V materials. The support substrate comprises glass or quartz. The support substrate comprises an organic material, a metal material, a dielectric material or a semiconductor material. The passivation material comprises oxygen, fluorine, bromine, carbon species and hydrogen species. The bottom region of photovoltaic material in the partially-processed semiconductor substrate, comprises boron doping, phosphorus doping or arsenic doping.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The support substrate comprises metallurgical-grade polysilicon or alloy-grade polysilicon. The support layer of partially-processed semiconductor substrate, comprises metallurgical-grade polysilicon material or alloy-grade polysilicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composite: The composite comprises nanofibrils, and has pores having a pore size of 1 mu m or less, or 1 mu m or more. The carbon nanotubes are multi-walled.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of the polymer coating varies along the length of each carbon nanotube and is l nm or more, preferably l-500 nm, more preferably 10-100 nm. Preferred Polymer: The polymer is a conducting polymer preferably poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene), or non-conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is an ionic liquid. The ionic liquid is at least one liquid chosen from quaternary ammonium salt, imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt, piperidinium salt and pyrrolidinium salt. Preferred Compound: The polyvalent onium salt compound is at least salt chosen from compound of formulae (I-III).R1-R7=alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aryl or hydroxyaryl in which one or whole portion of R1-R3 and R4 and R5 is optionally bonded with each other to form a ring optionally having nitrogen atom, and optionally having unsaturated bond and/or substituent;X=anion;Q=nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom;Y1-Y3=hydrocarbon group optionally containing hetero atom;m=2 or more;n=1 or more;ring A=5 or 6 membered aromatic ring formed using nitrogen atom, oxygen atom or sulfur atom;andp=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The amount of lamellar clay mineral and/or organically modified lamellar clay mineral, and polyvalent onium salt compound is each 1-60 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of the electrolyte solution. Preferred Element: A photoelectric transducer element comprises a photoelectrode (4) containing a transparent conductive film and metal oxide semiconductor porous film, a counter electrode (5) arranged facing the photoelectrode, and the gel-like or solid electrolyte interposed between the two electrodes. A dye-sensitized solar cell comprises a photoelectric transducer element and a photosensitizing dye supported on the metal oxide semiconductor porous film of the photoelectric transducer element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer includes silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inorganic semiconductor particles in the layer are formed by heating the precursor component at greater than 50degrees C. The inorganic semiconductor particles in the layer are formed by irradiating the precursor component with an energy of greater than 1 eV. Preferred Components: The inorganic semiconductor contains a photo active layer. The magnitude of the layer containing inorganic semiconductor particles is 0.5-500 nm. The inorganic semiconductor particles are sulfide, selenium or telluride. The inorganic semiconductor particles are semiconductor elements. The inorganic semiconductor particles are carbide, phosphide, nitride, antimonide or arsenide, or oxides. The organic semiconductor matrix is at least a semiconductor polymer is formed used. The semiconductor organic matrix is a low-molecular organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The building element is a photovoltaic cell, preferably a hybrid photovoltaic cell. The active element is a photo detector.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor polymer is polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrrol and its derivative. The low-molecular organic compound is phthalocyanine or perylene. EXAMPLE - Zinc acetate, copper, indium trichloride, thioacetamide and poly(p-xylene tetrahydrothiopheniumchloride)-precursor were dissolved in a solvent mixture such as pyridine, water and ethanol and/or complexed to form a layer. The layer was heated to form a zinc sulfide-copper indium sulfide mixed crystals in a polyphenylene vinylene-polymer matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in the presence of another catalyst (e.g. Keggin heteropolyacids, phosphomolybdic acid, silicomolybdic acid, platinum, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium oxide supported on titania, vanadium oxide supported on titania on which titanium sulfate is trapped or on iron molybdate) in a fixed bed reactor containing the catalyst, at 10-400degrees C, preferably 200-300degrees C, 50-1000 kPa, preferably 100-500 kPa and at 2000-100000 h-1, preferably 11000-44000 h-1 to give an effluent methylal and water. The process further comprises: distillation of the effluent using boiler to remove light gas like methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or oxygen; extracting methane and is recycled to the oxidation reactor; replacing air with a mixture of oxygen-alkane or -cyclopentane e.g. oxygen-methane mixture; and recycling the obtained methane, carbon monoxide etc. to the oxidation reactor. Preferred Components: The gas containing molecular oxygen is air and/or oxygen enriched air. (A) is methane (preferred), ethane or propane. The inert diluent gas is used jointly with at least another inert diluent gas e.g. nitrogen, noble gases (e.g. helium or argon) or water vapor. The inert diluent gas is used at 40-90 vol.%. The molar ratio of oxygen to the lower alcohol is 0.5:6-3:1, preferably 0.5:3-2:1. The lower alcohol is used at 1-60%, preferably 3-50%. EXAMPLE - A gas composition of helium (84 mol.%), oxygen (8.5 mol.%) and methanol (7.5 mol.%) under a volume space velocity of 22000 ml/h-1g-1 was reacted in the presence of a catalyst (0.15 g) described in WO2007034264 at 350degrees C for 1.3 hours to give methylal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The insulating unit can be made of silica gel, or non-conductive ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode is made of platinum, graphite, or carbon nanotube. Preferred Components: The electrolytic solution comprises 0.5-5% fluoride, preferably hydrofluoric acid, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, and/or ammonium fluoride; and 5-30% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium sulfate, chromic acid, or acid solutions (preferably sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The titanium alloy is an alloy of Ti-6Al-4V.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating unit is made of plastic, rubber, or polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The screw shaft is manufactured by ferritic stainless steel in accordance with SUS430, SUS434, or SUS405 standards. The screw shaft is manufactured by martensitic stainless steel in accordance with SUS403, SUS410, or SUS431 standards. The screw shaft is manufactured by austenitic stainless steel in accordance with SUS201, SUS301, or SUS305 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Particles of anatase-type titanium dioxide is suspended in potassium permanganate solution, mixed solution of potassium permanganate and oxalic acid titanic acid ammonium, or mixed solution of oxalic acid, titanyl sulfate and potassium permanganate. Hydrothermal pressurization of the suspension solution is carried out at 180-210degrees C and 10-20 atmospheres, after adjusting the mixed solution to weakly acidic property, and compound-light catalyst particles are obtained. A compound-light catalyst film (3) is formed at surface of boehmite film (2) using compound-light catalyst particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The corrosion resistant metal wire material is a wire consisting of titanium. The electroconductive catalyst material film consists of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The carbon monoxide (CO) removal catalyst has methanol durable catalyst part; CO selective-oxidation catalyst part; and methanation catalyst part which carries out methanation of methanol durable catalyst part, CO selective-oxidation catalyst part, and CO. Preferred Materials: The methanol durable CO removal catalyst is a catalyst having ruthenium (Ru). The CO selective-oxidation catalyst part has catalyst comprised of platinum. The methanation catalyst part has catalyst comprised of Ru. Preferred Properties: A support which carries Ru has pore volume distribution with diameter peak of a pore of greater than or equal to 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system has moisture content removal part which removes remainder moisture content between the DME reformer and the fuel cell; and temperature measurement part which measures a temperature distribution of the DME reformer, or CO measurement part which measures CO concentration at an exit of the DME reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The support is comprised of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of triaryl isocyanurate and trimethylol-propane tri(meth)acrylate contained in sealing film is 10:90-90:10. The content of triaryl isocyanurate and trimethylol-propane tri(meth)acrylate with respect to ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are 0.1-10 mass% and 0.01-4 mass%, respectively. The content of organic peroxide and crosslinking support agent with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer are 0.1-5 mass parts and 0.1-10 mass parts, respectively. The sealing film further contains dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone type ultraviolet absorber and silane coupling agent. The content of vinyl-acetate unit contain with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is 10-36 mass%.Preferred Compounds: The organic peroxide (organic-forming oxide) is dialkyl peroxide of formula (1), peroxy ester of formula (2) and/or peroxy ketal of formula (3)R1=1-3C alkyl group;R2=ethylene, ethynylene group or phenylene group;R3=3-5C branched alkyl group or phenyl group;R4=3-5C branched alkyl group;R5=6-9C branched alkyl group;R6=3-8C branched alkyl group;andR7,R8=1-8C linear or branched alkyl group, where R7 and R8 optionally combine and form a ring. Preferred Definitions:    R1=methyl group;    R2=ethylene;    R3,R4=t-butyl group;    R5=2-ethylhexyl group;    R6=t-hexyl group;and    R7,R8=3,3.5-tri methyl cyclohexyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is (sulfonated) styrene; alpha-methyl styrene; methyl acrylonitrile; alpha , beta , beta -trifluorostyrene; ~-methyl sulfonated styrene; methyl methacrylate, vinylpyrrolidone, and/or perfluorostyrene. The ion liquid is 1, 2, 3 triazole derivative with replaceable X, benimidazole derivative with replaceable X, or formula (III). The emulsifier is polymerizable ion liquid emulsifier of formula (II).X=Br, HSO4, CF3SO3 or N(SO2CF3)2;R=H or CH3;Y=Br, BF4, HSO4, PF6 or CF3SO3;m=6-18;andn=0-3.Preferred Method: The micro-emulsion polymerization adopts thermal initiation, ultraviolet light initiation or gamma ray initiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic substrate is lead, copper, silver, cadmium metal pieces, or a layer of lead, copper, silver or cadmium plated on a semiconductor, glass material. Preferred Method: The layer of lead, copper, silver or cadmium is plated on the semiconductor, glass material which is a semiconductor material using a method of plating, iron spatter, gas phase aggradation, or silver mirror reaction. A metallic film and the glass material are plated with a metal film through the silver mirror reaction. The chemical method has a warming speed of 1-2degrees /minute. The metal and the simple iodine liquor react under the temperature of 60-160degrees . The temperature operating method comprises first putting the reaction kettle in a drying cabinet, and then turning on the electricity of the drying cabinet. The temperature is gradually warmed up to a given value. The drying cabinet is warmed to a given value for putting into the reaction kettle. After reaction, an electrical source is closed to let the reaction kettle to cool to room temperature in the drying cabinet, the reaction kettle is taken out from the drying cabinet, and air is put to cool to the room temperature. The color of the product is straw yellow, yellow, orange yellow, or golden yellow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The simple iodine organic liquor includes ethanol, acetone, normal hexane, glycerin, ethylenediamine, di-ethylamine, or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma is enriched with perfluoroethane-dioxide-mixture as an etching gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The separation process is carried out at a temperature greater than the boiling point of zinc chloride which evaporates the silicon-bearing metal phase containing silicon in the solid state. The silicon-bearing metal phase is cooled at 420-600degrees C, the silicon in the solid state is separated, and purified. The trichlorosilane is inserted into a bath containing molten zinc at a flow rate greater than 10-50 kg/minute per m2 of bath surface. The vaporized zinc is condensed and recycled. The purified liquid silicon is solidified using crystal pulling, directional solidification or ribbon growth. Preferred Process: The purification is carried out at a temperature greater than the melting point of silicon under reduced pressure or vacuum to form purified liquid silicon. The separated zinc chloride is subjected to molten salt electrolysis to recover zinc and chloride. EXAMPLE - Metallic zinc (718O g) was heated at 850degrees C in a graphite reactor, and trichlorosilane (3400 g) was introduced at flow rate of 250 g/hour and 0.66 kg/minute per m2 of bath surface. Trichlorosilane was dispersed in liquid zinc and vaporized. The evaporated zinc chloride was condensed in a graphite tube connected to the reactor and was collected in a separate vessel. The unreacted trichlorosilane was collected in a wet scrubber connected to the zinc chloride vessel to obtain zinc-silicon alloy. The obtained alloy containing solid Si was heated at 1500degrees C to evaporate zinc. The silicon was cooled at room temperature to recover silicon in yield of 89%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The palladium catalyst is dichlorobis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium (II). Preferred Definition:    Y1,Y2=halogen atom;    Ar1=optionally substituted arylene of formula (60), preferably at least one group of formulae (2A-2D), or optionally substituted bivalent heterocyclic group of formula (70), preferably at least one group of formulae (2E,1a);and    A1,A2=H, alkyl or aryl.    ring (A,B)=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ring, and at least one ring (A,B) have two bonds;    Rw,Rx=H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl silyl, alkyl amino, aryl, aryloxy, aryl alkyl, aryl alkoxy, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, aryl amino, monovalent heterocyclic group, acyl, substituted carboxyl or cyano;    Rg=H, alkyl or aryl, however two Rg combines to form a ring;    ring (C,D)=aromatic ring optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl silyl, alkyl amino, aryl, aryloxy, aryl alkyl, aryl alkoxy, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, aryl amino, monovalent heterocyclic group, acyl, acyloxy, substituted carboxyl or cyano;    E,Y'=oxygen or sulfur;    Rj,Rk=H, alkyl, alkoxy or aryl;    Ra-Rd=H, alkyl or aryl;and    m,n=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photo detector device comprises transparent electrodes consisting of indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - The precursor composition is printed in a lithographic printing process, a gravure printing process, a flexo printing process, a screen printing process, or a drop on demand printing process. The precursor composition is printed in an ink jet printing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cap or coating comprises silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected silver, palladium, copper, gold, platinum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cap or coating comprises an organic cap or coating. The cap or coating comprises sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate, tetra-n-octyl-ammonium bromide or an alkane thiolate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cap or coating comprises a polymer. The cap or coating comprises an intrinsically conductive polymer, a sulfonated perfluorohydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, or polystyrene/methacrylate. The cap or coating comprises polyvinyl pirolydone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrolyte board is made of aluminum, yttrium and cerium. The catalyst electrode and reference electrode are made of platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The external force is made to act on the catalyst using an oscillation apparatus (30), which vibrates the reaction container, or by using a ventilator (40), which introduces an air flow from buffer space (S1) and/or buffer space (S2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Method: The silver image is formed by exposing and developing a photosensitive material which has silver halide emulsion layer on a support material, reducing silver halide of image portion, depositing silver metal, dissolving and removing silver halide of non-image area (5), depositing silver metal image on physical development nucleus by exposing photosensitive material, developing physical development nucleus layer and silver halide emulsion layer on the support, and carrying out water-washing removal of unnecessary silver halide emulsion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive materials are selected from boron carbide, titanium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier surface is made of elastomeric polymers. The conductive materials are selected from conductive polymers and metal-coated polymers. Core materials are selected from polysaccharides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical etching agent comprises solution comprising diluted or concentrated hydrogen fluoride, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, or mixture of hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid, and acetic acid. The semiconductor substrate is cleaned by immersion in a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide, mixture of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water, or mixture of ammonium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The chemical solution is solution containing nitric acid, solution containing hydrogen peroxide, solution containing sulfuric acid, solution containing hydrochloric acid, solution containing ozone, solution containing acetic acid, solution containing boiling water and/or solution containing ammonium hydride. Preferred Film: The dielectric coating film contains hydrogen and silicon nitride or amorphous silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The groove is embedded with an insulating material containing particles consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and magnesium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The central gas diffusion substrate is a porous conductive carbon structure which is a rigid or non-rigid fibrous or particulate carbon component. It is a metal or graphite substrate with groove(s) in the two faces of the substrate. The first and second catalyst layers are both anode or cathode catalyst layers. The third and fourth catalyst layers are both cathode or anode catalyst layers. The current collector is an array, grid or mesh of conductive metal wires or may be a metal or conductive non-metal foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sensitive component is made of bimetal or shape-memory alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elongated core is made of polybenzamidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystryrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The light irradiation test of dye-sensitized solar cell is done based on JISC 8917 test method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic proton conductor is chosen from phosphoric acid tin, metal phosphate, metal pyrophosphate, phosphoric acid hydrogen cesium, hydrogen-sulfide cesium, heteropolyacid, and selenium acidic-water material cesium. The indium tin oxide/phosphoric acid composite component has amorphous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal oxide is obtained by heat processing the metal hydroxide. Alternately, the metal boride fine powder is formed using boric acid instead of boron oxide. EXAMPLE - Lanthanum-nitrate hexahydrate (La(NO3)36H2O) (in g) (109.6) was dissolved in water, and 7% aqueous ammonia (200) was added, to obtain a precipitate. The obtained precipitate was washed and dried at 150degrees C. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the product confirmed the presence of lanthanum hydroxide. Then, boric oxide (54.5) and carbon black (49) were added to the dried product and mixed in the ball mill. The resulting mixture was heat-processed at 1400degrees C in argon atmosphere for 3 hours. The baked product was again baked in air at 500degrees C for 2 hours, and heat-processed at 1200degrees C in argon atmosphere for 2 hours, to obtain lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) fine particles of 30-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) consists of resin containing inorganic filler. Preferred Content: The content of inorganic filler is 5 or more by aspect ratio. Preferred Property: The length of inorganic filler is 1 microns or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The transparent multilayer sheet has birefringence of 20 nm or less, flexibility having curvature radius of 40 nm or less and average coefficient of linear expansion of 50 ppm/K or less. Preferred Arrangement: Another layer is arranged to both sides of layer (A) and layer (B). The transparent multilayer sheet has conductive thin film and gas barrier layer. A thin-film transistor is formed in the surface of transparent multilayer sheet. Preferred Composition: The layer (A) and layer (B) contains photoresist and/or thermosetting resin. EXAMPLE - Dimethylol tricyclodecane dimethacrylate (in g) (60), colloidal silica solution (300) and Lucirin TPO (RTM: photoinitiator) (0.075) were mixed to obtain layer (A) raw material. KAYARAD.HX-220 (RTM: polyester-type diacrylate) (95), QX-40 (RTM: chain transfer agent) (5), Benzophenone (0.05) and Lucirin TPO (RTM: photoinitiator) (0.05) were mixed to obtain layer (B) raw material. The obtained layer (A) raw material was coated on the glass substrate and heated at 80degreesC for 10 minutes to obtain layer (A) having film thickness of 0.05 mm. The obtained layer (B) raw material was coated on layer (A) and dried to obtain layer (B). The glass surface having layer (A) and layer (B) was irradiated, cured and heat-processed at 190degreesC for 4 hours to obtain transparent multilayer sheet. The obtained transparent multilayer sheet had average coefficient of linear expansion of 45 ppm/K, haze of 2.2%, total light transmittance of 93%, and birefringence of 5 nm. The layer (A) had average coefficient of linear expansion of 40 ppm/K and layer (B) had elasticity modulus of 0.7 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A semiconductor formed between electrode layers, contains polythiophene, polyalkylthiophene, polydihexylterthiophene, polythienylene vinylene or polyfluorene derivative. The semiconductor also contains conjugated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent metal oxide film is silica type glass film. The transparent fine particle is translucent silica, alumina or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water-repellent oil-repellent stain resistance film contains trialkoxy silane derivative containing fluorocarbon group and silanol condensation catalyst, trichloro silane derivative containing fluorocarbon group, and film formation solution. The film formation solution contains organic solvent of ioscyanate derivative containing fluorocarbon, and several compound selected from the group consisting of ketimine compound, organic acid, metal oxide, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The zinc plating layer is formed on inner wall of honeycomb form or lattice-patterned copper pipe or on inner and/or outer surfaces of copper pipe. A concave or wavelike channel is provided on surface of copper board. The copper board may be a wave-type copper board. The copper board is laminated with a gasket and the catalyst provides space layer(s) in which methanol circulates. The catalyst may be installed in a reaction container. EXAMPLE - Copper board was subjected to alkaline degreasing and acid treatment. Zinc electroplating was performed on copper surface at 60degreesC and 30 A/dm2 by using a plating solution containing zinc sulfate (375 g/L), sodium sulfate (70 g/L) and magnesium sulfate (60 g/L) and having a pH of 3.5. A zinc film having a thickness of 10 microns was formed. The zinc-film-coated copper board was washed with water, air dried, and baked at 400degreesC for 2 hours under air. A methanol steam modification catalyst having high hydrogen conversion ration (97%) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the silicon nitride release material powder is less than or equal to5 microns. EXAMPLE - About 100 g silicon nitride release material powder was prepared. Water (170 mL) was added, stirred for 10 minutes, kneaded 3 hours, and stirred for 10 minutes. Results showed that by stirring and kneading, iron contained in the silicon nitride release material powder was reduced significantly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Contacting and separating steps are performed simultaneously, by operating at a temperature above the boiling point of zinc chloride, which evaporates. Cooling of the silicon-bearing metal phase at 420-600degrees C, is carried out before the purification, thus converting part of the silicon present as a solute in the silicon-bearing metal phase that is obtained in the contacting step, to solid state. Contacting is performed by injecting SiCl4 into a bath comprising molten zinc, at a flow rate greater than 10 but less than or equal to 50 kg/minute per square meter of bath surface. Purification is followed by vacuum evaporation. The separated zinc chloride is subjected to molten salt electrolysis, thus recovering zinc and chlorine. The purified liquid silicon is granulated. The granules are fed to a melting furnace; and a single solidification step is applied using crystal pulling, directional solidification, or ribbon growth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon-bearing metal phase obtained in the contacting step, contains part of the silicon in the solid state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Features: Aluminum and gallium are completely contained in the zinc oxide phase and/or in the oxide phase. No aluminum oxide phases or gallium oxide phases are present.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar collector comprises a base layer of beryllium semiconductor, antimony-aluminum semiconductor, gallium semiconductor, germanium semiconductor, iridium semiconductor or indium semiconductor; and another layer of beryllium semiconductor, antimony-aluminum semiconductor, gallium semiconductor, germanium semiconductor, iridium semiconductor or indium semiconductor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of sum total thickness of the layer of biaxially oriented film with respect to the thickness of the seal film is 10% or more. The biaxially oriented film contains 0.02 mass% or less of high temperature volatile substance. A resin layer having weather resistance is further laminated on the surface of the seal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer further has a monomer unit of formula (4): -Ar5-.Ar5=optionally substituted heterocyclic group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or group of formula (4a);R61,R62=same as R21, and R61 and R62 optionally couple and form a ring;Y'6=same as Y'11 and hydrogen atom-containing group of formula (4b,4c or 4d);andR71-R74=same as R21, in which R73 and R74 optionally couple and form a ring. Preferred Definitions:    R11,R12=optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl group or 6-20C aryl group;and    at least one of X81 and X82=iodine atom.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 12 condensed ring compound such as 4,5-di(n-propyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene, 2,7-dibromo-4,5-di(n-pentyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene, 2,7-dibromo-4,5-di(n-heptyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene, 2,7-diphenyl-4,5-di(n-pentyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene and 2,7-diphenyl-4,5-di(n-heptyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene, are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-diiodo-2,2'-bithiophene (in mg) (84), palladium acetate (4.5), 4-octyne (66), N,N-di-cyclohexyl methylamine (117) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2.5 ml) were reacted at 100degreesC in a reaction container. Then, diethyl ether (20 ml) was added to reaction mixture and washed with water, and an organic layer was separated. The separated organic layer was then filtered, and purified to obtain 4,5-di(n-propyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene (46) with yield of 99% or more. The obtained 4,5-di(n-propyl)benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene had excellent solubility (with respect to solvent) and exhibits sufficient charge transport property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film in the optical interface consists of silicon nitride, titanium dioxide (TiO2), niobium oxide (Nb2O3) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The charge collecting layer comprises stainless steel, carbon, graphite, gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium or their oxides. The conductive layer comprises copper, metal oxide, metal alloys gold, platinum, silver or graphite. The protective film comprises polymer film, stainless steel, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium, metal oxides, alloys, polymeric materials, siloxane or ceramic materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The fiber material is carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The fiber layer is partially cured before molding. Removing water and partially curing are carried out together. Preferred Component: The powder resin comprises a phenolic resin. The fiber mat is 40-80 wt.% powder resin before carbonization. Preferred Property: The powder resin has an average particle size of 40-100 microns. The screen has a mesh size smaller than the powder resin's average particle size.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent which adsorbs dye is 1-4C alcohol, 1-6C carbonate, 2-6C ether or 1-4C nitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cis di(isothiocyanate) bis(4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) is obtained by reacting cis dihalogeno bis(4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) with thiocyanate. Preferred Compound: The thiocyanate is ammonium salt of thiocyanic acid. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Dichloro (p-cymene) ruthenium(II) dimer, dibromo (p-cymene) ruthenium(II) dimer and diiodo (p-cymene) ruthenium(II) dimer are disclosed as ruthenium compound.    EXAMPLE - Dichloro (p-cymene) ruthenium(II) dimer (in g) (6.12), 4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine (9.77) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (97.7) were reacted at 117degreesC for 12.5 hours under argon atmosphere and reaction liquid was filtered. The filtered solid was washed with N,N-dimethyl formamide (60), stirred with hydrochloric acid (222) at room temperature for 4 hours and filtered. The filtered solid was washed with water (26) and dried to obtain cis dichloro bis(4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) in yield of 50%. The obtained cis dichloro bis(4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) was used to prepare cis di(isothiocyanate) bis(4,4'-dicarboxy 2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) in yield of 93%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layers, amorphous silicon, layers of metal, are used as sacrificial layer. The additional structures are formed in an aluminum foil in the form of metallic strips.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layers from organic materials are used as sacrificial layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate is doped with phosphorus, boron, arsenic, aluminum and gallium. The semiconductor substrate comprises silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The atmosphere used for oxidation includes connections to control the oxidation or keeping the atmosphere clean particularly from trans-1,2-dichloroethene. The dry oxidation is accomplished using oxygen as oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film is a bi-axially-oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. The primer is poly(vinyl amine).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additional chlorosilanes comprise trichlorosilane and/or silicon tetrachloride. The first vent gas stream comprises trichlorosilane, silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen, hydrogen chloride and silicon powder. The second vent gas stream comprises hydrogen, trichlorosilane, tetrachlorosilane and hydrogen chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The slurry preparation process involves adding binder and solvent with respect to the silicon-nitride particles, and stirring the mixture into viscosity of 300-600 dPa.second. The casting-mold formation method further involves addition processing of silicon particles into the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrically conductive film is made of zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The outer particles shell (tshell) have thickness of 5-20%. The thickness of the outer particles shell (tshell) of the diameter of the inner particles core (dcore) satisfies the relations: tshell=0.05-0.2 dcore and tshell=(dcore+shell-dcore)/2. Preferred Material: The material of outer particles shell comprises atomic layers. Preferred Metals: The inner particles core comprises a base metal, a precious metal and a ceramic material. The base metal is chosen from aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tin, tungsten and rhenium. The precious metal is chosen from ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold. The ceramic material is chosen from inorganic oxides, inorganic nitrides, mixed inorganic oxides, perowskites, spinels, stabilized inorganic oxides and doped inorganic oxides, and comprising alumina, zirconia, titania, tin dioxide, ceria (Ce2O3 and/or CeO2), magnesium-aluminum oxide or cobalt-aluminum oxide (MgAl2O4 or CoAl2O4), complex oxide of yttrium oxide and zirconium oxide (Y2O3-ZrO2), complex oxide of lanthanum oxide-zirconium oxide (La2O3-ZrO2), magnesium oxide/silicon dioxide (MgO/SiO2), calcium oxide/(aluminum oxide/silicon dioxide) (CaO/(Al2O3/SiO2)), cerium and zirconium oxide (Ce/ZrO2), or fluorine-doped tin dioxide (SnO2(F)). The outer particles shell comprises a precious metal chosen from ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, platinum, silver and gold, and an alloy of precious metal with at least one base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid state electro-optic material is made from Lithium niobate and lithium tantalite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The living-organism solubility fiber contains silica (60-95 mass%) and alkali-metal oxide (2 mass% or less). The bonding material further includes inorganic particles and/or colloid-like oxide, and inorganic binder and organic binder. The inorganic particles are silicon carbide. Preferred Properties: The living-organism solubility fiber has average length of 10-600 microns, mean diameter of 0.1-10 microns and heat resistance of 1200degreesC or more. The bonding material has pH of 0.5-10, 4-point bending strength of 100-3000 kPa, compression young's modulus of 5-500 Mpa, heat conductivity of 0.1-10 W/mk, thermal expansion coefficient of 1x10-6-8x10-6/K, thermal capacity of 400-4500 Jm3/K, porosity of 17-70% and density of 0.5-3 g/cm3. The layer formed using the bonding material has thickness of 0.1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The large band gap material comprises at least one rare-earth ion. The small band gap material comprises at least one group selected from Group IV, III-V and/or II-VI semiconductors. The large band gap material is single crystal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first and second reactants are chosen hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, fluorine, helium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sintering is carried out in two-steps, first at 250degrees C and then at 350-650 (preferably 450)degrees C. The environment for sintering is atmosphere. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell stack comprises internal or external reformation type solid oxide fuel cells. The fuel cell system further comprises burner which is thermally integrated with the reformer, high hydrocarbon fuel source, and low hydrocarbon fuel source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactive catalyst comprises nickel. The reformer further comprises rhodium stabilizing catalyst. The nickel amount increases between the leading segment and the trailing segment in a single step or in graded fashion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high hydrocarbon fuel source comprises diesel or jet fuel source. The low hydrocarbon fuel source comprises natural gas, methane, propane, ethanol, or methanol fuel source. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Polycrystalline silicon is produced when silica fine particles are reduced in a furnace in a reactor (11) set to the reaction conditions. The obtained polycrystalline silicon is melted in the reactor and cooled to obtain a solid polycrystalline silicon. Fine particles of polycrystalline silicon are aggregated to obtain particulate polycrystalline silicon with a larger diameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The solvent has surface tension at 20degrees C of 15-30 mN/m. The relative evaporating rate of the solvent is 0.9-6 based on ASTM-D3539. The substance which occludes the honeycomb catalyst is destroyed physically before and/or after performing air blow. The liquid temperature during dispersion of the solvent is 20-60degrees C. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is alcohol and/or ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of the assembly is 0.8 mm or more. The hardness of the assembly is 0.5 MPa or more. The fiber diameter of metal-oxide fiber is 10-1000 nm. Preferred Components: The metal-oxide catalyst contains fibrous metal-oxide precursor obtained by spinning raw-material liquid containing hydrogel to fibrous form. The raw-material liquid further contains high molecular weight compound. The raw-material liquid is spun by electro spinning process. The metal-oxide catalyst supports 0.01-50 wt.% of noble metals with respect to metal-oxide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor metal complex is prepared from metal salt and amine compound. The sulfided metal nanoparticles are chosen from cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, mercury sulfide, lead sulfide, tin sulfide (SnSx), germanium sulfide, gallium sulfide, indium sulfide (InS,In2S3), titanium sulfide, nickel sulfide, iron sulfide (Fe2S3), molybdenum sulfide, palladium sulfide, silver sulfide, platinum sulfide, gold sulfide (AuS, Au2S, Au2S3), thallium sulfide (TlSx), manganese sulfide (MnSx), iron sulfide (FeSx) and/or copper sulfide (CuSx, x is 1-2). The sulfided metal nanoparticles are spherical, coin-shaped, film-form, cord form and/or star-shaped.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thiol compound has functional group chosen from 3-20C alkyl, 6-14C aryl, 7-20C aralkyl and heterocyclic group containing nitrogen, sulfur and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wafer: The semiconductor wafer is a single crystal silicon, compound semiconductor or polycrystalline silicon. Preferred Property: A cured material of the adhesive agent has glass transition temperature of 40degreesC or more and storage elastic modulus of 0.5-10 GPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Bicyclo pentane compound of formula (2a) and unsaturated compound (1b) are reacted in the presence of amine and metal complex catalyst to obtain condensed ring compound of formula (2c)X11,X12,R11,R12=same as defined above;R21,R22=monovalent group;p,q=0-2;Y21,Y22=bivalent group of formula (3a-3i), preferably group of formula (3a);andR31-R34=hydrogen atom or monovalent group, and R33 and R34 optionally combines with each other to form ring.Preferred Component: The amine is trialkyl amine. The metal complex catalyst contains palladium. Preferred Definitions:    R11,R12=1-20C alkyl;and    at least one of X11 and X12=iodine atom.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-diiodo-2,2'-bithiophene (in mg) (84), acetic acid palladium (II) (4.5), 4-octyne (66), N,N-di-cyclohexyl methyl amine (117) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (2.5 mL) were added to reaction container, heated, stirred and reacted at 110degreesC. Diethyl ether was added to reaction solution, and reaction solution was washed with water. Organic layer was dried and filtered, and solvent was distilled off. 4,5-di(n-propyl) benzo(2,1-b:3,4-b') dithiophene was obtained with yield of 99%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolye-type fuel cell has polyelectrolyte membrane arranged between the pair of electrode catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst support is carbon fine particles which supports catalyst fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst consists of polymer obtained by polyelectrolyte polymerizing the precursor of polyelectrolyte. The precursor of polyelectrolyte is a mixture of monomer having proton dissociative functional group in a molecule, and an oligomer or a monomer and oligomer. Preferred Process: The polymerization of precursor of the polyelectrolyte is carried out by heating the surface of catalyst support. EXAMPLE - The precursor solution containing water (45 ml), sodium styrenesulfonate (in g) (10), divinylbenzene (0.1) and ammonium persulfate (0.1) was dried, after fully impregnating the precursor solution into the porous catalyst film which was comprised from platinum fine particles. An electric current was applied so that the surface temperature of platinum fine particles was set to 100degreesC. Then, the precursor solution was immersed into 1M sulfuric acid, and the unreacted precursor was removed, to obtain electrode catalyst layer. Thus polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The first distillation is effected at 110-200degrees C over 5-90 minutes. The second distillation is effected at 100-180degrees C over 2-80 minutes. The starting mixture comprises 40.5-53.9 wt.% water, 40-50 wt.% nitric acid, 0.1-1.5 wt.% nitrous acid, 5-6 wt.% hydrofluoric acid and 1-2 wt.% silicon in the form of hexafluorosilicic acid. The dilute acid has a nitric acid content of less than 40 wt.%. The second distillate is a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids with a nitric acid content of more than 55 wt.% and a silicon content of less than 1 wt.%. The dilute acid is used for prepurification of the polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The sputtering method is a high power pulsed magnetron sputtering method. The oxide layer is applied as a front contact layer of the solar cell. The front contact layer is selected from zinc oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc-tin mixtures and titanium oxide. The oxides are doped with aluminum, gallium, indium, boron, fluorine, antimony and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Element: The anode and cathode are switched by electric potential.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of copper and element (M) in the complex oxide semiconductor is 0.1-10. The complex oxide semiconductor is chosen from copper-bismuth complex oxide (CuBi2O4), copper-nickel complex oxide (CuNi2O3, CuNiO2), copper-silicon complex oxide (CuSiO3), copper-titanium complex oxide (Cu3TiO4), copper-yttrium complex oxide (CuYO2.5), copper-barium complex oxide (CuBa2O3), copper-calcium complex oxide (CuCaO2), copper-lanthanum complex oxide (CuLaO2.5) and copper-magnesium complex oxide (CuMgO2). Preferred Components: Metal salt of precursor of the complex oxide semiconductor is produced by wet method using solution, which dissolved in solvent. A photocatalyst or photoelectrode is formed using the complex oxide semiconductor and alkaline earth metal. The photocatalyst or photoelectrode contains p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solution containing metal chemical species-containing compound or multi-component-system compound, as raw material, is coated on the base material under non-vacuum, and dried, to form a hydroxide or an oxide on the base material surface. Preferred Compounds: The sulfide contains copper, zinc and/or tin, copper, zinc, tin and/or sulfur, or complex of copper-zinc-tin-sulfur compound (Cu2ZnSnS4). The sulfide is an optical absorption layer of copper-zinc-tin-sulfur type thin-film solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer has thickness of 1-5 mu m.
EXAMPLE - Trifluoroacetic acid (487.5 ml) was added to solution obtained by mixing 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzaldehyde (2.5 ml) and pyrrole (200 ml) in nitrogen atmosphere with stirring. The reaction mixture was reacted at 25degreesC for 15 minutes, and cyclic porphyrin type compound of formula (1a) (Ar1= aromatic hydrocarbon group which has electron withdrawing substituent or aromatic heterocyclic group) was obtained.    90 ml of methylene chloride was added and dissolved in obtained compound (1a) (450 mg).    Trifluoroacetic acid (30.6 mul) was added and stirred for 90 minutes under nitrogen stream. p-Chloranil (594 mg) was added and refluxed for 90 minutes. Sodium hydrogencarbonate aqueous solution was added and the reaction was terminated. An organic layer was removed, and washed with pure water. The solvent was removed after drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The methylene chloride/hexane solvent was made to separate by using an alumina column, and compound of formula (2a) was obtained.    The compound of formula (3a) was obtained, after applying the first fraction from the fractions on a silica gel column (eluting solvent: a methylene chloride/hexane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer is made of zinc oxide, indium tin oxide or tin oxide. The solar cell modules comprise photoelectric conversion layer made of silicon semiconductor, compound semiconductor or organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Catalyst: The copper oxide is derived from Escherichia coli.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas further comprises halogen compound, which is iodine. The base material is formed on support containing ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound having alkylene oxy group is of formula (1).R2=(un)substituted alkylene;R3=H or methyl;n=1-30;andm=1-3.When m is 1, R1 is alkoxyl, aryloxy, phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid ester, methacryloyl ethoxy phosphoric acid, acryloyl ethoxy phosphoric acid, acryloyloxy, or methacryloyloxy, when m is 2, R1 is bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon, and when m is 3, R1 is trivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon. The compound having alkylene oxy group is nonaethylene glycoldi(meth)acrylate and/or tetra-ethylene glycoldi(meth)acrylate. Preferred Composition: The content of compound having alkylene oxy group is 0.01-5 mass pts with respect to 100 mass pts of ethylene-(polar monomer)copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene-(polar monomer) copolymer is ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=ethylene, or -CH2CH(CH3)-;and    n=1-16.    When m is 1, R1 is acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The ink comprises a colorant or a fluorescent agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The passivating layer is etched using an aqueous solution of hydrogen fluoride and/or ammonium fluoride. The metal layer is etched using an aqueous solution comprising sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide or phosphoric acid, acetic acid, water and nitric acid (PAWN) etching solution. The aqueous alkali is aqueous potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The metal layer is a layer of copper, titanium-tungsten or aluminum. The substrate is electroplated with copper or tin. Preferred Process: The inkjet ink is printed onto a passivating layer of silicon dioxide on surface(s) of a silicon wafer substrate and the passivating layer is etched. Alternatively, the inkjet ink is printed onto a surface metal layer of the substrate. Electroplating includes dipping the substrate into a bath of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid and a metal salt. The metal layer is etched. The resist image is assessed by an automated assessment apparatus for detection of imperfections. The removing step comprises dispersing the resist ink in the aqueous alkali to form a solution in which less than 5 wt.% of the resist ink is in the form of particles which would be retained by a 10 mu m filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The matrix of conductive material comprises of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyanilines, polyacetylenes, polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyanilenes, polyfluorenes, polynapthalenes, polyphenylene sulfides and polyparaphenylene vinylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains a base chosen from water, glycol, alcohol and glycol ether. The polyamine is hydrazine, guanidine or their derivatives. The content of polyamine contained with respect to 100 wt.pts of base, is 0.001-20 wt.pts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal which comprises the first partition contains 0.02-0.10 mass percent carbon, 0-2.5 mass percent silicon, 0-2.0 mass percent manganese, 0-0.04 mass percent phosphorus, 0-0.02 mass percent sulfur, 7-12 weight percent or less nickel, 15-25 mass percent chromium and the remainder have a composition of iron. The metal which comprises the second partition contains 0-0.02 mass percent carbon, 0-2.5 mass percent silicon, 0- 2.0 mass percent manganese, 0-0.04 mass percent phosphorus, 0-0.02 mass percent sulfur, 0-0.6 mass percent nickel, 15-25 mass percent chromium and remainder are compositions of iron substantially.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The reactive intermediate layer contains liquid acrylic type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The acid-receiving agent is chosen from magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, trilead tetraoxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide (II), calcium carbonate and/or hydrotalcite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkyleneoxy group-containing compound is of formula (I): R1-((R2O)n-(C=O)-C(-R3)=CH2)m.R2=(un)substituted alkylene;R3=H or methyl;n=1-30;m=1-3;andR1=alkoxyl, aryloxy, phosphoric acid, phosphoric-acid-ester, methacryloyl ethoxy phosphate, acryloyl ethoxy phosphate, acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy, when m is 1, and bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon and trivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon, when m is 2 and 3 respectively.Preferred Compound: The alkyleneoxy group-containing compound is nonaethylene glycol-di(meth)acrylate and/or tetraethylene glycol-di(meth)acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of alkyleneoxy group-containing compound and acid receiving agent are 0.01-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=ethylene or -CH2CH(CH3)-;    n=1-16;and    R1=acryloyloxy or methacryloyloxy, when m is 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additional amount of tin is 50 at% or less, preferably 40 at% or less, the additional amount of hafnium is 20 at.% or less, and the additional amount of silicon is 15 at% or less. Preferred Film: The titanium-dioxide film is a transparent electroconductive film or epitaxial film. Preferred Dopant: Alternately, the dopant is tin, hafnium, silicon, zirconium, lead and/or germanium, and vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhenium and/or terbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum foil is formed as anode foil with a thickness of 20-200 mu m. The aluminum foil shows a composition that comprises 99.99% of aluminum. The membrane shows a tunnel density of 105 to 108 tunnel per cm2, tunnel diameter of 0.2-1 mu m and tunnel length of 20-100 mu m. The oxide thickness is 10-800, preferably 10-200 nm. The phosphate content of the membrane is 0.5-2 mg/m2. The tunnel conductor is an electrochemical etching with a stream of 0.1-1 mA/cm2 in preferably 1 N hydrochloric acid with a temperature of preferably 60-90degrees C. A phosphating of the oxides takes place during the oxidation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The protein is a chaperonin, S-layer protein, an apoferritin or their genetically engineered or chemically modified variant. The biological scaffold is a viral particle, a bacteriophage, an amyloid fiber or a capsid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The powdered quartz is mixed with powdered carbon before the mixture is added to the plasma furnace. The process is conducted with a temperature of above 1800degreesC. The process is conducted as a continuous process or conducted as a discontinuous process. Preferred Components: The reduction agent wholly or partially is constituted by a hydrocarbon gas. The hydrocarbon gas is comprised by methane. The reduction agent comprises powdered carbon, which is charged to the furnace together with hydrogen gas, where the hydrogen gas acting as a carrier gas and as a reduction agent. The reduction agent wholly or partially is comprised by natural gas. The natural gas also in used as a carrier gas for the powdered quartz. The non-combusted remains of hydrogen, carbon di monoxide, and silicon oxide are combusted in a subsequent combustion chamber to water, carbon di oxide or silicon di oxide. The powdered quartz is injected by a inlet conduit through a furnace door with (methane) as a carrier gas and reduction agent. The mixture of gases chosen among hydrocarbon gas, hydrogen and natural gas is used as a carrier gas and as a reduction agent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is chosen from natural gas, propane, ethanol, methanol, hydrogen, ammonia, syn-gas, liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel, kerosene, bio-gas, bio-diesel, jet propellants (JP-5, JP-8), aviation fuel, home heating oil and natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The proton exchange membrane comprises a phosphorus doped silicon dioxide glass, and is deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode current collector comprises titanium, gold, copper, chromium, tungsten, and/or tantalum. It comprises an approximately 200 Angstrom thick titanium layer followed by approximately 600 Angstrom thick gold layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The sacrificial polymer comprises at least 20 wt.% poly(propylene-carbonate) and at least 5 wt.% photoacid generator, and is removed by thermal decomposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Preferably, oxygen concentration and carbon monoxide concentration of oxidation catalyst secondary side are detected. The ratio of concentration is controlled such that detected oxygen concentration is adjusted to set oxygen concentration of zero vicinity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gas pipe is made up of aluminum material and non-magnetic stainless steel. The electrode housing is made up of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroless plating is non-electrolytic nickel-phosphorus metal plating having thickness of 0.3 mu m or less and optical density of 3.5-4.5. The glass substrate has size of 500 mmx 500 mm or more. Preferred Method: The glass substrate is immersed in hydrochloric acid stannous chloride aqueous solution with concentration of 10 g/L or less and sensitization processing of electroless plating is performed. The substrate is immersed in palladium chloride aqueous solution with concentration of 1 g/L or less and catalytic activation processing is performed. The metal film is formed and then heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Wafer: The semiconductor wafer is a single crystal silicon, compound semiconductor or polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (I) contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold and/or zirconium. The catalyst (II) is a dehydration catalyst which uses support for temperature control. The support for temperature control is cerium oxide, indium oxide, stannic oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, copper oxide, graphite, carbon black, silicon, germanium, boron and/or silicon carbide. The usage amount of the support is 50-150 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of dehydration catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction pressure and reaction temperature during contact with catalyst (I) is 0.1-30 MPa and 120-300degreesC, respectively. The reaction pressure and reaction temperature during contact with catalyst (II) is 0.1-3 MPa and 200-350degreesC, respectively. The gas is contacted by circulating to the catalyst layer filled with catalyst (I) and catalyst (II). The microwave frequency is 1-300 GHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal-paste coating layer is formed on a metal plating layer provided on the surface region of ceramic. The metal plating layer is an alloy-plating layer consisting of several metal plating layers, with at least one layer containing gold or silver. Plating layer (I) touching the ceramic contains nickel, cobalt and/or chromium. The thickness of the entire metal plating layer is 0.02-5 microns. Preferred Properties: The copper contained in the metal-paste coating layer is added to the metal paste as metal copper powder or silver-copper alloy powder. The content of copper is 0.1-20 mass% with respect to silver in the metal-paste coating layer. The application quantity of metal-paste coating layer is 0.001-0.1 g/cm2 per unit area with mass of silver in the metal-paste coating layer. Preferred Solder: The silver solder contains 90 mass% or more of silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from zirconia, ceria, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide (CoO, Co3O4), alumina, titania, and silica. The metal is chosen from group IVB, group VIA, group VIIA and group VIII metal. The group VIB metal is manganese and tin. The group VIA metal is molybdenum and tungsten. The group VIIA is rhenium. The group VIII is ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, palladium, iron, nickel, cobalt and iridium. The amount of metal in catalyst layer is 0.5-15 wt.%. The ratio of ruthenium in catalyst layer is 20-100 wt.%. Preferred Material: The honeycomb base material has outer diameter of 20-200 mm, opening of 1-30 mm, wall thickness of 0.01-5 mm and length of 30-1000 mm. The average thickness of catalyst layer is 0.5-500 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Secondary centrifugation of primary centrifuged liquid and water soluble coolant is removed from obtained sample containing portion (5a) of liquid by distillation. The solid content obtained by centrifugation is recovered for one or more times. Centrifugation is carried out at 3000 G or more. The solid content is dried. The organic solvent is recovered by distilling a portion of liquid by centrifugation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The low boiling point organic solvent contains 1-6C alcohol or ketone, preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Nozzle: The ejection nozzle is a double pipe nozzle having an ejection nozzle pipe (34) having an end surface (32), which has the exhaust nozzles, a tubular component (33) formed at the periphery of the end surface, cooling pipe (35) provided at outer periphery of tubular component, and hydrogen gas ejection pipe (36), which ejects hydrogen gas such that outer periphery of end surface is optionally surrounded. The flow rate (X in ml/minute) of raw material liquid, which is ejected from the exhaust nozzle, is set as horizontal axis. The product (Y in kg/m.second2) of gas density (rho) of hydrogen gas and square (q2) of hydrogen gas flow rate (q), which is flow rate per unit area of jet nozzle, is set as vertical axis. A graph is then plotted using a relation: Ygreater than or equal to272.43X2-580.31X+3272, and then the raw-material liquid is ejected in the shape of smog.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material liquid contains hydrocarbon, metallocene, sulfur compound and surface active agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: b = 6 - 13 atom%; c = 8 - 14 atom%; a = 5 - 30 atom%, especially 10 - 30 atom%. The maximum liquidus temperature is 1000degrees C, especially 980degrees C. The solder sheets have a thickness of 10 -100 microns, especially 40 -100 microns and a breadth of 20 - 200mm, especially 40 - 200 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The elongated nanostructures and conformal layer are formed from semiconducting material selected from a group consisting of consisting of silicon, GaAs, GaP, InP, GaInP, Ge, SiGe, GaInAs, AlGaAs, ZnO, GaN, AlN, InN, BN, Se, CdSe, CdTe, Cd-O-Te, Cd-Mn-O-Te, ZnTe, Zn-O-Te, Zn-Mn-O-Te, MnTe, Mn-O-Te, oxides of copper, carbon, Cu-In-Ga-Se, Cu-In-Se and combinations thereof. The porous nanotemplate consists of material selected from the group consisting of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO), SiO2, BN, Si3N4 and combinations thereof. The metal nanoparticles consist of a metal selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), indium (In), gallium (Ga), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe) and combinations thereof. The conductive transparent material disposed on the conformal layer is transparent conducive oxide (TCO) such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or doped zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer layer comprises a zinc-sulfide-layer (thickness of 20-60 mm), zinc-magnesium-oxide or doped zinc-oxide-layer (thickness of 50-150 mm), and un-doped zinc-oxide-layer (thickness of 0-200 mm). The zinc-magnesium-oxide-target has a boron content of 0.1-10 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The roof covering comprises a barrier of polystyrol or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanation is carried out at 100-300degrees C. Preferred Components: The active component and/or the carrier material are doped with at least an element from iron (preferred), niobium, manganese, molybdenum and zirconium. The active component is ruthenium. The total amount of the carrier material with the active component is 0.1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A solution of ruthenium(III)chloride-hydrate (4.4 g) in deionized water (15 ml) and iron(III)chloride-hydrate (2.4 g) in deionized water (10 ml) was diluted with deionized water. To the solution, 90% active charcoal carrier (0.95 cm3/g) was soaked to get a composition (41 ml). The composition was treated with nitrogen (150 l/hour) in a kiln at 90degrees C for 6 hours and reduced under a stream of hydrogen (15 l/hour) and nitrogen (60 l/hour). The mixture was dried by heating at 500degrees C for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature to give a catalyst composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The washing used acid is carboxylic acid, such as formic acid, acetic acid, monoprop, butyric acid, glycolic acid, ethane diacid, propane diacid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phenylformic acid, or phthalic acid. The drying azeotropic used acid is carboxylic acid, such as formic acid, acetic acid, monoprop, or butyric acid. Preferred Compositions: The titanium solution is heated by microwaves, the wavelength of heating microwaves is 1 m-1 mm (frequency of microwaves is 300 MHz-300 GHz). The pH value of the washing used acid is less than 5.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The photocatalytic units comprise modified isolated polypeptides. The photocatalytic unit of photosynthetic organism is Synechosystis sp. PCC 6803 photocatalytic unit. The photosynthetic organism is plant or cyanobacteria. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide comprises substitution mutations on extra-membrane loop of the photocatalytic unit. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide is psa B and psa C. The Psa B comprises a substitution mutation in a position demarked by the coordinates D235C, S246C, D479C, S499C, S599C and Y634C. The Psa C comprises substitution mutation in at least one position demarked by the coordinates W31C. The substitution mutation is cysteine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermoplastic resin composition further contains coupling agent (in wt.pts) (0.01-10) with respect to mixture (100) of polymer (A) and copolymer (B). The thermoplastic resin composition is obtained by heat processing polymer (A) and copolymer (B) in presence of organic peroxide. Preferred Polymer: The polymer (A) is isotactic propylene polymer (A1) or syndiotactic propylene polymer (A2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium-oxide particle-containing composition further contains viscosity regulator. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organic titanium chelate complex is titanium diisopropoxide (bis-2,4-pentane dionate), titanium-n-butoxide (bis-2,4-pentane dionate), titanium diisopropoxide bis(ethyl acetoacetate), titanium diisopropoxide bis(tetramethyl heptane dionate), titanium tetra acetyl acetanato and/or titanium octylene glycorate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vapor for carrying-in is vapor of substance, which dissolves inclusion target material. The vapor for discharge is vapor of substance to which inclusion target material tends to adsorb within nanotube than insoluble substance, and/or substance, which exists easily and stably with intermolecular force within the nanotube. The vapor for carrying-in or vapor for discharge is organic material (A) or inorganic material (B). The inorganic material (B) is water vapor (H2O), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nitrogen oxide (NOx). The nanotube is carbon nanotube or carbon nanohorn having opening in edge portion or wall portion. The nanotube contains hetero nanotube or hetero nanohorn comprising elements excluding carbon, or carbon, and microporous component. The inclusion target material is inorganic substance, organic material, inorganic-organic composite material, organometallic compound, metal or complex. Preferred Process: Substances excluding inclusion target material are coexisted as carrying-in promoter or discharge promoter with nanotube and inclusion target material before vapor exposure. Then, vapor for carrying-in or vapor for discharge is exposed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material (A) is aliphatic compound, alcohol, alicyclic compound, aromatic compound, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or carbon disulfide. The inclusion target material is fullerene, fullerene organic modified material, or fullerene organic composite material. The inclusion target material is preferably C60 fullerene, when the vapor for carrying-in is toluene and vapor for discharge is ethanol. Alternately, the inclusion target material is cisplatin, when the vapor for carrying-in is water vapor and vapor for discharge is dimethyl formamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The Gemini-type surface active agent having desired length of coupling group is selected according to the correlation of length of coupling group of the Gemini-type surface active agent, and mesoporous titania is manufactured. The crystalline titania is deposited on casting mold at reaction liquid temperature of 60degreesC or less. Preferred Agent: The carbon number of coupling group of Gemini-type surface active agent is 3-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The permeation layer comprises aluminum oxide particle and titanium oxide particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decorated titanium dioxide film is porous material which is made of crystal having surface roughness of 530-778, and porosity of 36-37%. The low b.pt. heterocyclic compound of organic ring shape small molecule is pyridine ring, pyrrole ring, imidazole ring or thiophene. Preferred Method: The preconditioning step is performed at 300-400degreesC for 4-6 hours. The decorating reaction is performed at 80-100degreesC for 20-60 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer comprises a member selected from silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium nitride, copper indium diselenide, cadmium telluride and/or their composites. The semiconductor layer comprises silicon. The dopant is selected from boron, nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus and/or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guide material consists of resin material chosen from polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyether imide, ultra-high density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorine resin and polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The phthalocyanine crystal precursor is contacted with organic compound, which does not have functional group exhibiting acidity, in presence of organic acid, organic acid anhydride and organic acid ester, or in presence of aromatic compound having electron-withdrawing substituent and exhibiting liquid state at 1013 hPa and 25degreesC. The resulting mixture is then converted into crystal form to obtain phthalocyanine crystal exhibiting solid state at 1013 hPa and 25degreesC. Alternately, the phthalocyanine crystal precursor is contacted with aromatic compound containing halogen atom and group containing oxygen atom as substituent and having atomic weight of 30 or more, to obtain phthalocyanine crystal. The group containing oxygen atom is organic group having carbonyl group, nitro group or ether group. Crystallization of phthalocyanine is carried out under coexistence of water.Preferred Crystal: The phthalocyanine crystal is crystal containing oxy titanium phthalocyanine. The phthalocyanine crystal has main diffraction peak at 27.2degrees of Bragg angle (2thetaplus minus0degrees) with respect to CuK(alpha) characteristics X-ray having wavelength of 1.541 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises a conductive layer made of material selected from group consisting of tantalum nitride (Ta2N) and titanium nitride (TiN). The substrate is made of material selected from grouping consisting of amorphous silicon, amorphous silicon germanium (SiGe) or amorphous silicon carbide (SiC). The substrate comprises transparent conductive oxide material comprises indium-tin-oxide (ITO) or zinc oxide (ZnO). The bottom contact consists of zinc oxide and the template is anodized aluminum oxide (AAO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanowires are catalytically grown from metal nanoparticles containing metal selected from group consisting of gold (Au), indium (In), gallium (Ga) or iron (Fe). The substrate is made of material selected from group consisting of gold, titanium (Ti), tungsten (W) or cobalt (Co). The conductive transparent material consists of material selected from group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag) or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black-filled oxide, a carbon black-carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon black-filled oxide or a conductive glass. The first layer or second layer of solid volume is a semiconductor layer, or a semiconductor junction containing an absorber layer and a junction partner layer disposed on the absorber layer. The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer comprises indium selenide (In2Se3), indium sulfide (In2S3), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cadmium-indium sulfide (CdInS), cadmium-zinc sulfide(CdZnS), zinc-indium selnide (ZnIn2Se4), cadmium sulfide (CdS), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconia (ZrO2) and/or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises an epoxy or a conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflection coating is made of nitride, silicon nitride, or titanium nitride. The substrate is made of monocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizers contain metal and metal-oxide-based absorbents. The catalyst is transition metal or noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polycrystal with high sigma -value is formed in the crucible bottom and the grain boundary with low sigma -value is further formed. The temperature gradient inside the crucible containing melt solution controlled to 10-100degrees C/cm is moved to a low temperature side at a rate of 2-10 mm/minute in the crystal growth initial stage and 0.1-0.5 mm/minute after maintaining for 1-60 minutes. Preferred Properties: The growth surface along the crucible bottom is (100) or (112) dendrite crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic-silicon particles contain uranium (2 ppb or less). The dilute hydrofluoric acid contains hydrogen-fluoride (1-3 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains 0.1 mass% or less of sodium and can be used in pressure of normal pressure to 0.9 MPa at -50degreesC to 400degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Alternatively, the hydrogen storage material is manufactured by carrying out pulverize-mixing the mixture of magnesium hydride, lithium nitride and lithium amide, and heating in hydrogen atmosphere at predetermined temperature. The manufacture of hydrogen storage material further involves adding a metal as catalyst. The catalyst is added before heating in hydrogen atmosphere, and the catalyst is mix-grinded with an additive. Preferred Condition: The heat processing is carried out at 140-250degreesC. Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from boron, carbon, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iridium, niobium, lanthanum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, silver, their chloride and/or their oxide. Preferred Composition: The content of magnesium and lithium is in molar ratio of 1:1.2-2.4, when magnesium hydride and lithium amide are added. The content of magnesium and lithium is in molar ratio of 1:2.2-6, when lithium hydride and magnesium amide are added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of copper particles is 30-50 wt.%, 20-50 wt.% or 25-45 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: A silicon-tetrachloride inlet tube is provided in the reactor and silicon tetrachloride is discharged into the reactor in mist state. Liquid silicon is discharged in the form of droplets from the tip of the inlet. Zinc reductive reaction is carried out in a horizontal-type reactor (5) through which zinc gas and reaction production gas flow in the horizontal direction, or in a vertical reactor in which the zinc-mixed gas becomes rotational flow. The produced silicon is conveyed with reaction production gas, guided to a vertical separation column (9) connected to the horizontal-type reactor, and reaction production gas and silicon are separated within the vertical separation column. The vertical separation column is a cyclone type splitter. The reaction production gas is discharged in upper or downward direction. The portion which stores the produced silicon is silicon melting-holding tank (12) in which silicon is held at temperature more than melting temperature. The wall-surface portion of the tank is at a temperature lower than the silicon-melting temperature, and the other regions are held at a temperature more than the melting temperature of silicon. Preferred Condition: The temperature of zinc-mixed gas is 1000-1350degreesC. Preferred Gas: The zinc-mixed gas is mixed gas of zinc gas and zinc chloride gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The aluminum layer comprises aluminum foil or aluminum thin plate. The aluminum layers are laminated on aluminum base layer and peeled one by one. The aluminum layer is adhered on aluminum base layer by applying pressure using roller type pressure-bonding mechanism. An oxide film formed on surface of aluminum layer is removed by dissolving it. The aluminum layer is softened before adhering on base layer. The porous alumina layer is subjected to anodic oxidation by immersing into acidic solution, and then peeled. A fine hole is formed on surface of outermost layer of aluminum layer using mold having predetermined protrusion pattern on its surface. Preferred Condition: The aluminum layer is anodized at 30-40 V using oxalic acid, 10-30 V using sulfuric acid and 18-200 V using phosphoric acid as electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon compound contains one or two carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas flow path layer is formed using a carbon material, and catalyst contains noble metals. The catalyst-containing particle group is baked, and catalyst is isolated and purified.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte contains fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic thin-film solar cell preferably has PN junction of rubrene and C60 fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation layer is comprised of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The opposite polarity electrode is comprised of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The coating layer consists of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The alloy contains manganese. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder having average particle diameter of 0.6 microns, acrylic-type binder, and mineral spirit as dilution material are mixed in a weight ratio of 100:5:72, to obtain a dipping liquid. An iron-chromium type heat-resistant alloy board having thickness of 2 mm was formed using alloy containing iron (75 mass%), and remainder of chromium, nickel and manganese. The alloy board was dipped in the obtained dipping liquid, heat-processed at 1050degreesC, dried and baked at 950-1050degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain a coating layer. An intermediate layer was formed between the obtained coating layer and alloy, to obtain a heat resistant insulation material. The obtained insulation material had favorable insulation, and effectively suppressed diffusion of chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Methanol is dehydrated in presence of the catalyst, to obtain dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - HiQ-40 (RTM: Boehmite crystal-water aluminum oxide) was pulverized to 7.5 microns of average mean diameter, and baked at 700degreesC for 2 hours. The pulverized product (100 wt.pts) was mixed with HSZ-640HOA (RTM: mordenite type zeolite having silica/alumina molar ratio of 19) (1 wt.part). Alumina sol 520 (RTM: boehmite type alumina sol) (7.6 wt.pts) was diluted 10 times, added to the obtained mixed powder and granulated using tumbling disk granulator, and spherical compact of diameter 1-3 mm was formed. The compact was baked at 700degreesC for 2 hours using electric furnace, and catalyst was obtained. The main crystal phase of the obtained catalyst was a mixture of gamma-alumina and mordenite type zeolite. The catalyst had BET specific surface area of 111 m2/g, silica-alumina molar ratio of 0.021, sodium oxide content of 0.0032 wt.% based on JIS-R9301, and pore volume of pores having pore radius of 100 nm- 100 microns of 0.056 cm3/g. The dehydration of methanol was carried out using the obtained catalyst, at 300degreesC and pressure of 1x105 Pa under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain dimethyl ether. The methanol reaction rate, dimethyl-ether selectivity and dimethyl-ether yield were 92.9%, 100% and 92.9%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The pyrogen gas is hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and/or hydrogen fluoride, or calcium, aluminum, iron, sodium and/or calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A base plate mounted with the crystalline-silicon particles in the upper surface is introduced into a heating furnace and heated, particles are melted, and temperature is reduced. The projection is formed in the upper end of the particles by turning and solidifying the melted particles in the upper end portion from the base-plate side, and crystallizing. During polishing, the silicon particles are mounted in the upper surface of a lower-side substrate (102), and an upper-side board (103) is arranged opposingly in the lower-side substrate so that the lower surface touches the upper end of the particles. While rotating the lower-side substrate in surface inside the main surface, by rotating the upper-side board in the reverse rotation direction with respect to the lower-side substrate, the projection of the particles is removed. An abrasive cloth (104) which the upper-side board elastically deforms to the lower surface in contact with the particles, is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion of the outer surface of silicon containing material is covered by reducible metal layer. The reducible metal layer is irradiated with laser beam and reducible metal atom is dispersed. The value of change of Gibbs free energy for producing the oxide of the reducible metal element is smaller than the value of change of Gibbs free energy for producing the oxide of silicon. The laser beam is irradiated to the silicon containing material in atmosphere in which the reducible metal atom is dispersed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The proton conductive film has maximum height (Rmax) of 10-50 nm and arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) of 1-20 nm, when surface roughness of film is measured. Preferred Material: The hydrogen-permeable base material is a metallic foil including palladium film or alloy film having palladium as main constituent formed on the surface of metallic foil including palladium foil or alloy foil having vanadium, niobium or tantalum. EXAMPLE - The film of perovskite structure oxide (SrZr0.8In0.2O3-(~a), where alpha is more than 0.15 to less than 1) of 0.1 mm thickness was formed on the palladium base material by high-frequency ion plating method using oxides of strontium, zirconium and indium as sources. The ion plating method was performed using oxygen (1 sccm) and argon (1 sccm) under direct current bias of 1000 V and emission electric current of 200 mA. The obtained proton conductive film contained columnar crystals and had maximum height of 30 nm and arithmetic mean deviation of 10 nm when surface roughness was measured. Another film was formed using perovskite structure oxide in presence of oxygen (20 sccm) and argon (1 sccm) without application of direct current bias and high frequency. Thus, hydrogen permeation structure was obtained. Fuel cell was formed using obtained hydrogen permeation structure. The current density of the obtained fuel cell was 0.65 A/cm3 at initial stage and 0.64 A/cm3 after 100 hours. The peeling strength between hydrogen permeable base material and proton-conductive film was 48 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The peak intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction of lattice surface (040) and lattice surface (002) of crystals of oxygen deficient perovskite structure oxide is less than 0.1. Preferred Material: The hydrogen-permeable base material is a metallic foil including palladium film or alloy film having palladium as main constituent formed on the surface of metallic foil including palladium foil or alloy foil having vanadium, niobium or tantalum. EXAMPLE - The palladium base material of thickness 0.1 mm was set to holder inside a vacuum chamber provided with synthetic quartz glass window for laser permeation. The holder was heated to 550degreesC, and oxygen was introduced through mass-flow meter. The internal pressure of chamber was adjusted to oxygen-partial-pressure of 1x10-4 Torr. Krypton fluoride excimer laser was irradiated to raw material sintered compact containing strontium-zirconium-indium oxide (SrZr0.8In0.2O3) through the window, to form proton-conductive film having thickness of 2 microns and peak intensity ratio of 0.03. Thus, hydrogen-permeation structure was obtained. A fuel cell was formed using the obtained hydrogen-permeation structure. The fuel cell had current density of 0.80 A/cm2 at initial stage and after 100 hours. The peeling strength between proton-conductive film and hydrogen permeable base material was 52 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The mechanical load of the solar cell is measured according to JIS C 8990(IEC 61215).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder layer of the collector electrode is formed from a tin-bismuth alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon contains alkane, alkene, aromatic hydrocarbons or their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical contacting units are formed from nickel. The interconnector is formed from ferritic chromium steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The nickel oxide is reduced to nickel upon operating the electrolyzer cell. The molar ratio of nickel oxide to magnesium oxide is greater than or equal to3. The anode or cathode further comprises an ion-conducting phase intermixed with the electron-conducting phase, the ion-conducting phase comprises an oxide. The cathode or anode is porous, where the pores are infiltrated with an electrocatalyst (preferably comprising at least one of praseodymium, cobalt, cerium, europium, and other rare earth elements).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide is zirconia doped with at least one of yttrium oxide, ytterbium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or scandium oxide; or ceria doped with at least one of samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide, yttrium oxide, ytterbium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or scandium oxide). The anode comprises an electron-conducting phase comprising a perovskite having a chemical formula of substantially (Pr(1-x)(La)x)z-y(A)y(B1)O3-d.x and y=0 to 0.5;z=0.8 to 1.1;A=alkaline earth metal (preferably calcium or strontium;B1=transition metal(preferably manganese, cobalt or iron).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed oxide further contains zirconium oxide (up to 10 wt.%). (I) does not contain noble metals. The amount of copper oxide, zinc oxide or aluminum oxide is 2-20 wt.%, 40-80.5 wt.% and up to 45 wt.%, respectively. (I) is not a pyrophor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precipitation is carried out in the presence of a base e.g. soda and/or sodium hydroxide. The conversion is carried out at a low-temperature, preferably 150-350degreesC. EXAMPLE - The typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: copper oxide (12), zinc oxide (68), aluminum oxide (17.5) and zirconium oxide (2.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ammonia containing material initially is saturated with ammonia. The water needed for ammonia release is provided from a separate water container; as a product of a chemical reaction, a combustion reaction, from the humid exhaust of a fuel cell unit or from the humid exhaust gas of an automotive unit operating on gasoline, diesel or other hydrocarbon fuels such as ethanol or on synthetic fuel such as ammonia or hydrogen; by spraying or atomizing water as fine droplets into the storage container; by passing a humid gas through the storage container thus replacing some or all of the water content in the gas by ammonia released from the solid. The saturated ammonia containing material is compacted to a dense block, rod, cylinder, ring or edged unit such as cube with a density above 70% of the theoretical maximum skeleton density of the saturated solid material before placing in the container. The release rate of ammonia is determined by control of the dosing rate of water into the storage container. The delivery of ammonia is further controlled by reduction valves, flow controllers, valves or similar type of equipment. Preferred Components: The ammonia containing material is a metal ammine complex or is a salt of formula Ma(NH3)nXz. The ionic salt is either chloride or sulfate salts of magnesium, calcium, and/or strontium.M=cations selected from alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium or strontium and/or transition metals such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc or combinations such as NaAl, KAl, K2Zn, CsCu or K2Fe;X=anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, molybdate or phosphate ions;a=number of cations per salt molecule;z=number of anions per salt molecule;andn=2-12. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanowire comprises indium tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, antimony doped tin dioxide, fluorine doped tin dioxide, or titanium dioxide; has a diameter of 5-60 nm and a length of 5-500 microns. The nanoparticles comprise zinc dioxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide or tin dioxide; has a diameter of 5-20 nm. The electrolyte comprises iodine ion and iodine complex ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-V compound further includes at least one of gallium (Ga) and indium (In) as a group III element. The first III/V compound layer includes at least one of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), aluminum indium phosphide (AlInP), and aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP). The second III-V compound layer includes gallium arsenide (GaAs). The group IV layer is selected a germanium (Ge) layer, a silicon (Si) layer, a silicon germanium (SiGe) and a silicon carbide (SiC) layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The support material comprises a porous ceramic material. The support material comprises gamma-lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2), alpha-LiAlO2 (preferred) or beta-LiAlO2. The alpha-LiAlO2 powder has a particle size of 0.09 microns. The support material comprises a powder having a particle size of 0.1 microns, and comprises 50% of a total volume of the mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precursor mixture is heated to 60-400degreesC. The mixture of support material and alkaline precursor material is dispersed in water by blending the mixture for 120 minutes. The dispersed mixture is dried by heating the mixture to 120degreesC for 24 hour time period, and heating the mixture to 400degreesC for 1 hour time period under an airflow. The method further comprises comminuting the coated support material and/or sieving the coated support material to eliminate particles larger than a predetermined size. The comminuting step comprises milling the coated support material using yttrium stabilized zirconia grinding media having 6 mm diameter. At least one additive component is added to the mixture of the coated support material and the dispersant. Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium nitrate or lithium hydroxide. The lithium acetate has a particle size of less than or equal to50 microns. The alkaline precursor material comprises 50% of the total volume. The additive component comprises aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium acetate (preferred), lithium acetate anhydrate, or lithium oxalate. The dispersant comprises at least one of fish oil and polymeric dispersant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first seal is an O-ring formed of a fluoride group rubber. The second seal is a coating softer than the first seal, or a room temperature vulcanizing coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactant is hydrogen (H2) and at least one compound selected from trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4), dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6) and/or dilicon tetrabromide (SiBr4). The plasma flame is produced from at least one gas selected from helium gas, argon gas and/or hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material contains less than or equal to3.5 (preferably less than or equal to1)% copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is made pf stannic oxide dope iridium oxide and antimony oxide dope stannic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealant is made of fluororesin or silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of 0.5 times of fluorine atom content is more than sulfonic acid group content. Preferred Source: The sulfonic acid group supply source contains sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide and/or sulfur trioxide complex. Preferred Method: Mixed gas containing sulfur dioxide gas and fluorine gas is reacted with carbon material, and surface modified carbon material is obtained. The concentration of fluorine gas in mixed gas is 5-15 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is of a noble metal, copper, zinc or a platinum/aluminum oxide compound or a platinum/tin compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises a transparent silicone resin for molding the light emitting device inserted into the reinforced glass to waterproof the light emitting device; and a silicone or epoxy resin for molding the control box to waterproof the battery or capacitor and the circuit board in the control box.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material of layer (1) is polymethyl methacrylate. The base material of layer (2) comprises colloidal gold and/or polyethylene dioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate. The layer (3) is a composite material containing nano particles of semiconductors and/or inorganic oxides chosen from poly(3-octyl (thiophene)), polyphenylene vinylene derivative, fullerene, cadmium selenium, cadmium sulfide, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and/or 2,4-bis(4-(2'-thiophene-yl)phenyl) thiophene. The polyphenylene vinylene derivative is poly(2-methoxy, 5-(2'-ethyl hexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(3,7-dimethyl octoxy)-p-phenylene vinylene). The base material of layer (4) comprises gold, silver, aluminum, colloidal calcium, polymer and/or conductive oxide. The base material of optically transparent layer (5) which is deposited on layer (4) comprises insulating oxide or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitive active layer includes cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium-selinide, copper indium selinide, gallium arsenide, amorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first monomer is 2,5-dibromo-3-octyl-thiophene; and the second monomer is 2-(2,5-dibromo-thiophen-3-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole. The second product is 1-phenyl-2-thiophen-3-yl-1H-phenanthro(9,10-d)imidazole. The second monomer is made of a material selected from oxidiazo-group, triazole-group, quinoxaline-group, imidazole-group or triazine-group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process for preparing thiophene polymer of phenanthrenyl imidazole (I) involves obtaining a first product by reacting bromophenol and Grignard reagent of formula C8H17MgBr in presence of a catalyst (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel dichloride; obtaining the first monomer from the first product and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS); obtaining a second product by reacting 3-formylthiophene, phenanthrenequinone and aniline in acetic acid as a solvent for ammonium acetate; obtaining the second monomer from the second product and NBS; and processing a polymerization of the first monomer and the second monomer through the Grignard metathesis (GRIM). The GRIM has a maximum adding ratio of 80% of the second monomer and 20% of the first monomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example give.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition contains gelatinization resin having polar functional group. The re-liquefying ion generating resin is a re-liquefying ion generating agent. The polyelectrolyte is a cationic polyelectrolyte or an anionic polyelectrolyte. The gelatinization resin and re-liquefying ion generating resin are chosen from strong polarity ion exchange resin, weak polarity ion exchange resin and/or chelate resin. The polyelectrolyte is chosen from polyacrylic-acid cross-linking component, polyethyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol derivative, polyacrylamide and/or polyethylene imine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The ion is metal ion. Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel contains organic liquid fuel or reducible substances. Preferred Compound: The metal salt is chosen from hydroxyl, nitrogen oxide, sulfide, cyanide, organic acid salt and/or inorganic acid salt. The halide is chloride. The reducible substance contains sodium lithium bromide hydrogen complex (N2H4.NaBH4.LiBH4) and/or its mixture. Preferred Process: The iron salt is dissociated in aqueous solution or organic molecule solution. The additional amount of ion and/or its salt not restricted.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic liquid fuel contains organic acid of alkyl alcohol-1-5C methanol-ethanol-1-5C propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin layer is made of material selected from metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and/or mixture of metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide, indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black-filled oxide, a carbon black-carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon black-filled oxide or a conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive layer acting as the common layer, comprises an epoxy or a conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The polycrystalline thin film absorber layer is a Group IBIIIAVIA semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sub-layers includes ruthenium oxide. The sub-layers include a transparent conductive oxide including at least one of zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn) and cadmium (Cd). The semi-transparent conductive layer is a ruthenium oxide/tantalum carbon monoxide (RuO2/TCO) stack. The RuO2 in the RuO2/TCO stack makes physical contact with the bottom surface of the absorber layer. The TCO in the RuO2/TCO stack is at least one of tin-oxide, indium-tin-oxide and zinc-oxide. The semi-transparent conductive layer is a ruthenium oxide layer, having thickness of 5-20 nm. The semi-transparent conductive layer includes at least two sub-layers and at least one of the sub-layers includes ruthenium oxide. The sub-layers includes a transparent conductive oxide including at least one of Zn, In, Sn and Cd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The noble metal is supported on the metal oxide. Preferred Component: The noble metal is palladium and/or platinum. Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is titanium dioxide, cerium (IV) oxide, zirconium oxide, tin (IV) oxide, indium (V) oxide, antimony (V) oxide, and/or their alloys. EXAMPLE - Hexachloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (0.29 g), zirconia (1.00 g) and protective colloid stabilizer (0.4 g, previously dissolved in deionized water (3 g) under mixing) were dissolved in 1,2-propylene glycol (180 ml) under a nitrogen blanket. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and was subsequently brought to a refluxing temperature of 185degreesC and maintained for 3 hours. The resulting suspension of metal clusters in 1,2-propylene glycol was cooled to room temperature and allowed to age for 1 hour. After 1 hour the pH of the solution was adjusted to 1 using dilute (1.5M) hydrochloric acid. The solution was heated to 60degreesC and held at this temperature for 16 hours to hydrolyze the protective shell. The resultant platinum/zirconium oxide solid product was recovered by washing in water and acetone and drying in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective mirror and the extrusion pipe of circuit which makes frame timber circulate through coolant are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
EXAMPLE - About 20 mol/kg potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to anatase titanium oxide particle obtained by sol gel process. The solution was heated to 120degreesC for 24 hours and the obtained slurry was water-washed, neutralized by acetic acid then surplus ion component was removed. Water was added and 20 mass% titanium oxide nanowire slurry was obtained, dried and powder was removed. About 100 mass parts of pulverized 2 mass% re-dispersion liquid of Ceolus RC-591(RTM: cellulose) were mixed with 100 mass parts of 20 mass% titanium oxide nanowire slurries. The mixture was pre-mixed for 1 hour and machine dispersed, then the dispersion liquid was produced and stabilized for 3 days. Latex was impregnated to web consisting of glass fiber to produce 50 g/m2 glass fiber nonwoven fabric, then dried and impregnated by dispersion liquid to produce sheet article. Titanium oxide nanowire content was 50 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of salt further involves heat distillating, and removing carbonate ester (B) from the mixture. Preferred Compounds: The carbonate ester (B) is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate. The salt (C) is chosen from tetrafluoro boric acid, perchloric acid, hexafluoro phosphoric acid, aluminum tetrafluoride acid, arsenate hexafluoride, antimony hexafluoride acid, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkane carboxylic acid, perfluoroalkane sulfonyl amide and/or perfluoroalkane sulfonyl methide. Preferred Condition: The heat process of the mixture is carried out at 50-200degreesC. The salt (A) is chosen from tetraalkyl ammonium salt of formula (1), amidinium salt of formula (2) and/or amidinium salt of formula (3).R1=1-20C monovalent hydrocarbon group having a group chosen from hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, ether bond or hydrogen atom;R2-R5=1-10C monovalent hydrocarbon group having a group chosen from hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl or ether bond, and portion(s) of R1-R5 coupled to form a ring;X-=counter anion;R6-R9=1-20C monovalent hydrocarbon group having a group chosen from hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, carboxyl or ether bond, and portion(s) of R6-R9 coupled to form a ring;andY-=counter anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light-scattering particle is selected from an oxide, a sulfide, carbide or a nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell has electron donor comprising a polythiophene and an electron acceptor comprising a fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transfer layer is made of the electro-conductive polymer e.g. polyethylenedioxythiophene/polystyresulfonate (PEDOT/PSS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photoelectric conversion material alternately contains at least one fullerene derivate of formulae (10-12).R1=carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid group, group having -SiO3, 1-30C hydrocarbon, 1-30C alkoxy, 6-30C aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkyl thio group of formula: -SY1, aryl thio group of formula: -SY2, alkyl sulfonyl group of formula: -SO2Y3 or aryl sulfonyl group of formula: -SO2Y4, preferably carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid group, -SiO3, 1-30C alkyl, 2-30C alkenyl, 2-30C alkynyl, 4-30C alkyldienyl, 6-18C aryl, 7-30C alkyl aryl, 7-30C aryl alkyl, 4-30C cycloalkyl or 4-30C cycloalkenyl group;Y1,Y3=optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl;Y2,Y4=optionally substituted 6-18C aryl;R2=group of formula (A);X1=carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid group or -SiO3;M=same as defined above;R20=organic group;n,m=0-4;andR3=group formula (B). Preferred Definition:    M=iron or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating material is made of alumina. The intermediate band gap material is made of silicon, bismuth, zinc, zinc sulfide, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate carrier contains Schott Robax(RTM: glass-ceramic) material or NeoCeram N-11(RTM: fire place glass) material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The magnetic materials in the centrifuged silicon dispersion liquid is separated by magnetic force. The silicon dispersion liquid is centrifuged, and solid impurities as sedimentation layer is separated, purified, and magnetic materials are removed. The resultant liquid is transferred to the metal-impurity dissolution process. The silicon particles are then cleaned using water, dried, and moisture content is removed. The heat treatment process is performed at 450-600degreesC. The waste sludge is cutting waste sludge generated when cutting a silicon crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst temperature before the introduction of oxygen is 80degreesC or more. The catalyst contains a metal and ruthenium supported on the carrier. The metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium or iridium. Preferred Composition: The source gas contains oxygen and carbon monoxide in the molar ratio of 0.5-3. The source gas is obtained by performing desulfurization reaction, modification reaction and water gas shift reaction in hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is 0.1-2 vol.%. The carbon monoxide concentration in the produced gas after the oxidation reaction is 100 volume ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The back sheet further has a primer layer (14) containing mixture of an acryl polyol, an isocyanate compound and a silane coupling agent on the film base material layer. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide. Preferred Definition:    R2=isocyanurate having polymerizable isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inner portion of the chamber and coolant is maintained in vacuum state, and temperature of the silicon raw material accommodated in a crucible is maintained at 1415-1500degreesC. Then, coolant is immersed in the silicon raw material, and silicon raw material is cooled and crystallized to purify silicon. Preferred Properties: The control unit controls vacuum holder and maintains pressure in chamber to be 0.0001-1 Pa, and drive unit and maintains rotational-speed of outer peripheral surface portion of a coolant to be 0.1-3000 mm/second. Preferred Apparatus: The coolant is formed in hollow shape and cylinder shape. The silicon refiner further comprises a cooling fluid supply unit to supply the cooling fluid to the interior space of a coolant and which cools coolant, and drive unit which rotationally drives coolant to the circumference of an axis line. Preferred Compound: The cooling fluid is an inert gas inactive with respect to a coolant. The inert gas is nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal catalyst, which is platinum catalyst, has particle size of 1-4 nm. The porous oxide film has pore size of 45-100 nm. The thermal diffusivity/film thickness of the porous oxide film is 1x10-6-1x10-5 (m2/(s.microns)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The metal-oxide layer is formed with the spinel structure of metal (A) oxide and metal (B) oxide. Preferred Component: The alloy substrate has nickel as main component. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube production alloy substrate is arranged in an organic raw material and heated to reaction temperature by high frequency induction heating. The carbon nanotube production alloy substrate has an alloy substrate from which carbon nantube grew. Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube has different elements such as boron or nitrogen transduced in the carbon structure. An additive containing different elements other than a carbon is mixed with the organic raw material. Preferred Substrate: The alloy substrate is nickel chrome substrate. Preferred Property: The predetermined temperature is a temperature below minimum melting point of the metal (A) and metal (B), and more than the temperature which enables oxidation of the metal (A) and metal (B) existing in a predetermined region of the surface of alloy substrate, preferably predetermined temperature is 400-1200degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The plating bath contains cyanide-free silver electrolyte, methane sulfonic acid, metal ions such as silver ions, gold ions or copper ions, and vitamins. Preferred Process: An antireflective coating made of silicon oxide layer, silicon nitride layer or both, is formed on a major surface of the wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclic compound is thiadiazole compound, pyridine compound, and/or phenylene compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Catalyst: The counter electrode contains a conductive polymer catalyst (6) having catalytic activity for oxidation-reduction pair. The conductive polymer catalyst is composed of polymer of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (derivative).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte consists of suitably doped zirconium dioxide, which is doped with yttrium for increasing ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane exhibits a chain length with greater than five silicon atoms. Preferred Process: In the Muller-Rochow-synthesis, hydrogen gas is filled, in the first step. The polymerization of disilane is similar to the polymerization of ethylene. The silane is obtained from the self-ignited silane containing hydrogen, for the stationary fuel cells. The silane is obtained from a silane with long chain length, such that there are no longer self-ignited, mobile fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is equipped with a silane tank and lead from the silane direction to the pyrolysis area. The pyrolysis area and fuel cell have a joint wall at least in an area, in which the fuel cell is strongly heated. The joint wall contains a good heat conductor. The fuel cell is equipped with the separating device, which is separated after the pyrolysis of the hydrogen-containing silicon. The fuel cell comprises a solid material collecting space, and a hydrogen branching pipe, which flows into a hydrogen reservoir. The hydrogen branching pipe is branched off into the area, in which the hydrogen is introduced into the fuel cell. The supply of the silane and the withdrawal of the silicon are carried out through two tubes, from which the silicon from the solid collecting area is removed and filled in another silane tank. The silicon obtained by pyrolysis is brought from the supply-area for hydrogenation and led back after the hydrogenation as silane to the supply-area. An integrated standardized exchange container with the silicon withdrawal is inserted into the solid collecting area as alternative to the tube. An integrated exchangeable gas compressor or liquid container is inserted into the engine system, during the silane supply as alternative to the tube. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rare earth luminescent material is oxide, sulfide or oxy-sulfide with long afterglow performance containing rare earth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alloy with reduced silicon concentration is recycled after recovering silicon. Preferred Alloy: The alloy contains aluminum, copper and/or tin. The electrolytic bath of molten salt electrolysis does not contain cryolite (3NaF.AlF3). The specific gravity of silicon-containing alloy is more than or less than that of electrolytic bath. Silica has purity of 99.9% or more. Preferred Condition: The electrolysis temperature is more than eutectic point of silicon-containing alloy and less than melting point of silicon, preferably 700-1300degreesC. The anode current density and cathode current density are each 0.01-3 A/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Silicon nitride is used for passivation and reflection reducing film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal or metal alloy is copper, silver or other conductive metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon intermediate compounds are selected from silane (SiH4), disilane (Si2H6), di-chlorosilane (SiH2Cl2), tri-chlorosilane (SiHCl3), tetra-chlorosilane (SiCl4), tetra-bromosilane (SiBr4), tri-bromosilane (SiHBr3), di-bromosilane (SiH2Br2), tetra-iodosilane (SiI4), tri-iodosilane (SiHI3), and/or silicon iodide (SiI2). The dopant compounds are selected from boron trichloride (BCl3), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and/or phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3). The plasma stream comprises helium, hydrogen and/or argon. The substrate comprises metal, semiconductor, insulator, ceramic, glass, and/or any dielectric material. The germanium intermediates are selected from germanium chloride (GeCl4), and/or germane (GeH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor nanocrystals comprise lead-sulfide core.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first material is matrix material or polymer. The first matrix material is a silica sol-gel or optical epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst comprises carbon particles selected from carbon black and acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is formed of material such as titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni) and gold (Au) having corrosion resistance with respect to the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-conductive material contains calcium-phosphate hydrogel as main component. Preferred Process: The phosphoric acid is added to the incinerated ash, and the resulting mixture is heat-processed and vitrified at 800degreesC or more, to obtain phosphate glass. The obtained phosphate glass is pulverized, mixed with water, heated and gelatinized to obtain phosphate hydrogel. The hydrogel is further crystallized by exposing it to water vapor. Thus, the manufacture of proton-conductive material is carried out. EXAMPLE - Incinerated ash (20 g) containing calcium (in mass%) (66.8), potassium (8.0), silicon (6.1), aluminum (5.8), sulfur (4.9), zinc (3.0), iron (2.1), titanium (1.9) and other elements (1.4) and having median diameter of 60 microns, was added to 85% phosphoric acid (27 g) and heat-processed at 1200degreesC for 30 minutes in a muffle furnace, to obtain metal phosphate glass essentially containing calcium phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate glass was pulverized into glass powder, mixed with distilled water and then gelatinized at constant temperature and humidity, to obtain metal phosphate hydrogel essentially containing calcium phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate hydrogel had favorable electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles contains platinum. Preferred Property: The carbon material has a crystal structure having face distance (d002) of 0.34-0.38 nm, and specific surface area of 1-1000 m2/g and decomposition temperature of 600-850degreesC in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The laminated plastic film has a thickness of 30-280 microns, a water-vapor permeability of 0.5-5 g/m2.24 hours at 40degreesC and 90% relative humidity, and an oxygen-permeating rate of 0.5-5 cc/m2.24 hours.atm at 25degreesC and 90% relative humidity. The carbon coat layer is formed using an electrophotographic copier. Preferred Films: The surface layer consists of biaxially-stretched polypropylene or polyethylene film, the back layer consists of biaxially-stretched polypropylene film, and the intermediate layer consists of polyvinyl alcohol resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Plant type biomass is chaff or Japanese cedar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal and/or the metal oxide are mixed in the adsorption agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A binder from saccharide is added and molded. Preferred Condition: The first carbonization step may be carried out at 300-500degreesC. The second carbonization step may be carried out at 200-500degreesC. Activation treatment is carried out at 800-900degreesC at carbon dioxide atmosphere for 0.1-4 hours. EXAMPLE - The chaff of Koshihikari-rice from the Shizuoka Prefecture Okamura (2004 harvesting) was carbonized by 250degreesC of under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The carbonization chaff was obtained. After adding the water of the same weight as the powdery sugar beet dried sufficiently, it was heated at 100degreesC and water content was evaporated gradually. The liquid (sirupy sugar beet) was obtained. With respect to 1 carbonization chaff, the sirupy sugar beet was made into the sugar beet, 0.7 g (dry standard) mixing was carried out, and the paste was prepared. This paste was pressed for 1 minute by 3 ton/cm2, and was molded to the disc-shape of diameter 30 mm and thickness 2 mm. It was carbonized at 400degreesC of under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The carbonization chaff was obtained twice. After grinding the carbonization chaff twice, 0.3 g (dry standard) mixing was carried out twice by having made the sirupy sugar beet into the sugar beet with respect to 1 g carbonization chaff, and the paste was prepared. This paste was pressed for 1 minute by 3 ton/cm2 and was molded to the disc-shape of diameter 30 mm and thickness 2 mm. After that, activation treatment was performed for this disc-shape molding at 875degreesC under carbon dioxide atmosphere for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of carbon in an atomic composition is 0.1-85%. Preferred Component: The carbon source is 1-7C aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon. Preferred Process: A hydrogen type plasma processing is performed after film-forming in manufacture of catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transmission layers are formed from poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT)/ polystyrenesulfonate (PSS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The two laminar co-flowing fluids are a fuel and an oxidant. The fuel and oxidant are included a single electrolyte solution, or in a dual electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The Ga-containing film is a pure Ga film. The Ga salt may be Ga chloride, Ga sulfate or Ga nitrate. The solvent is water. The solution further includes a copper (Cu) salt and/or an indium (In) salt. The solution is free of any Group VIA, VIIA and VIIIA elements or compounds. The conductor is copper or indium. Preferred Property: The pH of the solution is higher than 7.0 (preferably 9-14).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The Ga salt may be Ga acetate. The complexing agent is a citrate, EDTA or glycine. It is sodium citrate, lithium citrate, ammonium citrate, potassium citrate, or an organically modified citrate. The solution further includes an organic additive. EXAMPLE - An aqueous plating bath containing 0.2-0.5 M gallium chloride (GaCl3) and 0.5-0.8 M sodium citrate was prepared. The pH was adjusted to 10-13. Gallium was electrodeposited on the copper surface at current densities of 30-50 mA/cm2. Highly adherent Ga films with surface roughness of less than 10 nm were obtained for a thickness of 100 nm. The plating efficiency was 85-100%, with the higher current density yielding more efficient deposition process. An accelerated test that lasted 50 hours demonstrated that the bath chemistry was stable without any oxide/hydroxide precipitation and the deposition efficiencies were repeatable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The gas generating substance in the fuel cell system is isocyanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The stretching test of electrode material is performed according to JISZ-2241 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer is selected from the group consists of ethylene and vinyl alcohol copolymer resin, polyacrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyvinylidene chloride and polyvinyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A cooling medium is supplied to the inside of rotational-cooling component and rotated. The hollow rotational-cooling component is immersed in the melted silicon within the crucible. The surface of the hollow rotational-cooling component is made to solidify the silicon. Preferred Property: The pressure in the inside of a smelting furnace is reduced after crude refined silicon melting. The internal temperature of smelting furnace is 1450-1700degreesC. The weight of crude refined silicon containing metallic-element unit is 10-1000 times the weight of the boron which is an impurity contained in crude refined silicon. Preferred Element: The metallic element forming boride is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, tantalum, niobium, chromium or molybdenum. Preferred Arrangement: The silicon refiner has a boronization agent separation unit to separate the boronization agent and silicon in the crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The impurity concentration of highly purified silicon is 0.5 times or less of impurity concentration of crude refined silicon. EXAMPLE - Crude refined silicon (in kg) (260) having iron concentration of 20 mass ppm was injected into graphite crucible, and melted at 1500degreesC for 3 hours. Then, rotational-cooling component was immersed in molten metal, and silicon (10) was crystallized under nitrogen gas atmosphere for 10 minutes. Then, the crystallized silicon was heated and recovered. Further, crude refined silicon having iron concentration of 20 mass ppm was supplied to additional-loading mechanism installed in smelting furnace. The purified silicon having average iron concentration of 0.1 mass ppm was obtained. The crucible was filtered and the melting silicon was discharged. Then, obtained purified silicon (130) and crude refined silicon (130) were injected into graphite crucible, melted, and used as highly purified silicon for further processes. Then, the silicon was purified by repeating the above processes. Thus, silicon purification method was carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate is resin film substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fine-particle catalyst is hollow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Support: The catalyst-activity component contains support component(s) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium, barium and lanthanum (when the catalyst is used for steam modification), or chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium, barium and lanthanum (when the catalyst is used for shift reaction), or ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and aluminum, silicon, titanium and zirconium (when the catalyst is used for oxidation of carbon monoxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material comprises oxides of at least one element selected from silicon, zinc, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, ruthenium, tin, cerium, lead, strontium, sodium, calcium, bismuth and/or boron (preferably silica).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal-containing particles include metal selected from silver, copper, gold, palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, titanium or their alloys (preferably silver).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a silane such as hexamethyl disilazane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispersant is selected from an ammonium salt or sodium salts of polyacrylic acid; styrene acrylic polymer; condensed naphthalene sulfonate; polymerized alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid; a phosphate of an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene-oxide (EO-PO-EO) block polymer; an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO)-acrylic polymer; and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a siloxane e.g. ethylene oxide functional siloxane such as Gelest 2-methoxy(polyethyleneoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting a bromine substituted aryl aldehyde compound of formula (Br-Ar1-CHO) with dithiooxalamide to give bromine substituted thiazolothiazole derivative of formula (II); reacting (II) with moieties (A) and (B1) of (I) by e.g. Stille coupling or Suzuki coupling; and oxidation polymerization using ferric chloride to give (I). Preferred Components: The organic electronic device is: an organic light emitting device having a structure in which a first electrode, organic material layers and a second electrode are sequentially stacked; an organic transistor having a structure comprising a gate electrode, an insulating layer, the organic material layers, a source electrode, and a drain electrode; and an organic solar cell having a structure in which an anode, an electron donor layer, an electron acceptor layer and a cathode are sequentially stacked, and the electron donor layer and/or the electron acceptor layer comprise(s) (I). (I) is 17 thiazolothiazole derivatives e.g. of formulae (b1)-(b4). Preferred Definitions:    Ar1, Ar2, A, B1 = 39 aryl groups e.g. phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracene, naphthacene, pyrene, perylene, thiophene or pyrrole group.    EXAMPLE - 2-(5-Dodecyl-thiophen-2-yl)-5-(3-dodecyl-thiophen-2-yl)-thiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole (1 g) was dissolved in chlorobenzene (30 ml), and then ferric chloride (1.5 g) was added dropwise to the solution over 30 minutes. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, and then added to a methanol/hydrochloric acid (10:1) solution to terminate the polymerization reaction and to give the polymer of 2-(5-dodecyl-thiophen-2-yl)-5-(3-dodecyl-thiophen-2-yl)-thiazolo(5,4-d)thiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of plastic from a fiber-reinforced or reinforced plastic, particularly a polyurethane or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A second material gas (preferably mixed gas of trimethyl gallium and arsine) is fed to grow a third semiconductor (4) (preferably gallium arsenide) into a wire-like third single-junction solar cell comprising the third semiconductor on the second single-junction solar cell. A third material gas (preferably mixed gas of trimethyl aluminum, trimethyl gallium and arsine) is fed to grow a fourth semiconductor (5) (preferably aluminum-gallium arsenide) into a wire-like fourth single-junction solar cell comprising the fourth semiconductor on the third single-junction solar cell. Preferred Components: The nucleus generation site comprises catalytic gold particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The system contains borohydride compound chosen from sodium borohydride (NaBH4), potassium borohydride (KBH4), lithium borohydride (LiBH4), ammonium borohydride (NH4BH4), beryllium borohydride (Be(BH4)2), calcium borohydride (Ca(BH4) 2), magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2), zinc borohydride (Zn(BH4)2), aluminum borohydride (AI(BH4)3), polyborohydrides, methylene borohydride (CH3)3NBH3 and/or sodium cyano borohydride (NaCNBH3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The micro temperature sensor includes thin film formed of titanium or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The detecting membrane of humidity senor is coated with benzocyclobutene (BCB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent oil-repellency film contains trifluoromethane group. The transparent fine particles are translucent silica, alumina or zirconia. The co-catalyst used with silanol condensation catalyst is ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound. Preferred Group: The one side of functional group (A) and functional group (B) is epoxy and other side is amino or imino. Preferred Process: The transparent fine particles are covered with the water-repellent oil-repellent film. The water-repellent oil-repellent film is covalently bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The transparent fine particles are connect-fixed on surface of transparent base material by covalent bond. The covalent bond is formed by reacting functional groups (A,B). The transparent fine particles are bonded with one end of functional group (A), and other end bonded with functional group (B). The film compound (1) has functional group (A) at one end of the surface of transparent fine particles. The film compound (1) bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The functional group (B) reacts with one end of functional group (A), and forms a covalent bond on the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (2) bonded with the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (A) and film compound (B) are covalently bonded through silicon on surface of transparent fine particles and transparent base material. Preferred Property: The transparent fine particles have size of 100 nm or less. Preferred Layers: The water-repellent oil-repellent film, film compound (1) or film compound (2) is monolayer. A layer of transparent fine particles covers the surface of transparent base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The condensation catalyst is organo metallic type catalyst containing tin, zinc, aluminum and/or titanium, preferably aluminum chelate compound. The aluminum chelate compound is acetyl acetone modified aluminum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of R1 in silylated organo polysiloxane is 32 mass% or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-6C alkyl, preferably methyl;and    R2-R4=methyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The monomer (m3) is compound of formula (1), compound of formula:CH2=CHCH2SO3Y' and/or compound of formula CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H. The monomer (m4) is compounds of formulae: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH=CH2, (CH2=CHCONH)2CH2 and/or (CH2=CHCOOCH2)3CCH2CH3.X,Y'=H or alkali metal.Preferred Composition: The content of resin (IV) is 37-95 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyvinyl alcohol-type resin is obtained saponifying copolymer of vinyl ester type monomer and acetoxy compound of formula (2).R1-R6,X=same as defined above;R7,R8=hydrogen atom or R9-CO-;andR9=alkyl.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and polycarboxylic acid is 99/1-10/90. The polycarboxylic acid is poly(meth)acrylic acid. Preferred Film: A film has at least one layer formed using resin composition containing reaction product of polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and polycarboxylic acid. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=hydrogen;and    X=single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a resin film substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains 30 mol% or more of metal source (B). Preferred Property: The solution and base material are contacted by atomizing. Preferred Component: The solution further contains doped metal source (C), oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The metal source (A) contains acid anion such as fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, phosphate ion or nitro ion, and chelate anion in non metallic portion. EXAMPLE - A solution containing yttrium nitric acid, doped metal source and mixed solvent of ethanol (15 wt.%) and toluene (85 wt.%) was prepared and dissolved in zirconium acetyl acetonato. The resulting solution was sprayed on glass plate and heated at 500degreesC to form metal oxide film. The obtained film was conformed as amorphous yttria stabilized zirconia film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide sintered compact is comprised of gallium and oxygen or indium-oxide phase of bixbite type structure, alpha or beta type structure of gallium oxide phase. Preferred Properties: An average value of a crystal grain diameter of the oxide sintered compact is less than or equal to10 microns, and its specific resistance is below 1komega-cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material of electro-catalytic layer, comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), a mixture of YSZ and lanthanum strontium titanate, or mixed ceria-zirconia. The catalytic oxide of electro-catalytic layer, comprises ceria, doped ceria, ceria-zirconia mixtures and/or praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11). The electro-conductive layer comprises ceria, doped ceria, lanthanum chromate (LaCrO3), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), yttrium-doped SrTiO3, lanthanum-doped SrTiO3, strontium-doped LaCrO3, Nb2TiO7 and/or Gd2Ti(Mo,Mn)O7. The electrolyte and anode layers are made of same or similar ceramic materials. The solid electrolyte material of solid oxide fuel cell, comprises non-metallic ceramic materials selected from yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), scandium-doped zirconia, gadolinium- and samarium- doped ceria and/or LaGaMnOx. The cathode material of solid oxide fuel cell, comprises composites of strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (LaMnO3), lanthanum ferrate (LaFeO3) or lanthanum cobaltate (LaCoO3), and/or metals such as silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The upper and lower solar cell layers are bonded by transparent adhesive (502).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The radiation-transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation-transmissive conducting oxide such as indium tin oxide, gallium indium tin oxide or zinc indium tin oxide. The upconversion material of optical fiber core, comprises lanthanide series element such as erbium, ytterbium, dysprosium and/or holmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The second electrode comprises a metal such as aluminum, gold, silver or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acceptor material of photosensitive organic layer, comprises nanoparticle phase including fullerenes (e.g. 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl(6,6)C61), naphthalenes, carbon nanotubes or perylenes. The donor material of photosensitive organic layer, comprises organometallic compounds such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The donor material of photosensitive organic layer, comprises polymeric phase including a conjugated polymer such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) and/or poly(3-octylthiophene). The blocking layer comprises a polymeric composite including several nanotubes or fullerenes dispersed in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) or poly(vinylidene fluoride). The protective layer comprises a polymeric composite material including carbon nanoparticles dispersed in poly(vinylidene chloride).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fused indium metal is dripped in water at dripping flow rate of 4-12 kg/minute. The indium salt solution is neutralized with ammonia, and indium hydroxide is deposited and baked to obtain indium oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The propylene polymer has a Vicat softening temperature (Tv) as measured based on the melting point (Tm) by ASTM D 1525, satisfying the relationship given by, Tv = (0.234xTm(power)1.277)-Tm. The resin composition has a melt flow rate of 0.05 g/10 minutes or more at 230degreesC.Preferred Copolymer: The copolymer is propylene-ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymer consisting of (in mol%) structural units (45-92) derived from propylene, structural units (5-25) derived from ethylene, and structural units (3-30) derived from 4-20C alpha-olefin.Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains coupling agent (0.1-5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of polymer and copolymer). The resin composition is obtained by melt-kneading the components in the presence of an organic peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the membrane/electrode assembly, at least one of the pair of electrodes contains conductive material comprising a carbon material containing fine particles of a catalyst metal and a binder. The binder is an aromatic polymer containing at least one ion exchange group. The binder contains the sulfonated aromatic polymer (I). The dispersion comprising ionic polymer particles having a volume-average particle size of 1 to 200 nm is used with the binder. The binder contains polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyfluorene and/or polyphenylene. Preferred Definitions:    Y1 = S(O)2 or C(O); and    Z = a single bond or C(CF3)2.    Where n/n+m is 0.1-0.8, and the sulfonate moiety is a proton type, sodium type or potassium type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support/overcoat layer comprises titanium dioxide, alumina, preferably activated alumina, silica, zirconia or molecular sieves. The accelerant or contrast additive is selected from molybdenum trioxide or (NH4)6Mo7O24. The reversibility enhancing agent is selected from a metal oxide support, a solid inorganic acid such as boric acid, or a transition metal dopant selected from platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas permeable matrix comprises a polymer or rubber having an oxygen permeability equal to or greater than an oxygen permeability of low density polyethylene. The gas permeable matrix preferably comprises a cross-linked polymer such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) rubber, or silicone resin. The support/overcoat layer comprises woven garment, an optically transparent polymer or resin of acrylic, polycarbonate, polyurethane, cyclic olefin, styrenic copolymer, polyarylate, polyethersulfone or polyimide containing an alicyclic structure, an optically transparent polymer of polyester, or silicone rubber. The reversibility enhancing agent comprises a polyoxocompound of tungsten or molybdenum, selected from silico-tungstic acid, phospho-tungstic acid, phospho-molybdic acid or decatungstate anion. The accelerant or contrast additive comprises polyoxometalates including vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of ionic iodide and an ionic liquid contained in the electrolyte is 50 wt.% or less. The copolymer further contains a tertiary-amine segment of formula (3): -(CmH2m)R2N(CnH2n)-.R2,m,n,-=same as above defined.Preferred Method: During formation of electrolyte layer of dye-sensitized solar cell, a mixture containing iodinated hydrocarbon-compound of formula (4): R1I and iodine (I2), is used.R1=(un)substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A cover crow is adhered to the CIS type thin-film solar cell module through an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resin film which is an adhesive agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The anti-reflective film is provided on a translucent base material (2). The translucent base material is glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of the surface of the fine particles is exposed to external environment. The metal alkoxide is silicon alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic peroxide (A) is dialkyl peroxide of formula: R3-O-O-C(-R1)(-R1)-R2-C(-R1)(-R1)-O-O-R3. The organic peroxide (B) is peroxy ester of formula: R4-O-O-C(=O)-O-R5 and/or peroxy ketal of formula (III).R1=1-3C alkyl, preferably methyl;R2=ethylene, ethynylene or phenylene, preferably ethylene;R3=3-5C branched alkyl or phenyl, preferably t-butyl;R4=3-5C branched alkyl, preferably t-butyl;R5=6-9C branched alkyl, preferably 2-ethylhexyl;R6=3-8C branched alkyl, preferably t-hexyl;andR7,R8=1-8C linear or branched alkyl, and optionally couples to form 5-9C ring, preferably 3,3.5-trimethyl cyclohexyl.Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of organic peroxide (B) with respect to organic peroxide (A) is 1/99-9/91, preferably 2/98-8/92. The amount of organic peroxide with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer is 0.1-5 mass parts. The sealing film further contains a cross-linking support agent (0.1-5 mass parts) with respect to ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (100), dihydroxy dimethoxy benzophenone group ultraviolet absorber, and a silane coupling agent. Preferred Properties: The yellowing degree of sealing film after maintaining at 85degreesC and relative humidity of 85% for 1000 hours based on JIS-C-8917 is 1.5 or less according to JIS-K-7501. The yellowing degree of sealing film after maintaining at 63degreesC and relative humidity of 53% for 1000 hours under ultraviolet irradiation of 1000 W/m2 based on JIS-C-8917 is 2 or less according to JIS-K-7501.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The vinyl acetate unit content of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer with respect to 100 mass parts is 10-36 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The fluorine resin film (A) comprising fluoro resin polymer consisting of ethylene/tetrafluoro ethylene copolymer, polychlorotrifluoro ethylene resin and/or tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoro propylene copolymer. Preferred Agent: The adhesive layer (B) comprising and adhesive agent is chosen from ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl acetal resin and/or silicone resin. Preferred Resin: The resin sheet (C) comprising resin containing non-fluorine is polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition contains fatty acid amide (less than or equal to450, preferably greater than or equal to200 ppm). The fatty acid amide is olefinic bisoleamides (preferred), erucamide, stearamide, behenamide, oleamide, N,N'-ethylenebisoleamide, N,N'-ethylenebis erucamide, N,N'-dioleyl adipamide, and/or N,N'-dierucyladipamide. Preferred Properties: The composition has haze value of less than or equal to20, and stick temperature of greater than or equal to25degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ethylene copolymer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, preferably ethylene alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon compound layer comprises silicon oxide layer, silicon nitride layer and silicon oxynitride layer. The nano-crystal particles comprise silicon, germanium, tin and gallium arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrically resistant solution liquid layer comprises a linear fluoropolyether compound (A) having perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain and at least two alkenyl groups in a molecule, an organosilicon compound (B) having at least two hydrosilyl groups in a molecule, and hydrosilylated reaction catalyst (C), or linear fluoropolyether compound (D) having perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain and at least two hydroxyl groups in a molecule, an isocyanate compound (E) having at least two isocyanate groups in a molecule, and urethanated reaction catalyst (F). The linear fluoropolyether compound (D) and isocyanate compound (E) are reacted beforehand and a prepolymer is formed. Preferred Compound: The linear fluoropolyether compound (A) is compound of formula: R1-(CF2-CF(-CF3)-O)n-R2. The linear fluoropolyether compound (D) is compound of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-OH.n=200-2000;R1,R2=alkenyl;andp+q=8-32.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material is zinc phthalocyanine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer adjacent to the other sub-p-layer is made of indium-tin-oxide, and the sub-p-layers comprise amorphous silicon-containing material. The substrate in the solar cell is made of aluminum, bismuth, iron, niobium, titanium or steel. The sub-p-layers are selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium. The i-layer is made of germane and disilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting polymer is selected from a group consisting of polythiophenes, paraphenylvinylenes, polyanilines, and polypyrolles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The coversheet comprises tempered glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductors comprise copper or iron nickel alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-conductive layers comprise a flexible polyimide film. The adhesive layers comprise ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. The protective shell layer comprises a high m.pt. plastic material. The coversheet may also comprise an antireflective coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process liquid contains ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid or hydrogen peroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent protective film is made of polyvinylidene chloride, fluororesin, polyethylene terephthalate, acrylic resin or their copolymer. The heat insulating board is made of phenol-resin foam. The transparent adhesive layer is made of silicone resin or ethylene acetic-acid vinyl copolymer.
EXAMPLE - 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl, (in wt. pts) (48), 5-sodium sulfo-isophthalic-acid dimethyl (4), isophthalic-acid dimethyl (14), ethylene glycol (31), diethylene glycol (2) and tetra-butoxytitanium (0.05) were mixed at 230degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and subjected to polycondensation reaction to obtain polyester. The polyester (25) was dissolved in mixture of tetrahydrofuran (75) and water (74) to obtain milky-white dispersion. The obtain milky-white dispersion was distilled to obtain water dispersion of polyester having solid content of 25 wt.%. Lauryl sulfonic acid (3), ion-exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5) and sodium hydrogen nitrous acid (0.3) were mixed. To the mixture, mixture of methyl-methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2oxazoline (21.9) polyethylene-oxide methacrylate (39.4) and acrylamide (8.6) was dripped at 60-70degreesC for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled to obtain water dispersion of acryl having solid content of 35 wt.%. Naroacty N-70 (RTM: polyoxyethylene lauryl-ether) (0.3 wt.%) and Snowtex ZL (RTM: silica filler with average particle diameter of 100 nm) (0.2 wt.%) were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. The obtained water dispersion of polyester (10), water dispersion of acryl (5) and aqueous solution (85) were mixed obtain coating agent. The obtained coating agent was uniformly coated on both sides of polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 95degreesC to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The obtained polyester film had X-ray-diffraction intensity ratio of 0.17, and favorable adhesiveness with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-Z0237 and adhesion durability with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-C8917-1998.
EXAMPLE - A carrier having a pore volume of 0.5 cm3/g and a mean pore diameter of 0.65 nm was impregnated with an aqueous solution (pH 0.8) comprising ion-exchange water added to aqueous solution of Ru(NO)(NO3)x(OH)y, with ruthenium content of 10 mass%. The carrier was dried at 110degreesC for 15 hours and heated to less than or equal to450degreesC at 10degreesC/minute and baked at 450degreesC for 2 hours. The ruthenium load was 2 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of total amounts of ruthenium and carrier. The obtained catalyst (20 g) was impregnated with an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate (0.72 g) dissolved in 60degreesC bath, dried by evaporation, heated to less than or equal to500degreesC after 16-hour drying at 120degreesC at 10degreesC/minute, and baked at 500degreesC for 2 hours. The catalyst had a potassium load of 2 mass % with respect to 100 mass% of total amounts of ruthenium and carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitride semiconductor is p-type gallium nitride-type semiconductor. The titanium oxide film is n-type titanium oxide film. The p-type impurity of p-type gallium nitride-type semiconductor is magnesium. The titanium oxide film has thickness of 5 microns or less. Preferred Method: Hetero coupling of nitride semiconductor and titanium oxide film is carried out. The titanium oxide film is formed by vacuum reduction process at 700-900degreesC, or solgel process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains nickel oxide and calcium oxide supported on an alumina support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The N type semiconductors are selected from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, or tungsten oxide. The ion conductor is either manganese gel type electrolyte, tin gel type electrolyte, or cation exchange film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic acid is added to aqueous solution of platinic acid and heated, to obtain platinum colloidal solution protected with organic acid. Preferred Composition: The platinic acid is chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinic acid hydrate or chloroplatinate. The electrode substrate is indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is citric acid, citric acid hydrate or citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: Ruthenium is used as catalyst of the modification part.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The reforming raw material is light oil, naphtha, kerosene, and/or gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide removal catalyst is copper/cerium oxide catalyst or copper/alumina catalyst. The heat-resistant oxide is chosen from magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, calcium oxide, chromium oxide and/or iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Material: The silk cocoon raw material is textile fabric, fine particles, cotton or thread obtained from cocoons of house silkworm or wild silk worm, cocoon shell, eliminated cocoon, low-quality cocoon, silk-thread waste material or silk powder waste material. The silk cocoon carbonized material contains more than 85 wt.% of carbon, and 10 wt.% or less of nitrogen. The alkali activation of silk cocoon raw material is carried out by alkali metal hydroxide. The weight ratio of alkali metal hydroxide with respect to carbon is 1-5. Preferred Property: The specific surface area of silk cocoon carbon material is more than 500 m2/g. EXAMPLE - The cocoon shell of house silkworm was pulverized to an average particle diameter of 3 mm and carbonized in argon atmosphere at 900degreesC to form carbonized material. The obtained carbonized material containing carbon (94.34 wt.%), nitrogen (2.31 wt.%) and hydrogen (0.53 wt.%) was subjected to alkali activation using 85% potassium hydroxide having weight ratio with respect to carbon of 2.5, heated at 800degreesC to obtain silk cocoon carbon material. An electrical-double-layer capacitor was formed using the obtained silk cocoon carbon material. The obtained silk cocoon carbon material had specific surface area of 3280 m2/g, pore volume of 1.72 cc/g, average pore diameter of 16.7degreesA, electrostatic capacitance of 50.3 F/g and resistance of 8.2 ohm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent layer is arranged on one amorphous layer and is made of silicon nitride material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hole transport material is mixed with a dopant. The evaporated fluoride is an alkali or alkaline earth metal fluoride. The evaporated acetate is an alkali metal acetate. The dye is a ruthenium complex dye. The semiconductor oxide layer is titanium dioxide. The semiconductor oxide layer comprises nanoparticles, preferably nanoparticles of titanium oxide. Preferred Dimension: Each evaporated layer has a thickness of 0.5-30, preferably 0.5-15 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The hole transport material is of formula (I), (II), or (III). The wt.% ratio of hexyl:ethylhexyl is 40:60.R=hexyl or ethylhexyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The precursor in step (b) is selected from precursors including monovalent Cu as the Group I metal. The Group I element is copper or silver. The Group II element is selected from indium, gallium and aluminum. The Group VI element is selenium (Se), tellurium (Te) and sulfur (S). The Group VI element-containing gas contained in the step (C) is selected from gases having a structure of H2E, where E is a Group VI chalcogen element selected from selenium, tellurium and sulfur. The Group VI element-including precursor in the step (c) is selected from precursors having a structure of R2E, R is 1-6C alkyl and E is a Group VI chalcogen element selected from S, Se and Te. The precursor including group I element is selected from precursors including monovalent Cu as the Group I element. The precursor including Group III and VI element; and precursor including Group III' and VI' are selected from precursors having a structure of (R2M( mu-ER'))2, where M is a Group III metal element selected from In, Ga and Al; R and R' are 1-6C alkyl; E is a Group VI chalcogen element selected from S, Se and Te; and mu indicates a double bridge between M and E.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-nitride substrate comprises gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, zinc oxide or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The methanol fuel is supplied to the anode catalyst layer in membrane electrode assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel flow board is made from a material selected from a group consisting of a flame resistant-4 (FR4) substrate, a FR5 substrate, an epoxy resin substrate, a glass fiber substrate, a ceramic substrate, a polymeric plastic substrate, and a composite substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The component layer comprises a semiconductor component selected from semiconductor device elements, circuit elements, memory elements, thin-film layers, passive elements, active elements, interconnecting elements, micro-electro-mechanical elements, optical elements, optoelectronic elements and/or photonic elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capping coating comprises a material selected from silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide and/or amorphous films. The method involves bonding the decal structure to the receiver structure comprises direct bonding of materials selected from oxides, nitrides and/or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer consists of cupric oxide (CuO), silver oxide (Ag2O), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), copper aluminum oxide (CuAlO2), copper gallium oxide (CuGaO2) or copper indium oxide (CuInO2), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or indium nitride (InN), silver sulfide (Ag2S), copper sulfide (CuS), copper disulfide (Cu2S), NiS, ferrous sulfide (FeS) or FeS2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The optical absorption layer contain Cu, In or selenium (Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing agent consists of polyolefin type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket made of material which comprises silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating is performed using laser beam, ion beam or electron beam. Preferred Composition: The noble metals fine particles contain platinum, gold, silver, palladium or ruthenium. The thin film contains noble metal compounds. The noble metal compound is oxide or nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The dispersion containing porous material is film form or cylindrical ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The water-soluble phase transition substance is mineral salt hydrate. The water in the mineral salt hydrate is used as initiator for the microcapsulation reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent does not contain surface active agent. The non-aqueous solvent is organic solvent, freon type solvent or silicone type solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The microcapsulation agent is monomer or pre-polymer of urethane of water hardening type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A part of the housing and a part of the contact electrical conductor are coated with a common plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The contact layer is made of aluminum or transparent conductive oxide. POLYMER - The conductive material for filling up passages is made from a metal, a semiconductor material or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate includes coper phthalo-cyanine and fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact is made of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hard layer is made of metallic compound selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, copper oxide, indium oxide, cadmium oxide, lead oxide, silicon oxide, barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide and gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hard layer contains metal selected from a group consisting of gold, aluminum, silver, carbon, copper, germanium, indium, magnesium, niobium, palladium, lead, platinum, silicon, tin, titanium, vanadium, zinc and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A passivation layer surrounding a length of carbon nanotubes comprising an optical antenna comprises a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water electrolysis catalyst is chosen from iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The brittle temperature in freezing process depends on JIS K 6253 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stress-relaxation portion consists of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium dioxide is supported with metal oxide and oxidizing agent having oxidation ability and oxidation reduction potential of +1V or more. The titanium dioxide is supported with metal single unit. The photocatalyst film is formed by anodizing aluminum, magnesium, titanium or their alloys. The oxidizing agent is potassium permanganate and the metal oxide is manganese dioxide. The metal single unit is platinum, gold, palladium, ruthenium, silver, tin, manganese, copper, cobalt or nickel. Titanyl sulfate is used as titanyl acid salt and oxalic acid is used as complex agent, in the manufacture of the photocatalyst film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The follower is selected from the group consisting of calcium salt of phosphoric acid ester and fine particle silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The follower also consists of non-volatile organic solvent that is selected from the group consisting of polybutene, silicone oil, liquid paraffin, styrenic thermoplastic elastomer, vinyl chloride-type thermoplastic elastomer, olefin-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyamide-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyester-type thermoplastic elastomer, polyurethane-type thermoplastic elastomer and acetoalkoxy aluminum-di-alkylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Resin: The resin is modified by acid, acid anhydride, acid ester, metallocene and hydroxyl group or esterified substance. The film like resin has basic substituents such as hydroxyl group, imidazole, pyridine and amine, which is bonded with electrolytic sulfonic group by electrolytic interaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst unit comprises alloy consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium and vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel absorber comprises olefin group porous structure, ethylene group porous structure, styrene group porous structure and ester porous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The multiple wall nanotube is grown by chemical vapor deposition or arc discharge. Preferred Catalyst: The metal catalyst is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt and/or their alloys. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube has surface resistance of 1-30 mOmega/square units, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 100-1000 m2/g and ratio of G-band peak integral value and D-band peak integral value of Raman spectrum of 3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid contains boehmite and gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic conductivity substance is silicon dioxide and carbon. The catalyst contains noble metals chosen from gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton conductive substance is sulfonic-acid-group containing perfluorocarbon, polyether sulfone, sulfonation polyether ether ketone or sulfonation polymide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The trapping agent (I) and other trapping agents are mixed and adhered to sheet-like component, to form trapping agent sheet. The other trapping agents are dissolved in organic solvent and do not react with trapping agent (I). The trapping-agent sheet is adhered to organic electronic device in predetermined position. EXAMPLE - Tridecyl aluminum (in g) (100) was dissolved in 50 wt.% toluene solution of LV-100 (RTM: polybutene) (100). The solution was coated to single surface of sheet-like component, to obtain a trapping agent sheet of thickness 0.7 microns. The trapping agent sheet had excellent moisture-content trapping property and oxygen trapping property. An organic electronic device using the trapping agent sheet had favorable handleability and excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The trapping agent is mixed with the other trapping agents. The trapping agent further contains a binder which does not react with the trapping agent. Preferred Agent: The other trapping agent dissolves in organic solvent and does not react with the trapping agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Chemical oxidization comprises the application of one or more of oxide, deionized water mixed with oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, and ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transport element is made of boron nitride, aluminum nitride, copper, aluminum, nickel, alloys, graphite, expanded graphite, graphite cloth, graphite paper, aluminum foam, stainless steel foam or nickel foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transport element is made of polyvinyl alcohol foam, glass microfibers, cotton paper, polyurethane foam, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The moisture barrier film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, parylene, benzocyclobutene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, transparent ceramics, and carbon doped oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate for the cathode cover plate is an anti-chemical non-conductive engineering plastic substrate, a plastic carbon substrate, FR4 substrate, FR5 substrate, an epoxy resin substrate, fiber-glass substrate, a ceramic substrate, a polymer plasticized substrate, a composite material substrate, or a printed circuit substrate. The substrate for the anode cover plate is an anti-chemical non-conductive engineering plastic substrate, plastic carbon substrate, FR4 substrate, FR5 substrate, epoxy resin substrate, fiber-glass substrate, ceramic substrate, polymer plasticized substrate, composite material substrate, or printed circuit substrate sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic hydroxide has an alkali metal hydroxide. The gel electrolyte comprises a particulate material of cellulose, silica, silicon carbide, alumina, zirconia, and a clay mineral. The borohydride compound comprises sodium boride. The alkali metal hydroxide comprises potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gelling agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid and a salt, a cross-linked polyacrylamide, an alkali saponified polyacrylonitrile, xanthan gum, guar gum, a starch graft copolymer, a hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion polymer and carboxymethylcellulose. The matrix material is cellulose esters, polyacrylates, polyvinyl esters and acrylate/vinyl ester copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The reaction system containing liquid phase which contains reducing agent as dispersion medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor film or visible light transmission electrode layer consists of main component selected from a group containing zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), magnesium indium oxide (MgIn2O4), indium oxide (In2O3), cadmium indium oxide (CdIn2O4), zinc gallium oxide (ZnGa2O4), indium gallium zinc oxide (InGaZnO4), gallium nitride (GaN), copper aluminum oxide, copper gallium oxide, copper indium oxide, copper chromium oxide, copper scandium oxide, copper yttrium oxide, silver indium oxide, strontium copper oxide, gallium nitride and an added material selected from the group containing magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), antimony (Sb), boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), nitrogen (N), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn) and chromium (Cr). The visible light transmission insulation layer has main component selected from material chosen from silicon dioxide (SiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), boric oxide (B2O3), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), ZnO, yttrium oxide (Y2O3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), hafnium oxide (HfO2), cerium oxide (CeO), magnesium oxide (MgO), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A portion of liquid obtained by primary centrifugation is subjected to secondary centrifugation, and coolant is recovered. The coolant is removed from sample consisting of remainder of liquid (5a) and sludge obtained by secondary centrifugation, by distillation. The solid content obtained by filtration is washed with low-boiling point organic solvent (S1), which is same or different from solvent (S). Washing is repeated until the transparency of liquid is less. The solid content is ground before extraction of coolant. The low-boiling point organic solvent is recovered by distilling portion of liquid obtained by filtration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The low-boiling point organic solvent is 1-6C alcohol or ketone, preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or acetone.Preferred Property: The boiling point of organic solvent (S) is less than coolant by 50degreesC or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The double-structure self-cleaning film has silica layer(s) containing silica particles. A transparent substrate is provided on double-structure self-cleaning film. The titania is converted from titanic acid nanosheet(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium alkoxide is tetraethoxy titanium, tetraiso propoxy titanium, tetra-normal propoxy titanium, and/or tetra-normal butoxy titanium. The titanium-metal salt is titanium tetrachloride, titanyl sulfate, titanium citrate, and/or titanium tetranitrate. Preferred Properties: The mixed solution has a pH of 9-13. The concentration of titanium source in the mixed solution is 0.05-3 mol/kg. The mix ratio of titanium source and alkali source in the mixed solution is 1:0.01-1:0.32 in mol ratio. The mix ratio of titanium source and diol or triol in the mixed solution is 1:0.1-1:2 in mol ratio. The particle-size-distribution width of ultrafine-particle dispersion liquid is 18-52 nm or 13-41 nm or 20-92 nm, and 90% accumulation intensity particle size distribution of titanium oxide is 46 nm or less or 32 nm or less or 58 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous alkali solution contains amine, polymeric amine, its salt, and/or ammonia. The diol or triol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2-butene-1,4-diol, xylene glycol, hexa glycerol, and/or 1,2,6-hexane triol. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetraisopropoxide (in g) (71) was stirred in pure water (250 mL) for 1 hour, to obtain a white aqueous suspension liquid. The liquid was filtered and washed with pure water (1250 mL), to obtain a white cake-like substance. 26% tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution (7) and glycerin (23) were added to the cake-like substance, along with pure water. The pH of the slurry was 11.4. The slurry was heat-processed in a container at 210degreesC for 9 hours, to obtain a titanium-oxide aqueous dispersion. The dispersion had Z-average size of 22.48 nm, 90% accumulation intensity particle size distribution of 32 nm or less, and a polydispersity index of 0.131.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single-crystal semiconductor body is made of silicon and gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic material includes fullerenes and/or fullerene derivatives, conjugated additives, or non-conjugated additives. The solvent comprises tetralin, or mixture of solvents. Preferred Composition: The solution has a ratio of weight of organic material per volume of solution (w/v) of 0.5-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic material is a conjugated polymer, a regio-regular material, or a poly(thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The macrocyclic ligand is macrocyclic ligand of formula (I).Q=bivalent organic group containing coordination atom chosen from carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, phosphorus atom and/or sulfur atom;andn=5-15.The polynuclear metal complex contains organic compound with carbon support. The organic compound is chosen from organic compound having boiling point or melting point of 250 degrees C or more and organic compound having thermal polymerization initiation temperature of 250 degrees C or less. A composition is formed by mixing the metal complex, and carbon support and/or conductive polymer. Preferred Process: The processing method is preferably heat processing which is carried out at 250-1000 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The polynuclear metal complex has ratio of weight loss after the treatment of 7-90 wt.%, carbon content after the treatment of 10 wt.% or more and peak at 1550-1600 cm -1 measured by laser-Raman spectrometry at excitation wavelength of 532 nm and half value width of signal which has peak maximum in 396-404 eV of 2 eV or more measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The half value width of signal which has peak maximum in 396-404 eV is 1.3 times or more of half value width of signal of polynuclear metal complex before processing, measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The binder comprises ceramic rigidizer material that is formed from zirconia. Preferred Parameters: The caulk has mean pore size of greater than 0.1 microns. Preferred Method: The caulk is formed by grinding different ceramic fibers and mixing the resulting powders to form ceramic powder mixture which is added to a binder to form the paste. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer includes zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO2), indium tin oxide (ITO), titanium oxide (TiO2) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melt flow rate of ethylene based copolymer conforms to JISK7210 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The intermediate and outer-side sheet layers comprise organic peroxide and ethylene based copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The two roofing plates consist of plastics e.g. polystyrene. The adhesive is formed on the basis of butyl rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid fuel is selected from group including sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, calcium borohydride, aluminum borohydride, zinc borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride and sodium boron trimethoxyhydride. The catalyst includes cobalt, iron, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, vanadium and ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid reactant is selected from group including methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer comprises a conducting window layer formed of tin-doped indium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer comprises a back contact layer formed of aluminum, titanium, nickel, tungsten, indium, molybdenum, gold, platinum, palladium, gallium, tin, antimony, silver, germanium or silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The donor semiconductor wafer comprises germanium-doped silicon, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide and indium phosphide. The conductive layer comprises a conducting window layer formed of tin-doped indium oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The donor semiconductor wafer comprises silicon, germanium or gallium-arsenide. The conductive layer comprises a back contact layer formed of aluminum, titanium, nickel, tungsten, indium, molybdenum, gold, platinum, palladium, gallium, tin, antimony, silver, germanium or silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The spectrum converter is filled with epoxy. The spectrum converter is an oxygen-containing polymers comprising mainly polycarbonate and/or polysiloxanes and/or acrylate polymer, which is filled with fluorescent powder particle using garnet-structure oxides of elements of the II, III, and IV groups in the periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The material of the supported catalyst is transition metals, carbon, graphite, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide and zirconium oxide. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, which produces water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohols are methanol, ethanol, glycols, glycerol and propylene glycol. The ether is dimethyl ether, methyl-ethyl ether and diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The outer peripheral surface of the base material is heated from the inside of the through-hole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting component contains epoxy resin (A) having epoxy equivalent of 1000 or less, epoxy resin (B) having epoxy equivalent of 1500 or more, and block-forming polyisocyanate compound (C). The weight ratio of silicone resin and thermosetting component is 80/20-99.5/0.5. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and epoxy resin (B) is 30/70-90/10. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and compound (C) is 30/70-90/10. Preferred Arrangement: A photovoltaic cell (1) has a current-collection electrode (6) and a transparent conductive layer (5) as base layer of current-collection electrode. EXAMPLE - Mixture (in wt.pts) (93) of flake shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 10.3 microns and spherical shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 1.2 microns, Epicoat 802 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 195) (4.66), Epicoat 1007 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 2000) (1.99), straight silicone resin (0.35), boron trifluoride monomethylamine (0.33) and butylcarbitol acetate (4) were blended to obtain electroconductive paste composition. The obtained paste composition was cured and cured material had specific resistance of 11x10-6 Omega.cm and adhesiveness of 97. A photovoltaic cell having favorable cell characteristics and moisture resistance was formed using the paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermally reducible metal includes alkaline earth metals selected from magnesium, calcium, strontium and/or barium. The ion of low work function metals is an alkaline metal ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fibers are composed of an electrically conducting material or an electrically conducting coating on a non or weakly conducting core from polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester resin sheet preferably has optical density variation of less than 15% with respect to central value, and total light transmittance of 0.005-25%. The layer containing titanium dioxide has thickness of 7-100% total thickness of the polyester resin layer. The polyester resin sheet has elongation retention of 40-100% at 85degreesC and 85% relative humidity, after and before 3000-hours of aging. The polyester resin sheet has elongation retention of 40-100% at 140degreesC, after and before 15-hours of aging. The polyester resin sheet laminate (20) has water vapor permeability at 100 microns conversion of 0.5 g/m2.24 hours at 40degreesC and 90% relative humidity, based on JIS-K-7129.. Preferred Layers: The polyester resin sheet further has a gas and water-vapor barrier layer (6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The fuel cell component is selected from cathode flow field plate, anode flow field plate, resin frame, gas diffusion layer, anode catalyst layer, cathode catalyst layer, membrane electrolyte and/or membrane-electrode-assembly frame. The fuel cell component is a membrane electrode assembly comprising a gas diffusion layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - A deaeration column of the decarbonation device is filled with Raschig ring made of stainless steel in accordance with SUS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound of molecular weight of 213 or more is 15C or more organosulfur compound. Preferred Material: The sulfur content is 0.1-30 mass ppm. The liquid raw material and mineral fuel have kerosene fraction or light oil fraction as main component. Preferred Agent: The fuel cell co-generation system has solid acid type desulfurizing agent chosen from sulfate group zirconia, sulfate group alumina, sulfate group tin oxide, sulfate group iron oxide, tungstic acid zirconia and tungstic acid tin oxide, activated carbon type desulfurizing agent, or metal type desulfurizing agent chosen from copper and nickel group desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfur-type impurity adsorption agent is silicalite. The organic-silicon type impurity adsorption agent is mobile crystalline material (MCM-41,MCM-48) and/or ultrastable material (USY,USM). The moisture-content adsorption agent is silica gel. The carbon-dioxide adsorption agent is zeolite X formed using lithium, calcium, strontium, magnesium or sodium as exchange cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler layer contains silane modification resin that polymerizes an ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Ratio: The amount of organic peroxide is 0.3-3 wt.pts with respect to 100 wt.pts of ethylene based copolymer. The 1-hour half life temperature of organic peroxide is 100degreesC or more. Preferred Property: The thickness of each outermost sheet layer is 5-30% of thickness of the whole adhesive sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallic foil consists of material selected from a group containing nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), palladium (Pd), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), nichrome, stainless steel and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent substrate consists of resin selected from a group containing acrylic resin, polyester type resin, polyurethane type resin, fluorine resin, ionomer type resin and cyclic-olefin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyether compound (A) is a compound of formula: HO-CF2-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-OH.p+q=8-22.The hardener (B) is an organic isocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups in a molecule. The reaction catalyst (C) is a urethane reaction catalyst. The layered clay mineral (D) is mica. The clay mineral (D) is an organic compound in organic forming processing agent. Preferred Composition: The sealing agent composition contains polyether compound (A) (in weight parts) (100) and layered clay mineral (D) (2-15). Preferred Property: The polyether compound (A) has mean molecular weight of 1500-4000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is silicon wafer, glass substrate or metal oxide ceramic substrate. The thin-film heaters consist a metal film that is made of alloy of chromium, titanium, gold, platinum, palladium or rhodium. The interlayer insulation film consists of silicon oxide, and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A photoelectrode layer (1) of dye-sensitized type photoelectric transducer (10) is formed by impregnating alcoholic solution of sensitized dye into a zinc-oxide porous material, in co-presence of deoxycholic acid. A dye-sensitized solar cell is formed using the dye-sensitized type photoelectric transducer. Preferred Definitions:    R3-R6=methyl group;    X=chlorine atom;and    y-=iodine ion.    EXAMPLE - 1,2,3,3-tetramethyl-3H-indolium iodide (in g) (0.363) and 2-chloro-3-hydroxymethylene-cyclohex-1-enecarbaldehyde (0.089) were dissolved in acetic acid (10 ml) and refluxed for 3 hours. Then, water was added to the cooled reaction solution, filtered the deposit and purified with silica-gel chromatography, to obtain sensitized dye (0.106). The obtained sensitized dye (pigment) had structure which was identified using 1H-NMR. The sensitized dye in methanol shows a maximum absorption wavelength at 782 nm. A photoelectric transducer formed using the obtained sensitized dye had excellent photoelectrical conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar subcell is formed on the substrate, where the solar subcell is composed of an indium gallium phosphorus emitter region and an indium gallium phosphorus arsenic base region. The other solar subcell is composed of an indium gallium phosphorus emitter region and an indium gallium arsenic base region. The grading interlayer is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenic. The third solar subcell is composed of indium gallium arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The steam reforming catalyst is selected from nickel (Ni)/alumina (Al2O3), ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, and copper (Cu)/Al2O3. The water gas shift catalyst is based on iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), Ni, or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dense metallic membrane is composed of a Pd/Ag alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic products of the feed are chosen from methane, ethane, methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact electrode is made of molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The isoolefin comprises isobutylene and the multiolefin comprises isoprene. The peroxide curing agent is an organic peroxide (preferably dicumyl peroxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The peroxide curing co-agent comprises an acrylate (preferably non-nitrosamine retarded trimethylolpropane triacrylate crosslinking agent). The peroxide curing co-agent is present in an amount of 1-20 (preferably 10) phr. EXAMPLE - A butyl rubber compound (test) comprising (parts per hundred of resin (phr)) high isoprene butyl rubber (100), Saret 522 (RTM: trifunctional acrylate) (10), carbon black (50) and Dicup 40 C (RTM: peroxide curing agent) (5) was prepared. Similarly a comparative was prepared using RB 402 (RTM: rubber) in place of isoprene butyl rubber and Saret 517 (RTM: trifunctional acrylate) in place of Saret 522. Both test/comparative were evaluated for their tensile strength, elongation, compression set, and permeability. Results showed that the test/comparative had tensile strength of 6.37/0.565 MPa, elongation of 343/656%, compression set of 23.53/83.19%, and permeability of 3.5x10-8/2.5x10-8 cm2/atm.sec respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate comprises epoxy glass fiber substrate, or polymer plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication module comprises communication device selected from a group consisting of IEEE 1394, RS-232, and RU-486 devices.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The printed circuit substrate is selected from a group consisting of epoxy glass fiber substrate, and polymer plastic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The bond strength between the two layers is greater than or equal to 15 J/m2. The oxide glass or oxide glass-ceramic layer has a 0-300degreesC coefficient of thermal expansion CTE that is 5x10-7/degreesC-75x10-7/degreesC and a 250degreesC resistivity rho of less than or equal to 1016 Omega-cm; a strain point Ts of less than 1000degreesC; and comprises positive ions whose distribution within the oxide glass or oxide glass-ceramic can be altered by an electric field when the temperature T of the oxide glass or oxide glass-ceramic is greater than or equal to Ts-350 and less than or equal to Ts+350 where Ts and T are in degreesC. The single-crystal semiconductor layer has a thickness Ds of greater than 10 to less than 500 nm. The oxide glass or oxide glass-ceramic layer is transparent. It has a thickness D2 of greater than or equal to 1 microns. Preferred Materials: An amorphous or polycrystalline semiconductor material is attached to the oxide glass or oxide glass-ceramic layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The first conductive layer comprises fluorine doped tin dioxide or indium tin oxide. The nanowires comprise zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and/or tin dioxide, and include a shell/core structure comprising titanium dioxide/zinc oxide. The electronic material comprises a p-type semiconductor, preferably copper iodide or copper silicon carboxy nitride. The device further comprises an electron blocking layer comprising aluminum gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The device further comprises a monolayer of dye molecules on the nanowire array. The dye molecules are consisting of ((CN)(bpy)2Ru-CN Ru(dcbpy)2-NCRu(bpy)2), (Ru(4,4-bis(carboxy)bpy)2(NCS)2), or (Ru(2,2',2"-(COOH)3-terpy)(NCS)3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electronic material comprises an electrolyte solution which is a polymer gel. Preferred Compounds: The electronic material comprises a semiconducting polymer consisting of transpolyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene) and poly(p-phenylene-vinylene), polyfluorenes, polyaromatic amines, poly(thienylene-vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)p-phenylenevinylene), poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(4'-diphenylenediphenylvinylene), poly(1,4-phenylene-1-phenylvinylene) and poly(1,4-phenylenediphenylvinylene), poly(3-alkylpyrrole), and/or poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylenevinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises glass, soda-lime glass or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The atmosphere for processing the precursor layer is a non-oxygen atmosphere containing chalcogen vapor. The atmosphere contains selenium, sulfur, tellurium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulfide, argon and/or nitrogen. At least one class of the ink particles is doped with inorganic materials chosen from aluminum, sulfur, sodium, potassium and/or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate comprises steel, stainless steel or aluminum. The inter-metallic material is a binary/ternary material such as copper-indium or copper gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The diodes in printed circuit board confirms to TO-220 or ITO-220 standards, and heat dissipated from diodes confirms to IEC 61215 temperature standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic solution contains lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ratio of copper and indium in the contact electrode is higher than the ratio of the copper and indium in the optical absorption layer. The contact electrode consists of alloy which contains molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas which is mixed with the fuel gas contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon and neon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The current-collection electrode consists of aluminum and the paste for fixing the identification display also consists of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wiring is made of material that is selected from the group consists of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), palladium (Pb), tin (Sn), indium (In) and gallium (Ga). The solar cell module has the metal film that is made of material selected from the group consists of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), palladium (Pb), tin (Sn), indium (In) and gallium (Ga).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass layer is made of 68-74 wt.% of silicon oxide, 10-15 wt.% of sodium oxide, 7-11 wt.% of calcium hydroxide and 2-6 wt.% of magnesium oxide. The semiconductor layers of the solar cell are made of selenium and sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate is made of stainless steel. The semiconductor layers of solar cell are made of copper, indium and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inner core is spherical silica particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin molding material further contains filler and hardener. The total content of component and filler is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material. The content of filler is 15 volume% or less with respect to resin molding material. The content of inorganic base material containing component is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material.Preferred Filler: The filler is a fiber base material.Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the component is 20 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin and/or phenol resin. The thermosetting resin is tris (hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin. The hardener is novolak-type phenol resin and resol type phenol resin. EXAMPLE - EPPN-502H (RTM: tris(hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin having number average molecular weight of 680 and epoxy equivalent of 160) (in volume %) (29), resol type phenol resin (20), PT-301 (RTM: titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 0.3 microns) (48), PP-360 (RTM: triphenylphosphine) (1), additive (1) and pigment (1) were mixed with a heating roll, cooling and ground to obtain resin molding material. The obtained resin molding material had charpy impact strength of 24 kJ/m2 based on JIS K 6911, bending strength of 125 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 15.5 GPa, thermal-time bending strength of 120 MPa and thermal bending elastic modulus of 13 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The shape memory composite material has a layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics and layer containing polyurethane-type resin. The layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics is provided on the outer side of both surfaces of the shape memory composite material.Preferred Resin: The polyurethane-type resin is a shape memory polymer or shape memory foam.Preferred Component: The shape memory fiber reinforced plastics is a prepreg. A shape-memory-resin component is shape memory fiber reinforced plastics, shape memory polymer or shape memory foam.Preferred Process: The shape-memory-resin component is coated to the plastering portion of each layer on lamination. The layer containing shape memory fiber reinforced plastics and layer containing shape memory foam are formed, shaped and laminated to form a multilayered structure shape memory composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Film: The dielectric film is a silicon-oxide film or a silicon-nitride film. Preferred Process: The masking paste is heated at 500-1000degreesC between screen-printing and exposure processes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Precursor: The titanium-oxide precursor is titanium hydroxide, titanium tetrachloride, titanium fluoride, and/or titanyl sulfate. Preferred Solution: The dielectric film is etched by hydrogen-fluoride aqueous solution or phosphoric acid aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Paste: The making paste contains solvent and thickener. The titanium-oxide concentration in the masking paste is 0.5-3 mass%. The stabilizer of the masking paste is a diketone compound including the stabilizer of titanium-oxide precursor. Preferred Precursor: The titanium-oxide precursor is of formula: R'nTi(OR)4-n.R'=methyl, ethyl or phenyl;R=methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl;andn=0, 1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Portion: The cation portion has double bond between phosphorus and nitrogen. Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid contains ionic substituent of formula: (NPR12)n and -N+R23X-.R1=halogen element or monovalent substituent, preferably fluorine;n=3-15, preferably 3 or 4;R2=monovalent substituent or hydrogen, and optionally couples to form ring;andX-=monovalent anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A halogenating agent is reacted with the benzodiimidazole compound (3), and third-position and sixth-position of benzene ring are halogenated, to obtain benzodiimidazole compound of formula (4). Alternately, the benzodiimidazole compound of formula (4) is obtained by reacting hetero atom-substituted tetra amino benzene of formula (5) and carbonyl group-containing compound(s) (2). The hydrogen atom bonded with nitrogen atom of the benzodiimidazole compound of formula (4) is substituted by group (R3 and/or R4), to obtain benzodiimidazole of formula (1).R=same as defined above;X1,X2=H or halogen such as chlorine, bromine or iodine;R1-R2=R;andR3-R4=same as R1 excluding H.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The benzodiimidazole of formula (1) and metallic compound of formula (7): X3-Y-X4, are reacted, to obtain polymer or oligomer of formula (6), containing benzodiimidazole unit in the structure. The benzodiimidazole of formula (1) is reacted, to obtain benzodiimidazole unit-containing polymer or oligomer of formula (8).R1-R4=R;Y=reaction residue of alkyl group or aryl group which has reaction group;m,n=1 or more;m+n=2 or more, and is a value in which weight average molecular weight is set to 1000000;andX1-X4=halogen such as chlorine, bromine and iodine, boron derivative, methine hydrogen, tin derivative, Grignard reagent (magnesium-halogen), lithium or polymerizable group, where X1 or X2 is H, or chlorine, bromine or iodine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Elements: Elements (1) in which several channels (2, 2~) are combined as channel elements (7); the channels (2, 2~) in one element (7) all have a coating (4) starting at the same axial position and adjacent channel elements (7) have coatings (4) starting at different axial positions in the direction of flow (5). The channel walls (3) are formed by a silicon carbide substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin particles are at least one of crosslinked acrylic polymer and crosslinked styrene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The single piece of transparent solid comprises a laminated glass, or a tempered glass. The single piece of transparent solid comprises a plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single piece of transparent solid comprises iron element, and cerium oxide. The rolling the ribbon glass with a shaped molding roller further involves quenching each of the concentrating elements using water or cryogenic gas. The photovoltaic strips are made of at least material selected from single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, copper indium diselenide (CIS), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), thin film materials, and nanostructured materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal foil contains copper, silver, gold, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, magnesium, titanium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary adhesive layer secondary adhesive layer contains thermosetting resin and latent hardener, and electrically-conductive particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biological sample is a serum or plasma sample. The concentration of HDL is increased by life style-dependent factors, drugs or dietary means. The life style-dependent factors are physical exercise, weight loss or smoking cessation. The dietary means are cutting ingestion of trans fats, increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber in the diet or increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes and functional foods. The lipid peroxide sequestering capacity of the HDL particles is enhanced by modifying the amounts or relative proportions of native lipids in various HDL lipid classes. The amounts and relative proportions of the native lipids in various HDL lipid classes are modified by drugs affecting lipid metabolism or by dietary means.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The drugs are niacin, cholesterylamine, gemfibrozil, statins or sobetirome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control tower comprises wireless communication equipment such as antenna, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) and Bluetooth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises an agent comprising synephrine, citrus aurantium extract, phenylpropanolamine, caffeine, aspirin, sibutramine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol and/or phendimetrazine. (I) and polypeptide are incorporated into a food product. Preferred Components: The concentration of L-leucine is not less than 18% of the EAAs and not more than 40 wt.% of the EAAs. The concentration of: L-histidine is present at 8-14 wt.%; L-isoleucine is present at 8-14 wt.%; L-lysine is present at 12-18 wt.%; L-methionine is present at 3-5 wt.%; L-phenylalanine is present at 10-18 wt.%; L-valine is present at 8-14 wt.%; and L-threonine is present at 12-18 wt.%. The amino acids of (I) are in free or salt form. The core material further comprises: at least one excipient; and the agent Preferred Method: (I) is administered at 1-3 hours after a meal. The weight loss in the subject is promoted by increased diet induced thermogenesis (DIT), where the increased DIT leads to decreased body fat and increased lean body mass. ACTIVITY - Anorectic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of (I) is 7-15 g, orally, rectally, parenterally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intrasternally or by injection.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): histidine (10.88); isoleucine (10.34); leucine (18.50); lysine (15.25); methionine (3.05); phenylalanine (15.25); threonine (14.59); tryptophan (0.66); and valine (11.47).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The outer structure is formed by sheet metal stamping, or plastic molding. Preferred Shape: The supporting walls of outer structure are hexagonal shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adhesive layer contains electroconductive particles and latent hardener. Preferred Element: The metal foil is belt-like metal foil, and contains copper, silver, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, titanium, magnesium, tin and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The long frame, short frame, connection element are made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alpha olefin is ethylene, and the alpha beta-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-ionomeric polymer is ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers, epoxy resins, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and poly (vinyl butyral). The polymer consists of fluoropolymers and polyesters.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The incident layer is made of glass. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alpha olefin is ethylene. The alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-acid copolymer composition of second encapsulant layer is selected from ethylene vinyl acetates, poly(vinyl acetal), thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, ethylene acrylate ester copolymers, silicone elastomers or epoxy resins. The non-acid copolymer composition includes a non-ionomeric polymer selected from poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) or poly(vinyl butyral). The incident layer is a film containing a polymer selected from fluoropolymers or polyesters. The backing layer is a sheet/film made of polymers or metals. The backing layer is made of a fluoropolymer film/sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ITO-220AC diodes have plastic covered heat sinks to dissipate heat at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61215 Edition 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The enclosure is constructed of a substantially rigid, electrically insulating and thermally conductive material, preferably ABS plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The corrosion solution is prepared using hydrogen fluoride and methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The acid corrosion resistant high molecular polymer powders is polyethylene, Teflon (RTM: PTFE), Tissuemat E or acid corrosion resistant resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The product comprises the nanomaterials have diameter of 10-200 nm; nanotubes with an outer diameter of 10 nm; and/or nanocomposites of 1-D nanomaterials with nanoparticles. The nanomaterials are nanotubes have diameters under 20 nm. The product belong to the A2TinO2n+1 family of titanates. The product additionally comprises at least one compounds belonging to the group comprised by hematite, magnetite or pseudo-rutile. Preferred Method: The process additionally comprises the steps of: c) adding distilled water to the resulting power and filtering; d) washing the material retained in the filter with distilled water, until a neutral pH is achieved; and e) drying at 60-100 degrees C. The process additionally comprises an initial step of milling of the rutile and/or ilmenite sand. The step (c) is substituted by the addition of an acid (preferably HCl). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a psychological rehabilitation program including individual and group counseling; and oxygen therapy treatment(s). The genetic testing assesses the presence of gene polymorphism in at least one of D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2), dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), dopamine beta-hydroxylate gene (DBH) or serotonin transporter (SERT) gene. The specific physical exercises are Kudalini yoga, Hatha yoga, Tai Chi Chuan and/or holotropic breathing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The special diet comprises carbohydrates having a low glycemic index combined with fats and proteins; and carbohydrates having a medium glycemic index combined with proteins and vegetable fibers. Prior to analysis of the genetic testing, the particular dietary supplements for increasing production of neuromediators or neurotransmitters comprise D,L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), hypericin (from St. John's wort extract), vitamin B6, L-theanine, huperzine A, taurine, borage oil, and/or vitamin and mineral complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device provides a Bluetooth transceiver for connecting to a Bluetooth-compatible headset.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The skin cover is made of materials selected from a group consisting of plastic, elastic material and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical compound can be an inorganic phosphor, which is a semiconductor material that exhibits quantum confinement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A chemical compound is configured in the assembly to convert UV photons included in the solar rays into visible photons. The chemical compound is an organic dye compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication interface may be Universal serial businterface, IEEE 1394interface, IEEE 802.11interface, Wireless fidelityinterface, Worldwide interoperability for microwave accessinterface and Bluetoothinterface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optically transparent member comprises a UV inhibitor or a cerium oxide bearing material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The encapsulant comprises a UV inhibitor or is selected from an elastomer or epoxy material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent member comprises a glass material or a polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic structures has silicone resin and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication interface circuit is selected from a universal serial bus (USB) interface circuit or a Bluetooth wireless transmission interface circuit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Residue: The fumaric acid diester resin has fumaric acid diester residue (50 mol% or more) of formula: -CH(-C(=O)-O-R1)-CH(-C(=O)-O-R2)-.R1,R2=3-12C branched alkyl or cycloalkyl group.Preferred Group: The inorganic particles are surface treated by polymerizable unsaturated group such as (meth)acryloyl group. Preferred Component: The organic component is (meth)acrylate having (meth)acryloyl group. Preferred Particles: The inorganic particles are silica particles. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the film is 10-400 mu m, and hard coat layer is 1-50 mu m. The transparent film has total light transmittance of 85% or more, light transmittance of 90% or more at 400 nm, heat ray expansion coefficient of 65 ppm/ degrees C, and haze value of 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The gas-barrier film has a laminated structure of film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance, transparent primer layer (53), vapor-deposition layer including inorganic compound, and compound film comprising overcoat layer (54). The vapor-deposition layer has thickness of 5-300 nm. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. The metal oxide contained in overcoat layer of compound film includes silane alkoxide and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance is polyester base material or polycarbonate-type base material chosen from polybutylene-terephthalate (PBT) film, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) film, acid of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycyclohexane dimethylene terephthalate and glycol modified copolyester (PCTA) film. The film base material having heat resistance is fluorine-type base material chosen from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyvinyl-fluoride (PVF) resin film, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, trifluoro-chloroethylene resin (PCTFE) film, tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE) film, polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) film and tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA) film, preferably polyvinyl-fluoride film. The film base material having heat resistance is colored using whitening agent. The compound film comprising overcoat layer includes hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound, metal alkoxide, hydrolyzate and/or polymer. The hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol or poly (vinyl alcohol co-ethylene), cellulose and/or starch. Preferred Property: The film base material having weather proof and hydrolysis resistance has glass transition temperature (Tg) point of 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The single crystal silicon wafer is a p-type single crystal silicon wafer, a p-type polysilicon wafer, an n-type single crystal silicon wafer, or an n-type polysilicon wafer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is of formula (Sr1-xBax)(BO2)2:EuLiCl.x=0-1.Preferred Composition: The transparent fluorescent powder comprises 0.1-15% europium (Eu), 0-15% lithium (Li) and 0.1-30% chlorine (Cl).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent fluorescent powder is filled with an epoxy resin. The polymerized layer is polycarbonate, polysiloxane or polyacrylate. Preferred Composition: The addition amount of polymer is 0.1-50%. Preferred Properties: The polymer has high transparency within wide bands with wavelengths of 400-1200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dielectric layer and upper encapsulating layer comprise ethylene vinyl acetate. The cover comprises ethylenetetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The body includes a cover made of transparent material, preferably plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Titanium or titanium alloy comprises industrial pure titanium, sponge titanium, Ti-6Al-4V, or biologic titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Additionally, glass sheet is made of silicate. The luminous transform layer radiates its absorbed shortwave light in form of multiband spectrum. The semiwave of one spectrum extreme value lambda=510-720 nm surpasses 120 nm, and it is at yellow-orange spectrum region for other spectrum, the semiwave width of near infrared ray whose extreme value is distributed in 940-1060 nm is 4-6 nm, and it is applied to the largest photosensitive region of mono-crystalline silicon chip, it is rightly at 900-1100 nm section of integrated solar radiation. The inorganic fluorescent powder includes chemical compound Y3-x-y-z-pGdxCeyLupNdzAl5O12, activated ion Ce+3 will radiate in lambda=510-720 nm region, the activated ion Nd+3 will radiate in lambda=920-1100 region. The luminous transform layer exists in thin film shape, thin dispersed inorganic fluorescent powders are filled inside said thin film, the distributed distance is 20 times diameter of average powder, and the light-transmission rate of said thin film is 80-88%, the light scattering value is 4-6%. The volume density of said inorganic fluorescent powders in luminous transform layer is 0.1-0.25%. The luminous quanta rate is 0.8-0.95 when the shortwave is activated. The total efficiency of said solar battery is increased to 20 %.x=0.001-0.30;y=0.001-0.1;z=0.005-0.05; andp=0.0005-0.1.Preferred Composition: The luminous transform layer comprises ethide vinyl acetate polymer film.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=1-3C alkyl, 1-3C alkoxy, 5-6C heterocyclic radical containing nitrogen, preferably methyl, methoxy or piperidinyl group having substituent at position 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the oxidation reduction electrode pair (I2:LiI) is 1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorption unit comprises a coil made of copper/titanium alloy. The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit comprises a copper panel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation structures for insulating the thermal circuit comprising the absorption unit and the boiler unit are made of polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The strong base solution is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic solution is toluene, benzene or carbon disulfide. The fullerene is C60 and its ramification or C72 and its ramification.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The multi-hole molding board is multi-hole aluminum oxide molding board, multi-hole silicon oxide molding board or polymer filter membrane. The multi-hole molding board has thickness of 0.2-100 microns and hole-diameter of 10-200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A Molybenum (Mo) layer is deposited into the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A transparent layer of the bent shaped concave surface is silicon dioxide or silicone nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sintering conductive material and the thermosetting conductive material has silver powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sintering conductive material consist of organic vehicle and organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermosetting resin consists of epoxy-based thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The arginine is amino acid. The coumarin dye is hydroxycoumarin. The fluorogenic compound is synthesized using arginine and coumarin dye and/or several types of products. The fluorogenic compound is of formula (1,2,3 or 4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar chip is comprised of silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium antimony, or indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strips of the cut web is deposited on to a substrate, which is made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible plate is made from a plastics material e.g. polytetrafluorethylene or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The body and the cover plate are formed from stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible material comprises polytetrafluorethylene or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The wireless communication devices operate using one of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4, Bluetooth (RTM: Industrial specification for personal area networks), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (RTM: Industrial specification for wireless technology), or Zigbee (RTM: low-power, short-distance wireless standard). The wireless communication devices communicate with a dongle attached to the application platform such as a universal serial bus (USB) dongle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The gas-phase reaction is conducted at 800-1200 degrees C. The reaction initiated by blowing the chlorine gas into the exhaust gas is conducted at 400-1200 degrees C. Preferred Arrangement: The reaction initiated by blowing the chlorine gas into the exhaust gas is conducted by blowing the chlorine gas into the exhaust gas from a chlorine-gas introducing pipe installed in a chlorination reaction device connected to the reactor in which the gas-phase reaction of the silicon-chloride gas and the reducing-agent gas is conducted. The chlorination reaction device for the exhaust gas and the chlorine gas is constituted of an exhaust-gas extracting pipe (13) which discharges the exhaust gas from the reactor and the connected chlorine-gas introduction pipe. Preferred Process: A reaction gas generated by a reaction of the exhaust gas and the chlorine gas is cooled so that the reducing-agent chloride produced is isolated and recovered as a liquid or a solid. Chlorine and silicon chloride are isolated and recovered from the reaction gas. Preferred Components: The silicon-chloride gas is chlorosilane of formula: SimHnCl2m+2-n.m=1-3;andn=0 or more, and does not exceed 2m+2.Preferably, the silicon-chloride gas is silicon tetrachloride gas. The reducing-agent gas contains sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc and/or hydrogen, and preferably is zinc gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The back cover comprises a polyvinyl fluoride polymer. The first layer of transparent material is a thermosetting plastic, preferably ethyl vinyl acetate. The weight mitigation layer comprises ethyl vinyl acetate and an ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hollow transparent solid housing is made of acrylic fiber or transparent plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic component of the folding device is made of rubber, soft PVC, thermoplastic rubber (TPR), rubber spring, poly urethane (PU) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam cushion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conditioner utilizes a heat insulating polypropylene random (PPR) plastic plate to escape from sunlight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode layer is indium tin oxide or gold film. The cathode is from alkali metals or alkaline-earth metals. It contains aluminum, silver, or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium film has a thickness of 5-500 Angstrom . Preferred Component: The solvent of dialkyl bis(acetylacetone) bonded titanium solution is alcohol, ester, and ether. It is ethyl acetate, Sherwood oil, preferably isopropanol, isooctanol, and ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass or polyester film. The anode decorating layer is a composite film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and sodium polystyrenesulfonate. The photoelectric active layer is a composite film of poly paraphenylene vinylene derivative and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl-(6,6)-methanofullerene. Preferred Parameter: The rotating speed for spin coating is 1000-5000 revolutions/minute. The temperature for vacuum drying is from room temperature to 250 degrees C; and the time is 5 minutes-48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic salt electrolyte is lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of the multi-hydroxyl polymer and the polymer containing ether is 400-20000. Preferred Condition: Removing moisture of polymer gel electrolyte substrate in the first step is implemented in vacuum oven at 60-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The protocol of the wireless transceiver satisfies Bluetooth, Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), IEEE 802.11 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The film has an aluminum coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin flexible film is Polyethylene Terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of the photoelectric conversion layer is selected from the group of non-crystalline silicon, cadmium sulphide, and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A stamp with predetermined texture pattern is compressed on the substrate of the photoelectric converter, in which the stamp may be made of nickel or polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive agent film is formed of polycarbonate type resin, acrylic resin and polystyrene type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mixture of eighty seven to ninety two percent oxides and phosphates of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel with one to three percent lithium-conducting salts, particularly lithium-organoborate, three to five percent magnesium oxide and three to five percent polymer compounds like modified styrol blockcopolymerisation or fluoro elastomer are used as cathode masses. The mixture of ninety to ninety four percent synthetic or natural carbons or titanium oxide with one to three percent lithium- conductive salts are used as anode masses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive structure is made of copper, aluminum, molybdenum, tin, chromium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The transistor comprises at least one of a source and drain electrode and further comprises a semiconductor layer disposed on at least one of the source and drain electrodes, where the semiconductor layer comprises 6,13-bis((triisopropylsilanyl)ethynyl)pentacene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Ink: The ink formulation further comprises at least one of sorbitol or glycerol as dopant. Preferred Method: The step of applying includes ink jet printing, screen printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, contact printing, or spraying, the annealing temperature ranges from 100 to 175 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of silver, aluminum, copper and/or nickel and they have an average particle size less than about 500 (preferably less than about 100) nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3,4-thylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate), polyaniline and/or polypyrrole (preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate). EXAMPLE - Silver Ink-1 (RTM: a 20 wt.% solids metal nanoparticles (30-50 nm diameter) in a mixture of ethanol and ethylene glycol with a viscosity of 14.4 mPa-sec) was diluted to 50% of its original concentration by adding a 50:50 weight ratio of carrier (ethylene glycol and ethanol) to the ink. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) was diluted to 10% of its original concentration by adding 10 times its weight of deionized water to it. The two diluted solutions were mixed in a 50:50 weight ratio to yield an ink formulation. An ink formulation comprising only Silver Ink-1 served as comparative. The test/comparative showed an average volume resistivity of 25.79/9.30x 105 ohm-cm respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module comprises back surface production sheet with external resin layer as outer surface. EXAMPLE - Coating agent containing acrylic resin as main component was coated is on bi-axial-stretching polyester film. Then, adhesive resin layer was laminated on both sides polyester film. Then, DyneonTHV X610G (RTM: ternary-polymer resin of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride) was coated on the adhesive resin layer to form external resin layer. On the other adhesive resin layer, polyvinyl fluoride of thickness 15 mu m was laminated to form inner surface resin layer. Thus, back surface protection sheet was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery has a metal oxide that is made of tin oxide and zinc oxide. The transparent conduction layer is made of aluminum or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The P-wiring and N-wiring are made of copper, aluminum, silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The barrier layer comprises a polymer, paper, or conformal coating. The barrier layer further covers the conductors. Preferred Substrate: The printed electronic substrate alternately has a barrier film on active electronic devices, instead of barrier layer. The barrier film comprises one or more photochromic dyes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polyamide-imide, polyetherimide, polyacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride and/or polysiloxane. The photochromic molecules are triaryl methane, stilbene, azastilbene, nitrone, fulgide, spiropyran, naphthopyran, spiro-napthoxazine and/or spiro-oxazine. The photochromic molecules comprise a layer on the barrier layer. Preferred Dye: The photochromic dyes change chemical structure and decreases amount of selected wavelengths of visible or non-visible light impinging on active electronic devices, when exposed to electromagnetic radiation of predetermined frequencies. The photochromic dyes optionally revert to their original chemical structure, on removal of the electromagnetic radiation of predetermined frequencies.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The primary barrier layer contains aluminum foil, and the barrier layer has plastic film having barrier property. Preferred Process: A deposition thin film layer of an inorganic compound is formed on the plastic-film surface. Preferred Compound: The compound is chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The lamination integration is carried out to outermost sheet layer on both surfaces of intermediate sheet layer. Preferred Component: The intermediate sheet layer is low melt flow rate layer and both-sides outermost sheet layer is high melt flow rate layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar chip is made of gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, cadmium telluride, aluminum gallium arsenide or copper- indium- selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal layer is formed over the seed layer by immersing the seed layer and electrode in an electrolyte that contains copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper pyro-phosphate and copper fluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The apparatus for forming metal layer on flexible solar cell substrate comprises fluid source that delivers metal ion consisting of copper, silver, nickel, zinc or tin on the metallized surface. The metal layer comprises silver, nickel, zinc and tin. An additional metal layer is formed over the metal layer by immersing the metal layer on electrolyte that contains metal ion comprising tin, silver, copper, gold, lead and ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The panel includes a reflection layer that is made up of aluminum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid is air, water, nitrogen, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back-electrode is made of aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises urethane polymer, acrylic polymer, fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 66, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The sealant is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), RTV silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder powder in the adhesive layer is chosen from any one of the metals such as tin, silver, bismuth, indium, zinc and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hardener used in adhesive layer is made of alkyl carboxylic acid or aromatic alkyl carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film of oxide semiconductor fine particles contains titanium oxide. The oxide semiconductor fine particle is complex oxide semiconductor fine particles of titanium oxide, alkaline earth metal or transition metal, or complex oxide semiconductor fine particle of titanium oxide and metal oxide. The alkaline earth metal is magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, transition metal is zirconium, niobium, vanadium, zinc, tin, iron, germanium, tungsten or molybdenum. The oxide semiconductor fine particles comprises complex oxide semiconductor fine particle of titanium oxide, magnesium, calcium or zirconium, and complex oxide of titanium oxide, strontium or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sinks are made of a material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, copper, gold, brass, beryllium-copper alloy, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The surfaces of the rod and the groove are made from polyethylene. The hull is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The crossbar comprises Inconel (RTM: nickel-based super alloys), stainless steel, Kovar (RTM: nickel-cobalt ferrous alloy), Invar (RTM: nickel steel alloy), steel, Titanium, molybdenum (Mo), or tungsten (W). The frame comprises stainless steel, steel, aluminum, titanium, Kovar, or Invar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Electrically non-conductive material is selected from the group consisting of zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, zirconia containing phase stabilization admixtures of calcia, magnesia, ceria or yttria, tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline ceramic and alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high polymer film contains mixture resin of polyester-type resin and polyolefin-type resin, or polyester-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive carrier is a laminar carrier from copper, copper a containing alloy, galvanized steel or aluminum. The surface of the diode is a gold, nickel, a silver, a titanium, a palladium or an aluminum surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery has polynary compound photoelectric material comprising gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, silicon carbide and gallium nitride, and silicon material comprising monocrystalline silicon, poly crystal silicon and amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is indium-gallium-nitride, gallium (indium, aluminum) nitride and gallium nitride. The material of the matrix is epoxide, silicone and glasses.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The water-vapor barrier layer is formed by vapor-deposition of a metal foil, a metal oxide or a nonmetallic inorganic acid compound on surface of the base material which such as the adhesive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copolymer (a) comprises an unsaturated dibasic acid (a1) which has ethylenically unsaturated double bond, a monomer (a2) which does not have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group, and monomer (a3) which have functional group capable of reacting with isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The solar-cell back sheet further has an adhesive layer and a plastic film laminated on the weather-resistant resin layer, and a plastic film and an adhesive layer laminated between the weather-resistant resin layer and the water-vapor barrier layer. Preferred Film: The plastic-film base material is a polyethylene-terephthalate film which is colorless or colored.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The apparatus conforms to global system for mobile communication (GSM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound solar battery comprises solar batteries of zinc-selenium, cadmium-sulfur, gallium-arsenide, cadmium-tellurium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrocondution slurry is silver, aluminum, alloy and metal mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal agent is gold, silver, copper, nickel, tungsten, aluminum, manganese, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal or metal compound coating for the heater microstructure core is high temperature resistant metal such as tungsten, or catalytically active materials selected from tungsten, iridium, rhodium, palladium, and platinum and their oxides, nitrides, or carbides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor of the connecting lead wire is formed from metal selected from copper, aluminum, silver, and gold, or tough pitch copper, low oxygen copper, oxygen-free copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper, or high purity copper with purity of not less than 99.9999 percent. The plating layer is selected from nickel, silver, tin, zinc, chromium, gold, palladium, ruthenium, and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solder metal plating is selected from tin, tin alloy, lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel, tough pitch copper, hypoxia copper, anoxia copper, phosphorus deoxidation copper or highly purified copper having purity of 99.3333% or more. The flat conductor is chosen from group consisting of copper, aluminum, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound vapor deposition layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The primer layer contains acrylpolyol, isocyanate and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The laminated film has plastic film formed on both surfaces of base material through adhesive layer. The plastic film is polyethylene terephthalate film which is a hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The warp structure comprises phosphorus doped silicon. The weft structure comprises boron doped silion and copper. The lower side of the solar panel comprises plastic or rubber coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The heat cycle test of the solar cell module is performed in accordance with JISC8917 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cells comprise active layers containing organic compound, polymeric organic compound or conjugated polymeric organic compound (preferably polythiophene organic compound).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The shoe and the portable monitor communicate via a Bluetooth link.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elongated core is made of polybenzamidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystryrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The physiological parameter consist of heart beat rate, respiration rate, skin temperature, volume of oxygen uptake and respirator ratio between the oxygen and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrically conductive film is made of zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflector is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer is made of zinc oxide, indium tin oxide or tin oxide. The solar cell modules comprise photoelectric conversion layer made of silicon semiconductor, compound semiconductor or organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The apparatus has a network controller which is connected to mirror nodes by a network link e.g. ZIGBEE data link.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The muscular movement actuator comprises an electroactive polymer (EAP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solar cell module further comprises a transparent silicone resin for molding the light emitting device inserted into the reinforced glass to waterproof the light emitting device; and a silicone or epoxy resin for molding the control box to waterproof the battery or capacitor and the circuit board in the control box.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The connecting port is selected from a group consisting of Universal Serial Bus (USB) terminal, Composite Video Input (CVBS) terminal, International Telecommunication Union (ITU)-656 terminal, IEEE-1394 terminal, Recommended standard (RS)- 232 terminal, Recommended standard (RS)- 485 terminal, Recommended standard (RS)- 422 terminal and Ethernet terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The polycrystalline thin film absorber layer is a Group IBIIIAVIA semiconductor layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sub-layers includes ruthenium oxide. The sub-layers include a transparent conductive oxide including at least one of zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn) and cadmium (Cd). The semi-transparent conductive layer is a ruthenium oxide/tantalum carbon monoxide (RuO2/TCO) stack. The RuO2 in the RuO2/TCO stack makes physical contact with the bottom surface of the absorber layer. The TCO in the RuO2/TCO stack is at least one of tin-oxide, indium-tin-oxide and zinc-oxide. The semi-transparent conductive layer is a ruthenium oxide layer, having thickness of 5-20 nm. The semi-transparent conductive layer includes at least two sub-layers and at least one of the sub-layers includes ruthenium oxide. The sub-layers includes a transparent conductive oxide including at least one of Zn, In, Sn and Cd.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective mirror and the extrusion pipe of circuit which makes frame timber circulate through coolant are made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The exothermic pad of the exercise chair is made of magnetized iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The back sheet further has a primer layer (14) containing mixture of an acryl polyol, an isocyanate compound and a silane coupling agent on the film base material layer. Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide or silicon oxide. Preferred Definition:    R2=isocyanurate having polymerizable isocyanate group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The suction cup is made of a light transmissive material e.g. PVC, thermoplastic elastomers and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The pedometer is connected to a computer via a Universal Serial Bus port or a Bluetooth connection unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent tubular casing comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, flint glass, or cereated glass. The cylindrical substrate comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer is In2Se3, In2S3, ZnS, ZnSe, CdInS, CdZnS, ZnIn2Se4, CdS, SnO2, ZnO, ZrO2, or doped ZnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer of reflective material is polished aluminum, aluminum alloy, silver, nickel, or steel. The cylindrical substrate comprises metal or metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent tubular casing comprises fluoropolymer, poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), perfluoro alkoxy fluorocarbon (PFA), nylon, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The cylindrical substrate comprises a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polyimide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, poly tetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of plastic from a fiber-reinforced or reinforced plastic, particularly a polyurethane or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rail includes three tracks formed of extruded aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The exercise monitoring device is connected to the personal computer via a Universal serial bus (USB) port.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fine particles are 8 types of test powders defined by JISZ8901 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water-repellent oil-repellency film contains trifluoromethane group. The transparent fine particles are translucent silica, alumina or zirconia. The co-catalyst used with silanol condensation catalyst is ketimine compound, organic acid, aldimine compound, enamine compound, oxazolidine compound and/or aminoalkyl alkoxysilane compound. Preferred Group: The one side of functional group (A) and functional group (B) is epoxy and other side is amino or imino. Preferred Process: The transparent fine particles are covered with the water-repellent oil-repellent film. The water-repellent oil-repellent film is covalently bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The transparent fine particles are connect-fixed on surface of transparent base material by covalent bond. The covalent bond is formed by reacting functional groups (A,B). The transparent fine particles are bonded with one end of functional group (A), and other end bonded with functional group (B). The film compound (1) has functional group (A) at one end of the surface of transparent fine particles. The film compound (1) bonded with the surface of transparent fine particles. The functional group (B) reacts with one end of functional group (A), and forms a covalent bond on the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (2) bonded with the surface of transparent base material. The film compound (A) and film compound (B) are covalently bonded through silicon on surface of transparent fine particles and transparent base material. Preferred Property: The transparent fine particles have size of 100 nm or less. Preferred Layers: The water-repellent oil-repellent film, film compound (1) or film compound (2) is monolayer. A layer of transparent fine particles covers the surface of transparent base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar module is covered with an anti-reflection coating, e.g. silicon nitride. The profile has a metal, particularly aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
EXAMPLE - 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl, (in wt. pts) (48), 5-sodium sulfo-isophthalic-acid dimethyl (4), isophthalic-acid dimethyl (14), ethylene glycol (31), diethylene glycol (2) and tetra-butoxytitanium (0.05) were mixed at 230degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and subjected to polycondensation reaction to obtain polyester. The polyester (25) was dissolved in mixture of tetrahydrofuran (75) and water (74) to obtain milky-white dispersion. The obtain milky-white dispersion was distilled to obtain water dispersion of polyester having solid content of 25 wt.%. Lauryl sulfonic acid (3), ion-exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5) and sodium hydrogen nitrous acid (0.3) were mixed. To the mixture, mixture of methyl-methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2oxazoline (21.9) polyethylene-oxide methacrylate (39.4) and acrylamide (8.6) was dripped at 60-70degreesC for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled to obtain water dispersion of acryl having solid content of 35 wt.%. Naroacty N-70 (RTM: polyoxyethylene lauryl-ether) (0.3 wt.%) and Snowtex ZL (RTM: silica filler with average particle diameter of 100 nm) (0.2 wt.%) were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. The obtained water dispersion of polyester (10), water dispersion of acryl (5) and aqueous solution (85) were mixed obtain coating agent. The obtained coating agent was uniformly coated on both sides of polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 95degreesC to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The obtained polyester film had X-ray-diffraction intensity ratio of 0.17, and favorable adhesiveness with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-Z0237 and adhesion durability with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-C8917-1998.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The cell has a layer made of solar glass (14) with an external surface exposed to the sun's rays.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The heat conductor material has an acrylic based chemical composition and is charged with titanium oxide graphite, silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. The heat exchanger comprises metal tubes which adhere to the metal sheet made of aluminum, copper or stainless steel by means of a heat conductive epoxy resin, and in which a thermovector fluid is able to flow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A second layer of ethyl-vinyl acetate (EVA) is disposed between the solar glass and the photovoltaic cell. A third layer of EVA is disposed on the internal surface of the cell. A fourth layer made with polyvinyl fluoride based film is disposed on the third layer. Preferred Material: The heat exchanger is made of molded polymer material which is made conductive with graphite, carbon fibers, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, or silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The profile is made of an aluminum alloy or aluminum zinc alloy or galvanized iron sheet metal or high-grade steel sheet metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-nitride substrate comprises gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), indium nitride (InN), AlGaN, InGaN, AlInGaN, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, zinc oxide or glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support and metal sheet include aluminum. The metal sheet contacts surface layer including silver, copper, nickel or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The walking speed and body fat of the user measured using the sensor and measurement unit are transmitted through a wireless communication network conforming to Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The game initiation and game play operations involve communication among wireless nodes of users via Bluetooth , Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) conforming to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) 802.11b and/or IEEE 802.11g , Infrared Data Association (IrDA) and Ethernet .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single-crystal semiconductor body is made of silicon and gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The chest belt used for measuring heart rate of exercising person, communicates with the feedback system, through wireless interface that conforms to Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thermosetting component contains epoxy resin (A) having epoxy equivalent of 1000 or less, epoxy resin (B) having epoxy equivalent of 1500 or more, and block-forming polyisocyanate compound (C). The weight ratio of silicone resin and thermosetting component is 80/20-99.5/0.5. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and epoxy resin (B) is 30/70-90/10. The weight ratio of epoxy resin (A) and compound (C) is 30/70-90/10. Preferred Arrangement: A photovoltaic cell (1) has a current-collection electrode (6) and a transparent conductive layer (5) as base layer of current-collection electrode. EXAMPLE - Mixture (in wt.pts) (93) of flake shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 10.3 microns and spherical shaped silver powder having average particle diameter of 1.2 microns, Epicoat 802 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 195) (4.66), Epicoat 1007 (RTM: epoxy resin having epoxy equivalent of 2000) (1.99), straight silicone resin (0.35), boron trifluoride monomethylamine (0.33) and butylcarbitol acetate (4) were blended to obtain electroconductive paste composition. The obtained paste composition was cured and cured material had specific resistance of 11x10-6 Omega.cm and adhesiveness of 97. A photovoltaic cell having favorable cell characteristics and moisture resistance was formed using the paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ring is made up of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The data link comprises physical link, that is provided by universal serial bus (USB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394 , and Ethernet protocols, and wireless link provided by Bluetooth and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 protocols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wiring is made of material that is selected from the group consists of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), palladium (Pb), tin (Sn), indium (In) and gallium (Ga). The solar cell module has the metal film that is made of material selected from the group consists of gold (Au), aluminum (Al), palladium (Pb), tin (Sn), indium (In) and gallium (Ga).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode is a carbon electrode, which comprises a carbon material comprising carbon cloth, carbon paper, carbon felt, carbon wool, carbon foam, graphite, porous graphite, graphite powder, graphite granules, graphite fiber, or reticulated vitreous carbon; or a graphite fiber brush electrode. Preferred Parameter: The electrode has a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Thermoelectric conversion material is made of bismuth and tellurium as main component. The contact surface has copper or aluminum as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The ITO-220AC diodes have plastic covered heat sinks to dissipate heat at a rate sufficient to meet the requirements of IEC 61215 Edition 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The enclosure is constructed of a substantially rigid, electrically insulating and thermally conductive material, preferably ABS plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from silicates (preferably a hydrous silicate based on a metal selected from aluminum, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, and/or iron; especially clay); zirconates (preferably barium zirconate); titanates (preferably barium titanate, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, sodium titanate, magnesium titanate, and/or hydro-titanate); and/or phosphates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from sulfonated polyether ketones, dimethyl acetonate, dimethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton-conducting polymer is selected from aromatic amines, fluorinated silicones, or sulfonated polymers (preferably sulfonated poly(phenylene ether ether ketone), sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polyethylene, sulfonated polyethylene oxide, sulfonated polypropylene oxide, sulfonated polytetramethylene oxide, and/or sulfonated polyetherimides).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive type thermoelectric element is made of tricalcium tetracobalt oxide, and the negative type thermoelectric element is made of zinc oxide and indium oxide. The upper and lower electrodes are made of indium tin oxide layer and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The dissimilar materials of thermoelectric elements comprise pairs of materials for forming a thermocouple. The paired materials are constantan:chromel, chromel:copper (Cu), iron:constantan, Cu:constantan, or chromel:alumel. The thermoelectric elements are bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), tin telluride (Sb2Te3), (BiSb)2Te3, zinc antimonide (Zn4Sb3), cerium iron antimonide (CeFe4Sb12), lead telluride, tin telluride, silicon germanide, skutterudites or Te/silver/Ge/Sb alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The cooling process is performed within one second. Preferred Process: The chlorosilane and hydrogen are supplied and reacted in the reaction container which comprises a cylinder and a reaction zone. Silicon is deposited to inner surface of the cylindrical reaction container. A portion or entire of the deposited silicon is melted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The 16SrRNA of medium level thermophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria exhibits 97% homology with 16SrRNA of Thiomonas sp. ML2-92. The microorganism is a rod shaped, Gram's negative strain, exhibiting optimal proliferation and sulfur oxidation temperature at 45 degrees C and optimal pH of 6.5. Preferred Method: The method involves adding culture medium to an apparatus after mixing environmental samples (target object containing sulfide) with the medium, and culturing the thermophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria at 40-50 degrees C (preferably 45 degrees C) in the apparatus to remove sulfide by oxidation, where the pH of the medium is maintained between 5-7, preferably 6.5 using buffer, and the bacteria is immobilized on the suitable carrier before culturing. The method involves replacing the culture medium continuously or regularly, and maintaining the pH.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Apparatus: The medium level thermophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria is immobilized on suitable carrier and is placed in the apparatus, where the carrier is a porous gel bead consisting of hydrophilic resin such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is preferably Thiomonas RAN5 strain (NITE P-315) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of the electronic membrane is made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride trifuoroethylene copolymer (PFTC), PTFE and foamed polyethylene (PEF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The band is made of lacquer coated dead mild steel, austenitic stainless steel or ferritic stainless steel type or nickel iron type controlled expanding metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic structure further comprises transparent insulator surrounding a transparent electrode. The transparent electrode comprises conductive carbon nanotubes and conductive metal oxide. The photosensitive nanostructure layer includes a bimodal distribution of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and quantum dots.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic structure further comprises catalyst including carbon, carbon black particles, platinum, and palladium. The nanostructure layer includes quantum dots comprising zinc selenide, cadmium selenide/zinc, cadmium telluride/zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, and lead selenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The light absorptive coating includes anthocyanin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The transparent electrode comprises conductive polymer. A first conductive layer is a composite including a flexible plastic material and a conductive agent. It includes a flexible polymeric film. The photovoltaic structure further comprises a transparent flexible plastic substrate joining a first conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The thermochemical system generates hydrogen using copper chloride thermochemical cycle. It also produces oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molten salt heat transfer medium comprises 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The AED and the docking station communicate with each other in accordance with a communication protocol such as Bluetooth, Institute of electrical and electronics engineers 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver is gas oil, diesel oil, cerium nanometer rare earth, oil-soluble nanometer ferrocene, calcium naphthenate, iron naphthenate, or cerium rare earth naphthenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparing environment-protecting energy-saving micro-emulsified organism gas oil with sea water, animal vegetable oil and alcohol, diesel mixed fuel and additive agent comprises removing salt in the sea water until non-corrosive fuel standard is accorded with; mixing the surface active agent, solutizer, combustion improver to be emulsion or micro-emulsion; and using ultrasonic emulsifying machine to process mixed liquids of the salt-reduction sea water and surface active agent, where the solutizer and combustion improver are to be mixed fuel of the emulsion or micro-emulsion in the proportion. Preferred Components: The surface active agent is fatty acid, fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate, triethanolamine, span-80, or ammonia water, where the fatty acid is vegetable oil acid, animal oil acid or its combination, the vegetable oil acid is prepared by acidification of coconut oil, colza oil, palm oil, alga oil or small tung seed oil, the animal oil is prepared by acidification of lard oil, beef fat or mutton fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) further comprises lanthanum aluminate (LAO) layer between the substrate and the first layer. Preferred Components: The substrate further comprises a second complex oxide, which is embedded within the first complex oxide or is a first layer directly or indirectly over one surface of the first complex oxide. The second complex oxide is of a nanostructure embedded within the first complex oxide. The first complex oxide is of formula (I) (M1a-xM2bM3xOc-d) or (M1aM2b-xM3xOc-d). The second complex oxide is of formula (I) of the first complex oxide, but is a different formula as the first complex oxide or is of formula (II) (M1aM2bOc-d). The first complex oxide has a dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) of greater than or equal to 1.5 at 300 K and/or ZT of greater than or equal to 15 at 125 K. The first complex oxide is barium titanate (when x = 0-1), sodium cobalt oxide (when x = 0-2) (both preferred), strontium titanate, lead titanate or bismuth ferrite having an oxygen vacancy. The LAO layer has a thickness of less than about 20 nm.M1 = sodium, potassium, lithium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminium, yttrium or bismuth;M2 = titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum or silver;M3 = lanthanum, niobium or yttrium;a, b = 1-4;c = 2-10;x = 0-4; andd = 0-c.Where, M1, M2 and M3 are different elements. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An etchant used in manufacture of the photoelectric conversion apparatus is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The insulating layer is deposited on a substrate using tetraethyl orthosilicate chemical vapor deposition process. The p-type film and n-type film are deposited using metal organic chemical vapor deposition process. The photoresist layers are spin-coated on the silicon dioxide layer. Preferred Components: The insulating layer comprises silicon nitride. The metal organic precursors of metal organic chemical vapor deposition process is pentamethyl cyclopentadienylindium ((CH3)5C5In) containing indium of 5 weight%, triphenylarsine ((C6H5)3As), tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)gallium (Ga(TMHD)3) containing gallium of 5 weight%, triphenylbismuth ((C6H5)3Bi) containing bismuth of 5 weight%, triphenylantimony ((C6H5)3Sb) containing antimony of 5 weight% and/or tellurium ethoxide containing tellurium of 5 weight% in octane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wall area is made of austenitic steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulphide glass, fluoride glass, glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid is air, water, nitrogen, or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back-electrode is made of aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold and/or their alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises urethane polymer, acrylic polymer, fluoropolymer, polybenzimidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 66, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The sealant is ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), RTV silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polycarbonate, acrylic, fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture : The mixture contains at least 4 (4-10) wt.% coal ash, which comprises at least 50 (80) wt.% aluminum silicates. The biomass comprises waste products obtained from agriculture and/or forestry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flexible electrode is made of silicon, germanium, or gallium arsenide. The coating on top of electrode is made of sodium, potassium, thorium, silicon, or germanium. The getter filament is made of sodium or potassium. The thermal path of the electrodes is made of silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible electrode is made of gold, silver, aluminum, copper, or nickel. The permanent magnet is made of iron, cobalt, nickel, neodymium, or aluminum. The coating on top of electrode is made of cesium or barium. The getter filament is made of titanium, cesium, or barium. The thermal path of the electrodes is made of copper or aluminum. The getter filament is covered by cesium or cesium chromate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible electrode is made of polyimide, polyester, polyamide, polyacrylic, or polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The mineral charge may be a product with a laminated structure, for example mica or phyllosilicate clay such as montmorillonite, in the exfoliated state or may be an inert powder chosen from talc, boron nitride, alumina or silica or a mixture of the product with a laminated structure and the inert powder (all claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The corrosion resistance promoter may be an adsorption agent on the aluminum panel chosen from salts, typically of sodium or potassium, silicates, phosphates and phosphonates or may be a chemical conversion agent chosen from salts of chemical elements chosen from chromium, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, cobalt, cerium, molybdenum, hafnium and manganese, in a manner to form an oxide layer of the chemical element or may be a mixture of the adsorption agent and the chemical conversion element (all claimed). One external surface of the panel may have a coating with selective maximal absorbance in the visible spectrum and a minimal emittance in the infrared at 100oC to form a solar panel (claimed).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic thickening agent is an organic polymer chosen from anionic polymers, cationic polymers, polyethers and polyhydroxyle polymers or mixtures of these organic polymers and is typically a polyacrylate (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The semi-conductor is quickly cooled at a rate of at 50 K/second at less than 25degrees C and a mixed pressure, and annealed at 150K for at least 5 hours. Preferred Components: The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and power factor of (I) is at least 80 microvolts/K, at least 500 S/cm, and at least 10 mu W/(cm.K2), respectively. Up to 10 wt.% of (I) is substituted by p- or n-doping agent such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, silver, tantalum, silicon, germanium, arsenic, bismuth, sulfur, selenium, lead-halide, antimony-halide, bismuth-halide, antimony-telluride and/or bismuth-telluride. EXAMPLE - A lead-tellurium-tin-antimony powder of formula ((PbTe)(1-0.01)(Sn2Sb2Te5)(0.01)) (5.2 g) was heated at 950degrees C for 10 hours, and maintained for 6 hours. The obtained product was cooled at 50degrees C for 24 hours to obtain thermoelectrically active p- or n- conductive semi-conductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A portion of vanadium is substituted by titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and/or tungsten. A portion iron is substituted by manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper and/or silver. A portion of aluminum or silicon is substituted by gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, antimony and/or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The top and the bottom of the body are made of a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inner wall is formed from stainless steel and the casing is formed from aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The frame is made of plastic from a fiber-reinforced or reinforced plastic, particularly a polyurethane or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer.
EXAMPLE - 2,6-napthalene dicarboxylic acid dimethyl, (in wt. pts) (48), 5-sodium sulfo-isophthalic-acid dimethyl (4), isophthalic-acid dimethyl (14), ethylene glycol (31), diethylene glycol (2) and tetra-butoxytitanium (0.05) were mixed at 230degreesC in nitrogen atmosphere and subjected to polycondensation reaction to obtain polyester. The polyester (25) was dissolved in mixture of tetrahydrofuran (75) and water (74) to obtain milky-white dispersion. The obtain milky-white dispersion was distilled to obtain water dispersion of polyester having solid content of 25 wt.%. Lauryl sulfonic acid (3), ion-exchange water (181), ammonium persulfate (0.5) and sodium hydrogen nitrous acid (0.3) were mixed. To the mixture, mixture of methyl-methacrylate (30.1), 2-isopropenyl-2oxazoline (21.9) polyethylene-oxide methacrylate (39.4) and acrylamide (8.6) was dripped at 60-70degreesC for 3 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled to obtain water dispersion of acryl having solid content of 35 wt.%. Naroacty N-70 (RTM: polyoxyethylene lauryl-ether) (0.3 wt.%) and Snowtex ZL (RTM: silica filler with average particle diameter of 100 nm) (0.2 wt.%) were mixed to obtain aqueous solution. The obtained water dispersion of polyester (10), water dispersion of acryl (5) and aqueous solution (85) were mixed obtain coating agent. The obtained coating agent was uniformly coated on both sides of polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 95degreesC to obtain polyester film having thickness of 50 microns. The obtained polyester film had X-ray-diffraction intensity ratio of 0.17, and favorable adhesiveness with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-Z0237 and adhesion durability with ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer resin based on JIS-C8917-1998.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The first conductive layer comprises fluorine doped tin dioxide or indium tin oxide. The nanowires comprise zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and/or tin dioxide, and include a shell/core structure comprising titanium dioxide/zinc oxide. The electronic material comprises a p-type semiconductor, preferably copper iodide or copper silicon carboxy nitride. The device further comprises an electron blocking layer comprising aluminum gallium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The device further comprises a monolayer of dye molecules on the nanowire array. The dye molecules are consisting of ((CN)(bpy)2Ru-CN Ru(dcbpy)2-NCRu(bpy)2), (Ru(4,4-bis(carboxy)bpy)2(NCS)2), or (Ru(2,2',2"-(COOH)3-terpy)(NCS)3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The electronic material comprises an electrolyte solution which is a polymer gel. Preferred Compounds: The electronic material comprises a semiconducting polymer consisting of transpolyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene) and poly(p-phenylene-vinylene), polyfluorenes, polyaromatic amines, poly(thienylene-vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)p-phenylenevinylene), poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(4'-diphenylenediphenylvinylene), poly(1,4-phenylene-1-phenylvinylene) and poly(1,4-phenylenediphenylvinylene), poly(3-alkylpyrrole), and/or poly(2,5-dialkoxy-p-phenylenevinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process of reacting aromatizing catalyst with hydrogen gas is carried out in same temperature region as in aromatizing reaction of lower hydrocarbon. After adding inert gas or reducing gas into atmosphere containing hydrogen gas, the temperature of aromatizing catalyst is 400-550 degrees C. Oxygen gas is diluted by inert gas so that the concentration of oxygen in oxidizing gas is 2%. Aromatizing catalyst reacts with oxidizing gas at 450-500 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The neutral organic plastic crystal matrix comprises succinonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The active material is a lithium containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon conductor is selected from at least one of acetylene black, carbon fibers, single wall carbon nanotubes, and multiwall carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from at least one of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and latex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal layer has nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium or copper. The second metal layer has aluminum or copper. The third metal layer has aluminum, copper or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The energy storage system is made from a high voltage series of batteries selected from the group consisting of nickel-cadmium, nickel-metalhydride, lithium ion, lithium-solid polymer, sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, lithium-sulfur, nickel-iron, nickel-zinc, zinc-bromide, nickel-hydrogen batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid comprises water and borohydride compound. The first substance comprises borohydride or metal hydride compounds, which is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, zinc borohydride, aluminum borohydride, polyborohydrides, trimethylamine borane, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, potassium aluminum hydride, beryllium hydride, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride, strontium hydride or barium hydride. The transition metal is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold, cobalt, nickel or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The liquid fuel is selected from methanol, ethanol or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic liquid comprising the organic cation is selected from triazolium, pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, thiazolium or oxazolium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The boron-nitride nanotube is coated with conjugated polymer. Preferred Property: The boron-nitride nanotube has average diameter of 0.4 nm to 1 mu m and aspect ratio of 5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film contains zeolite to phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid of 40-3 weight%. The film further contains diepoxy compound, diamine compound, acid anhydride, diisocyanate compound, dithiocyanate compound and/or diisothiocyanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has a mean pore diameter of 2.5-4 nm, a specific surface area of more than 800 m2/g, and an average particle diameter of 1-5 mu m. Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst is obtained by supporting a catalytically active component having a specific surface area of 60-130 m2/g, on the carrier. Preferred Process: A liquid mixture containing the catalyst carrier, a metallic compound of a metal which shows catalytic activity, and water is heated at 180 degrees C or less, the catalyst carrier is placed in a hydrogen-containing-gas atmosphere, and the metal is reduced on the surface of carrier. The hydrogen-containing-gas atmosphere is heated to 1-10 degrees C/minute, and metal reduction is carried out at 200-500 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalytically active component is platinum (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains iron element. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by adhering the active ingredient on the carbon-type substrate which is heat processed with the compound containing nitrogen element and iron element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: A separator of lithium secondary battery, contains lithium-ion-conduction property improvement material and a binder resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The metal is sulfonic acid group. Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is tungsten oxide or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is an olefin resin or a fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The acid modified olefin-type thermoplastic resin contains propylene-type resin. The silane coupling agent is one or more compound chosen from group having epoxy. The resin particles include crosslinked acrylic-type polymer and/or crosslinked styrene-type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The olefin-type thermoplastic resin includes propylene-type resin. The silane coupling agent is one or more compound chosen from group having epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode catalyst further contains an electrolyte. The silica is colloidal silica, fine silica powder and/or silicon alkoxide. Preferred Properties: The content of silica in the electrode catalyst is 0.1-98 mass% with respect to mass of the whole electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst has average particle diameter of 200 nm or less. The content of electrolyte in the electrode catalyst is 0.1-98 mass% with respect to mass of the whole electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight of oligomer is 500-1000000. Preferred Arrangement: One terminal of the oligomer is adjoined with one terminal of other oligomers. An aggregate is formed by extending several oligomers in a row, and is surrounded by silica, electro-conductive component and electrolyte. The silica and electro-conductive component touch mutually.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The electrolyte solution contains metal chloride (MCl), metal sulfate (M2SO4), metal nitrate (MNO3) and/or metal perchlorate (MClO4) as electrolyte, where M is lithium, sodium or potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains polyaniline and indole trimer of formula (I).R=H, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylate ester, sulfone, sulfate, sulfuric ester, nitro, cyano, alkyl, aryl, alkoxyl, amino, alkylthio or arylthio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube has diameter of 2-100 nm, and length of 1-500 mu m. The content of carbon nanotube with respect to total weight of carbon nanotube and fluororesin is 5-90 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluororesin is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte membrane contains the carrier catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid medium contains water and an alcohol. The carrier catalyst contains carrier metal catalyst and the particle is a carrier particle. The metal catalyst contains platinum or platinum group metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (B) is a phenol formaldehyde polymer. The surfactant is a block copolymer, which mainly contains polypropylene oxide blocks and polyethylene oxide blocks. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: The sintering additive is added to the coating or to the spray during coating. It comprises :(A) titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or compounds of these substances;(B) or bismuth, gallium, aluminum, boron or compounds of these substances.Up to 5 mol%, especially up to 2 mol%, of additive is used. Sintering is carried out at 650 - 1000, particularly 850 - 950oC. The main component of the coating is gadolinium-doped cerium oxide or yttrium or scandium-doped zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic material consists of graphite and polypropylene (PP), polyethylene, polytetrafluoro ethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solution comprises silver nitrate solution. The second solution comprises chloroplatinic acid solution. The first metal ion is from silver ions, copper ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions, or zinc ions. The second metal ion is from platinum ions, ruthenium ions, rhodium ions, palladium ions, or molybdenum ions. Preferred Process: The step of adding the reducing agent into the first solution to dissolve the nanometer particles of the first metal comprises controlling the reaction temperature at 25-80 degrees C of the first solution, controlling the concentration of the silver nitrate within 0.4-4 mM, and controlling the reaction time within 10-45 minutes. The step of adding the second solution containing the second metal ions into the first solution comprising the first metal nanometer particles and the second metal ions oxidize the first metal particles from the external part to the internal part to form the second metal nanometer particles having a hollow structure comprises controlling the reaction of the second solution at 25-80 degrees C, controlling the concentration of the chloroplatinic acid within 0.4-10 mM, and controlling the reaction time within 30-60 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is methanol, ethanol, glycol, hydroboron, citric acid, tannic acid, sodium hypophosphite, or diammonium; and comprises potassium borohydride or sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous, conductive substrate is membrane filter comprising conducting material selected from platinum, gold and/or carbon, or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The adhesive layer comprises chromium or titanium as the main component and the low melting point metal comprises an alloy containing one of bismuth, tin, lead, indium and cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic particle in the fuel cell is made from a combination of aluminum, silicon, zirconium, titanium and tungsten. The platinum-cobalt alloy has a transition metal, which is selected from a combination of vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, tungsten and titanium. The cobalt alloy is made from a mixture of halide containing nitrate, hydrochloride and sulfate. The fuel cell catalyst is made of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate, sodium hexahydroxyplatinate, platinum-di-chloride, diammineplatinum two nitrite, potassium platinum four hexachloride, potassium tetracyanoplatinate two, potassium tetranitroplatinate two, disodium hexachloroplatinate, sodium hexahydroxoplatinate four, platinum acetylacetonate, ammonium tetrachloro platinate and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cobalt alloy is made from a mixture of halide containing acetate and amines.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide further contains aluminum. Preferred Compound: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide is of formula: LiaCo1-w-x-y-zMwMgxMnyAlzO2.M=zirconium or titanium;a=0.9-1.2;w=more than 0 to 0.01;x=more than 0 to 0.03;y=more than 0 to 0.04;z=0-0.5;andw+x+y+z=0.01-0.06.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium metal complex oxide of secondary anode active material is of formula: Lia1M1SiO4 (1). The lithium metal complex oxide of primary anode active material is of formula: Lia2Mn2-xM2xO4-wX1w (2) and/or of formula: Lia3Mn2-y-zNiyM3zO4-wX1w (3).M1=nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, or manganese, preferably cobalt or manganese;a1=0-2 (excluding 0);M2,M3=lithium, boron, aluminum, magnesium, silicon, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, or titanium;X1=fluorine or chlorine;a2,a3=0-1 (excluding 0);w=0-0.3 (excluding 0.3);y=0.45-0.55 (excluding 0.45 and 0.55);andz=0-0.5 (excluding 0.5).Preferred Property: The mass ratio of secondary anode active material with respect to sum of mass of primary anode active material and secondary anode active material is 0-90%, preferably 10-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The single crystal nanowire is a spinel type single crystal nanowire.The single crystal nanowire has diameter of several nanometers to hundreds of nanometers.Preferred Components: An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, lithium nitrate, lithium chloride, sodium manganate, and magnesium oxide are used during manufacture of single crystal nanowire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The precursor of carbonaceous material(C) is a thermoplastic polymer compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The tacking adjustment portion is made of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The catalyst-layer forming material further contains solvent. Preferred Components: A catalyst-layer transfer sheet contains base material including polymeric sheet or sheet containing inorganic substance. A gas-diffusion electrode contains base material including electroconductive porous sheet. The membrane-electrode assembly contains gas-diffusion electrode and polymer electrolyte membrane. The high-molecular compound is aromatic polyether-type high-molecular compound. The compound containing 2 or more oxygen-containing group of formula (1) is phenyl-containing compound of formula (2-11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode is provided in the surface of an insulating material which is any one of alumina, silicon nitride and ceramic powder of aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has micropores in the pore volume of 0.1-0.8 ml/g. The micropores have average diameter of 1.0-3.0 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The base substrate are metal substrate chosen from titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, aluminum, iron and/or their alloys. The intermediate layer having platinum group metal layer and/or its oxide layer contains iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and/or its oxide. Preferred Process: The platinum group metal layer is formed by coating liquid containing alcohol solution of platinum-containing organic metal compound, drying and baking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The ( pi )-conjugated-type electroconductive polymeric layer contains polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene or their derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas, which is to be removed, is carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mentioned fuel inlet is an inlet for methanol-water mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution containing noble metal is solution containing silver ion, solution containing gold ion, or solution containing platinum ion. The solution containing silver ion comprises (%) mixed solution of nitric acid (5-10), and silver nitrate (5-15). The solution containing platinum ion comprises (%) mixed solution of nitric acid (5-10) and platonic chloride (5-15). The solution containing gold ion comprises (%) nitric acid (5-10) and chloroauric acid (5-15). The solution containing noble metal includes mixtures of nanoscale conductive medium graphite, titanium carbide, and chromic oxide having grain diameter of 30-100 nm. The passivation solution for passivating single polar plate is nitric acid solution (30 %) and includes PTFE grain with granularity of 0.1-0.5 mu m (1-5 g/L). Preferred Methods: The step of placing two single polar plates into solution containing noble metal ion to displace ion comprises placing single polar plate in the solution containing noble metal, maintaining temperature of solution at 30-50 degrees C for 30-90 minutes, and washing the single polar plate using water. The solidifying of passivation film of passivated single polar plate comprises placing single polar plate into high temperature furnace, and maintaining at 200-250 degrees C for 30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox reactant comprises organic compound(s) consisting of methanol, ethanol, glucose, hydrocarbons, alkane, methane, ketone, 3 beta -hydroxybutyrate, phenol, dopamine, lactose, and/or fructose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Methods: The membrane is obtained by copolymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers that give a hydrophilic polymer on polymerization. The copolymerization is conducted in the presence of water and a monomer including a strongly ionic group. The material from which the membrane may be formed is introduced between electrodes and polymerized in situ. Preferred Properties: The membrane is graduated across its thickness. It is a flat or a stack of flat sheets, and is in a grid pattern. Preferred Materials: The membrane comprises anionic exchange material, cationic exchange material, and ionically inactive material. The materials from which the membrane may be formed include a UV initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises lithium cations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode comprises lithium or lithium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first electrode mixture comprises a fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer is a vinylidenefluoride homopolymer or copolymer, or tetrafluoroethylene homopolymer or copolymer. The fluoropolymer is PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, fluorinated elastomers, chlorotrifluoroethylene, or perfluoroelastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is poly(vinyl alcohol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic acid is benzoic acid. The solvent is water, ethanol, benzene and/or acetone. The Ch precursor is made of sulfur powder, selenium powder, thioacetamide, sulfurous acid and/or selenious acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No suitable preparation given. Preferred Component: The counter-cation of the anion is onium ion. The onium ion is chosen from organic ammonium cation and organic imidazolium cation. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate (in g) (37.1) and water (200 ml) were mixed, aqueous solution (200 ml) of tricyanovinyl alkoxide tetraethylammonium salt (35) was dripped into the reaction liquid for 1 hour and filtered, to obtain yellow precipitate of tricyano carbonitrile methide silver salt (28.8). The obtained salt (28.8) was dissolved in water (50 ml) and aqueous solution (200 ml) of triethylammonium bromate (17.8) at room temperature for 1 hour and crystallized, to obtain triethyl ammonium dicyano carbonyl methide having yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: Polyarylene sulfide film has fracture strength of 230-500 MPa, breakage elongation of 30-80% along longitudinal direction, and differential coefficient at elongation of 2% and difference of breaking point elongation and 5% of 0 or more along longitudinal and width direction. Preferred Film: The polyarylene sulfide film contains polyarylene sulfide and thermoplastic resin (A) other than polyarylene sulfide. The thermoplastic resin forms dispersed phase having mean dispersion diameter of 50-500 nm. The film has glass transition temperature of 80-95 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The content of polyarylene sulfide and thermoplastic resin is 70-99.5 wt.pts and 0.5-30 wt.pts, respectively. The film is formed by carrying out melting extrusion of a resin composition formed by mixing raw material containing 0.05-3 wt.pts of compatibilizing agent having epoxy group, amino group and/or isocyanate group. Preferred Resin: The thermoplastic resin (A) is a non-crystalline polymer chosen from polyallylate, polyphenylene ether, polyether imide, polyether suflone and/or poly sulfone, and has glass transition temperature of less than melting point of polyarylene sulfide by 150 degrees C or more. Polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin (B) is non-crystalline polymer chosen from polyarylate, polyphenylene ether, polyether imide, polyether sulfone and polysulfone. Preferred Compound: The polyarylene sulfide is polyphenylene sulfide. Preferred Property: The biaxially-oriented polyarylene sulfide film has film thickness of 10 mu m or less. The resin (B) has glass transition temperature of 150 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The printed circuit is made of copper. The case is made of aluminum. The strip is made of copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additive is selected from vinylidene carbonate, 1-fluorobutylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate or alkyl phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersant is propylene oxide, normal heptane, liquid paraffin or kerosene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is Span 60(RTM: sorbitan monostearate), Span 80(RTM: sorbitan monooleate), Span 85(RTM: sorbitan trioleate), oleic acid, alcohol polyethylene ether, carboxymethylcellulose ether, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tea saponin and/or cocamidopropyl betaine. The antisetting agent is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, sodium silicate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate. Preferred Process: The method involves emulsification for 10-30 minutes at 13000 rpm, ultrasonic dispersing and monitoring viscosity coefficient at room temperature, or separately placing emulsified paste at room temperature and 50 degrees C for 7-15 days and observing sedimentation condition of paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fibrous carbon material comprises reduced number of small-diameter fibers with respect to small-diameter fibers. The content of large diameter fiber is 1-75 volume% at specific gravity of 2, and the content of small-diameter fiber is 0.01-5 volume% at specific gravity of 1.4. The metal powder component has average particle diameter of 200 mu m or less, and the ceramic powder component has average particle diameter of 20 mu m or less. Preferred Compounds: The metal powder component is chosen from aluminum, aluminum alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, copper, copper alloy and stainless steel. The ceramic powder component is chosen from oxide, nitride, carbide and boride. The mixed powder contains 20 weight% or less of ceramic. The base material is metal-powder component sintered compact which is subjected to plastic-working process with fibrous carbon material. Preferred Components: The small-diameter fiber and large diameter fiber existing in the fiber layer are twin-rounded with reticulate, and becomes crosslinked large diameter interfiber. The large diameter fiber is orientated on one or several specific directions parallel to the surface of layer, and the small-diameter fiber is non-orientated. The graphene sheet of the large-diameter fiber has a single or multi layer of graphene tube which is rounded in the cylindrical shaped core portion. The graphene sheet includes vapor growth carbon fiber laminated in the radial direction of graphene tube such that the core portion is optionally multiple-surrounded. The small-diameter fiber contains carbon nanotube comprising single or multi-layered grapheme tube with cylindrical-shaped graphene sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The microporous membrane comprises a material selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polymethylpentene, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier gas is argon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen or ammonia (preferably hydrogen). The transition metal compound is added to the carbonaceous material and is titanamide (Ti(NH2)4), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) or chromium carbonyl (Cr(CO)6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is stainless steel, nickel alloy, plain carbon steel, aluminum alloy, copper alloy or titanium alloy substrates. The material of the catalytic layer is nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, palladium, silver, gold or alloys of at least two of the metal. The metal substrate is stainless steel substrate. The material of the catalytic layer is nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonaceous material is methane, acetylene, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, olefin or camphor (preferably methane or acetylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube-metal oxide-nano-composite electrode has energy density of 200-1200 F/g and power density of 10-130 kW/kg. The metal oxide layer has thickness of 1-200 nm. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is formed using electrostatic aerosol spray pyrolysis (EASP). The carbon nanotube-metal oxide-nano-composite electrode is formed using constant current method, potentiostatic method and/or cyclic voltammetry. Preferred Component: The metal oxide is oxide of transition metal such as vanadium, manganese, nickel, cobalt or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred particles: The graphite particles are natural graphite. Preferred Powder: The carbon material powder further contains meltable organic powder such as pitch powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium phosphate, lithium chlorate, lithium borofluorate, lithium arsenic fluoride (LiAsF6), and lithium-antimonyfluoride (LiSbF6). Preferred Composition: The secondary electrolyte is of formula (II-V). Preferred compound: The high voltage anode active material is lithium manganese type oxide of spinel type structure of formula: Lix(AyMn2-y)O4 (VI).x=0-1.2 (excluding 0);andy=0-1 (excluding 0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated carboxylic acid is of formula: RCOOH.R=alkyl containing fluorine atom(s).The alkyl group may contain H, halogen, oxygen, and alkenyl other than fluorine. The salt of fluorinated carboxylic acid is alkali-metal salt or ammonium salt. The precursor is fluorinated alcohol, fluorinated aldehyde, and/or fluorinated carboxylic acid halide or fluorinated carboxylate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate and lithium hexafluoroantimonate. Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound of formula (1) is preferably of formula (2-5), more preferably of formula (4). Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of main component and subsidiary component in non-aqueous electrolyte is 98-20:2-80. Preferred Definitions:    A(a+)p=lithium ion, sodium ion or potassium ion;and    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium or hafnium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide in the cathode is of formula: LixAyTizO4, preferably titanium dioxide, lithium-titanium oxide (Li0.8Ti2.2O4, LiTi2O4, Li1.33Ti1.67O4 or Li1.14Ti1.71O4), or lithium-chromium titanate (LiCrTiO4).A=transition metal, group IA element excluding lithium, group IIA or group IIIA elements;x=0-3;y=0-1.3;andz=1-2.5.Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound of formula (1) is preferably of formula (2-5), more preferably of formula (4). Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of main component and subsidiary component in non-aqueous electrolyte is 98-55:2-45. Preferred Definitions:    A(a+)p=lithium ion, sodium ion or potassium ion;and    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium or hafnium.
Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trivalent iron compound is iron nitrate, iron sulfate or iron chloride. The inorganic alkaline component is magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, lithium oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate. The gold compound is chloroauric acid, gold chloride, tetrachloro gold (III) ammonium, gold bromide, gold cyanide or gold hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of noble metal of noble-metal type catalyst is 0.05% or less. The copper type catalyst consists of a support which supports metal copper or copper oxide as active ingredient. The support consists of oxide of aluminum, cerium, zirconium, zinc, lead, manganese, nickel, titanium, iron, vanadium, cobalt, chromium and/or metal silicate. The copper type catalyst is perovskite type complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The insulating resin contains epoxy resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process involves transferring the catalyst layer to electrolytic membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The low-heat-resistant material is polyethylene or polypropylene. The silicone rubber is methylsilicone rubber or fluorosilicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The fluorine-containing iodide and hydroxyl thiol compound are reacted at -50 to 60 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The sulfur group of the fluorine-containing alcohol is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, peracetic acid, oxygen molecule, persulfate or ozone. Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic-acid halide are reacted in presence of base. The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic acid are reacted in presence of acidic catalyst or dehydrating agent and base. Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl thiol compound contains alkali compound (0.1-10 mol with respect to 1 mol of hydroxy thiol compound). The radical initiator is azo compound or organic boron compound. Preferred Property: The pH value of alkaline aqueous solution is 8-12. The radical initiator has half life of 1 second to 22 hours at 30 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=F(CF2CF2)n-;and    n=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The fluorine-containing iodide and hydroxyl thiol compound are reacted at 0-60 degrees C. Preferred Compound: The sulfur group of the fluorine-containing alcohol is oxidized using hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, peracetic acid, oxygen molecule, persulfate or ozone. Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic-acid halide are reacted in presence of base. The fluorine-containing alcohol and (meth)acrylic acid are reacted in presence of acidic catalyst or dehydrating agent and base. Preferred Composition: The hydroxyl thiol compound contains alkali compound (0.1-10 mol with respect to 1 mol of hydroxy thiol compound). Preferred Property: The pH value of alkaline aqueous solution is 8-12. The light has wavelength of 250-500 nm and intensity of irradiation of 200-1 mW/cm2. Preferred Definitions:    Rf=F(CF2CF2)n-;and    n=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst comprises: (a) placing the coal carrier into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nitric acid (HNO3) solution, stirring, staying over, filtering and cleaning with ion water to neutrality, and drying in vacuum; (b) dissolving the diimine naphthyridine metal compound in methanol, adding the coal carrier, protecting the mixture with nitrogen gas (N2), reversed flowing, staying over and cooling, adding double distilled water, filtering and washing, drying the filtered object and grinding; and (c) using silica boat to take diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier out to be placed in the silica tube, heating diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier, and naturally cooling at room temperature. Preferred Composition: Preferably, fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst comprises (wt.%) diimine naphthyridine metal compound (17.08-25.62) and coal carrier (74.38-82.92). The grain diameter of the coal carrier is 10-50 nm. The superficial area of the coal carrier is 250-1500 m2/g. Preferred Components: The diimine naphthyridine metal compound is of Formula I. The coal carrier is soot carbon or acetylene carbon black.M=Co2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, or Ni2+; andR1, R2, or R3=adjacent or gap and para orientation of benzene ring, -OCH3, -H, -CH3, -NO2, or -OH.Preferred Process: The first procedure in preparing fuel cell oxygen reduction catalyst specifically comprises placing 1 part of soot carbon into 20 parts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) of 30 wt.% or 6 M nitric acid (HNO3) solution, stirring with magnetic stirrer, filtering and cleaning with ion water to neutrality, drying at 70 degrees C in vacuum, and naturally cooling for spare use. Heating diimine naphthyridine metal compound and coal carrier is argon (Ar) protecting. Preferred Conditions: The temperature in the process in the tube-shaped stove silica tube is at 700-900 degrees C for 2-4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The secondary battery comprises at least one of a first safety unit for discontinuing battery charge or converting a charge state into a discharge state, and a second safety unit for emitting heat or gas within the battery to outside, after sensing a change in pressure and/or temperature within the battery. The first safety unit comprises a pressure sensing device, and/or a temperature sensing device. The second safety unit comprises a pressure relief valve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound is selected from 1,4-dimethoxytetrafluorobenzene, and 5,6,7,8-tetrafluorobenzo-1,4-dioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode mix further contains electrical conductive agent chosen from graphite and carbon black. The lithium-nickel complex oxide contains cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, magnesium, titanium and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent contains a cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. Cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylenes carbonate. Linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propyl carbonate, methyl-i-propyl carbonate and/or ethyl-i-propyl carbonate. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte further contains an organic compound having benzene ring and/or cyclohexane ring, preferably biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, diphenylether, o-terphenyl, para terphenyl and/or fluoro anisole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The material of polymer electrolyte membrane contains fluorine-type high-molecular compound, or combination of fluorine-type high-molecular compound and non-fluorine-type high-molecular compound, or high-molecular compound having sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode electrode comprises lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate or another suitable phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The specific surface area of mesoporous carbon nitride material is more than 800 m2/g. The pore volume of mesoporous carbon nitride material is more than 0.8. Preferred Process: The template carbon nitride composite material is filtered using hydrofluoric acid or alkaline aqueous solution to remove template.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pore-forming material is formed with camphor, naphthalene, alpha -naphthol, or para-dichlorobenzene. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the pore-forming material is 0.3-0.5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The microporous carbon skeleton layer is hydrophobic. The catalyst particles are oxygen reducing particles. A fuel cell gas diffusion layer comprises carbon-fiber substrate layer and microporous carbon skeleton layer disposed on nanotubes. The fuel cell gas diffusion layer is formed by hydrocarbon plasma from 1-10C alkane, 1-10C alkene or 1-10C alkyne hydrocarbon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The matrix polymer is ion exchange polymer, or amorphous polymer. The ion exchange polymer and amorphous polymer is a fluoropolymer. The matrix polymer is useful for forming semipermeable membranes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-cladded composite composition includes coolant channel. The second clad comprises a conductive material, particularly carbon or graphite paper, a carbon or graphite fabric, a conductive polymer film, or a metal foil. The conductive carbon or graphite material comprises particles, particularly carbon fibers, carbon nano-tubes, graphitic nano-fibers, nano-scaled graphene plates, carbon blacks, graphite powder, amorphous carbon, chemical vapor deposited carbon, and/or laser induced carbon. The conductive carbon or graphite material comprises nano-scaled graphene platelets or expanded graphite platelets. The platelets are non-parallel to a planar outer surface of composition. The conductive filler comprises a conductive material, particularly carbon fiber, metal fiber, carbon nano-tube, graphitic nano-fiber, nano-scaled graphene plate, carbon black, metal particle, and/or graphite powder. Preferred Properties: The first or second clad has a thickness less than 100, preferably less than 1 mu m. The composition has an electrical conductivity of greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 200 S/cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composite layer comprises a thermoplastic matrix resin with the conductive filler (less than 50 wt.% by weight based on the total composite layer weight); or thermoplastic matrix resin without a thermoset resin binder. The matrix resin comprises a thermoset resin, particularly unsaturated polyester resin, vinyl ester, epoxy, phenolic resin, polyimide resin, bismaleimide resin, and/or polyurethane resin. The composite layer comprises a matrix resin, particularly a thermoplastic, a thermoset, a semi interpenetrating network, an interpenetrating network, and/or rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The separator includes a seat groove in which the gasket is firmly seated. The separator is a bipolar plate (20), or monopolar plate. The anode electrode comprises an anode catalyst layer and an anode microporous layer that supplies a fuel to the anode catalyst layer. The cathode electrode comprises a cathode catalyst layer and an cathode microporous layer that supplies an oxidant to the cathode catalyst layer and removes water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first layer of the gasket comprises an elastic material. The elastic material is at least one material selected from ethylene propylene rubber, silicon, silicon-based rubber, and acryl-based rubber. The second layer of the gasket comprises at least one material selected from ethylene propylene rubber, silicon, silicon-based rubber, and acryl-based rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal of the mixture layer comprises tin, aluminum, copper and zinc. The catalyst of the metal catalyst layer comprises a noble metal element, tungsten, hafnium, silicon, molybdenum, tantalum, titanium, zirconium, nickel, cobalt, niobium, vanadium and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal used for battery connection contains tantalum alloy, which is a composition of tantalum, titanium and magnesium. The terminal is also coated with aluminum or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nonaqueous solvent further contains aprotic organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The content of cyclic phosphazene compound in nonaqueous solvent is 20-60 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-nickel complex oxide is of formula: LixNiyM1-yO2, where M is cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, magnesium, titanium and/or aluminum, x is 0.95-1.10 and y is 0.3-1. Preferred Composition: The anode mixture further contains electroconductive agent chosen from graphite and/or carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-aqueous solvent contains cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate. The cyclic carbonate is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or butylene carbonate. The linear carbonate is chosen from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, di-n-propyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propyl carbonate, methyl-iso-propyl carbonate and/or ethyl-iso-propyl carbonate, preferably diethyl carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains organic compound chosen from biphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, diphenylether, ortho-terphenyl, para-terphenyl and fluoro anisole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The precious metal element is metallic element chosen from group (VIII) of periodic table. Preferred Method: The metal porous component is formed by performing chemical vapor deposition method with an organometallic complex, in presence of hydrogen gas and/or inert gas. The organometallic complex has precious metal element as its center metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic complex is complex of beta -diketonato ligand and unsaturated hydrocarbon compound having 2 double bonds. The unsaturated hydrocarbon compound is 1,5-hexadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene or 1,3-pentadiene. The organometallic complex is of formula (1).M=metallic element of group (VIII) of periodic table;X,Y'=linear or branched hydrocarbon;Z=H or 1-4C hydrocarbon;L=unsaturated hydrocarbon compound having 2 double bonds;andn=1 or 2.Preferred Solvent: A solvent used in manufacture of the metal porous component is aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon and/or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The N-alkoxy alkylation polyamide resin contains polyamide resin containing amide group containing repeating unit of formula: (-R1-C(=O)-N-(CH2-O-CH3)-)m-(R2-C(=O)-NH-)n.R1,R2=(un)substituted alkylene;m,n=positive integers;and100asteriskm/(m+n)=10-90 mol%.Preferred Composition: The electroconductive composition contains (in mass%) N-alkoxy alkylation polyamide resin (5-85), polymerizable acidic phosphoric acid compound (10-90) and silane compound (5-60). The total mass ratio of polymerizable acidic phosphoric acid compound and silane compound is 40-90 mass%. The electroconductive composition further contains a polymerization initiator and/or silica sol. Preferred Process: The electroconductive composition is coated on a base material, heated at 60-220 degrees C, irradiated with electromagnetic waves having wavelength shorter than visible ray and crosslinking is performed, to obtain transparent conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermally-decomposable polymer particle polymethymethacrylate. The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic film is selected from polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetra-fluoroethylene, polyvinylidene-difluoride, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanowall is peeled from the substrate before removal process of carbon thin film. The growing process of carbon nanowall and removal process of carbon thin film are paralleled or performed by turns. The carbon thin film is removed by carrying out plasma etching of bias voltage to the plasma. Preferred Condition: The plasma etching process is carried out at source gas flow rate of 50-150 sccm, hydrogen gas flow rate of 50-150 sccm, pressure of 30-100 mTorr, output of 1-2 W/cm2 (60 Hz), bias of 1-2 W/cm2, time of 30-120 seconds and substrate temperature of 15-25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer consists of fluorine resin, polyester elastomer, polyolefin, polyurethane or hydrophilic synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical composition is silicon dioxide (less than 50%), sodium oxide (1-10%), potassium oxide (1-10%), calcium oxide (1-10%), barium oxide (1-10%), zinc oxide (1-10%), titanium oxide (0.1-1%) and antimony trioxide (0.1-1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive enhancement structure comprises a conductive metal line in a net form embedded into the cathode catalyst layer containing carbon powder and platinum. The cathode catalyst layer comprises platinum nanoparticles distributed in carbon nanotubes. The conductive enhancement structure is embedded between the carbon nanotubes and comprises a conductive metal net.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery has a negative plate with bottom is justified to a folio point of the membrane and put the lamination mold produced by a PVC plank as a layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of a protrusion formed on the upper surface of the collector is determined according to the JISB 0601 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-carbon material comprises titanium compound having formula of (TiHwBxNyOz), manganese compound having formula of (MnHwBxNyO2), iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium and platinum. The titanium compound is titanium or titanium hydride. The manganese compound is manganese. The carbon nanotube or filled carbon nanotube is further coated with second non-carbon material. The second non-carbon material comprises second titanium compound, zirconium, zirconium hydride, hafnium, hafnium hydride, vanadium, vanadium hydride, second manganese compound, iron, iron hydride, cobalt, cobalt hydride, nickel, nickel hydride, palladium, palladium hydride, platinum, platinum hydride, copper, copper hydride, zinc, and/or zinc hydride. The analyte gas is nitrogen oxide, ethanol vapor, hydrogen, carbon dioxide or oxygen.w-z=0-2.For formula MnHwBxNyO2,w=0-4; andx-z=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The iron group element is cobalt and/or nickel. The battery has anode and cathode capable of occluding and discharging ion. The cathode contains active material having carbonaceous material. The active material contains aluminum, silicon, tin, lead and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of monofluoro phosphoric acid salt and/or difluoro phosphate is 0.001-5 mass%. The electrolyte solution further contains 0.01-15 mass% of compound chosen from ether having chain-shaped saturated hydrocarbon, cycloalkane and aromatic compound having halogen atom and fluorine atom, and 0.001-5 mass% carbonate having unsaturated bond and halogen atom. The electrolyte solution contains organic compound of formula: R1-X(-R2)(-R4)-R3 and/or organic compound of formula: R5-Y'(-R6)-R7, and 0.001-1 volume% phosphorus compound of formula (A).R1-R7=halogen atom or organic group, and at least one of R1-R4 and R5-R7 respectively couple with X through heteroatom, such as boron, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus;X,Y'=atom other than carbon atom, and X is preferably silicon or titanium and Y' is preferably aluminum;A,B'=substituent, and at least one is fluorine;andn=3 or more.The electrolyte solution contains lithium salt and ambient temperature molten salt. The molten salt is quaternary ammonium salt having structure of formula: R5-N+(-R4)(-R6)-R7, quaternary phosphonium salt having structure of formula: R9-P+(-R8)(-R10)-R11, and quaternary sulfonium salt of formula: S+(-R1)(-R2)(-R3).R1-R11=1-12C organic group, and optionally couple to form ring system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The finely divided carbon particles are exposed to carbonate salts of lithium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium and/or barium such that the finely dividing carbon particles are partially penetrated by carbonate mixtures. The carbon particles are exposed to hot carbon dioxide gas stream above 700 degrees C or to a mist of low-melting eutectic of mixed hydroxides or to metal carbonates; or milled with alkali metal and alkali earth nitrites; or mixed with alkali or alkaline earth carbonate salts and ground in the presence of oxygen. The step of treating the carbon particles with an inert gas flow containing some oxygen through sodium hydroxide at 650-850 degrees C. The step of introducing the gas containing oxygen comprises allowing vapors from the carbonate salts or molten hydroxides or alkali or alkaline earth nitrates to flow through the finely divided carbon particles. The method further comprises allowing carbon dioxide to be removed from the fuel cell and utilizing a portion of the carbon dioxide to allow the carbon particles to be introduced into the fuel cell. The molten alkali carbonates at 650-850 degrees C and the finely divided carbon particles, which can be in paste, slurry or wetted aggregation (102) form, are introduced into the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The air containing oxygen is air. The carbon particles have turbostratic nanostructure. The molten alkali carbonates comprise lithium, sodium, or potassium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon particles are derived from carbon fuels comprising raw coal, petroleum coke, coked coal, devolatilized coal, fuel oil, methane, ethane, propane, alkanes, acetylene black, furnace blacks, carbon blacks, and/or carbon aerogels. Preferred Parameters: The finely divided carbon particles have sizes of 10-1000 (preferably 100-1000) mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unreacted gas comprises unreacted carbon dioxide or unreacted hydrogen. The methane is processed in the gasification assembly to produce the hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing substantially all of the carbon dioxide to methanol. The method comprises introducing third methane into the gasification assembly based on the amount of unreacted gas that is transferred from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method further comprises transferring an unreacted gas from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method of producing electricity, further comprises: introducing water produced in the hydrogen fuel cell assembly into a harvesting and infusing assembly; introducing an algae lipid from the algae into a refining assembly and producing biodiesel from the algae lipid; producing ethanol from at least a portion of the syngas; and supporting cultivation of the algae with carbon dioxide obtained from the hydrogen fuel cell assembly. The method of cultivating algae further comprises: processing the oxygen and the methanol in the fuel cell assembly to produce electricity; producing biodiesel from an algae lipid obtained from the algae; and obtaining a syngas from the gasification of the algae pulp and processing the syngas to produce ethanol. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor gas comprises silane, a blend of silane and hydrogen or a blend of silane and an inert gas. The silicon coating comprises crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon or silicon compounds. The carbide material is metal carbides, silicon carbides and silicon oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polyvinylidene difluoride, ethylene propylene diene monomers (EPDM) and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanostructured carbon comprises carbon nano-tubes that are single wall carbon nanotubes. The semiconductor nanoparticles have a three-dimensional geometric shape from spherical, cubic, rod, oligo-pod, pyramidal, or highly branched. They can be silicon, germanium, gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, tin selenide, tin telluride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, titanium oxide, indium phosphide, aluminum phosphide, aluminum arsenide, zinc telluride, cadmium selenide, and/or cadmium telluride. The nanoparticles can be metallic nanoparticles from tin, copper, palladium, platinum, gold, aluminum, indium, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, zinc, manganese, vanadium, titanium, lead, rhodium, lithium, sodium, and/or their alloys or oxides. The structure is freestanding or in the form of a sheet. Preferred Property: The nanoparticles have a critical dimension of less than 1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethylacetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The structure comprises a polymeric binder from polyvinylidene difluoride, poly(acrylonitrile), Nafion(RTM: perfluoro-sulfonic acid polymer), polyaniline, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), polyacrylamide, and/or nylon-5. The electrolyte is polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton electrolyte layer is made of barium cerium oxide or strontium cerium oxide, which is doped with yttrium, gadolinium, tin, europium or ytterbium. The carbon dioxide-methane reactive layer has barium carbonate or strontium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium ion supply source is short-circuited to any one of negative electrode and positive electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The retainer boards consist of any one of polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidenedifluoride, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyamide and polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic compound contains inorganic microparticle of alumina, titania and/or magnesia as main body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic compound contains polyamide, polyimide and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The molding material further contains 1-50 mass parts of components chosen from ethylene alpha -olefin type rubber of diene group (co)polymer and/or its hydrogenated substance, fibrous filler, and/or maleimide type (co)polymer and/or alpha -methylstyrene type (co)polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The resin material that comprises the porous membrane is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide is sequestered from the atmosphere using absorbent or adsorbent materials. Hydrogen is derived from water using electrolysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide is supplied form a store of carbon dioxide, previously derived from the atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) comprises a counter ion of formula X-m-. The acid has the structure of formula (HmX).m = 1-3; andX = anion comprising halide, halogenated inorganic anion, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, sulfonate, carboxylate or halogenated organic anion. Preferred Definitions:    R6 = ethanolyl or propanolyl (both preferred), methanolyl or a group of formula -(CH2)n-O-(CH2)m-OH, where R6 contains a terminal -OH group;    n, m = 1-4;    R7 = CH3 or ethyl; and    R8 = H, CH3 or ethyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of propyl ethanolammonium of formula (N+H2)(CH2-CH2-OH)(CH2-CH2-CH3), butyl ethanolammonium, dimethyl propanolammonium and diethyl propanolammonium ions is specifically claimed as (II).    EXAMPLE - Glycolic acid (76.05 g) and 3-methoxypropylamine (89.14 g) were dissolved in absolute ethanol (200 ml). The acid solution was added drop wise to the amine over a period of 1 hour, with magnetic stirring and external cooling being continued throughout. At the conclusion of the reaction the solvent was removed in vacuo and the product was dried by lyophilization to give N-(methoxypropyl)ammonium glycolate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weakly acidic aqueous solution is hydrogen peroxide water. An ion-exchange group in the polymer electrolyte is sulfonic group (-SO3H) and the weakly acidic aqueous solution is a diluted sulfuric acid aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An alcohol is introduced into a gas-supplying path before a deionized water or a weakly acidic aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The dissimilar materials of thermoelectric elements comprise pairs of materials for forming a thermocouple. The paired materials are constantan:chromel, chromel:copper (Cu), iron:constantan, Cu:constantan, or chromel:alumel. The thermoelectric elements are bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), tin telluride (Sb2Te3), (BiSb)2Te3, zinc antimonide (Zn4Sb3), cerium iron antimonide (CeFe4Sb12), lead telluride, tin telluride, silicon germanide, skutterudites or Te/silver/Ge/Sb alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In producing hydrogen by steam reforming oxidative water and oxygen for fuel with sulfur diesel, the catalytic system presents a molar lanthanum/aluminum greater than 0.04 and a percentage of cerium/lanthanum/aluminum that varies between 10-20/16-50/30-74wt.%. The aluminum oxide is amorphous or crystalline form, where the crystalline form is alpha or gamma delta. The aluminum oxide is preferably in crystalline form alpha or delta. The asset is the metal platinum. Platinum is at 0.1-3%, preferably 0.5-1.5wt.%. The diesel fuel comprises up to 100 ppm sulfur, preferably 10-50 ppm sulfur. In obtaining a catalytic system, the lanthanum in (a) and the deposit of cerium in (b) is carried out by precipitation or impregnation. The deposit is preferably carried out through impregnation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alcohol-resistant molding material further contains component (C) (1-50 mass parts) chosen from hydrogenated diene (co)polymer, fibrous filler, maleimide (co)polymer and/or ( alpha )-methyl styrene (co)polymer, polypropylene resin-containing graft copolymer, and heat conductive filler, component (D) (10-100 mass parts) chosen from copolymer, epoxy resin and urethane polymer of vinylic monomer containing aromatic vinyl compound and vinylcyanide compound, component (E) (0.1-45 mass parts) such as acid modified olefin resin having acid value of 5-40. Preferred Resin: The component (E) is olefin resin modified by maleic acid and/or maleic acid anhydride. Preferred Property: The sum total content of olefin resin and rubber reinforcement resin is 100 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises (parts by weight) epoxy resin (0.05-20) (where cyanate ester resin (0.05-20) is used), hardening catalyst (0.01-1) and release agent (0.1-3). Preferred Components: The carbon black has specific surface area of 50-100 m2/g. The graphite powder comprises columnar graphite particles having aspect ratio of 1.5:2. The hardening catalyst is selected from transition metal complexes of acetylacetonate, octoate and naphthenate types, transition metal complexes containing metal material including at least one of cobalt, copper, manganese, plumbum, nickel and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Plate: The cross-linked structure of phenolic triazine is formed with phenolic cyanate ester polymer been thermally crosslinked and comprises unit structure expressed by formula (I). The plate further comprises an oxazoline structure formed by reacting epoxy group with cyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cyanate ester resin comprises at least one resin selected from phenol novolac-based cyanate ester resin, biphenol-based dicyanate ester resin, bisphenol A-based dicyanate ester resin, bisphenol E-based dicyanate ester resin and bisphenol F-based dicyanate ester resin. EXAMPLE - An (parts by weight) artificial graphite powder (100) having average particle size of 75 mu m and aspect ratio of 1.5, novolac cyanate ester resin (17), epoxy resin (17), cobalt acetyl acetonate (0.01) and carnauba wax (0.1) was thoroughly mixed and coated through the fluidized coating chamber by using powdery source particles at 225 degrees C in 5 minutes, to prepare a bipolar plate for a fuel cell. The plate had flexural strength of 65 mPa, electrical conductivity of 80 S/cm, glass transition temperature of 192 degrees C and relative modulus of 87% at 150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfur containing alcohol or sulfur containing phenol contains 1-20C. It is 2-(methylthio) ethanol, 2-(ethylthio)ethanol, 2-(n-propylthio)ethanol, 2-(isopropylthio)ethanol, 2-(n-butylthio)ethanol, 2-(isobutylthio)ethanol, 2-(phenylthio)ethanol, 2-mercaptoethanol, 3-thiopheneethanol, DL-dithiothreitol, L-dithiothreitol, dithioerythritol, 4-(methylthio)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-o-cresol, methionol, DL-methioninol, L-methioninol, thiodiglycol, 6-hydroxy-1,3-benzoxathiol-2-on, 2-mercaptobenzylalcohol, 4-mercaptobenzylalcohol, 4-(methylthio)benzylalcohol, 4-hydroxythiophenol, 4,4'-thiodiphenol, 3,6-dithia-1,8-octanediol, 3,7-dithia-1,9-nonanediol or 3,6-dioxa-8-mercaptooctane-1-ol. The sulfur containing alcohol or sulfur containing phenol has a structure where terminal group of molecule is not sulfur. It is blended in its base component which is water, alcohol, glycol or glycol ether. Preferred Composition: The sulfur containing alcohol or sulfur containing phenol is 0.01-20 pts.wt. Preferred Property: The sulfur containing alcohol or sulfur containing phenol keeps fluctuation of electric conductivity of fuel cell coolant at 0.1-10 mu S/cm. EXAMPLE - A coolant composition was prepared from (wt.%) ethylene glycol (50), deionized water (50), and 2-(methylthio)ethanol (1). After the test, the coolant composition had electric conductivity of 8.3 mu S/cm. The results showed that the coolant composition effectively suppressed the increase of electric conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diamond is ultra-dispersed diamonds (UDD) or nanodiamonds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composite: The composite is prepared by atom-transfer-radical-polymerization (ATRP), where the atom-transfer-radical-polymerization is conducted employing grafted-from synthesis, and the polymerization occurs via atom-transfer-radical-polymerization initiators. Preferred Method: The covalent bonding is achieved by ATRP. Preferred Components: The polymer brush comprises a hydrophobic or hydrophilic polymer. EXAMPLE - Ultra-dispersed diamonds (UDD) (2.43 g) was directly reacted with thionyl chloride (75 g) at 70 degrees C for 48 hours in the presence of dimethyl formamide (1 g). The mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed with anhydrous tetrahydrofuran under nitrogen. The acylation product, UDD-C(O)Cl, was dried with a nitrogen flow at room temperature. A flask was charged with UDD-C(O)Cl (2.20 g), 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (20 g) and triethylamine (0.04 g), and the flask was heated, and after work up, UDD-Cl was obtained. Dimethyl formamide and methylmethacrylate was degassed for 1 hour. In a flask, UDD-Cl (0.30 g), CuBr (0.324 g), and CuCl3 (0.0504 g) were added. Then pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (0.52 ml) was added and stirred for 5 minutes, and after work up, ultra-dispersed diamonds-Poly(methylmethacrylate) (UDD-PMMA) was obtained. In a flask, was added polymethylmethacylate (1.5 g) and acetone (10 ml) and stirred until polymer was completely dissolved. While stirring, slowly added UDD-PMMA (2 ml) diluted in acetone and stirred for 20 minutes to obtain resulting UDD-polymer blended composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst comprises gold, and/or platinum-cobalt alloys. The platinum-based catalyst comprises platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloys, platinum-osmium alloys, platinum-palladium alloys, and/or platinum-M alloys.M=Ga, Ti, V Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, W, Rh, and/or Ru.Preferred Property: The carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst has an average particle diameter of 20-500 nm. Preferred Concentration: The platinum-based catalyst and carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst on the catalyst support are present at a ratio of 95-99.9:5:0.1 wt %. The carbon monoxide oxidizing catalyst is present on the catalyst support at 0.1-10 wt %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier of hydrogen is an organic liquid carrier of hydrogen, preferably saturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The liquid carrier of hydrogen is a partially or fully hydrogenated nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle including 2-aminopyridine, 4-methylpyrimidine, dipyrimidinemethane, dimethyltetrazine, dipyrimidine, diazacarbazole, alkylcarbazole, 4-aminopyridine, dipyrazinemethane, tripyrazinemethane, tripyrazineamine, dipyrazine, tetrazacarbazole, isoquinoline, di(2-pyridyl)amine, and/or quinazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A mesoporous alumina is prepared by removing ionic liquid contained in the composite by performing heating process at 500-800 degrees C for 1-10 hours, and performing phase-transition process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum precursor is aluminum alcoholate such as aluminum tri-sec-butoxide or aluminum isopropoxide. The ionic liquid is liquid of imidazolium ionic compound of formula (1).R1=1-2C alkyl;R2=2-16C alkyl;andX-=halogen, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluoroborate, trifluoromethane sulfonate, bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide, methyl sulfate, tosylate or dicyanamide.Preferred Condition: The heat treatment is performed for 24-72 hours. EXAMPLE - 1,1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (in g) (1.98), 1-propanol (4 ml) and distilled water (0.1 ml) were mixed. Then, aluminum tri-sec-butoxide (2.62) and 0.01M hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (0.3 ml) were added, undisturbed at 60 degrees C for 24 hours, and heated at 120 degrees C for 48 hours under humidifying condition or non-humidifying condition, to obtain ionic liquid/aluminum hydroxide composite. A mesoporous alumina was formed using the obtained ionic liquid/aluminum hydroxide composite. A fuel-cell electrolyte formed using the obtained mesoporous alumina, had excellent heat stability and conductivity.
EXAMPLE - Coconut husk was carbonized by dry-distillating at 500-750 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain active carbon material. Then, primary activation of the obtained active carbon material was performed at 900 degrees C for 5-7 hours. Then, pulverization process was carried out using an atomizer, to obtain granules having particle size of 0.25 mm or less. Then, secondary activation process was performed at 850 degrees C. Then, the secondary activated carbon was washed using hydrochloric acid having concentration of 0.1 N, to obtain carbon material.
Preferred Definitions:    M1=manganese, nickel, cobalt or iron;and    M2=manganese, zirconium or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The mercaptan sulfur content is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to the total sulfur content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel oil has sulfur content derived from sulfur compound which is more nearly lighter than dibenzo thiophene, of 10 mass ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having total sulfur content of 0.19 mass% and distillation temperature of 150-270 degrees C was hydrogenated in presence of KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum type hydrodesulfurization catalyst) at 325 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 4.5 MPa and liquid-space-velocity (LHSV) of 4.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil having boiling point of 147.5-274 degrees C, sulfur content derived from sulfur compound having boiling point of 330-334 degrees C of 0.14 mass ppm, sulfur content derived from sulfur compound which is more nearly lighter than dibenzo thiophene of 5.7 mass ppm or less, and total sulfur content of 6 mass ppm. The fuel oil was desulfurized easily using the desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive filler is selected from a group containing powder gold, silver powder, nickel powder, aluminum powder, carbon powder and graphite powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The organic binder has bisphenol F-type epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenated silicon is porous and constituted of mesoporous and/or microporous silicon. The porosity of hydrogenated silicon is 10-70 vol.%. The hydrogenated silicon has a specific surface of 200, preferably 900 m2cm-3. The hydrogenated silicon is obtained by an electrochemical treatment of a silicon substrate with an acid. The acid is fluorohydric acid. The alkaline solution is an aqueous alkaline solution with a pH of 9-14. The aqueous alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises a reservoir for feeding anode, comprising a first compartment partly or completely filled by hydrogenated silicon, and a second compartment partly or completely filled by the alkaline solution, alkaline solution contacted with hydrogenated silicon through the first and second compartments. The dihydrogen supply device comprises a loading system of hydrogenated silicon associated with a loading system of the alkaline solution. The loading system of hydrogenated silicon and the alkaline solution are in the form of a reservoir for feeding the anode, where the reservoir is preferably interchangeable. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, or aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of stainless steel, titanium, or aluminum. The layer contains gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroborate is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, and/or lithium borohydride. The hydroxide is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is nickel and its salt, cobalt and its slat, platinum and its salt, and/or palladium and its salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The absorbent material is a super absorbent material in farina series and/or the super absorbent material in cellulose series. The super absorbent material in farina series is starch grafted acrylonitrile, starch grafted crylic acid, starch grafted acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpro panesulfonic acid, acrylamide, sodium crylic acid, methacrylamide, and/or maleic anhydride. The super absorbent material in farina series is modified starch and the absorbent material prepared from its derivative. The absorbent material is super absorbent material for starch grafted styrene, hydrogel prepared by amylopectase, multi-polymer for starch grafted acrylonitrile modified by formaldehyde, multi-polymer for starch grafted acrylonitrile modified by epichlorohydrin, and/or multi-polymer for starch grafted acrylonitrile cross-linked glycidol ether. The super absorbent material in cellulose series is absorbent resin in polypropylene series, super absorbent material of hydroxyethyl cellulose, super absorbent material of carboxymethyl cellulose, super absorbent material of cellulose xanthogenate, super absorbent material grafted and copolymerized by cellulose, super absorbent material of cellulose grafted acrylonitrile, super absorbent material of cellulose grafted crylic acid, super absorbent material of cellulose grafted acrylamide, super absorbent material of hydroxyethyl cellulose grafted acrylamide, and/or compound material for hydroxyethyl cellulose/acrylamide/silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroboron is boron sodium hydride, boron potassium hydride, and/or boron lithium hydride. The hydroxide is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or calvital. Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is nickel and its salt, cobalt and its salt, and/or platinum and its salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-absorbing material is starch high water-absorbing material and/or cellulose high water-absorbing material. The starch high water-absorbing material is starch graft acrylonitrile, starch graft acrylic acid, starch graft acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methyl propane, acrylamide, sodium acrylic acid, methyl acrylamide, and/or maleic anhydride. The water-absorbing material is starch ester graft styrene high water-absorbing material, fork chain starch enzyme water-prepare gelatin, formaldehyde improved starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer, epoxy chloropropane improved starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer, and/or shrink glycerine ether cross bonding starch graft acrylonitrile multi-polymer. The cellulose high water-absorbing material is polypropylene water-absorbing resin material, droxyethyl cellulose high water-absorbing material, carboxymethyl cellulose high water-absorbing material, cellulose xanthogenate high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft poly high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft acrylonitrile high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft crylic acid high water-absorbing material, cellulose graft acrylamide high water-absorbing material, hydroxyethyl group cellulose graft acrylamide high water-absorbing material, carboxymethyl group cellulose high water-absorbing material, and hydroxyethyl group cellulose/acrylamide/silicon dioxide complex material. Preferred Process: The starch high water-absorbing material is water-absorbing material prepared by improved aluminum and its ramification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The separate inner conductor element comprises copper as anode electrode and aluminum as cathode electrode. The electrochemical cell includes outward electrode conductor comprising copper or aluminum coated with a protection layer; and cell casing. The protection layer comprises stannous, nickel or alloy, e.g. of aluminum manganese or aluminum copper. The cell casing is a film casing, e.g. aluminum laminated film casing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Cellulose is plant cellulose and/or microbiological cellulose or their derivative. The cellulose derivative is obtained by esterifying and/or etherifying hydroxyl group of cellulose having substitution degree of 1 or less. Preferred Method: The cellulose gel is chemically hydrophobized and adhered with inorganic substance, before drying. Alternately, the cellulose solution is obtained by dissolving cellulose in organic solvent solution containing 5-12 wt.% of alkali halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The hydrophobic region is aligned in vertical registry with protruding surface areas of anode plate defined by at least one recessed channel and extends for a depth into gas diffusion layer from an interface between gas diffusion layer and protruding surface areas of anode plate. The hydrophobic region comprises a single hydrophobic region extending continuously and discrete segments arranged along serpentine path of at least one recessed channel from adjacent fuel supply inlet to adjacent fuel/gas exhaust outlet; and fluoropolymer. The width dimension of single region progressively decreases along serpentine path of at least one recessed channel from adjacent fuel supply inlet to adjacent fuel/gas exhaust outlet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The distance defining member includes resin material, preferably a resin fabric. The resin material is porous sheet obtained by processing a resin fabric. The porous sheet is formed with opening portions with an area greater than or equal to 1 mm2. The distance defining member includes a metallic material or wire whose surface is coated with resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Shapes: The top portion of the protrusion has a truncated sphere shape. The contact portion of the anti-rotation protrusion to the gasket has a reverse-arc shape. Preferred Components: At least two protrusions are formed on the surface of the gasket, the protrusions spaced apart, a difference between azimuth angles of the adjacent protrusions of 2-90 degrees . The rechargeable battery comprises protrusion having a rib-shape and provided on the surface of the gasket along a circumference of the open top of the case. At least two anti-rotation protrusions are formed on the surface of the gasket, the anti-rotation protrusions spaced apart from each other. Preferred Properties: The ratio of a height of the protrusion to a radius of the reverse-arc of the contact portion of the protrusion is 0.25-4. The ratio of a height of the rib-shaped protrusion to a half-width of the rib-shaped protrusion is 0.5-0.8. The difference between azimuth angles of the adjacent anti-rotation protrusions is 2-90 degrees . The ratio of a height of the anti-rotation protrusion to a radius of the reverse-arc of the contact portion of the anti-rotation protrusion is 0.25-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The flame-retardant material comprises quartz wools or glass wools. The reactant further contains water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a coating layer on an outer circumferential surface of the heat-insulating unit; a packing unit comprising a flame-retardant material between an inner circumferential surface of the reactor main body and an outer circumferential surface of the heat-insulating unit; and a carbon monoxide reducing region (290) inside the reactor main body for reducing a concentration of carbon monoxide in the reforming gas. The carbon monoxide reducing region includes a second catalyst reaction region for promoting a water gas shift reaction of the reforming gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The coating layer comprises a metal material, preferably gold. The catalyst layer includes a catalyst material selected from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous gas diffusion layer substrate comprises at least one of a woven carbon fabric, a nonwoven carbon fabric, a felt-shaped carbon member and a carbon paper. The porous gas diffusion layer substrate comprises at least one of a net-like metallic member, a mesh metallic member, an expanded metallic member, a felt-shaped metallic member, a foamed metallic member, and a sintered metallic member. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of at least one of metal oxides, metal oxide hydrates and metal hydroxides. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of an organic compound having a polar substituent containing a heteroatom. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed of at least one of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tungsten oxide and silicon oxide. The hydrophilic surface layer of the porous gas diffusion layer substrate is formed from a material having at least one hydrophilic group selected from phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, sulfonic group and carbonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal materials comprise gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, chrome, titanium, cadmium, metal oxides, metal alloys or stainless steels. The non-metal materials comprise carbon, graphite, flame retardant 4 or fire retardant 5. The conductive layers comprise copper, gold, silver or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The leak-proof adhesive layer comprises polyurethane or silicone resins. The polymer adhesives comprise prepreg adhesive and epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic component comprises fluorinated polymer chosen from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinyl fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first or second conductive layers comprise a metal of aluminum, zinc, copper and manganese.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cross-linked first and second polymers comprises a constituent of homo- and co-polymers of polyolefins, and homo- and co-polymers of polyesters.
EXAMPLE - The output of a manufactured cell was measured. Sulfonic acid group and the electrode substrate reformed to fluoroethylene were compared with the cell used and cell was known for generating high power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The leakage current measuring unit has multiple communications module among the Controller area network (CAN) , ZigBee , Wi-Fi , Blue tooth , the infrared ray data communication, the power line communication, Universal serial bus (USB) , serial communications with the outside controller.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal powder is selected from copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, silver or gold. The carbonizing and sintering processes are performed in the nitrogen or argon atmosphere. The electrochemical cell is high power lithium secondary battery including the lithium salt containing non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The precursor of non-graphitizable carbon-based negative electrode active material is selected from phenol resin powder or phenol resin solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The solvent of electrolyte is the polypropylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The bis(carboxyphenyl quinoxalinyl)benzene is obtained by condensing carbonyl compound of formula (II) and carboxylic compound of formula (III). Preferred Composition: The bis(carboxyphenyl quinoxalinyl)benzene is preferably of formula (Ia or Ib). Preferred Process: The condensation reaction is carried out in presence of aromatic solvent such as m-cresol, and without solvent such as alcohol and alkane. Preferred Condition: The condensation reaction is carried out at 20-250 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The copolymer is prepared by copolymerizing comonomer and aromatic compound having carboxylic acid group. Preferred Composition: The copolymer is of formula (III), and has phenylquinoxaline-benzimidazole repeating unit of formula (IV,V or VI, preferably VII, VIII, IX, X, XI or XII). The aromatic compound having carboxylic acid group is 3,4-diaminobenzonic acid, 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, 1,2,4,5-tetramino benzene and 3,3',4,4'-tetramino diphenyl ether, or (un)substituted terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid. Preferred Definitions:    R=H;and    p,q,r=0.    EXAMPLE - m-Cresol (25 ml) and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid of 1,4-bis-benzyl (2 g) were condensed and precipitated. The precipitate was vacuum-dried at 90 degrees C, to obtain 1,4-bis(2-phenyl-3-yl-quinazoline-6-carboxylic acid)benzene (2.33). The A-doped phenylquinoxaline-benzimidazole copolymer film formed using 1,4-bis(2-phenyl-3-yl-quinazoline-6-carboxylic acid)benzene had excellent proton conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The deprotection processing solution further contains strong acid. The content of deprotection promoter in solution is 0.1-50 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material is an aromatic polyether ketone polymer, and has an ionic group. The polymeric material further has oxirane structural unit of formula (P3).n1=1-7.Preferred Property: The deprotection processing solution is contacted at 0-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The non-aqueous electrical storage device has cathode, anode and non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is gold, silver, copper, aluminum, platinum and/or palladium, and metal oxide is titanium oxide, stannic oxide, indium oxide and/or ruthenium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The linear (un)saturated hydrocarbon in silicone nanosheet is -CH2-CH2-(CH2)n-A or -CH=CH-(CH2)n-A.A=functional group that can be bonded with metal or metal oxide in the surface of supporting plate, preferably thiol group or carboxy group, more preferably carboxy group;andn=1-20. EXAMPLE - Calcium silicide (CaSi2) (1 g) was reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Calcium chloride was removed from the reaction mixture, washed with acetone and obtained yellowish green color layered polysilane (Si6H6)m was removed. Then, layered polysilane (20 mg) was dispersed in 2-propene-1-thiol (30 ml) and subjected to ultrasonication for 30 minutes. The obtained solution was irradiated for 2 hours using mercury lamp, and silicon-hydrogen bond of layered polysilane was hydrosilylated. Subsequently, unreacted layered polysilane was removed by suction-filtration and unreacted 2-propene-1-thiol was removed by rotary evaporator to obtain silicone sheet having 3-mercapto propyl group on silicon. Then, the nanosheet was mixed with hexane, to obtain 1 wt.% hexane solution of silicone nanosheet. Glass substrate which was vacuum-deposited with gold was immersed in 1 wt.% hexane solution of silicone nanosheet, kept at room temperature for 1 hour to bond thiol and gold, and rinsed using hexane, to obtain electrode. The non-aqueous electrical storage device comprising the electrode had excellent cyclic characteristics without producing volume change during charging and discharging.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Lipophilic compound has molecular weight of 60 or more, and is carboxylic acid alkylester or carboxylic acid alkyl ether that dissolves the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Metal component of metal electrode used as negative electrode contains one or more type of metal chosen from the group which consists of gold, lead, tin, and zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Polyelectrolyte is ion exchange resin. Electrolyte is polymer gel electrolyte containing ion exchange resin and amphiphilic polyether compound and/or lipophilic compound or said hydrophilic polyether compound, and/or a glycerin carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The porous electroconductive base material is nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound has solubility of 1 wt.% or less in methanol at 25 degrees C and solubility of 1 wt.% or more in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at 25 degrees C. The organic compound is compound with molecular weight of 300 or more and molecular weight distribution of 10-100. The organic compound is preferably polymer of compound containing hydroxyl group, alkoxy group, cyano group and/or amide group as polar group. The polar group is preferably phenolic hydroxyl group. The organic compound is preferably resin chosen from phenol resin, alkyl phenol resin, phenol aralkyl resin and/or phenol cycloalkyl resin. The organic compound is contained in an amount of 2-50 wt.% in the polymer electrolyte membrane. The organic compound dissolves or reacts in the matrix containing proton conductive polymer. The ratio of the organic compound in the surface of the film with respect to the film center portion is 80-120%. Preferred Property: The glass transition temperature of the polymer electrolyte membrane is lower than the glass transition temperature measured by dynamic viscoelasticity method of the polymer electrolyte membrane containing proton conductive polymer, by 5 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing ratio of matrix hydrogel slurry and transparency seed solution is 1/0.5-1/1.5. The transparency seed solution contains silica alumina-gel particles. Preferred Property: The silica alumina-gel particles has average particle diameter of 0.01-0.5 mu m. The average particle diameter of faujasite-type zeolite is 0.01-0.5 mu m. Preferred Condition: The hydrothermal treatment is performed at 50-120 degrees C for 12-200 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyaniline composite material solution further contains resin component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preparation: Preparing platinum alloy electrode comprises: (a) preparing H2PtCl6 and ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) mixed water solution, the concentration of H2PtCl6 in the mixed solution is 9x10-4-2.0x103 mol/L, the concentration of RuCl3 is 1.5x103-2.0x10-3 mol/L; (b) adding solid ammonium biphosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) and solid sodium biphosphate (Na2HPO4) to the mixed solution, beating up at room temperature, the adding contents of (NH4)2HPO4 and Na2HPO4 are separately 5-6g/L and 15-20g/L; (c) heating the mixed solution to simmer, till the smell of ammonia gradually disappeared, the solution turns from yellow to achromatism, adding 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) saturated water solution and mixing the pH value to 7-8; (d) diluting the solution obtained in (c) to the original volume of the mixed solution in (a), with ITO conductive glass as cathode for electrodepositing, the ampere density is 10-30mA/cm2, the electrodepositing time is 1-2 minutes, the temperature of the electrolyte is 70-80 degrees C; and (e) washing the deposited PtRu/ITO electrode by distilled water, drying in air, storing in the dry environment under normal temperature before assembling cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: Additionally, the PH of solution is 8-12, the blending temperature is 50-100 degrees C and the temperature of drying box is 150-250 degrees C. The step of processing the gel adopts the manual grinding or mechanical ball-grinding. The gel processing temperature is 700-1000 degrees C and the heating time is for 1-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is one or the mixture of any of hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO3), HClO4 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The outward electrode conductor comprises copper coated with protection layer. The protection layer is tin, nickel or alloy, e.g. an alloy of aluminum manganese or aluminum copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrolyte provided in space between separator and electrodes is formed of sulfuric acid aqueous solution containing 0.01-0.3 mol/L of aluminum, or 5-50 g/L of aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O). The positive electrode is formed of lead alloy containing barium (in wt.%) (0.005-0.015), calcium (0.03-0.08), tin (0.4-2.2) and lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises manganese, cobalt or oxides. The alkali metal comprises lithium, sodium and potassium. The ion-selective membrane comprises lithium super-ionic conductor or sodium super-ionic conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of carbon nanotube composite is carried out in a solvent chosen from dichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform, and the sonication is performed for 20-60 minutes. A carbon nanotube composite thin film is produced by rubbing-treating the carbon nanotube composite. Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is a single-walled carbon nanotube. Preferred Properties: The concentration of the carbon nanotube dispersed in the solution is 1.5-2.8 mg per ml of the solvent. The weight ratio of the carbon nanotube to the conjugated polymer is 1:0.5-1:3, preferably 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The liner is made of a metal e.g. steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, zinc and alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The liner is made of a polymer i.e. plastic, selected from a group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The anode terminal is connected with the anode through an anode lead (4a) is arranged in an end of the battery case. The cathode terminal is connected with the cathode through a cathode lead is arranged in the other end of the battery case. The anode terminal and cathode terminal are electrically insulated with the battery case.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery case is laminated metal casing containing aluminum. Preferred Composition: The anode active material contains complex oxide of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (LiNixCoyAl1-x-yO2) or phosphoric acid compound of olivine structure (LipFe1-sMsPO4). The cathode active material contains silicon oxide (SiOz).x=greater than 0.7 and less than 1;z=greater than 0 and less than 2;p=greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1;s=0-0.3;M=niobium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, manganese, nickel or cobalt;andy=greater than 0 and less than 0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The aqueous electrolyte solution has pH of 3-11. Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is lithium nitrate. Preferred Compound: The cathode active material is compound having spinel structure, preferably lithium-vanadium oxide (LiV2O4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The powder has particle size distribution ( sigma ) of 50-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The fluorine-containing solvent (B) is fluorine-containing ether (B1), fluorine-containing ester (B2) and/or fluorine-containing carbonate (B3). The solvent (B) is preferably fluorine-containing chain-shaped ether (B1a), fluorine-containing cyclic ester (B2b), fluorine-containing linear carbonate (B3a) and/or fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (B3b). The fluorine-containing ester solvent (A) is fluorine-containing compounds (CHF2COOOCH3, CF3CHFCOOCH3, CHF2COOC2H5, CF3CHFCOOC2H5, CH3CF2COOCH3 and/or CH3CF2COOC2H5). The solvent (I) further contains a non-fluorine type solvent (C). Preferred Composition: The total amount of solvents (A,B) is 60 volume% or more. Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt (II) is lithium hexa fluoro phosphate, lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonyl imide and/or lithium bistrifluorosulfonyl imide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: In x-ray-diffraction measurement by copper-potassium ( alpha ) ray at the time of charging of a battery, a diffraction peak appears in 2( theta ) of 12-14 degrees in a phase of the crystal structure and a diffraction peak appears in 2( theta ) of 17-19 degrees in two phase with the complex oxide phase which has a layered structure, each shows weight reduction by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) measurement at temperature region (A) of 120-180 degrees C and temperature region (B) of 200-270 degrees C. The weight reduction by TG-DTA measurement of the anode after charging of a battery, is 3.5 mass% or less in temperature region (A) and 5.2 mass% or less in temperature region (B). The anode active material has initial stage discharge capacitance of 190 mAh/g or more at the time of using for anode of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The honeycomb structure is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The copper-type absorber is arranged to the upstream of fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The absorption capacitance of mercury is increases by presence of hydrogen sulfide in the copper-type absorber. The source gas of mercury removal apparatus is obtained from fossil fuel, biomass and waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas-evolution agent is compound which generates gas containing nitrogen or carbon dioxide. The gas-evolution agent is azide compound, azo compound, sulfonyl hydrazide compound, hydrazine compound, nitroso compound, semicarbazide compound, tetrazole compound, bicarbonate and/or carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The heat-resistant resin is polyvinylidene fluoride and/or its derivative(s). The insulating resin film further contains a thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst support is formed by mixing aluminum oxide with 20 mol% or less of cerium oxide. Preferred Property: The content of copper oxide contained in the catalyst is 2-20 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The contact process of modified hydrocarbon fuel and catalyst is performed at 150-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: A mixed gas used in manufacture of the boron-doped carbon nanotube, is vapor of solution containing carbon and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The first switch component comprises positive diode component. The second switch component is metal oxide semi conductive transistor switch component. The step-down circuit is low voltage difference linearity voltage regulator. The fuel battery is a direct methanol fuel battery. The fuel battery further comprises a secondary battery for matching fuel battery with preset output voltage to support electrical power to load. The second battery is lithium battery and any one battery in the power supply device supporting to load motion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydroboron is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, and/or lithium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The absorbent material is starch super-absorbent material and/or cellulose super-absorbent material. The starch super-absorbent material is starch grafted acrylonitrile, starch grafted acrylic acid, starch grafted acrylamide, 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, acrylamide, sodium acrylate, methyl propanesulfonic acid, and/or maleic anhydride. The starch super-absorbent material is absorbent material prepared by modified starch and its derivative. The absorbent material is starch grafted styrene super-absorbent material, hydro-gel prepared by amylopectase, formaldehyde-modified starch grafted acrylonitrile copolymer, epoxy-chloropropane-modified starch grafted acrylonitrile copolymer, and/or glycidyl-ether-crosslinked-starch grafted acrylonitrile copolymer. The cellulose super-absorbent material is absorbent polypropylene resin material, super-absorbent hydroxyethyl cellulose material, super-absorbent carboxymethyl cellulose material, super-absorbent cellulose xanthogenate material, super-absorbent cellulose graft copolymerized material, super-absorbent cellulose grafted acrylonitrile material, super-absorbent cellulose grafted acrylic acid material, super-absorbent cellulose grafted acryl-amide material, super-absorbent hydroxyethyl cellulose grafted acryl-amide material, and/or hydroxyethyl cellulose/acryl-amide/silicon dioxide compound material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox couple is ferrous/ferric ion, Fe(phenanthroline)33+/Fe(phenanthroline)32+, vanadium monoxide (VO2+)/vanadium dioxide (VO2+), o-toluidine/(o-toluidine)-, and cerium ions (Ce4+/Ce3+).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel includes propanol, aqueous methanol solution with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 16.7 M, aqueous formic acid solution with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 18 M, pure formic acid with a maximum stoichiometric concentration of 26.5 M, ethanol, dimethylether, dimethoxymethane, trimethoxy methane, and trioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction gas is oxidizing gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing atmosphere comprises hydrogen or a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen. The first metal comprises platinum. The precursor medium comprises a second metal precursor comprising ruthenium. Preferred Method: The composite particle is heated at 50-250 (preferably 100-150) degrees C for 0.5-10 (preferably 1-4) hours. The composite particles is further heated at less than or equal to 500 (preferably 150-500) degrees C with reducing atmosphere for 1-8 (preferably 1-4) hours. Preferred Characteristics: The nanoparticles and carbon particles have a number average particle size of 2-5 (preferably 2.5-3.5) nm and 10-100 (preferably 30-50) nm respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic binder is chosen from cellulose resin, vinyl-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyamide-type resin, polyurethane-type resin and acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The durometer hardness of the rubber elastic board confirms to JISK6253 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery grid material is a lead-calcium-tin alloy and is coated with a lead alloy. The composition of the material comprises calcium (0.05-0.15%), tin (greater than 0.5%), antimony (less than 0.002%), copper (less than 0.005%), arsenic (less than 0.002%), bismuth (less than 0.02%), silver (less than 0.005%) and a balance of lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The transport limiting device is formed by cation exchange membranes and anion exchange membranes as monovalent-selective membranes; and comprises anion and/or cation exchange resins which can exchange monovalent anions and monovalent cations for respectively multivalent anions and multivalent cations. The anion and/or cation exchange resins are placed in the electrolyte compartments or in inflow of low-osmotic electrolyte solutions to electrolyte compartments. The anion and/or cation exchange resins are periodically regenerated by exchanging monovalent anions and monovalent cations for respectively multivalent anions and multivalent cations bonded to the anion and/or cation exchange resins; or by bringing them into contact with a high-osmotic electrolyte solution, preferably ocean water, seawater and/or their concentrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sensor signals are transmitted by data busses i.e. controller-area networkbus, to the evaluation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A catching device is provided for gaseous alkanes in an oil production plant or an oil refinery, or a storage, which is provided for the production of alkane hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous-self-supporting graphite sheet comprises a compressed mass of expanded graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The liquid resin(s) (A,B) is chosen from phenolic-, epoxy- and acrylic-based resins such as melamine-, polyamide-, polyamidimide-, and phenoxy-based resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The kneaded material contains sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon is acetylene black and/or furnace carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Definitions:Re=Sm, Nd, Gd, La or Y.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nickel cobalt magnesium hydroxide compound contains 4-10 mass% of sulfate with respect to the whole quantity in conversion of sulfate. The nickel cobalt manganese complex oxide contains 1.2 mass% or less of sulfate with respect to whole quantity in conversion of sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains catalyst and carrier with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the catalyst and the carrier is 100:50-150. The catalyst contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold, zirconium, iron, nickel and/or potassium, and substance with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the substance with temperature control effect and the catalyst component is 100:1-20. The catalyst is of copper oxide-zinc oxide type or copper oxide-zinc oxide-chromium oxide type. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is 50/50-5/95.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst layer arranged in the microwave applicator is circulated and the mixed gas is contacted with the catalyst. The reaction is performed at 120-200 degrees C and pressure of 0.1-3 MPa at microwave frequency of 1-300 GHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of negative electrode contains lithium titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non aqueous electrolyte containing butyrolactone is impregnated into the winding structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Poly ketone-type resin has crystalline polyether-ether ketone as main component, and thermoplastic resin contains polyetherimide resin as main component. Thermoplastic resin is thermoplastic polyimide resin, polyether sulfone resin and/or polysulfone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The organic resin is cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode active material of the anode plate is lithium complex oxide of compositional formula: LixNiyM1-yO2.M=cobalt, manganese, chromium, iron, magnesium and/or aluminum;x=0.95-1.1;andy=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The thickness of the fluorine-containing type-resin layer is 0.1-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The metal plate can also be made of stainless steel material that conforms to SUS304 or SUS440 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate in the separator is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber sheet has toluene adsorption performance of 15 weight% or more, air permeability along the thickness direction of 2 cm3/cm2.second or more, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. The fiber diameter of carbon nanofiber is 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyolefin resin has viscosity average molecular weight of 400000 or more. The fibril density in the sea portion is 100 measured in fibril gap of 10 mu m or less. The fibril length which is connected between island-type structures is 0.5 mu m or more. The heat shrink starting temperature of polyolefin microporous film is 100 degrees C or more along machine direction and transverse direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:The metal electrolyte solution contains 0.04-400 g/L titanium oxide particle with average particle diameter of less than or equal to 1 mu m. The crystal structure of zirconium oxide is amorphous, tetragonal, cubic and/or monoclinic crystal. The metal electrolyte solution contains water-soluble phosphorus compound or water-soluble zirconium compound. The metal substrate is aluminum, titanium, magnesium or their alloys. The ceramic membrane has matrix layer which contains titanium oxide particle with average particle diameter of less than or equal to 1 mm. Preferred Parameter: The electrical conductivity of electrolyte solution is greater than or equal to 0.05 S/m. The zeta-potential of zirconium oxide particle inside the electrolyte solution is less than or equal to 0 mV. When surface is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, the ratio of volume of monoclinic crystal zirconium oxide with respect to sum total of volume of tetragonal crystal zirconium oxide and/or cubic-crystal zirconium oxide and the volume of monoclinic crystal zirconium oxide is less than or equal to 0.8. The main peak relative intensity of tetragonal crystal zirconium oxide and/or cubic-crystal zirconium oxide is more than 1/4 with respect to the main peak relative intensity of oxide of metallic element. Preferred Process: The electrolysis processing involves bipolar electrolytic decomposition process which has unipolar electrolytic decomposition process which involves anode and cathode polarization and produces crystal structure transformation of zirconium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises an intermetallic compound of lanthanum penta-nickel, laves phases such as zirconium manganese or titanium manganese, magnesium, titanium iron and magnesium nickel, cubic solid solution centered to a base of vanadium, barium rhenium hydride, magnesium iron hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, and/or lithium boron hydride. The electrical non-conducting material comprises an amorphous or crystalline ceramic, hexagonal born nitride activated by an acid solution under the electric field, and lithium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrical non-conducting material comprises Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer) and an ion conducting polymer.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ammonia storage material is a chemical complex in the form of an ionic salt of the formula Ma(NH3)nXz, where M is at least one cation selected from alkali metals such as lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K) or cesium (Cs), alkaline earth metals such as magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) or aluminum (Al) and transition metals such as vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) or their combinations such as sodium aluminate (NaAl), potassium aluminate (KAl), potassium zinc alloy (K2Zn), cesium copper alloy (CsCu) or potassium iron alloy (K2Fe); X is at least one anion selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulphate, molybdate and phosphate ions; a is the number of cations per salt molecule; z is the number of anions per salt molecule; and n is 2-12. The ionic salt is either chloride or sulphate salts of magnesium (Mg), Ca and/or Sr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyurethane, polyacrylate or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas stream has less than 30% water. The ammonia or hydrazine in the gas stream is ammonia dry only or greater than or equal to 30 (preferably 99)% ammonia. The gas stream is free of oxidizing and sulfiding agents. Preferred Method: The treatment is done for 10-1000 (preferably 50-200) hours. The gas stream has 1-5 bar pressure. The porous surface is generated by decomposing nickel nitride, or gaseous nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a nickel alloy or in the form of a nickel surface coating having a purity of greater than 98.5 (preferably 99)%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixing step is done at 20-50 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Preferred Components: The silicates are clays which are montmorillonite, laumonite, bentonite, mica, vermiculite and kaolinite, and from silica gels, natural and synthetic molecular sieves, zeolites, and activated alumina. The silicates have a particle size of 10-100 micrometers. The sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates are iron(II) or (III), zinc(II), cadmium(II) or mercury(II) nitrate. The powdered sorbent composition has the sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates (5-35%). The powdered sorbent composition has an average surface area of 50-350 m2/g. The sulfur compounds comprise sulfur-containing aromatic compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sulfur compounds are in a batch reactor, slurry reactor, packed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, or a fixed bed reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-containing aromatic compounds are thiophene, benzothiophene or dibenzothiophene and their alkylated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous membrane comprises one of polycarbonate, polyethylene, aluminum oxide, barium titanate, titanium oxide, and lead zirconium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrolyte of the capacitor is lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance (a1) and (a2) are carbon material such as graphite which aggregate or combine flat-shaped graphite microparticles to orient in non-parallel direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The basic aqueous solution is ammonia aqueous solution or pig urine. Preferred Process: Nickel-containing salt is separated by filtration from non-electrolytic nickel metal-plating waste liquid and the nickel supernatant liquid containing the nickel containing salt is prepared. The basic aqueous solution is added to the obtained supernatant liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The rare earth element contained in the phases (A and B) are similar. The rare earth element is chosen from samarium, neodymium, gadolinium, lanthanum and yttrium. Preferred Property: The content of electronic-conduction phase contained in the conductive material is 30 volume% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is a nitroxyl compound which takes a nitroxyl cation structure of formula (1) in oxidation state and a nitroxyl radical structure of formula (2) in reduction state.R1-R4=alkyl;andA=optionally substituted bivalent group which forms heterocyclic 5-7 membered ring containing nitrogen.Preferred Group: The cation-exchange group is sulfo group, carboxy group, or phenolic hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate containing inorganic compound contains aluminum or magnesium preferably magnesium phosphate octahydrate. The positive electrode active material contains cobalt or nickel. Preferred Compositions: The amount of phosphate containing inorganic compound with respect to positive electrode active material is 0.1-10 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transition metal is chosen from ruthenium, terbium, manganese, neodymium and praseodymium. Preferred Components: The proton conductor contains metal oxide having perovskite structure. The metal oxide is of formula: AB(1-x)MxO3.AB=element;M=transition metal;andx=0.05-0.15.Preferred Properties: The proton conductor has electroconductivity or hall conductivity. The proton conductor has structure of oxygen-deficiency type. Preferred Compounds: The proton conductor further contains a material having electroconductivity or hall conductivity. The material having electroconductivity or hall conductivity is ruthenium or cobalt. Preferred Electrodes: An electrochemical cell has anode and cathode having proton conductor. The anode is hydrogen separation film having hydrogen permeability. Preferred Definitions:    AB=metal having valency of +4, where A is strontium and B is zirconium;    M=metal having valency of +3 or +4;    Mx=M1yM2(x-y);    M1=ruthenium;and    M2=terbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An oxygen-containing gas supply unit supplies the oxygen-containing gas to the modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium-transition metal composite oxide has specific surface-area of 0.1-8 m2/g. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide has tap-density of 0.8-3 g/cm3. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide has median diameter of 1-20 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic element or semimetal element is boron, silicon, titanium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, germanium or yttrium. Preferred Composition: The doping amount of metallic element or semimetal element is 1017-1021 cm-3 with respect to strontium-titanate crystals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The caps provided in upper surface of laminated reactor units of the reactor is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS316L standard.A catalyst for reformation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a first reactor,A catalyst for selective oxidation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a second reactor,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon type fuel is kerosene oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The upper cover material and lower cover material are made of stainless steel that conforms to SUS304,SUS316Lstandards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Hydrogen-permeation metal film is formed by laminating films made of palladium or its alloy or hydrogen-absorbing alloy and non-palladium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrolytic composition further contains crosslinking agent. Preferred Definitions:    A=phenyl-containing group of formulae (1-13);and    l=0-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Diimidamide compound of formula: H2N-C(=NH)-R3-C(=NH)NH2 and cyano compound of formula: R4-R2-CN are reacted to obtain diimino compound of formula: R4-R2-C(NH2)=N-C(=NH)R3-CH(NH2)-N=C(NH2)-R2-R4. The obtained compound is reacted with fluorosulfonyl compound of formula: FO2S-R1-COF to obtain the perfluoro triazine compound. Preferred Compound: The perfluoro triazine compound is of formula (a-1 or a-2).R11=-CF2-, -CF(CF3)-, -CF(CF3)OCF2CF2- or -CF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2-;andR31=1-10C perfluoro alkylene group containing ether property oxygen. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-10C perfluoro alkylene group containing ether property oxygen;and    R4=CF2=CF-, CF2=CFO- or CF2=CFCF2O.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The perfluoro triazine compound is chosen from 12 disclosed compounds such as of formulae (I-V).    EXAMPLE - Trifluorovinyloxy hexafluorobutanenitrile (in g) (2) and 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (10) were stirred at -20 degrees C or less and ammonia (0.12) was blown to obtain perfluoro triazine compound of formula (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The support body is hollow body. Preferred Method: The catalyst particle is immersed in hollow side of support body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method involves process which provides aqueous solution containing organic compound, metal ion and photocatalyst particle involving irradiation process which irradiates excitation light to photocatalyst particle in order to produce organic polymer layer from organic compound and to produce catalyst particle from metal ion, carbonization process which carbonizes organic polymer layer, and dissolution process which dissolves photocatalyst particle. The method involves process which provides structure containing porous inorganic acidized layer formed in surface of base material and base material involving first formation process which forms first organic polymer layer in lower layer part of porous inorganic acidized layer, insertion process which inserts catalyst particle in pore of porous inorganic acidized layer, second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer in upper layer part of first organic polymer layer, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material and porous inorganic acidized layer. The method involves process which provides structure containing first organic polymer layer formed in surface of base material and base material and process which provides catalyst particle on first organic polymer layer involving second formation process which forms second organic polymer layer on first organic polymer layer and catalyst particle, carbonization process which carbonizes first organic polymer layer and second organic polymer layer in order to produce support body, and dissolution process which dissolves base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte is sulfo alkylated material of polyether sulfone, or sulfonated substance of polyether sulfone. The porous material is polyolefin porous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The volatile substance is ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fixed agent is a polymer that polymerizes polymerizable monomer from methacrylic acid type monomer, acrylamide type monomer, allyl type monomer, styrene type monomer, epoxy type monomer or preferably acrylic acid type monomer. The polymerizable monomer is greater than or equal to 30 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.% of all monomers. Preferred Process: The catalyst electrode is manufactured by mixing polymerizable monomer, polymerization initiator, ionic liquid and volatile substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer further contains a platinum-type catalyst supported with lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide. The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is of formula: LaaSrbGacMgdCoeOx.a+b,c+d+e=1;a,c=0.6-0.9;andx=(total valance of lanthanum, strontium, gallium, magnesium and cobalt)/2.The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is preferably of formula: La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.1Co0.1O3. The platinum type catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The adhesion-amount of the thermosetting resin to mixing paper is 5-50 g/m2. EXAMPLE - Regenerated rayon fiber (in weight parts) (50), polypropylene fiber (20) and softwood pulp (30) were mixed water (23000) and stirred, to obtain aqueous dispersion. PR940 (RTM: phenol resin) and methanol were mixed to obtain 20% of resin solution. The phenol resin is impregnated to mixing paper with an adhesion amount of 45 g/m2. Then, the mixed paper was air-dried, solvent was removed and phenol resin was hardened at 150 degrees C. About 6 mixed paper were laminated, hardened, maintained at 200 degrees C for 12 hours, pressed and baked in electric furnace in presence of nitrogen atmosphere at 100 degrees C for 12 hours, to obtain porous carbon material. The obtained porous carbon material had air-hole diameter of 67 mu m, bending strength of 5 MPa and porosity of 82%, and had excellent handling property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen permeable material is palladium. The porous material is alpha -aluminum trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen liberating material is chosen from lithium and lithium-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum-based metal is made of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium. The inorganic oxide comprises an oxide of zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium and/or zinc. The strong acid ion comprises sulfate ion and/or phosphate ion. The carrier comprises aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and/or cordierite. The oxidizing catalyst comprises more than 0.5 parts by weight and less than or equal to 50 parts by weight of the platinum-based metal of platinum, 10-70 parts by weight of the solid acid of sulfated zirconium oxide, and less than 89.5 parts by weight of the carrier of aluminum oxide. The non-platinum-based catalyst includes 10-30 parts by weight of cerium oxide, 0.1-5 parts by weight of oxide of nickel, cobalt and/or iron, 1-10 parts by weight of cupric oxide, less than or equal to 88.9 parts by weight of a carrier supporting the non-platinum-based catalyst, and 5-20 parts by weight of zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pre-form of cerium is cerium nitrate, cerium ammonium nitrate or organic cerium. Preferred Property: The concentration of the metal cerium is 0.01-2.5 mol/L. Preferred Composition: The impregnant is mixture of glycol and unitary mellow having 1-12 carbon atoms. The ratio of glycol and unitary mellow is 10:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acidic solution is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or perchloric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The temperature of the electrodeposition solution is 18-60 degrees C. The concentration of ethylene glycol in the electrodeposition solution is 0.01-5 M. The concentration of the acidic solution in the electrodeposition solution is 0.005-10 M. The platinum-based chloride in the electrodeposition solution is 0.1-100 M. Preferred Process: The process further involves placing a reference electrode into the reactor, where the reference electrode is a saturated calomel electrode, silver/silver chloride electrode or standard hydrogen electrode. The potential is a pulse direct current of 1 to -2 V(SHE) (potential versus a standard hydrogen electrode). The pulse direct current has a frequency of 0.000001-1000000 Hz. The potential is non-pulse direct current (constant potential) of -0.00001 to -2 V(SHE). In the process, the applying potential time is 1 microsecond to 24 hours. Preferred Components: The acidic solution is acetic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The damping material is made of cylindrical rubber formed using the material having specifications in accordance with JIS K6386.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material of the anode plate is lithium-cobalt containing metal oxide having composition of formula: LixNi1-y-zCoyMzO2.M=magnesium, aluminum, manganese, calcium, iron, titanium, chromium, vanadium, iron, copper, zinc, strontium, barium, zirconium, yttrium and/or tantalum;x=0-1.1 (excluding 0 and 1.1);y=0-0.5 (excluding 0);andz=0-0.5 (excluding 0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture of carbonaceous material and boron source comprises boron source of 0.5-5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The resin is obtained by reacting glycidyl (meth)acrylate or N-methylol acrylamide with novolak-type phenol resin. The glycidyl (meth)acrylate with 20-90 equivalence ratio is reacted with respect to 100 equivalent phenolic hydroxyl group of novolak-type phenol resin. N-methylol acrylamide with 20-200 equivalence ratio is reacted with respect to 100 equivalent phenolic hydroxyl group of novolak-type phenol resin. EXAMPLE - Mixture (weight parts) of modified novolak resin (100), hexamethylene tetramine (10), and dicumyl peroxide (1) were mixed and cured at 180 degrees C for 2 hours. The cured resin was pulverized until the particle size becomes less than 2 mm. The pulverized resin was placed in alumina board and carbonized by heating for 2 hours at 600 degrees C in nitrogen stream. The carbonized materials (20 g) and potassium hydroxide (80 g) were placed into ceramic board, and 500 ml/minute nitrogen was poured with tubular electric furnace. The furnace was heated at 800 degrees C for 2 hours and was activated. The activated carbon was then obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric cooling agent is a mixture from propylenglykolmethylether and hexamethyldisiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium-containing compound is lithium sulfate, lithium halide, lithium hydroxide, lithium phosphate, lithium acetate and/or lithium oxalate. The electrolyte is added with supporting electrolyte such as sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, acetates, oxalates, chlorides, fluorides or hydroxides. The cation can be ions of alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, aluminum, magnesium and/or zinc. Preferred Parameters: The electrolyte has a concentration of is 0.1-15 mole/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluororesin is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
EXAMPLE - A three-electrode test cell (10) was prepared using the following components. A positive electrode prepared from lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide (LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2) was used as the working electrode (11). Metallic lithium was used for the counter electrode (12) and for the reference electrode (13). Lithium hexafluorophosphate was dissolved at 1 mol/L into a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 4:3:3, to prepare the non-aqueous electrolyte solution (14).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The cathode comprises current collector, active material, electronic conductive filler, and ionically conductive electrolyte polyimide binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The active material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium permanganate, lithium nickel oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, vanadium oxide, lithium titanate, or lithium iron phosphate. Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium tetrafluorosulfonimide, lithium salts derived from bis perhalogenoacyl or bis sulfonylimide, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium chlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium acetate, Li(CoF3SO3), Li(CF3SO2)2N, Li(CF3SO2)3, Li(CF3CO2), Li(B(C6H5)4) (not defined), lithium sulfur cyanide or lithium nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is N,N-methylpyrrolidinone, gamma -butyrolactone or sulfamides of structure R1R2N-SO2-R3R4.R1-R4=1-6C alkyl and/or 1-6C oxyalkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide-based electrolyte separator comprises 15-50, preferably 20-40 wt.% solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The particles reused to form the second film comprise activated carbon particles, and conductive particles. The conductive particles comprise conductive carbon particles. Preferred Composition: The first film comprises 80-95% activated carbon and 0-15% conductive carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The films comprises no processing additive including hydrocarbons, high boiling point solvents, anti-foaming agents, surfactants, dispersion aids, water, pyrrolidone, mineral spirits, ketones, naphtha, acetates, alcohols, glycols, toluene, xylene, and/or isoparaffinic fluids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The particles reused to form the second film comprise fibrillizable fluoropolymer particles. The binder comprises a fluoropolymer. The first film further comprises a thermoplastic. Preferred Property: The second film has a density of 0.50-0.70 g/cm2. Preferred Composition: The first film comprises 3-15% fibrillizable fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane is formed of sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated poly(etherether ketone), sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated poly(phenyleneoxide), and/or sulfonated polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydroxide compound is of formula: MOH, where M is metal chosen from group IA, group IIA, group IIIA, group IVA, group VA, group VIA, group VIIA, group VIII, group IB, group IIB and group IIIB elements. The hydroxide solution is potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and/or sodium hydroxide. The fuel cell electrode does not contain a binder or an ionomer. The electrode further has an integrated diffusion layer and a catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The surface oxygen content of carbon nanofiber is 0.03-0.2. Preferred Method: The carbon nanofiber precursor is by electrospinning method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanofiber precursor contains at least one polymer chosen from polyacrylonitrile-based polymer, acryl-based polymer, pitch-based polymer, and phenol-based polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluoropolymer in the microporous layer comprises poly(tetrafluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fuel oil composition has flash point of more than 40 degrees C, distillation temperature of 270 degrees C or less at 95 volume% of kerosene as measured using distillation curve based on JIS1, and density of 750-850 kg/m3 at 15 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The azulminic acid is heated in oxygen-containing gas atmosphere. Preferred Property: The nitrogen-containing carbon porous component has atomic ratio (N/C) of nitrogen with respect to carbon atom, and atomic ratio (H/C) of hydrogen with respect to carbon atom satisfying relation: (N/C) more than 0.04+0.25x (H/C), and specific surface area of more than 300 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum complex is hexachloroplatinic acid or its salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reducing agent aqueous solution is hydrazine aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyoxyethylene alkyl ether is nonaethylene glycol dodecyl ether or nonaethylene glycol monohexa decyl ether. The polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester is polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate. EXAMPLE - Hexachloroplatinic acid (in mol) (2), nonaethylene glycol dodecyl ether (2) and water (300) were mixed for 10 minutes and cooled to 60 degrees C, to obtain an aqueous solution (A). Then, Tween 60 (RTM: polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) (2) and water (300) were mixed for 15 minutes and cooled to obtain an aqueous solution (B). The obtained aqueous solution (A) and aqueous solution (B) were mixed for 10 minutes, VXC72R (RTM: carbon black) was added, water was removed, stirred under reduced pressure and the ratio of hexachloroplatinic acid, nonaethylene glycol dodecyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate and water was adjusted to 2:2:2:30. Then, the reaction materials was cooled to 4 degrees C, hydrazine of hexachloroplatinic acid was dripped for 10 minutes, washed using ethanol and water and dried, to obtain carbon containing platinum nanoparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas permselective membrane has hydrogen and carbon dioxide gas impermeability function and water non-permeable function.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The exterior case of electrochemical element comprises organic material, organic film, aluminum, aluminum alloy, stainless steel and aluminum laminated clad metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multi-wall carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains thermoplastic resin (in weight%) (25-99.85), carbon nanotube (0.1-50) and triazine derivative having basic functional group or organic dye derivative having basic functional group (0.05-25). The reins composition further comprises plasticizer. EXAMPLE - Phthalocyanine derivative (in g) (3), ion-exchange water (1000) and carbon nanotube (30) were added into a container and mixed. Then, dimethylethanol amine was added, pH was adjusted to 9, zirconia beads were added, dispersed for 1 hour using paint shaker, heated and solvent in the reaction mixture was evaporated, to obtain carbon nanotube composition. The obtained carbon nanotube composition (33) was added with Ajisper PB-821 (RTM: dispersant) (33) and low-density polyethylene (934), stirred for 3 minutes, melt-kneaded at 150 degrees C, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded using injection molding machine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metals are palladium, iridium, rhodium and/or platinum. The transition metal is cobalt, iron, molybdenum and/or chromium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic ring is 2-(1H-pyrrole-3-yl pyridine). The nitrogen containing low molecular weight compounds are pyridine and/or phenanthroline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The noble-metal particle consists of platinum ruthenium particles. The electroconductive material consists of carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The glycol is chosen from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol. The non-ionic dispersion agent consists of polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol, and/or nitrogen-containing compound chosen from polyvinyl pyrrolidone, diethanolamide laurate, and mono-(diethylamino)alkyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electroconductive particle are vapor deposited on surface of catalyst component, and heated at 100-150 degrees C. The noble metal components are vapor deposited on surface of catalyst component, and heated at 100-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Additionally, chromium nitride membrane is a chromium nitride mono-film with equable element, relative atom percentage composition of the nitrogen is 0-55%. The relative atom percentage content of the nitride increases from 0-10% to 30-50% and reduces to 20-40% along the increase of the thickness of the film. The chromium nitride film is a chromium nitride nanometer multilayer film with element being periodically changed alternatively along change of the thickness. The atom percentage content of the nitride is alternatively changed by phase step between 0-33% and 33-55%. Thickness of the unit layer period of the alternative phase step change is between 10-200 nm. The ion of said ion sputtering is from plasma as discharge of glow of the inert gases. The working gas thus filled in is the inert gas argon and atmospheric pressure is 0.3-5Pa. Preferred Condition: Furthermore, adjusting arc current executes the method of adjusting change of the arc current along the metallic-membrane plating time; the current changes from 35-150 A from start of metallic-membrane plating to end of the voltaic arc evaporation. The pumping reacting air executes the method of batch pumping along time of the metallic-membrane plating with the pumping amount being 0-400 sccm and the time period of pumping in and out being 1-10 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal to be formed the Raney skeleton catalyst is nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, silver, platinum, or palladium; or alloy of nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, silver, platinum or palladium, or the alloy of nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, silver, platinum or palladium and molybdenum, titanium, zinc, carbon or boron. Aluminum alloy is the alloy of aluminum and nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, chromium, palladium or silicon. Aluminum compound is the aluminum oxide or aluminum halide. Preferred Method: Covering method is coating, hot spray plating, physical vapor deposition, electrical deposition, and chemical reaction deposition. Preferred Process: Coating is done by adding the caking agent into aluminum, aluminum alloy, aluminum compound, or their mixture. Preferred Composition: Concentration of covering layer is 1 micron to 1 centimeter. Amount of sodium hydroxide solution is 1-40 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pressure adjusting valve is formed of silicone rubber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas permeable sheet is a porous film formed of polytetrafluoroethylene. The packing formed in the capacitor comprises isoprene isobutylene butyl rubber and ethylene propylene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The higher-liquid-holding fiber is aliphatic polyamide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles having an acid absorption function are zeolite, hydrotalcite, calcined hydrotalcite or hydrotalcite oxide. The inorganic particles having a water absorption function are zeolite, calcined hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite oxide or magnesium sulfate hydrated with 0-3 water molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The absorption sheet has resin layers containing no inorganic particles, with which resin layers both surfaces of the absorption layer are laminated. The resin in the absorption layer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes. The resin in the resin layer containing no inorganic particles comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additional additive component is conductive carbon. The operation of mixing includes dry blending the activated carbon and the binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder includes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-ionized catalyst layer is palladium layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulation element is composed of aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cellulosic fiber contains any one of rayon, manila hemp, craft, hemp and esparto.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ion-conductive polymer is perfluorocarbon sulfonic-acid type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The solvent is a hydrophilic organic solvent or its aqueous solution, having less surface tension than water. The solvent is a liquid mixture of ethanol and water. Preferred Condition: The drying is performed at saturated vapor pressure in presence of solvent for 2 hours or more. The film thickness of the polymeric thin film is determined by the formula: L=(Vx dIx CN)/(dNx Ax 100), where L is layer thickness of the polymeric thin film in cm, V is volume of dripped polymer solution in cm3, dI is density of polymer solution in g/cm3, CN is concentration of polymer solution in weight%, dN is density after polymeric drying in g/cm3 and A is area of glassy carbon substrate in cm2. Preferred Property: The polymeric thin film has film thickness of 10 mu m or less and surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or less. EXAMPLE - Glassy carbon substrate having diameter of 10 mm and area of 0.785 cm2 was polished using alumina paste. Then, the substrate was ultrasonically cleaned using hot water and degreased using 99.5 volume% of ethanol. Then, the substrate was cleaned using pure water. Then, Nafion (RTM: alcohol solution) (5 weight%) was diluted using ethanol and was dripped on glassy carbon substrate. Then, the substrate was dried at 25 degrees C, and the solvent was evaporated at saturated vapor pressure for 10 hours, to form polymeric thin film. The obtained polymeric thin film had excellent surface flatness and ultra film thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode comprises lithium composite oxide of formula: LiMnxM1yM2zO2. The anode comprises carbonaceous material, or oxide or nitrides of element of group IV. The cathode comprises cathode mixture and cathode-side current collector. The anode comprises anode mixture and anode-side current collector. The volume ratio of dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate is 0.6-1.3.M1=cobalt and/or nickel;M2=cobalt, nickel, aluminum, boron, iron, magnesium and/or chromium;x+y+z=1;x=0.2-0.6;y=0.2-0.4;andz=0.05-0.4.Preferred Components: The cyclic carbonate of formula (1) is ethylene carbonate. The linear carbonate of formula (2) is dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate. The dioxol compound of formula (3) is vinylene carbonate. Preferred Process: The cathode mixture comprising cathode-active material, electroconductive agent and binder is coated on the cathode-side current collector, to form cathode-mixture layer. The anode mixture comprising anode-active material, an electroconductive agent and binder is coated on the anode-side current collector, to form anode-mixture layer. Preferred Property: The cathode-mixture layer has porosity of 25-40 volume%. The anode-mixture layer has porosity of 25-40 volume%. The carbonaceous material has a lattice constant (d002 value) of 0.39 nm or less. The electrolyte solution has flash point of 20 degrees C or more and ion conductivity of 2 mS/cm or more at -30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: If the target reaction is a steam reforming reaction, the catalyst comprises nickel/aluminum oxide, ruthenium/zirconium oxide, ruthenium/aluminum oxide, and/or ruthenium/cerium oxide-aluminum oxide. If the target reaction is an exothermic oxidation reaction, the catalyst comprises palladium aluminum oxide, nickel oxide, cupric oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, rhodium, palladium, and/or platinum. If the target reaction is a water gas shift reaction, the catalyst comprises copper, zinc, iron, chromium, chromium oxide/iron oxide (Fe3O4), platinum/cerium oxide, and/or copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide. If the target reaction is a selective oxidation reaction, the catalyst comprises ruthenium, rhodium, platinum/aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and/or gold/ferric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal catalyst comprises Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, Os, Cu, Ag, Au, and/or Re; and optionally comprises cerium, and/or lanthanum (preferably rhodium, optionally in combination with cerium, and/or lanthanum; especially a rhodium-cerium catalyst). The catalyst is supported by a ceramic or metal support. The ceramic optionally comprises alumina, silica, zirconia, or ceria. The support is in the form of pellets, spheres, grains, mesh, gauze, or foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid fuel is in the form of a slurry, suspension, gel, or emulsion; and comprises plant biomass, municipal waste biomass, animal biomass, or biodiesel-formation byproduct; and includes a liquid solution comprising an alkyl alcohol, alkyl acid, alkyl ether, alkyl ester, aldehyde, ketone, polyol optionally comprising ethylene glycol or glycerol, vegetable oil, lignin, and/or carbohydrate (preferably a carbohydrate-based fluid fuel comprising starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, monosaccharides, and/or disaccharides); or soybean oil, glycerol, or 8-18C fatty acid or its ester (preferably glycerol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): (I) is prepared by reacting Cl-CF2-CF-Cl-I with CF2=C-F-R-SO2Q to form Cl-CF2-CF-Cl-CF2-CF-I-R-SO2Q, which is treated with allyl acetate peroxide initiator to form the intermediate (II) or (III), which is then reacted with zinc and copper iodide to form (I). Preferred Compound: (I) is preferably a compound of formula CF2=CF-CF2-CF-(CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO2Q)-CH2-CH=CH3 and (II) is preferably a compound of formula Cl-CF2-CF-(Cl)-CF2-CF-(CF2-O-CF2-CF2-SO2Q)-CH2-CH2-CH-(I)-CH2-O-C(=O)-CH3. Preferred Definitions:    R=(CF2)x, (CF2)yOCF2CF2, or (CF2CF(CF3)O)zCF2CF2;    x and y=1-4;    z=1-2;    R2=perfluoromethyl, perfluoroethyl, or perfluorophenyl;and    Q=F.    EXAMPLE - A flask (200 ml) was charged with zinc (9.8 g), copper iodide (1 g) and N-methyl prrolidinone (50 ml) under N2. Then, AcOCH2CHlCH2CF(CFClCF2Cl)CF2O CF2CF2SO2F (33 g) was added dropwise at room temperature. In order to keep the temperature below 30 degrees C during the addition, the flask was cooled with cool water. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 80 degrees C for 1 hour and then the condenser was replaced with a distillation head. All volatiles were distilled out in full vacuum and the receiver cooled with dry ice until half of mixture had distilled. The distillate was poured into water and the low layer was separated, washed with water and/or brine for several times. Finally, the crude product was distilled at 10 mmHg to give pure product, CH2=CHCH2CF(CF2CF=CF2)CF2OCF2CF2SO2F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The lithium-containing metal complex oxide is of formula: LiaNibCocMdO2+e, where M is chosen from aluminum, manganese, magnesium and calcium, a is 0.2-1.2, b is 0.6-0.9, c is 0.1-0.4, d is 0-0.2, e is -0.2 to 0.2 and b+c+d is 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur-containing cyclic compound is 1,3-propene sulfone. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent is a mixture of cyclic carbonate (10-30 volume%) and linear carbonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains 0.5-4 weight% of vinyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery conforms to JISD 5301 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrode is obtained by molding a mixture of single-crystal sodium manganate nanowire, a conductive support agent, and a binder in a mass ratio of 40-85:10-50:5-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte solution contains oxygen-containing cyclic compound of formula (4 or 5). Preferred Component: The electrolyte solution further contains a non-aqueous solvent containing nitrile group, such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, a sulfolane, the methyl sulfolane, the acetonitrile, a propionitrile, a butyronitrile, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, an ethylmethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate, the carbonate compound of formulae: H-X1-C(=O)-(Q)r-C(=O)-X2-H (6) and H-X1-C(=O)-(Q)r-C(-Z1)(-Z2)-X2-H (7). Preferred Property: The weight ratio of carbonate compounds (6) and (7) is 300 ppm or less. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=alkyl group;and    A+=1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium, 1,2,3-trimethyl imidazolium or 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl imidazolium.
Preferred Definition:    Fu=60C fullerene; and    R 1,R 2=H, Me, Et, n-Pr or n-Bu.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The lithium secondary battery has anode, cathode and separator. The anode active material of anode consists of complex oxide chosen from cobalt-type complex oxide, nickel-type complex oxide, manganese-type complex oxide, iron-type complex oxide and vanadium-type complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is chosen from lithium hexafluoro phosphate (LiPF6), lithium bis-trifluoromethane sulfonimide and/or lithium bis-pentafluoroethane sulfonimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains (in volume%) fluorine-containing solvent (A) (20-80), non-fluorine-type cyclic carbonate (B) (3-40), and non-fluorine-type cyclic ester (C) (10-77). The non-fluorine-type cyclic carbonate (B) is chosen from ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate and/or vinylene carbonate. The non-fluorine-type cyclic ester (C) is ( gamma )-butyrolactone and/or ( gamma )-valerolactone. The fluorine-containing ether is of formula: Rf1ORf2. The fluorine-containing ester is of formula: Rf3COORf4. The fluorine-containing carbonate is of formula: Rf5OCOORf6.Rf1,Rf2=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf3=1-2C fluorine-containing alkyl;andRf4-Rf6=1-4C fluorine-containing alkyl. EXAMPLE - Fluorine-containing ether (CHF2CF2CH2OCF2CHFCF3) (in volume%) (40), ethylene carbonate (10) and ( gamma )-butyrolactone were mixed to obtain a solvent. Then, lithium bis pentafluoro ethane sulfonimide (1 mol/l) was added to the solvent, stirred at 25 degrees C, to obtain electrolyte solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had ionic conductivity of 3.6. A coin-shaped lithium secondary containing the electrolyte solution had excellent charging and discharging cycle characteristics, high discharge capacitance and was safe to use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is of formula: (A+-X1-)a(H+X2)b.A+=organic onium cation;H1=Bronsted acidic portion;X2=Bronsted-acid residue;a=0.5-1;b=0.5 or less;anda+b=1.Preferred Process: An organic-inorganic composite contains sol-gel solution obtained by uniformly mixing Bronsted acidic ionic liquid and methyl alkoxide monomer. Preferred Property: The proton-conductive glass has proton-conductivity at -20 to 300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The new polymer is obtained by polymerizing a styrene derivative metallole ring(s) as substituent. Preferred Properties: The silole and/or germole rings are coupled with carbon of principal chain through aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring. The silole ring and/or germole ring have another aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring as substituent. The aromatic ring or heterocyclic ring is between 2-position and 5-position. EXAMPLE - 1,1,2-Triphenyl-5-(4-vinylphenyl)germole (51 mg) was dissolved in toluene (1.1 g) in nitrogen atmosphere. N-butyl lithium (7 mg) hexane solution was dripped into the solution at room temperature. Methanol was added and reaction was stopped, after stirring the solution at room temperature for 24 hours. The obtained precipitate was filtered, to obtain a polymer as dry pale yellow solid (24 mg). The polymer had a number average molecular weight of 2980, a weight average molecular weight of 9050, and a molecular weight distribution of 3.04.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ion-conductive complex is 3,6-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 4,4'-(3,6-pyridazinyl) bisphenol, 4,4'-(3,6-pyrimidinyl) bisphenol, 3,6-di-4-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, 3,6-di-4-pyridinyl-pyridazine, or 2,5-di-4-pyridinyl-pyrimidine. Preferred Property: The ion-conductive complex has a crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The proton conductive substance has structure of formula (1), the polymer having acidic group has structure of formula (2 or 3) and the polymer having basic group has structure of formula: -(CH2)g-N+(CH3)3.Cl- (4).R=-SO3-;d=integer;e=1-5;a=5-150;b=0-1100;andg=12 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electrolyte salt is alkali metal salt, quat. ammonium salt and/or quat. phosphonium salt preferably lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solid polymer electrolyte film is consist of oxyethylene, oxypropylene or oxytetra methylene. High molecular compound (C) has carboxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of cationic polyacrylamide with respect to heat-storage microcapsule, is 0.1-10 mass%. The film-material ratio of heat-storage microcapsule, is 10-24 mass%. EXAMPLE - 37% Formaldehyde aqueous solution (in mass parts) (15.4) and melamine powder (12) were added to water (40), and heated at 70 degrees C, to obtain melamine-formaldehyde initial condensate aqueous solution. Sodium-salt aqueous solution of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (100) and n-hexadecane (80) were mixed and emulsified, to obtain emulsification liquid. The obtained emulsification liquid and the obtained melamine-formaldehyde initial condensate aqueous solution were mixed at 70 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, water was added, to obtain heat-storage microcapsule slurry having solid content of 40 mass% and film-material ratio of 22.1 mass%. Cationic polyacrylamide aqueous solution (10) was added to the obtained slurry (250) and spray-dried using a spray drier with inlet temperature of 270 degrees C and outlet temperature of 125 degrees C, to obtain heat-storage microcapsule fine particles with average particle diameter of 200 mu m and yield of 95%. The obtained heat-storage microcapsule fine particles had excellent solvent resistance and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon has volume average particle diameter of 0.1-500 nm. The chemical shift of condensed ring-aromatic compound carbon 6-membered ring and sulfonic acid group bonded with amorphous carbon, is detected by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface with half value width of 5-30 degrees is detected in powder X-ray diffraction. The amorphous carbon has volume average particle diameter of less than 500 nm. Peaks other than the diffraction peak of carbon (002) surface are not detected for amorphous carbon, in powder X-ray diffraction. Preferred Composition: The carbon is acetylene black. The solvent is water. The sulfonic acid density of the amorphous carbon is 1.6-8 mmol/g. The amorphous carbon is fluoridation processed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains a resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: Both outer layers are gas-tight. The middle layer is formed as an electrically insulating layer with a thickness of less than 500 nm, especially less than 100 nm. An additional outer layer formed as an adhesion layer for a good contact with an electrode is applied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell membrane electrode unit either comprises the electrode of the ionic liquid and/or the membrane, optionally in combination with the protonic acid, preferably phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains at least a perfluoroalkyl group of formula (CnF2n+1), preferably a trifluoromethyl or pentafluoroethyl group. The ionic liquid comprises compounds from (I)-(V).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The porous membrane matrices of the fuel cell membrane are directly treated with electrolytes or in a solution containing an organic solvent, and the solvent is subsequently evaporated to form self-bearing film. The porous membrane matrices are polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and/or polyethyleneterephthalate based system or oxide, preferably nanoparticular systems. The above compounds are contained in the porous carrier by evacuation/ventilation cycle, where the membrane sample is evacuated repeatedly and alternatively and with a solution containing the compounds, such that all the gas residues in the pores are removed. The framework of the porous matrix is charged with the above compounds in a concentrated solution and in a high pressure autoclave. Preferred Components: The above compounds are impregnated preferably in basic polymer or polymer matrix, optionally with other liquid electrolyte, preferably phosphoric acid. The basic polymer is polybenzimidazole, poly(pyridine), poly(pyrimidine), polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polyquinoxaline, polythiadiazole or poly(tetrazapyrene). A porous fleece functions as a porous carrier, whose lower portion contains an evacuated filter frit, where above compounds are applied on the filter frit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen plasma is obtained by introducing hydrogen radical into plasma atmosphere. The raw material is hexafluoroethane, tetrafluoromethane and fluoroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid comprises hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid. The support component comprises alumina, silica, magnesia, zirconia and zeolites. The metal catalyst salts comprise chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, silver, tungsten, platinum and/or gold. The metal catalyst salts comprise acetates, nitrates, nitrites, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, hydroxides and/or acetylacetonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second solvents comprise water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, glycol and/or tetrahydrofuran. The carbon source comprises carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butylene, acetylene, benzene, naphthalene, toluene, alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and/or acetone. The carbon-containing non-carbon nanotube material comprises amorphous carbon, multi-shell carbon, carbon-containing shells, carbon black and carbides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A titanium compound of formula: H2Ti3O7 (1a) as a starting material is heat-processed at 150-280 degrees C in in-air or vacuum, to obtain titanium oxide (1). Preferred Process: The titanium compound (1a) is obtained by carrying out proton exchange reaction of sodium titanium oxide (Na2Ti3O7) polycrystal obtained by processing sodium compound and mixture of titanium oxide in acetic solution at 600 degrees C or more in in-air. Preferred Compound: The titanium compound has one-dimensional tunnel structure. The structure of titanium compound is monoclinic system having space group (P2/m), lattice constant (a) of 14.81-14.83 Angstrom , lattice constant (b) of 3.88-3.90 Angstrom , lattice constant (c) of 9.85-9.88 Angstrom , and ( beta ) of 110-112 degrees . EXAMPLE - Sodium titanium oxide (Na2Ti3O7) polycrystal was immersed in 0.5 N hydrochloric acid solution and maintained at room temperature for 5 days, and subjected to proton exchange processing. The resulting mixture was water-washed and dried at 120 degrees C for 24 hours, to obtain a precursor titanium compound (H2Ti3O7) polycrystal. The obtained precursor was processed at 260 degrees C, to obtain a titanium oxide (H2Ti12O25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: The lithium secondary battery comprises anode, cathode, separator and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The anode is formed using anode active material containing complex oxide chosen from cobalt-type complex oxide, nickel-type complex oxide, manganese-type complex oxide, iron-type complex oxide and vanadium-type complex oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrolyte salt (II) is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonylimide) (LiN(SO2CF3)2) and lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide (LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (A) is chosen from group of formulae (2 and/or 8). Preferred Compound: The fluorine-containing strand-shaped ether (B1) compound is of formula: Rf1-ORf2 (9),the fluorine-containing strand-shaper ester (B2) compound of formula: Rf3-COORf4 (10), and fluorine-containing linear carbonate (B3) compound of formula: Rf5-OCOORf6 (11).Rf1=3-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf2=2-6C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf3=1-2C fluorine-containing alkyl;Rf4=1-4C fluorine-containing alkyl;andRf5,Rf6=1-4C alkyl or 1-4C fluorine-containing alkyl.where Rf5 and/or Rf6 is fluorine-containing alkyl group. Preferred Solvent: The solvent (I) contains (in volume%) fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (A) (10-60), fluorine-containing solvent (B) (40-90) comprising fluorine-containing strand-shaped ether (B1), fluorine-containing strand-shaped ester (B2) and/or fluorine-containing linear carbonate (B3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The coating layer has a water contact angle of 90 degrees or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating liquid is made of PTFE of mass of carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The current collector comprises a foil has a thickness of 5-20 microns. The electrode comprises a negative and positive electrode. The active material comprises an alloy powder containing graphite. The active material is provided as a thin film. The raised pattern comprises a corrugation and/or raised features. The electrode comprises a raised pattern on at least one edge of the electrode. The raised pattern comprises concave and convex raised features. The pattern comprises a substantially sinusoidal cross-section, square-lattice or triangular lattice, and raised dots. Preferred Method: In the method (P1) adding an active material involves applying a coating; and applying a thin film of material. The method (P1) further involves drying the coating; and calendering the current collector that includes an active material. In the method (P1) providing the current collector with a raised pattern at pressures of 10-250 kPa involves passing the electrode through embossing rollers. The calendering is done before embossing. The calendering involves passing the current collector that includes an active material between rollers at pressure of 250-1500 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The current collector is selected from aluminum, aluminum alloys, copper, stainless steel, and/or nickel.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative and positive electrode current collectors are made of aluminum or its alloy. The positive electrode active material is a first oxide containing lithium and cobalt, or a second oxide containing lithium and manganese and having a spinel structure. The negative electrode active material contains a lithium-titanium oxide having a spinel structure. The lithium-cobalt oxide particles have magnesium, aluminum, titanium, tin, zirconium, barium or boron on the surface of the particles. The positive electrode current collector is an aluminum alloy foil having an aluminum purity of greater than or equal to 99% and having copper or manganese (0.05-0.3 wt.%). The positive electrode active material is lithium manganese dioxide spinal, layered lithium manganese dioxide and lithium manganese nickel complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide has at least one anatase crystal phase and rutile crystal phase. Preferred Property: The metal oxide has primary particle diameter of 10 nm-10 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    M1=silicon, zirconium, or aluminum;and    M2=manganese, chromium, iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material (M) does not decompose the electrolyte. The lithium cell contains lithium titanate and a gas absorbing material chosen from zinc oxide, sodium aluminate and/or silicon. Preferred Compound: The lithium titanate has compositional formula: Li4Ti5O12-x (x is more than 0 and less than 0.02). The average valence of titanium in lithium titanate is less than 4. Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is lithium bis(oxalato)borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane comprises a cellulosic material, or polyhydroxypropyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluorine-containing resin is at least one member selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymers, perfluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride and perfluorosulfonic acid resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material has pore diameter of 2 nm or less and pore volume of less than 0.3 cm3/g. The hydrogen absorbent contains carbon material obtained by removing the porous material. The carbon material has pore diameter of 1 plus minus 0.5 nm and pore volume of more than 0.8 cm3/g. The hydrogen absorbent is further pulverized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride contains magnesium, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, stainless steel and/or carbon system material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The photocatalyst is titanium oxide. A catalyst auxiliary agent is used along with photocatalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid contains imidazolium ion, pyrrolidinium cation, piperidinium cation or quaternary ammonium cation, and chloride (Cl-) , bromide (Br-) , iodide (I-) , tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), hexafluoro phosphate (PF6-), nitrate (NO3-), trifluoroacetate (CF3CO2-), trifluoro methane sulfonate (CF3SO3-), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonyl imide ion (CF3SO2)2N-, fluoro sulfonyl imide ion (FSO2)2N-, tris-trifluoro sulfonyl carbide (CF3SO2)3C-, pentafluoro sulfonyl imide ion (C2F5SO2)2N-, aluminum chloride such as AlCl4 or Al2Cl7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of oxygen and inert gas is 1/2 or less. The compound having aromatic ring is chosen from aniline, pyrrole or thiophene and its derivatives. Preferred Property: The baking process is performed in inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sheet: The mesh sheet is formed by knitting fiber containing resin or rubber mixed with electroconductive adjuvant, in lattice shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst composite component has linear expansion coefficient of (-)50-50 mu mx m-1 degrees C-1. Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst layer is coated with catalyst slurry. The catalyst slurry contains platinum carrying carbon powder, ionomer, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous electrolyte further comprises aprotic solvent. The ionic liquid comprises nitrogen- phosphorus-containing compound of formula (NPR12)n.R1=halogen element or monovalent substituent, preferably fluorine, and at least one R1 is ionic substituent of formula (-N+R23X-);R2=monovalent substituent or hydrogen;X-=monovalent anion;andn=3 or 4.Preferred Composition: The content of heterocyclic compound is 0.1-3 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flame-retardant masterbatch contains phenol-type resin (A) (99-30 weight parts) and phosphazene compound (B) (1-70 weight parts). Preferred Properties: The flame-retardant masterbatch has reduction weight of 10 wt.% or less measured by thermogravimetric analysis at 350 degrees C, and softening point of 80 degrees C or more. Preferred Resin: A flame retardant composition formed using flame-retardant masterbatch consists of resin chosen from polyalkylene arylate type-resin, polyamide-type resin, polyphenylene-ether type-resin, polystyrene-type resin, and polycarbonate-type resin, preferably polyalkylene arylate type-resin and/or polyamide type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second adsorbent is low silver X zeolite, 5A zeolite or an exchanged zeolite of more than 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt mixture comprises: pre-determined quantities of two salts of ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (40%), ammonium trifluoroacetate and ammonium nitrate (60%); and additional salts, each additional salt comprising an ammonium cation. The nitrogenic inorganic base comprises hydrazine, methyl hydrazine and fluorosulfonylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biosoluble fiber contains silica (60-95 mass%). The content of alkali metal oxide in biosoluble fiber is 2 mass% or less. The coating material contains inorganic particles and/or colloid-like oxide. The inorganic particles are silicon carbide. The coating material further contains inorganic binder and organic binder. Preferred Properties: The slurry of coating material has pH of 0.5-10, bending strength of 100-3000 kPa, heat conductivity of 0.1-10 W(mK)-1, thermal expansion coefficient of 1-8x 10-6K-1, thermal capacity of 400-4500 Jx m-3x K-1, porosity of 17-70%, volume density of 0.5-3 gx cm-3, and thickness of 0.01-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A cell-structure component (1) has cell(s) (3) from which the honeycomb structural component becomes the flow path of fluid which is divided by porous partition (4). The honeycomb structural component has honey-comb segments with outer wall which is integrated with a binding material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biosoluble fiber has heat resistance at 1200 degrees C or more, average length of 10-600 mu m and mean diameter of 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fibrous mat anode is formed of polymer fibrous mat coated by platinum, silver, nickel and/or copper. The polymer contains metallic particles. The polymer is polycaprolactone, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polypropylene, polyethylene or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The outer pipe and inner pipe are made of copper or copper alloy, or aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains niobic acid nitride containing niobium element, and strontium or barium, titanic acid nitride containing lanthanum, beta -germanium nitride containing germanium element with different valence, or niobium oxide containing niobium element with different valence. The catalyst is dispersed on an electroconductive powder carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The difference of relative pressure of nitrogen gas to the raise of relative pressure of nitrogen gas is 0.8 or less in the isothermal adsorption line in the adsorption and desorption of nitrogen gas. The relative pressure of nitrogen gas increases rapidly by 0.8 or more. The relative pressure of nitrogen gas with adsorption amount of 10-1000 ml/g is 0.99. The pore volume of the micropores with pore diameter of 2 nm or less is 20% or less of the total pore volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carbon precursor is mixture of coal and petroleum type pitch, phenol resin, furan resin and/or divinylbenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The graphite substance has defect which consists of six carbon holes which lacked 6-membered ring carbon. The catalyst contains palladium and palladium as dimer molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubeanic acid or its polymer is of formula (2): R1-(NH-CS-CS-NH)n-R2.R1,R2=H, halogen, 1-3C alkyl, amino, hydroxyl or sulfone;andn=1-20.The structural unit of formula (1) undergoes oxidation reduction using lithium ion to obtain -NH-CS-Li+=CS-Li+-NH-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode layer contains metal oxide-containing lithium. Preferred Process: The anode layer, solid-electrolyte layer, and cathode layer are formed by dry-cleaning process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The substrate has thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm. The secondary battery has surface roughness of 20 nm or less. The substrate has bending elastic modulus of 3-4 GPa. The water absorption of substrate is 1% or less. Preferred Composition: The photocurable composition contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate type-compound and photoinitiator. The photocurable composition further contains 4-functional mercaptan type-compound of formula (I).R3=1-5C alkylene group.Preferred Process: A water-vapor barrier film is laminated on at least one surface of substrate, and outer periphery of secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The ultrafine fiber is formed by electrostatic spinning method in presence of a solvent. The solvent is mixed solvent containing halogenated hydrocarbon compound and low volatile solvent having boiling point of 140 degrees C or more, or mixed solvent of aromatic hydrocarbon and solvent(s) chosen from N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethyl acetamide. 0.01-5% of organic-acid salt or inorganic-acid salt is included in the solution used in electrostatic spinning. Preferred Composition: The polyphenylene-ether fiber assembly consists of ultrafine fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The high conductive material is made of stainless steel, gold, titanium, graphite, and carbon metallic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of the body is of epoxy resin (FR4, FR5) base plates, epoxide resin base plate, glass fiber base plate, ceramics base plate, high molecular plasticizing base plate, and combined type material base plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive plate of the theft-proof storage battery structure applies a slab lattice with a silkscreen shape that is co-axle compounding weaved by a lead-selenium-copper-aluminum alloy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anode and cathode chambers of the battery are spaced by a baffle plate and membrane chosen from microporous polyethylene, microporous polypropylene, or perfluoro-cation exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The optimal proportion of charcoal powder and composite oxide of cobalt is 3:7. Preferred Component: The conductive mixing material is charcoal powder; and the base body is foam nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cementing medium is polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, or lithium hydrogen phosphate. The phosphate containing compound is ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, or phosphoric acid. The protecting atmosphere is carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, or mixture of nitrogen-hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixed carbon source is polyvinyl alcohol, phenolic resin (preferably), polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, sucrose (preferably), dextrose, active carbon, fructose or lactose. Preferred Composition: The mixed carbon source comprises (g) phenolic resin (1.6), and sucrose (3.2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte may be a mixed water solution of sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride or hydroxide with a concentration of 2-10 mole/L. Preferred Materials: The positive electrode membrane comprises lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium cobalt nickel manganese oxide (LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). It may be doped with less than 50 mole% lithium, magnesium, chromium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, zinc, copper, or lanthanum. The pseudocapacitance performance material may be LiMn2O4, vanadium oxide (VO2), lithium vanadate (LiV3O8), or iron oxide hydroxide (FeOOH).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte may be a mixed water solution of acetate with a concentration of 2-10 mole/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte comprises 2-30 vol.% polymer. Preferred Material: The pseudocapacitance performance material may be polyphenylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst further comprises an inorganic support material having a specific surface area of more than 20 m2/g; and inorganic oxide comprising boron oxide, bismuth oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, oxides of the alkali metals, or oxides of alkaline earth metals (up to 20 wt.%, based on the amount of metal-doped nickel oxide). The inorganic support material comprises aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, rare earth oxides or their mixed oxides, and zeolites. Preferred Composition: The inorganic support material is 1-99, preferably 10-95 wt.%, based on the amount of metal-doped nickel oxide. Preferred Process: The inorganic support material is added before gel formation. The gel is dried at 20-150 degrees C and calcined at 200-500 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    M1=Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Pt, Ru, Pd, Ag, Au, Rh, Os, Ir, and/or their alloys;    M2=Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, and/or their alloys;    a=0.2-3 mol.%;and    b=5-15 mol.%.    EXAMPLE - Isopropanol (6.94 ml) and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (2.229 ml) were placed in a 20 ml glass vessel while stirring. 1 M Ni(C2H5COO)2 solution (5.28 ml) in methanol, 0.3 M zirconyl nitrate (ZrO(NO3)2) solution (2 ml) in methanol, and 0.1 M rhenium pentachloride (ReCl5) solution (1.2 ml) in methanol were subsequently pipetted in. The brown-green solution was then stirred closed for 1 hour and subsequently aged open in a fume hood. This resulted in formation of a deep greenish brown, highly viscous, clear gel, which was subsequently dried at 40 degrees C. Calcination of the clear, vitreous gel obtained was carried out at 350 degrees C in air. This gave a deep green to black powder. Test result showed 90% carbon monoxide conversion at 220 degrees C while the reference catalyst (4 wt.% ruthenium on titanium dioxide, based on support material) had virtually no activity (carbon monoxide=less than 5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrotalcite is a compound of formula: ((M12+)1-x(M3+)x(OH)2)(x+)((A)(n-)x/n.mH2O)(x-).M12+ = bivalent metal ion, preferably magnesium ion (Mg2+) and/or zinc ion (Zn2+);M3+ = trivalent metal ion, preferably aluminum ion (Al3+),A(n-) = n valent anion, preferably carbonate ion (CO32-);x = (0-0.5) (excluding 0 and 0.5) andm = 0 or more.Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing elastomer composition does not contain a peroxide-type crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The lead-based alloy is essentially free of calcium comprising (wt.%): other elements (greater than 0.010), tin ( less than or equal to 2.000)%, silver ( less than or equal to 0.050) and bismuth ( less than or equal to 0.050).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The reference electrode comprises any one of non-aqueous silver (Ag)/Ag+, aqueous Ag/Ag+, mercury/mercuric oxide (Hg/HgO), and saturated Calomel reference electrode (SCE).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte comprises any one of carbonate based material such as non-aqueous polycarbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and sulfolane. The electrolyte comprises any one of aqueous sulfuric acid solution, an aqueous nitric acid solution, or aqueous basic solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic and/or an organic polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): The polymer of phosphazine compound is prepared by using phosphazene condensation reactions as described in Schwesinger et al. Liebigs Annalen, (1996) vol. 7, page 1055 - 1081. Preferred Definitions:    Q=hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate or halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The imidazolium ion contains imidazolium salt (0.5-5 wt.%) with respect to total amount of electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution further contains mixed solvent of polypropylene carbonate and/or linear-form carbonate. The battery formed using electrolyte solution contains lithium magnesium system metal oxide of formula: Li1+yMn2-yO4 (2), LiMn2-xMxO2 (3), or Li2M'n3M'O8, preferably lithium magnesium oxide (LiMnO3, LiMn2O3 or LiMnO2).x=0-0.33, M=cobalt, nickel, iron, chromium, zinc or tantalum;y=0.01-0.1;andM'=iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. Preferred Definitions:    X=hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The flake shaped carbon has diameter of the front end of 1-50 nm and thickness of 10-300 nm. Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst containing transition metal such as iron or cobalt is used in the manufacture of the flake shaped nano carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The organic liquid is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particulate carbon has particle size of 5-50 nm and thickness of 10-300 nm. Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst containing transition metal such as iron or cobalt is used in the manufacture of the particulate nano carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The organic liquid is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode contains lithium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode collector contains aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator is made of polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer which has branched structure is a dendritic polymer which contains one or more of 56 compounds, e.g. group of formula (1). The matrix polymer contains polybenzoxazole, polyimide, polyether sulfone or polyether ketone and contains one or more of 4 compounds, e.g. group of formula (4).Ar,Ar1,Ar2=aromatic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The half value width of carbon coated metal component measured in G band and D band of Raman scattered spectrum is 50-200 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery case is molded from resin e.g. polybutylene resin including glass fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophilic coating is a metal oxide e.g. silicon nitride, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, molybdenum dioxide, irdium oxide and ruthenium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Active hybrid system comprises a gas cell system, and an energy storage (3), which is particularly formed of lead, nickel metal hydride, lithium-ion and nickel cadmium accumulator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (wt.%) Mo (1), Cr (1), and transition metals (0.4-2). Preferred Parameters: The composition has 40-80 (preferably 30-70)% nodularity. The carbon equivalent is 4.55-4.75. The elongation of iron article having nodularity of 35-85% is 5-8%. The elongation of iron article having nodularity of greater than or equal to 90% is 12-20%. EXAMPLE - Small amounts of iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) were added into ladle containing heated Fe metal (100 g). Iron melts were treated with spheroidizers and inoculants to make spheroidal graphite (SG) cast irons with higher nodularity and elongation at room temperature than mixed graphite (MG) irons. The iron composition was then tested and results were (nodularity (%), elongation (%) at room temperature (RT), elongation (%) at 425 degrees C, yield strength (YS) (MPa) at RT, YS (MPA) at 425 degrees C): MG (35, 5.8, 6.8, 448, 365); MG (50, 7.2, 7.6, 475, 382); MG (70, 9.7, 6.2, 503, 382); and SG (90, 14, 3.3, 507, 393).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The layers are not sulfonated poly(etheretherketone), sulfonated poly(etherketone), polybenzimidazole, or perfluorinated sulfonic acid aliphatic polymer or copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer may include semiconductors, dyes, quantum dots, metal nano-particles, conductive polymers, conductive small molecules or combinations. The collector material may be poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polystyrene sulfonate, or doped or undoped polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor powder or the n-type semiconductor powder is a silicon carbide powder with a purity of 98-99.99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive includes a glass powder and a polymer resin solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte solution comprises an acid or an alkaline solution. The alkaline is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and/or lithium hydroxide. The acid is phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, nitric acid, formic acid, and/or hydrogen chloride. A dense phase comprises metal hydride or metal hydroxide. The fuel anode comprises non-platinum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The alcohol-tolerant oxidant reduction catalyst comprises platinum-chromium alloy, platinum-vanadium alloy, transition metal mixture or alloy dispersed on carbon, carbon-supported iron and/or cobalt, molybdenum-ruthenium-selenium-carbon oxide, carbonyl cluster, and/or ruthenium-selenium mixed metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol fuel is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, 2-propanol, and/or formic acid. The liquid electrolyte is retained by a matrix of porous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tungsten-containing compound comprises tungsten phosphide. The noble metal is platinum, ruthenium, palladium, gold, rhodium, silver, iridium, osmium and/or rhenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is made of thermally conductive silicon elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is 80 mol% aqueous or pure methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electro-conductive particles are zinc oxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film contains (in weight parts) polyarylene sulfide (70-99) and thermoplastic resin (1-30) with respect to 100 weight parts of total amount of polyarylene sulfide and thermoplastic resin. The amount of the compatabilizing agent is 0.05-3 weight parts. Preferred Compound: The polyarylene sulfide is a polyphenylene sulfide. The compatabilizing agent is chosen from epoxy group, amino group and isocyanate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film has central-line average roughness of 20-200 nm, maximum height of 1000 nm or less, friction coefficient of 0.2-0.9 and glass transition temperature of 95 degrees C or less. Preferred Process: An entrainer is supplied to a biaxial vent-type extruder and the polyarylene sulfide resin is extruded after removing and entrainer. A metal layer is vapor deposited on one side or both sides of the biaxial-orientation polyarylene sulfide film and a metallization polyarylene sulfide film is formed. The obtained metallization polyarylene sulfide film is wounded or laminated, to obtain a capacitor. Preferred Compound: The thermoplastic resin is a polymer chosen from polyarylate, polyphenylene ether, polyether imide, polyether sulfone and polysulfone. The entrainer is chosen from polyarylene sulfide resin, water, N-methyl pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol and triethyleneglycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst active component contains noble-metal component or transition-metal component. The noble-metal component contains rhodium. The transition-metal component contains chromium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The activated carbon is a mixture obtained by freeze-drying mixture-containing compound and organic aerogel. Preferred Properties: The activated carbon has total pore volume of 1 ml/g or less, and mesopore volume of 0.08 ml/g or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phenolic compound is 10-90 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of organic aerogel. The phenolic compound is preferably of formula (III), and phenolic compound having one hydroxyl group in the molecule, is of formula (IV).R=methyl or phenyl-containing group of formulae (1-8);R10=1-12C alkyl in which substituent is bonded;p=0-3;andq=0-5.Preferred Component: The aldehyde compound in organic aerogel is formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The unsaturated bond-containing silicon compound of formula (I) is a silicon compound having ethynyl group and vinyl group in the molecule. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate and silicon compound of formula: (R9-C(=O)-O-R10-Si(-R7)(-R8))m-X (III), (R9-C-C(=O)-R10-Si(-R7)(-R8))m-X (IV), (R9-O-R10-Si(-R7)(-R8))m-X (V), (Y'-Si(-R7)(-R8))2-Z (VI) or Y'-Si(-R7)(-R8)-R11 (VII).R7-R9=1-8C alkyl optionally substituted with halogen, 6-18C aryl optionally substituted with halogen, 2-8C alkenyl, 2-8C alkynyl or alkyl;R10=6-18C arylene optionally substituted with halogen, 1-8C alkylene 2-8C alkenylene, 2-8C alkynylene or alkyl;m=1 or 2;X=fluoro, trifluoromethyl, 1-8C alkoxy 2-8C alkenyloxy, 6-8C aryloxy, 2-8C acyloxy, 1-8C sulfonate group, isothianyl, or cyano, when m is 1, and 1-8C alkylene, 1-8C alkylene dioxy, 2-8C alkenylene, 2-8C alkenylene dioxy, 2-8C alkynylene, 2-8C alkynylene dioxy, 6-8C arylene, 6-8C arylene dioxy, 2-8C diacyloxy, oxygen or direct bond, when m is 2;Y'=fluoro, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, 1-8C alkoxy, 2-8C alkenyloxy, 6-8C aryloxy, 2-8C acyloxy, 1-8C sulfonate, isocyanil, isothianyl or cyano;Z=1-8C alkylene, 1-8C alkylene dioxy, 2-8C alkenylene, 2-8C alkenylene dioxy, 2-8C alkynylene, 2-8C alkynylene dioxy, 6-8C arylene, 6-8C arylene dioxy, 2-8C diacyloxy, oxygen or direct bond;andR11=2-8C alkenyl. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Specific unsaturated bond-containing silicon compounds are disclosed such as compounds of formulae (1-5). 85 Specific silicon compounds are disclosed such as compounds of formulae (6-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nanosheet contains a colloid formed by mixing an alkyl-ammonium layered ruthenate intercalation compound with a solvent chosen from water, alcohol, acetonenitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethyl formamide and propylene carbonate. The alkyl-ammonium layered ruthenate intercalation compound contains an alkyl ammonium ion, in its interlayer. An alkali-metal type layered ruthenate compound formed during the preparation of nanosheet, is sodium-ruthenium oxide (NaRuO2). The formed alkali-metal type layered ruthenate compound is processed with acetonitrile solution of bromine. The alkyl-ammonium compound used in the preparation of nanosheet, has an alkyl ammonium ion of formula: (R)m(R')n(R")p(R"')qNH4-(m+n+p+q)+ (1) or (R)m(R')n(R")pNH3-(m+n+p)+ (2).R,R',R",R"'=H or CH3(CH2)r;m,n,p,q=0 or 1-4;m+n+p+q=0-4;m+n+p=0-3;andr=0-18.Preferred Properties: The alkyl-ammonium layered ruthenate intercalation compound has a diffraction peak (2( theta )(CuK( alpha ))) of 0-90 degrees C, measured by X-ray diffraction pattern (00L), where L is 1-n and n is 5-35. The collide has an absorption maximum of 340-350 nm, in ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agents: The cross-linking agent is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(t-butylperoxy)hexane. The content of cross-linking agent is 0.1-3 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of copolymer. The film further contains a cross-linking adjuvant (0.1-3 mass parts) and a silane-coupling agent (0.1-0.7 mass parts). The cross-linking adjuvant is triaryl cyanurate and/or triaryl isocyanurate. The silane-coupling agent is gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The abundance of 50 vol% of fibrous carbon material is 100-200% with respect to abundance of 40 vol% of interface of electroconductive substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The resin film is made from polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The norbornene group ring-opened-polymer hydride has weight average molecular weight of 50000-200000 in conversion of standard polystyrene by gel permeation chromatography and molecular weight distribution of 1.5-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The nano-carbon material is carbon nanotube, carbon nano-filament, carbon nano-fiber or carbon nano-coil. Preferred Process: The nano-carbon composite material is heated to obtain diamond fine particles containing transition-metal fine particles in hydrocarbon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The system has a fuel cell stack made from direct alcohol fuel cells. The cathode of the further electrochemical cell is separated from the surroundings by a porous layer. A voltage of 0.5-5 V is applied between the anode and cathode of the electrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous liquid junction component is made of graphite. The electrolyte is an alkaline electrolyte. The silver compound is chosen among silver oxide, silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide. Alternately, the electrolyte is sulfuric acid, and the silver compound is silver sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The impregnated porous material is made of glass, polypropylene or polyethylene fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises glass, quartz, aluminum, chromium, tin, and silicon. The nanowires/nanorods comprise carbon, silicon, germanium, oxygen, boron, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic material is polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of filling comprises: forming a liquefied solution of a solvent and the carbon yield material; infiltrating the opal-like lattice with the liquefied solution; converting the liquefied solution so-infiltrated in the opal-like lattice to the cured form of the carbon yield material. The step of forming the liquefied solution comprises: forming a first solution of the solvent and the carbon yield material; forming a second solution of the solvent and the CNTs; and mixing the first solution with the second solution to produce the liquefied solution. The method further comprises: heating the first solution during its formation; and heating the second solution during its formation. The step of infiltrating comprises immersing the opal-like lattice in a dynamic bath of the liquefied solution, where the CNTs remain dispersed in the liquefied solution. The step of converting to the cured form comprises: removing the solvent from the liquefied solution, where the carbon yield material having the CNTs dispersed in it assumes a solid state; and curing the carbon yield material having the CNTs dispersed in it in the solid state to form the cured form the carbon yield material. The step of eradicating comprises chemically dissolving the spheres. Preferred Components: The spheres are made from silicon dioxide. The spheres are approximately the same size. The carbon yield material in the liquefied solution comprises a polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The specific surface area (A) of negative electrode is greater than or equal to 4 m2/g. The second negative electrode active material made of an oxide has lithium ion absorption potential of greater than or equal to 1.8 V (Li/Li+). Preferred Components: The second negative electrode active material is manganese-containing oxide, molybdenum-containing oxide, vanadium-containing oxide, niobium-containing oxide or copper-containing oxide. The second negative electrode active material is lithium-manganese complex oxide of formula LixMnO2. The lithium-titanium composite oxide is formula Li4+xTi5O12.x=0-3.Preferred Compositions: The first lithium salt is present at 0.2-0.5 wt.% and second lithium salt is present at 1.2-2 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous solvent comprises propylene carbonate or ethylene carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    y=0.01-0.1; and    M=Mg, B, Al, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Ta or W.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The electroconductive support is carbon. Preferred Properties: The electrode catalyst precursor has an average particle diameter of 1-5 nm. The support has a BET specific surface area of 50-1500 m2/g. The precursor is supported on the support, and heated at 200-1000 degrees C in an atmosphere to which hydrogen and nitrogen gases are flown for 1-3 hours. The flow rate of hydrogen with respect to total flow rate of hydrogen and nitrogen is 5-25. The catalyst component has an average particle diameter of 3-7 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The concentration of the aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is 5-25 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The glycol liquid is ethylene glycol. Preferred Composition: The ratio of glycol liquid in the liquid mixture is 30-70 volume%. Preferred Property: A core material containing the amorphous alloy has magnetic property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery case is molded from resin e.g. polybutylene resin including glass fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: M1 and M2 are metal ammine complexes. M1 is especially strontium octammine dichloride (Sr(NH3)8Cl2) or calcium octammine dichloride (Ca(NH3)8Cl2) and M2 is especially magnesium hexammine dichloride (Mg(NH3)6Cl2). M1 and M2 are in the form of compacted solids. Preferred Apparatus: The vessels containing M1 and M2 are connected by a conduit with a valve which is closed for supplying ammonia from the M2-containing vessel to the consumption unit and opened for supplying ammonia from the M1-containing vessel to the M2-containing vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Content of porous nanometer TiO2 or porous nanometer TiO2-SiO2 is 5-10 wt.% and the content of active carbon is 80 wt.%. The sum of the content of Pt and Ru is 10-15 wt.%. Preferred Components: Active carbon is Vulcan XC-72.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier comprises carbon, titanium, gold, silver or copper. Preferred Compound: The high-molecule proton conduction ion is high molecule fluoride which is high-molecule perfluorinated sulfonic acid ion or sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer. Preferred Condition: The bond-linkage is covalent bond-linkage or non-covalent bond-linkage. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of accelerant and couplant is 10-200, preferably 50. The weight ratio of accelerant and proton conduction ion is 1-20, preferably 4. Preferred Composition: The composition obtained using complex further contains solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The functional group (B1) comprises silane group, siloxane group, carbonic acid group, phosphoric acid group or boric acid group. The functional group (B2) comprises epoxy group or amino. Preferred Compounds: The couplant is r-glycidol oxy propyl trimethoxy silicane or amino propyl trimethoxy silicane. The accelerant is transition metal or its compound, preferably platinum-ruthenium or platinum. The solvent is butyl acetate, ethylene glycerin or glycerin. Preferred Process: The accelerant is combined with carrier, and the carrier is bond-linked with high-molecule proton-conduction ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A sealing material is coupled to the trays to seal a fluid path. The sealing material is made of silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base material has a molybdenum concentration of greater than or equal to 0.5% or less than or equal to 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Material: The fuel cell is a hydrogen proton exchange membrane, solid oxide or molten carbon fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid fuel comprises methanol and/or ethanol solutions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, tetramethyl urea, dimethylimidazolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide, and/or hexamethyl phosphonamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A solvent solution of polyelectrolyte is flow-spread on a support, the solvent is removed, and the spread membrane is dried without removing the membrane from the support. The membrane is dried until it turns into a self-supportive film. Preferred Support: The support is a polyethylene-terephthalate film. Preferred Electrolyte: The polyelectrolyte has an aromatic sulfonate repeating unit of formula (1), or is a polyarylene ether type compound having aromatic sulfonate repeating unit of formula (2) and cyano-containing repeating unit of formula (3).X=-S(=O)2- or -C(=O)-;Y'=H or monovalent cation;Z1=O or S;Z2=O, S, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -CH2-, cyclohexyl, or direct bond;n=1 or more;Ar,Ar'=bivalent aromatic group;Y"=sulfone or ketone group;X'=H or monovalent cation;Z=ether bond or thioether bond;andZ'=direct bond, ether bond, or thioether bond.Preferred Conditions: The coating thickness coefficient (T: mu m/300 mu m) of the polymeric electrolyte solution during drying process, and the drying rate (R1: g/m2) until the membrane becomes self-supportive and the solvent content is 15-30 mass% satisfy a relationship given by R1x T = 2-56. The solvent is removed at a rate of 1-20 g/m2 till the solvent content is less than 8 mass%. Preferred Property: The obtained polymer electrolyte membrane has a mean pore diameter of 0.1-10 nm as measured using differential scanning calorimeter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The holding members are made of plastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic devices used in a vehicle for digital multimedia broadcasting uses the blue tooth or code division multiple access (CDMA) for the compact disk/ DVD regeneration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aminoguanidine salt and the hydrazide compound are used along with an inorganic powder. The organic acid property gas deodorizer is chosen from hydrated zirconium oxide, hydrated titanium oxide, zinc oxide, hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite baked products. A hydrocarbon type fuel is chosen from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene, glycol, dimethyl, ether, and formic acid. Preferred Component: The by-product-gas absorption filter is formed using a water gas absorber and an air permeable sheet. Preferred Material: The water gas absorber is a particulate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal ion with planar tetra-coordinated structure is chosen from cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), rhodium (I), palladium (II) and platinum (II). The metal ion with hexa-coordinated octahedron structure is chosen from titanium (II), titanium (III), titanium (IV), chromium (II), chromium (III), manganese (II), manganese (III), manganese (IV), iron (II), iron (III), cobalt (II), cobalt (III), nickel (II), copper (II), ruthenium (II), ruthenium (III) and ruthenium (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode composition further comprises lithium. The electrode composition comprises particles having an average particle size of 1-50 mu m, where: the particles comprises an electrochemically active and inactive phase that share at least one common phase boundary; the electrochemically inactive phase comprises at least two metal elements in the form of an intermetallic compound and/or a solid solution; and each of the phases is free of crystallites that are greater than 100 nm prior to cycling, and the electrochemically active phase is amorphous after the electrode has been cycled through one full charge-discharge cycle in a lithium-ion battery. The electrochemically active phase comprises silicon. The electrochemically inactive phase comprises at least two metal elements of iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper, titanium, chromium or silicon. The electrolyte comprises fluoroethylene carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    R = H;    X = H or F;    Q = F or -CH=CH2;    M1 = Mn, Mo, Nb, W, Ta, Fe, Cu, Ti, V, Cr, Ni, Co, Zr and/or Y; and    M2 = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo and/or W.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The principal chain of graft copolymer is fluorine-type polymer. The fluorine-type polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride. The graft copolymer is bonded with styrene.
EXAMPLE - A hexahydroso platinum nitric acid solution containing platinum (4.71 g) was dropped to pure water (0.5 l). 0.01 N Ammonia (5 ml) was added to the solution to set pH to about 9 to form a platinum hydroxide. Carbon powder (4.71 g) with a large specific surface area was poured in. The fluid dispersion was heated to 90 degrees C and stirred for 1 hour. The fluid dispersion was cooled down to room temperature and washed to obtain a powder. The powder was dried in a vacuum at 100 degrees C for 10 hours. The powder was held in hydrogen gas at 500 degrees C for 2 hours for a reduction treatment. It was washed in pure water, filtered, washed and dried in a vacuum at 100 degrees C for 10 hours. A platinum-carrying carbon catalyst powder obtained had a platinum carrying density of 50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The particles (1, 2) have different average particle diameter. The particles (1) have average particle diameter more than the average particle diameter of the particles (2). The particles (1, 2) are made into repulsive state by making the zeta potential of all the particles into positive or negative values and the particles (1, 2) are made into attractive state by making at least one of the zeta potential of the particles (1, 2) into positive electric potential and negative electric potential, respectively. Alternately, the particles are changed from repulsive state to attractive state by adjusting the pH of the solution. The particles contain catalyst particles (1) containing noble metals (3) having catalytic function and metal oxide particles (2) adhered with oxide or complex oxide of noble metals. The catalyst particles (1) contain co-catalyst component (4) having oxygen occlusion-discharging function. The metal oxide particles contain cerium oxide, zirconia, alumina, titania, silica, magnesia, yttria, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives. The particle solid content is extracted from the solution and baked to obtain catalyst composite particles with mean pore diameter of 3-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The intramolecular ring closure reaction is ring-closure metathesis reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R5)(R6)=C(R4)-C(R3)=C(R2)-M(X1)(Y1)-C(R1)=C(R8)(R7) (1).M=silicon or germanium;X1,Y1=H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkynyl, alkenyl or amino group;andR1-R8=alkylene, arylene, alkylene oxy, optionally substituted arylene oxy, H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy group which optionally intervene silicon or germanium, alkynyl, alkenyl, perfluoroalkyl, alkyl carbonyl, aryl carbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryl carbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl oxy, aryloxy carbonyloxy, amino, nitro, nitroso, azo, sulfanyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, phosphanyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, cyano, isocyano, cyanato, isocyanato, thiocyanato, carbamoyl, formyl, formyl oxy, silyl, stannyl, boryl or heterocyclic group.The groups X1,Y1,R1-R8 may couple to form monocyclic or condensed ring optionally containing hetero atom and optionally substituted by groups R1-R8. A cyclic compound of formula (2) and an alkene of formula (3) are produced during the ring-closure metathesis reaction. The intramolecular ring-closure reaction is ene-yne methathesis reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R13)(R14)=C(R12)-C(R11)=C(R10)-M(X2)(Y2)-CC(R9) (4) to produce cyclic compounds of formulae (5,6), or trans-allyl silylation or trans-allyl germyl reaction using unsaturated compound of formula: C(R15)C-C(R16)=C(R17)-M(X3)(Y3)-C(R18)(R19)-C(R20)=C(R21)(R22) (7) to produce cyclic compound of formula (8).X2,Y2,X3,Y3=X1,Y1;andR9-R22=R1-R8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive polymeric materials which are polyphenylene vinylene, polythiophene, polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polypyrrole, polyacetylene or their derivatives contains dopant of halogen, Lewis acid, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The manganese oxide is manganese dioxide. The membrane contains further oxidation protective agents, which are nickel, cobalt and/or titanium-oxide. Lithium salts are contained in a quantity of 0.1-1 wt.%. The metallo-organic manganese (IV)-compound is acetylacetonate, acetates and/or polysulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ratio (in wt.%) of polybenzimidazole to perfluorosulfonic acid polymers is 0.01-0.6. The membrane contains water in a quantity of 1-10 mole per mole of sulfonic acid. The perfluorosulfonic acid polymer is Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer). The membrane comprises a composition, containing polybenzimidazole (0.5-8 wt.%, preferably 1.5-4 wt.%), manganese oxide (0.1-15 wt.%, preferably 0.5-2 wt.%), additives (0.1-15 wt.%) and the rest of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer. The portion of polybenzimidazole is 1.5-4 wt.%. The ratio (in wt.%) of manganese oxide to polybenzimidazole is 0.1:1. The manganese oxide is essentially bounded in the basic domain of the acid base polymer blends. The additives are reinforcing materials, fillers and/or moisture regulators. The Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) solution as additive contains polysulfonic acids and/or polyphosphonic acids in a quantity of 0.1-5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The water conversion chamber is separated from the reaction chamber by a material comprising a ceramic. The material comprises yttrium-strontium-zirconium (YSZ), yttrium-strontium-titanium (YST), yttrium-lanthanum-strontium-titanium (YLST), or scandium-cerium-strontium-titanium (SCST). It may comprise a first phase comprising a ceramic ionic conductor and a second phase comprising a ceramic electrical conductor. The first phase may comprise YSZ or zirconia stabilized in a cubic structure using dopant(s). The zirconia is stabilized using Y or scandium (Sc). The first phase may comprise an oxide including cerium oxide and gadolinium oxide, lanthanum-ferrite material, gadolinium oxide doped with cerium, and doped lanthanum-iron oxide. The doped lanthanum-iron oxide is doped with strontium, calcium, gallium or iron. The second phase comprises LST material, YST material, LCC material, YLST material, or SCST material. Preferred Composition: The Y is 5-10 mol%. The Sc is 5-15 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, or alkaline fuel cell. A hydrogen collection chamber is in communication with the second conduit. A polishing chamber comprising a catalyst for catalyzing a reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to methane and water is included. It comprises ruthenium and platinum. The source of fuel comprises carbonaceous fuel, oxidizable fuel, or gasified fuel. The source of fuel comprises gasified coal or gasified hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doping element is phosphorus and/or silicon. The doped lithium manganese oxide is of formulae: Li2-xPx/5MnO3, Li2-xSix/4MnO3, Li2Mn1-yP4y/5O3 or Li2Mn1-ySiyO3.X=0-0.6;andy=0-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: In the silica coating porous metal, the porous metal is a foam metal which consists of stainless steel, a nickel base alloy, Cu, Ni, Ti, or the Ag. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of nitrate to ruthenium in aqueous solution containing ruthenium nitrate is 2-3.5. The ratio of nitrate to ruthenium in aqueous solution containing ruthenium nitrate and nitric acid is 6.0-8.3. Preferred Component: The metal oxide carrier contains alumina. Preferred Method: The reaction mixture is washed after drying process, again dried and then subjected to hydrogen reduction process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The electrolyte salt is quaternary ammonium salt comprising anion and cation. The cation is lithium ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solvent contains cyclic carbonate or cyclic ester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer has molecular weight of 10000 or more and structure of formula (1, 2 or 3).X=sulfur or oxygen;R1-R4=chain shaped aliphatic group, cyclic aliphatic group, H, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, nitro or nitroso;R5,R6=H, chain shaped aliphatic group or cyclic aliphatic group containing oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron or halogen;X'=nitrogen;andX1-X4=sulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium.The polymer is formed by bonding together organic polymer having pi -electron conjugation clouds as side chain in polymeric principal chain insoluble in the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The connecting face of the terminal for voltage detection is copper (Cu) or nickel (Ni) which is plated with Ni or nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The air flow is of hydrogen or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive layer is formed using adhesive agent (4) having polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte further contains aprotic organic solvent. Preferred Property: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte has aromatic amine compound content of 0.1-3 mass% with respect to total content of battery non-aqueous electrolyte. Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is of formula (2): (NPR32)n.R3=halogen atom, monovalent substituent or ionic substituent of formula (3): -N+R43X-;R4=monovalent substituent or H, and coupled to form a ring;R3=F;andn=3 or 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte further contains aprotic organic solvent. Preferred Property: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte has sulfonyl compound content of 0.1-2 mass% with respect to total content of battery non-aqueous electrolyte. Preferred Compound: The ionic liquid is of formula (2): (NPR32)n.R3=halogen atom, monovalent substituent or ionic substituent of formula (3): -N+R43X-;R4=monovalent substituent or H, and coupled to form a ring;R3=F;andn=3 or 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The clay mineral consists of montmorrillonite, mica, talcum powder, bentonite, smectite, caolinite, halocite, pyrophyllite, vermiculite, chlorites and hydrotalcite. The ions of the clay mineral is Al3+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and Sn4+.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer material is a polybenzimidazole or its derivative and the electrolyte is phosphoric acid. The electrolyte consists of phosphine acid, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid alkyl or aryl esters, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, alkyl and aryl sulfonic acids like methane sulfonic acid and phenylsulfonic acid, alkyl and aryl phosphonic acids, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, heteropolyacids, hexafluoro glutaric acid, square acid, alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, imides, imidazole, triazole, perfluorosulfonimide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, polysiloxane and fluoridated derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material of the membrane consists of polyazole, polybenzimidazole, polypyridine, polypyrimidine, polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polychinoxaline, polythiadiazole, poly (tetrazapyrene), polyvinylpyridine and polyvinylimidazolemite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material layer contains lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel dioxide, lithium manganese dioxide, lithium copper tetra oxide, lithium cobalt vanadium tetra oxide, lithium manganese cobalt tetra oxide, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium iron phosphate. The negative electrode active material layer contains lithium titanium tetra oxide and lithium manganese oxide. The ion-conductive inorganic material layer contains lithium aluminum silicon oxide, lithium phosphate and lithium phosphorus silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector layers include silver, palladium, gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The melt contains 3-95 mol% of zirconia, 3-95 mol% of ceria and 0.5-45 mol% of rare earth oxide with respect to the total amount of zirconia, ceria and rare earth oxide. The content of metal oxide is 10-60 mol% with respect to the sum total of metal oxide and boric oxide. The amorphous substance has flake shape or fiber shape. The solid solution fine particles contain 3-97 mol% of zirconia, 3-97 mol% of ceria and 0.1-15 mol% of rare earth oxide, with respect to the total amount of zirconia, ceria and rare earth oxide. The solid solution fine particles have average primary particle diameter of 5-200 nm and specific surface area of more than 20 m2/g. Preferred Condition: The heating is performed at 600-900 degrees C. The crystals of the solid solution are separated by adding an acid to the precipitate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode comprises at least one active material selected from manganese dioxide, nickel oxides and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The filler material is selected at least one metal; a metal alloy; or at least one compound, selected from Zn, Cd, Hg, Ga, In, Tl, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi and Se.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer substrate is selected filled or unfilled epoxy resin composites, epoxy resins, cellulose based materials, thermoplastic polyolefins (TPOs), thermoplastic polyester resins, thermoplastic polyester elastomers, crystalline, semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers, cellulose based materials, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyphthalamide (PPA), polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA), polyester (PET, PBT), polyacetals (POM); liquid crystal polymers (LCP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polysulfone (PS) and polyetherimide (PEI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The nickel cobalt compound hydroxide is obtained by adding complex agent and aqueous alkali solution to aqueous solution containing nickel salt and cobalt salt such that pH of the aqueous solution is 10-12.5, and co-precipitating hydroxide of nickel and cobalt. The coating process of titanium compound is carried out by adding aqueous titanium salt solution and aqueous alkali solution to the slurry of nickel cobalt hydroxide compound, and adjusting pH to 8-11. The aqueous titanium sulfate solution is subjected to neutralization of sulfuric acid by adjusting pH to 0-2. Preferred Components: The complex agent is aluminum-ion supply material. The aqueous titanium salt solution is aqueous titanium sulfate solution. The lithium compound is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide or their hydrates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is methanol or greater than or equal to 80% methanol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zinc-palladium fine-particles is obtained by mixing zinc, palladium complex and organic ligand by predetermined molar ratio, heating below melting point and boiling point of organic ligand, and stirring to obtain liquid mixture, heating liquid mixture at 320-350 degrees C for predetermined-time, and stirring to obtain zinc-palladium fine particles, and purifying the obtained zinc-palladium fine particles. The manufacturing process further comprises adding reducing agent to zinc liquid mixture or palladium complex liquid mixture. Preferred Property: The length of zinc-palladium fine particles is 1-100 mm. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zinc atom contained in zinc-palladium fine particles is 10-90%. The molar ratio of zinc atom in zinc complex and palladium atom in palladium complex is 15:1-40:1. Preferred Component: The zinc-palladium fine particles are zinc-palladium alloy fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic ligand is oleyl amine or oleic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has particle size distribution (D50) of 8-11 mu m, and tap density of 2.2-2.8 g/mL.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Assembly: A membrane electrode assembly is formed by providing an electrode catalyst layer containing electrolyte and the catalyst on both sides of an electrolyte film, and a gas-diffusion layer on the outer side of each electrode catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of metal-oxide microparticles is 1-50 mass% with respect to total amount of metal-oxide and carbon carrier, by metal atom conversion. Preferred Components: The metallic element in the metal-oxide microparticles is zirconium, titanium, yttrium, niobium, tin, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, aluminum and/or cerium. The metallic element in the platinum-type metal catalyst microparticles is platinum, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, rhenium, iridium, copper, gold and/or silver. The carbon carrier is carbon black. EXAMPLE - Oxy zirconium nitrate (6 g) was dissolved in a solution of pure water (400 cm3), ethanol (40 cm3), and pH was adjusted using nitric acid. Carbon black (12.6 g) having BET specific surface area of 800 m2/g was injected into the solution, stirred, and dispersed for 10 minutes to obtain a reaction mixture. Aqueous ammonia solution was added and stirred for 6 hours, and precipitate was filtered. The obtained precipitate was baked at 230 degrees C and dried to obtain solid-zirconium-oxide-supporting carbon black. The product had a BET specific surface area of 524 m2/g and particle diameter of 7 nm. Dinitro diamine platinum was supported on the product and reduced at 200 degrees C, to obtain a catalyst powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: An adhesive layer is provided at processing surface of nozzle component. The adhesive layer is formed using adhesive agent (4) having polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive agent contains polyolefin-type resin containing functional group(s) chosen from carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and silyl group. Preferably the adhesive agent is polyethylene-type resin, unmodified polyethylene-type resin, high-density-polyethylene resin, low-density-polyethylene resin, high melt flow rate polyethylene resin, very-low-density-polyethylene resin, and/or thermoplastic elastomer. The polyethylene resin is manufactured using single site-type catalyst. The synthetic resin liner material is a synthetic-resin material in which engineering plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed. The reinforcing material is a reinforcing fiber material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Process: The matrix is perforated with nanochannels perpendiculat to the surface, e.g. made of anodic alumina or silicon. The face of the matrix opposite the film is sealed. The process cycle comprises filling the pores of the matrix with a fluid, adhering a plastic film to the matrix, expanding the fluid to draw out the fibers, and solidifying the fibers. Preferred Material: The nano- or microvelvet comprises nanofibers in the form of single- or multi-walled nanotubes of carbon or another electrically conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Article: The first resin system comprises a thermosetting resin impregnated into the sheet at a level of 5-35 wt.%. The first resin system comprises a resin selected form polybenzoxazine resin, and/or epoxy resin. At least one structure formed on one of the major surfaces of the sheet comprises channel along the surface of the sheet. Preferred Process: The first resin system is at least partially cured prior to surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet. The surface treating of the resin-impregnated sheet involves embossing a channel along the surface of the resin-impregnated sheet. The second resin system is applied to the sheet at a level of 0.1-9 wt.%. The second resin system comprises a methacrylate resin. The heat curable polymerizable monofunctional and polyfunctional methacrylate resin is applied to the surface treated sheet at a level of 0.05-10 (preferably 0.2-6) wt.%. The second resin system comprises a dye, and a free radical initiator. The free radical initiator comprises a substituted azonitrile compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The material used for current collector is selected from group comprising gold, platinum and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Compound usher body comprises (parts) Pt compound usher body (3.1-7.9 (preferably 5)), Ni compound usher body (2.1-5.9 (preferably 4)) and Pb compound usher body (1.1-4.9 (preferably 4)) Preferred components: Pt compound usher body is Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2, Pt (NH3)4Cl2, H2PtCl6, CH3CHOOPt or Na6Pt(SO3)4. Ni compound usher body is Ni(NO)(NO2), Ni(NO3)2, CH3CHOONi or NiCl2. Pb compound usher body is Pb(NO3)2, CH3CHOOPb or PbCl2. Reducer is NaBH4 or KBH4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic small molecule alcohols is ethanol, glycol or isopropyl alcohol. Reducer is glycol or ethanol. Preferred Process: Adjusting pH value of liquid by sodium hydroxide-acetic acid natrium or sodium hydroxide-sodium citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The heat insulators are heat shield plates made of ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The heat shield plates can be made of metal material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electric field has a field strength within the volume of at least 5 or at least 35 kV/mm. The external field comprises an electric field and magnetic field. Preferred Device: The device for applying external field is arranged for providing variations of a strength of the external field. In the oxygen storage, a sensor (34) is connected to the device for applying the external field, for sensing at least one of temperature and gas composition, where the device for applying external field is arranged for providing the variations of a strength of the external field in response to an output from the sensor. Preferred Method: The method involves varying a strength of the external field; and detecting at least one of a surrounding temperature and a surrounding gas composition, and the varying step is performed in response to a result of the detecting. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of crystalline diameter and average fine particle diameter of the lithium transition-metal oxide is 0.03-0.13. The lithium transition-metal oxide has average fine particle diameter of 1-4 mu m, specific surface area of 0.3-2 m2/g, tap density of 1.4-2.5 g/cm3, diameter of 90% integration of 2-10 mu m and magnetic attachment density of less than 200 ppb. The diameter of 90% integration is calculated by laser scattering particle-size-distribution analysis method. Preferred Compound: The lithium transition-metal oxide is of formula: Li1+xM1-xO2, where M is transition metal such as manganese, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate having average particle diameter of 8 mu m, manganese dioxide having average particle diameter of 22 mu m, nickel hydroxide having average particle diameter of 25 mu m and cobalt oxyhydroxide having average particle diameter of 14 mu m were mixed in the ratio of 1.06:0.31:0.31:0.32. Then, water was added and mixed, to obtain slurry having solid density of 50 weight%. Then, SN Dispersant 5468 (RTM: ammonium salt of poly-carboxylic-acid) (6 weight%) was added to the slurry (20 kg) and pulverized for 29 minutes at speed of 1300 rotations per minute, to obtain granules having average particle diameter of 0.7 mu m. The obtained granules were dried at 100 degrees C and baked at 975 degrees C for 20 hours, to obtain baking powder having sieve of 75 mu m. Then, pulverization of the baking powder was performed at 0.6 MPa, to obtain lithium transition-metal oxide particles. The lithium transition-metal oxide provided lithium cell with excellent cyclic characteristics, charging-discharging capacitance and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor of cathode material contains a lithium source, metal sources and an anion source. The composite powder contains graphitized catalyst (0.001-5 weight%, preferably 2-10 weight%, more preferably 4-6 weight%). A material composition contains substrate particles, and carbon coated particles having sp2/sp3 ratio of 0.12 or more. The material composition contains carbon (10 weight%, preferably 5 weight%, more preferably 2 weight%). The substrate particles contain phosphate, sulfate, silicate or oxide, preferably lithium iron phosphate. Preferred Process: The substrate particles are milled with pyromellitic acid and graphitized catalyst to obtain a composite powder. The composite powder is heated in an inert atmosphere at 500-700 degrees C, preferably 600 degrees C. A composite electrode is formed by milling active electrode material particles with pyromellitic acid and ferrocene or iron nitrate, heating composite powder at 500-700 degrees C to obtain carbon coated electrode powder and applying composite powder to current collector. Preferred Compound: The graphitized catalyst is iron-based graphitized catalyst containing ferrocenecarboxylic acid, ferrocene or iron nitrate. The active electrode material particles contain lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate and/or lithium nickel phosphate, preferably complex oxide of lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-nickel oxide, complex oxide of lithium-nickel-cobalt (LiNi0.8Co0.2O2) and/or complex oxide of lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2). Preferred Property: The carbon coated particles have disordered/grapheme ratio of 1.19 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite powder contains pyromellitic acid (1-10 weight%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rare earth metal particles are yttrium particles. The ceramic of the detection film and the hydrogen permeable protective film is comprised of IVa group metallic element or nitride or oxide of Va group metallic element or VIa group metallic element. The hydrogen permeable metal particles are particles of palladium, platinum, niobium, vanadium or tantalum. The resistance film formed on the surface of substrate is made of ruthenium oxide or silver palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric ceramic composition further contains chromium, cobalt, iron, nickel, zinc, magnesium and/or silicon (5 weight parts). Preferred Components: The strontium of the complex oxide is substituted by barium and/or calcium. Laminated dielectric ceramic layer (3) formed using dielectric ceramic composition, nickel-containing internal electrode (4,5) and external electrode (8,9) are contained in laminated ceramic capacitor (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles are metallic element(s) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum and gold. The structured carbon material is single-wall carbon nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene, fullerene nano whisker, carbon nano-fiber, nano graphite and/or carbon nano filament. Preferred Condition: The carbon material is heat processed under vacuum or inert atmosphere. Preferred Process: The support containing the catalyst particles is baked under reducing environment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is multi-wall carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains thermoplastic resin (in weight%) (25-99.85), carbon nanotube (0.1-50) and triazine derivative having basic functional group or organic dye derivative having basic functional group (0.05-25). The reins composition further comprises plasticizer. EXAMPLE - Benz imidazolone derivative (in g) (3), ion-exchange water (1000) and carbon nanotube (30) were added into a container and mixed. Then, acetic acid was added, pH was adjusted to 5, zirconia beads were added, dispersed for 1 hour using paint shaker, heated and solvent in the reaction mixture was evaporated, to obtain carbon nanotube composition. The obtained carbon nanotube composition (33) was added with Polyethylene A-C540 (RTM: ethylene acrylic-acid copolymer) (33) and low-density polyethylene (934), stirred for 3 minutes, melt-kneaded at 150 degrees C, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition was molded using injection molding machine. The obtained resin composition had excellent dispersibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A sulfur compound in the kerosene is oxidized and removed by desulfurization process. The hydrogen is supplied during desulfurization process. An oxygen-containing gas is supplied during electric power generation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic electrolyte contains a compound selected from a group consisting of spirobi pyrrolidinium, tetraethylammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium, tri-ethyl-methyl ammonium, tetraethyl phosphonium, and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium as an electrolytic cation component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The anode and cathode are equipped with a collector in which a hole penetrates front and back is formed. Preferred Process: The lithium ion is doped by cathode by electrochemical contact with the cathode and a lithium ion supply source. Preferred Properties: The electrostatic capacitance per unit weight of the cathode active material is 3 times or more of electrostatic capacitance per unit weight of the anode active material. The anode active material weight is larger than the cathode active material weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains an additive (0.01-2 weight%). The additive is difluoro (oxalate-O,O') lithium borate of formula (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The aprotic organic solvent is a mixture of cyclic carbonate and a linear carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of metal-containing colloidal particles is 1-50 mass%. Preferred Components: A metal-containing colloidal particles comprises component (A) having titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver and/or gold, component (B) having titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, gold and/or platinum. The inorganic-type support substance comprises silicon, aluminum, carbon, titanium, zirconium and/or cerium. The metal-containing colloidal particles support comprises platinum compound chosen from ammonia salt of dinitrodiamine platinum, tetraaminedichloro platinum hydrate, potassium salt of platinum chloride(IV)acid, sodium salt of platinum chloride(IV)acid, potassium salt of tetranitroplatinum(II), hexahydroxoplatinum(IV)acid sodium hydrate and/or dinitrodiamine platinum nitric acid, and gold compound chosen from chloroauric acid, sodium salt of gold sulfurous acid, potassium gold-cyanide and sodium gold-cyanide, and tin compound chosen from stannous sulfate, stannous oxide and stannous chloride, and palladium compound chosen from palladium chloride, palladium nitride, palladium sulfate, palladium citrate and palladium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Atom ratio of Pt and Ru in Pt and Ru precursor in metal salt solution is 8:2-3:7. Preferred Parameters: Lattice parameter of PtRu alloy catalyst is 3.856-3.885 Angstrom ; and the size of particle is 2-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reducing gas in thermal processing is hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, or helium gas. Preferred Conditions: Thermal processing is done at 100-500 degrees C for 20-180 minutes, and pH value of metal salt solution is adjusted to 10-14 (1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The microcontroller unit (MCU) is connected with the programmed alternative current exciting source through a RS485 communication interface. The testing unit communicates with a pile main controller or other equipment through a controller area network (CAN) and a RS232/RS485 communication interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Pipe: The length of the pipe-shaped biscuit is 100mm. The thickness of wall is 1mm and the inner diameter is 12.6mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt comprises lithium hexaflurophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte comprises 0.01-1 (preferably 0.25) vol.% Lewis basic species; 10-30 vol.% lithium salt; and 70-90 vol.% organic solvent. The Lewis basic species comprises DMAC. The solvent comprises organic carbonates, esters, ethers, glymes, organic nitrides, and/or sulfones.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal thin film is selected from the group of chromium, titanium, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - In the method for operating the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, before terminating the operation of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell, the relative humidity of a gas in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is maintained to be at most 60%; and the current density at the initiation of the power generation is of 0.01-0.5 A/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The anode is coated with slurry comprising an anode active material containing lithium transient metal oxide, organosulfur compound and conductive polymer. The cathode is coated with slurry comprising cathode active material containing graphite, polyacenic carbon and metal lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer electrolyte film is made of polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyacetal resin, vinyl chloride resin, polystyrene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin and acrylic resin. The separator has a micro-porous film made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte is ion-conductive polymer having ion exchange group chosen from sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid and phosphonous acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide proton electric conductivity film contains oxide of formula: AL1-xMxO3-(~a) (1), and has perovskite structure.A=alkaline earth metal;L=zirconium, cerium, titanium and/or hafnium;M=trivalent element;x=0-0.2;andalpha =0.3-0.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layer of proton electro-conductive oxide film which touches the metallic substrate contains proton electro-conductive oxide of formula: A(Ce1-yMy)O3 (2). The layer which consists of proton electro-conductive oxide (1) and layer which consists of proton electro-conductive oxide (2) are perovskite structures.y=0.1 or more, but less than 0.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic substrate has a hydrogen permeable metal film in surface of the metal porous-component base material. Preferred Film: The hydrogen permeable metal film comprises film containing palladium coated on both surfaces of the metal film containing palladium, or vanadium, niobium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains fluoride anion and/or chloride anion, and pyridinium cation and/or quaternary ammonium ion. The fluoride anion is tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, and/or trifluoromethane sulfonate ion. The chloride ion is perchlorate ion. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains 1-n-butylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, butylmethylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, triethylmethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylammonium perchlorate, and/or tetraethylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains propylene carbonate or butylene carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate, gamma -butyrolactone, or diethylcarbonate as solvent. The electrolyte further contains methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and vinylene carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The hydrogen reduction processing is carried out at temperature of 300-700 degrees C. Preferred Component: The support is zirconia, or mixed or complex oxide consisting of zirconia, and oxide of rear earth elements. The molybdenum is a metal, or an inorganic compound. Preferred Properties: The content of platinum is 0.01-20.0 wt.% based on conversion of platinum metal with respect to total weight of support and platinum. The content of molybdenum is 0.01-20.0 wt.% based on conversion of molybdenum metal with respect to total weight of support and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst has pore diameter of 6 nm or more, and volume of 0.02-0.13 ml/g. Preferred Oxide: The metal-oxide support is chosen from nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, cerium oxide, zirconia, alumina, silica, titania, barium oxide and magnesium oxide. Preferred Metal: The active ingredient metal contains ruthenium and metals other than ruthenium (0.5-15 weight%). The metals other than ruthenium is chosen from group IVB, group VIA, group VIIA, and group VIII. The metal of group IVB is tin. The metals of group VIA are molybdenum and tungsten. The metal of group VIIA is rhenium. The metals of group VIII are platinum, palladium, rhodium, nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is directly carried by conductive fibers in the region carrying the catalyst. Each of the regions carrying the catalyst of conductive fiber membrane, the region free from carrying the catalyst of conductive fiber membrane, and conductive fine particle layer comprise hydrophobic agent. Preferred Properties: The region carrying the catalyst is greater than or equal to 20, preferably greater than or equal to 50 mu m thick in a direction perpendicular to the one of the surfaces. Preferred Methods: The catalyst is formed on conductive fiber by oxidation reactive sputtering or reactive ion plating. The catalyst is obtained by reducing platinum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The tetrafluoroethylene is continuously charged at a constant temperature under a constant pressure of a reactor. The fluoromonomer is continuously charged to maintain constant molar ratio Mt/Mm of 0.5-2.5, preferably 1-2. Preferred Method: The fluoromonomer is successively added at regular intervals, or continuously added to maintain constant fluoromonomer per unit time.Mt=tetrafluoroethylene repeating units;andMm=fluoromonomer repeating units. EXAMPLE - A fluoromonomer (I) (SMD-4) (0.675 g), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (AK-225) (4.074 g), 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) (0.0023 g), and methanol (0.0009 g) were charged in three 10 ml capacity reactors, and heated at 65 degrees C. A tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was charged under 1.297 MPa (gauge pressure) and continuously charged to keep a constant pressure. The k value was set at 1.39. At every 0.0711 g of continuously charged TFE gas, 0.0866 g of SMD-4 was added as a solution of 33 wt.% SMD-4 in AK-225. One polymerization was stopped after 1 addition at 1.3 hours, the second after 2 addition in 1.7 hours, and the last after 10 addition in 4.9 hours by addition of 0.005 g of Topanol-A as a chemical quencher. The reactors were cooled to room temperature and the non-reacted TFE was discharged. The polymers were washed with hexane twice, vacuum dried at 80 degrees C for 16 hours, and obtained 481 mg, 608 mg, and 1509 mg of polymer respectively. The SMD-4 content of the polymers were measured by Raman was 26.6, 27 and 26 mol %, respectively. The polymer yield did not necessarily agree with the expected value, but the polymer composition closely agreed with the expected value.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte salt is lithium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of modified silane acetylene group is 0.001 volume% or more with respect to total non-aqueous electrolyte. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-6C alkyl, alkyl substituted by fluorine or phenyl.    EXAMPLE - Modified silane acetylene compound (in volume%) (1) was dissolved in ethylene carbonate (49.5) and diethyl carbonate (49.5). Then, lithium hexafluoro phosphate (1 mol/L) was dissolved to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. The battery comprising the obtained non-aqueous electrolyte has excellent output characteristic and temperature characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus further has unit for heating silicon component, and fuel cell generated using hydrogen produced from cathode side. The silicon component is arranged in contact with portion(s) of cathode. The cathode is formed using silicon, and is isolated by anode and silicon component, and cation exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: Preferred amounts of components (wt%) are: Al 4.8 - 6.2; Cr 19 - 22; Si 0.05 - 0.5; Mn 0.005 - 0.5; Y 0.03 - 0.1; Zr 0.02 - 0.08; Hf 0.02 - 0.1; C 0.0.003 - 0.020; Mg 0.0001 -0.05; Ca 0.001m- 0.05 and p 0.010 - 0.030. Y may be replaced partially or completely by one or more of Sc, La and Ce. Hf may be replaced partially or completely by one or more of Sc, Ti, V, Nb, Ta, La and Ce.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred materials: The fibers are carbon, polyamide, polyester, aramid, polyvinyl alcohol, viscose, cellulose, polyolefin, especially polyethylene or polypropylene, polysulfone, especially polyether sulfone or polyphenylene sulfone, polyarylene sulfide, especially polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, polyimide or polybenzimidazole fibers, or mixtures of these. The coating is produced from fluorinated, unsaturated or cyclic monomers, especially heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate or heptadecafluorodecene. The plasma contains a crosslinking agent with at lest two reactive groups, especially ethylenically unsaturated groups, particularly vinyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred features: The fibers are in the form of spun-bonded fabrics, meltblown fabrics, staple fiber nonwovens, wet nonwovens are hybrid materials containing them. The coating is hydrophobic and/or oleophobic. The structure is electrically conducting. The coating has a thickness below 200 nm. The structure is made up of conductive fibers which have been carbonized or graphitized and has a density of 0.1 - 0.5 g/m2, a thickness of 80 -500 mu m and an electrical conductivity of 10 - 300 S/cm in the fabric (sic) and 30 -220 S/cm2 at right angles to it. The monomer is sprayed into the plasma chamber as small droplets. The reaction is carried out under a pressure of 0.7 - 1.3 bar in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, especially at atmospheric pressure. The fibers are treated before reaction with a plasma in an inert gas or activated with air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Features: The domains are uniformly distributed in the film. The film is drawn during or after the excitation. The domains are excited by induction and the film is moved through a magnetic field, an electrical field and/or an electromagnetic field.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The terminal is made up of copper or copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, butyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, butyl propionate, methyl butyrate, ethyl butyrate, propyl butyrate, butyl butyrate, gamma -butyrolactone, 2-methyl- gamma -butyrolactone, 3-methyl- gamma -butyrolactone, 4-methyl- gamma -butyrolactone, beta -propiolactone, delta -valerolactone, trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphate, tripropyl phosphate, triisopropyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trihexyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and/or tritolyl phosphate. The non-aqueous solvent includes ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:4 to 1:1. The second salt is LiPF6 and/or LiBF4. The lithium bis(oxalato)borate is present in a concentration of greater than 0.15 to 1.0 (preferably 0.4-0.8) M. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed in a volume ratio of 1:2 to prepare a non-aqueous organic solvent mixture. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (0.8 M) and/or lithium bis(oxalato)borate (0.2 M) were added into the solvent mixture, to give the electrolytic solution. This solution was added to battery, and then evaluated. Results showed first cycle charge capacity of 3.54 mAh, first cycle efficiency of 95.5%, and discharge capacity retentions of 92.0% (50th cycle) and 92.9% (100th cycle).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The foil comprises a main body made of palladium or its alloy. EXAMPLE - As a silicon substrate, palladium foil with a film thickness of 100 nm was formed by vapor deposition method using boron dopant. The surface on the opposite side to the foil was immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric-acid solution. An anodic oxidation performed a porousized processing. The porous part of 70% of the porosity was obtained. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used for the surface of hydrogen permeability metallic foil after a porousized processing. Film thickness of 0.1 microns and the proton-conductive membrane of composition SrZr0.8In0.203-( alpha ) were formed. A hydrogen permeability base material was set to the holder inside the vacuum chamber provided with the synthetic quartz glass window for laser transmission in implementation of PLD. The holder part was heated at 550 degrees C. Oxygen was introduced. The chamber internal pressure was adjusted to oxygen-partial pressure of 1x10-2 Torr. The krypton-fluoride excimer laser (20 Hz) was irradiated to the proton-conductive membrane raw material sintered compact through the window for laser irradiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material is mesoporous carbon. The metal oxide containing iron is ferric oxide. The anode and cathode are aluminum sheets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first ammonia absorbing and desorbing material is calcium octa ammine chloride or strontium octa ammine chloride. The second ammonia absorbing and desorbing material is magnesium hexaammine chloride, ferrous hexaammine chloride or nickel hexaammine chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The electronic control unit controls the driving of the target board connected by the data communication path by utilizing the controller area network (CAN) communication method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrolyte containing salt consisting of anion and cation dissolved in non-aqueous solvent, and electrodes containing the active material are contained in an electrical storage device. The solvent contains mixture of solvent having dielectric constant of 10 or less and solvent having dielectric constant of 30 or more. The solvent having dielectric constant of 10 or less is chosen from chain-shaped carbonate, chain-shaped ester and chain-shaped ether. The solvent having dielectric constant of 30 or more is chosen from cyclic carbonate and cyclic ether. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H;and    n=1 or 2.    EXAMPLE - Acetylene black (30 mg), compound (30 mg) having dithiolo-dithiol structure of formula (3) and electroconductive adjuvant were mixed uniformly. N-methyl pyrrolidone (1 ml) and polyvinylidene fluoride (5 mg) were added and mixed to obtain slurry-like anode mix. The anode mix was coated on anode collector containing aluminum foil and vacuum dried at room temperature for 1 hour to form anode with thickness of 60 mu m. The obtained anode, cathode and electrolyte were used to prepare a coin type battery. The battery had high capacitance and excellent cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises a blend of (mole part): barium titanate (100), zirconium oxide (0.1-1.75, preferably 0.5-3.5), barium carbonate (2.5-4.5, preferably 1.5-6), manganese carbonate (0.1-0.4, preferably 0.1-0.5), molybdenum oxide (0.02-0.3, preferably 0.5-2), magnesium oxide (0.5-2), yttrium oxide (1-6, preferably 0.25-3.5), yttrium oxide (1-3, preferably 1-4). The composition further comprises a blend of (mole part): barium titanate (100), CaCO3 (2-4), zirconium oxide (0.1-1.75, preferably 0.5-3.5, especially 0.5-3.5), Lu2O3 (0.5-2.5, preferably 0.5-2.5), Yb2O3 (0.5-2), molybdenum oxide (0.01-0.5, preferably 0.02-0.3) and/or WO3 (0.1-0.5). An internal electrode material comprising a transition or metal selected from Pd, Pt, and Pd-Ag alloy. The electrode paste comprises Pd-Ag alloy having weight ratio of 99:1 to 7:3. The firing is conducted in an atmosphere having a partial oxygen pressure of 10-12 to 10-8 atmosphere. EXAMPLE - A composition comprising: barium titanate (100), zirconium oxide (0.5), barium carbonate (3.25), manganese carbonate (0.2), molybdenum oxide (0.1), magnesium oxide (1.2), yttrium oxide (3) and silicon dioxide (1.76) was prepared. Then the dielectric constant (K) of composition was calculated. The composition showed (K) value was 2275.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filter and the filter housing are coupled by a plastic porous mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molar ratio of the total amount of the transition metal with respect to the sum of the total amounts of transition metal and noble metals is 0.4-0.7. The salt or complex of the noble metal is a halide, a carboxylate salt, nitrate, beta -diketonato complex, ethylenediamine complex, ammine complex, phosphine complex, nitrile complex, pi -allyl complex and/or cyclooctadiene complex. Preferred Parameter: The core has an average particle diameter of 1-15 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The long chain saturated fatty acid is a 7-23C alkylmonocarboxylic acid. The long chain saturated fatty acid salt which contains the transition metal is a salt of 7-23C alkylmonocarboxylic acid. The solvent does not react to the long chain saturated fatty acid salt and the salt or complex of the noble metal and has a boiling point of 200-400 degrees C. The reducing agent is 8-24C alcohol, 8-24C phosphine, borohydride compound, silane compound, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and/or hydrazine. The dispersion solvent can monodisperse the alloy nanocrystal and contains greater than or equal to 50 vol.% of 6-12C aromatic hydrocarbon, 1-3C chlorinated hydrocarbon, 5-18C saturated hydrocarbon and 4-18C ether. EXAMPLE - Ferrous stearate (90 mg), bis(acetylacetonato) platinum (II) (40 mg), and 1,2-hexadecanediol (400 mg) were added to dioctyl ether (4 mL), and heated at 280 degrees C for 30 minutes with stirring in argon gas atmosphere. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, ethanol was added and centrifuged. The residue was collected obtaining iron-platinum nanocrystal with stearic acid adhered to the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ammonium compound is tetra-normal-propyl ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The ammonium compound has concentration of 10 g/l or more. Preferred Composition: A lead storage battery formed using ammonium compound has anode. Preferred Layer: The anode has a layer containing lead formed on a base material. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl or dodecyl;and    X-=OH-, SO42- or H2SO4-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceria-zirconia type complex oxide also contains aluminum, scandium, yttrium, and/or rare earth elements except promethium with atomic numbers of 57-71, and oxidation number of 3 when forming stable oxide. Preferred Parameter: The primary particle diameter of ceria-zirconia type complex oxide after 12-hour baking at 1200 degrees C is less than or equal to 3 times of the primary particle diameter after 12-hour baking at 1000 degrees C. Preferred Process: Sulfate is added with peroxodisulfate when oxidizing cerium (III) ion into cerium (IV) ion, and when settling cerium (IV) ions and zirconium ions. EXAMPLE - Cerium chloride solution with cerium dioxide conversion density of 200 g/l, zirconium oxychloride solution with zirconia conversion density of 200 g/l and pure water were mixed, and 1 L of solution with oxide conversion density of 50 g/l was obtained. The obtained solution was heated at 95 degrees C, added with ammonium peroxodisulfate (40 g), and stirred to obtain a slurry of cerium-zirconium sulfate compound. The slurry was cooled, added with aquoeus ammonia, and neutralized at 60 degrees C to obtain hydroxide slurry. The hydroxide slurry was filtered and washed four times to obtain cerium-zirconium compound hydration cake. The obtained cake was dried at 120 degrees C to obtain a hydroxide powder. The obtained powder was placed in crucible, baked at 700 degrees C for 3 hours, and pulverized to obtain the ceria-zirconia type complex oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst metal particle has particle size of 1 nm or less. Preferred Components: The support is carbon or titanium dioxide. The catalyst raw material is a metallic compound having decomposition temperature of 600 degrees C or more, metal complex of organic compound with a cyclic structure, metal phthalocyanine and metalloporphyrin. Preferred Condition: The thermally decomposition process is carried out at 600 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphitizing carbon used for manufacturing activated carbon is petroleum coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The electrolyte layer is a polymer gel electrolyte layer or solid electrolyte layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The amphiphilic poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymer is used as template.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of dicarboxylic compound and non-aqueous electrolyte liquid is 0.001-10 wt.%. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 specific dicarboxylic compounds (1) are disclosed. E.g. methyl itaconate, methylisopropylidene succinate, ethyl itaconate, ethylisopropylidene succinate, and cyclopentylisopropylidene succinate.    16 specific dicarboxylic compounds (2) are disclosed. E.g. methyl citraconate, ethyl citraconate, propyl citraconate, methoxymethyl citraconate, and ethoxymethyl citraconate.    EXAMPLE - The cathode was formed by coating natural graphite powder (in wt.pts) (94), polyvinylidene fluoride (6), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone on copper foil. The anode was formed by coating lithium cobaltous oxide (90), KF-1000 (RTM: polyvinylidene fluoride) (6), carbon black (4) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone on aluminum foil. Methyl itonate (0.5) was mixed with mixtures (99.5) containing ethylene carbonate having capacitance of 2, ethylmethyl carbonate having capacitance of 4, and dimethyl carbonate having capacitance of 4, under argon atmosphere and dissolved in lithium-phosphorus fluoride (LiPF6) (1 mol/liter) to form electrolyte liquid. The obtained electrolyte liquid was used to form lithium secondary battery having discharge capacitance of 83% and discharge capacitance after preservation with respect to initial-stage discharge capacitance of 84%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluoro-resin comprises PTFE, polyperfluoroethylene-propylene, or fusible PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin is selected from one of exhaustive fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyfluortetraethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: A lithium ion battery is obtained using a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nano-crystalline layered composite structure has a particle size of less than 1 micron, preferably 30-200 nm. The nano-crystalline layered composite structure further comprises a nano-coating of inert oxide, inert phosphate, or inert fluoride. The nano-coating has a thickness of 20 nm or less, preferably 10 nm or less. Preferred Components: Alternately, the positive electrode comprises a nano-crystalline layered-spinel composite structure of a material containing a complex oxide of formula: xLi2MnO3.(l-x)LiMn2-yMyO4.x=greater than 0.5 and less than 1, preferably 0.1 or 0.2;y=0 or more and less than 1, preferably 0;andM=metal cation(s) with average oxidation state of 1-4, preferably Li+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Co2+, Co3+, Al3+, Ti4+ or Zr4+.The inert oxide is titania, zirconia or alumina. The inert phosphate is aluminum phosphate. The inert fluoride is aluminum fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The imaginary axis is specified as an axis orthogonal to the direction of accelerating velocity provided by the microparticles. The material source of physical vapor-phase epitaxy is introduced along the imaginary axis. The deposition source (3) is moved to the position included in the rotating stage before initiation of physical vapor-phase epitaxy. After production of microparticles, an addition product (12) is added. The physical vapor-phase epitaxy is vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic-hydrocarbon type electrolyte film contains polyether ketone, polyether sulfone or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of silane compound contained in the binding material is 2-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ratio of bifunctional aliphatic-alcohol ether-type epoxy resin contained in the mixed resin (A) is 40 wt.% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layers: The anode side metal layer and cathode side metal layer are made of aluminum, iron, chromium, nickel, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, niobium, gold, silver and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The intermediate layer is formed using metal material, conductive polymer or polymer obtained by dispersing filler to polymeric material. The polymeric material is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether nitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene rubber, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, silicone and/or epoxy resin. The conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile and/or polyoxadiazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is chosen from lithium nitride (LiN(SO2CF3)2), lithium boron fluoride (LiBF4), lithium chloride (LiClO4) an/or lithium nitride (LiN(SO2F2CF3)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oligo ethylene oxide chain containing methacrylic ester is of formula (1 or 2) as cross-linkable controlling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The highly branched polymer has polymerizable functional group is of formula (3). Preferred Method: The cross-linkable method of ethylene oxide and highly branched polymer is formed by radical-polymerization method or electron-beam polymerization method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon source contain carbon particles and/or carbon precursor. The carbon particles are acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-resistant-resin oriented-film layer made of polyamide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator comprises olefin resin and polyethylene or polypropylene. The adhesive agent comprises acrylic resin, urethane resin, epoxy resin, chloroprene rubber, cyanoacrylate resin, silicone, styrene-butadiene rubber or polystyrene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having lone pair in an atom or a molecule is group (XV) or group (XVI) element.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The substance having unsaturated bond in a molecule is alkene, alkyne, aromatic compound, ketone, aldehyde or imine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is novolak-type resin. Preferred Property: The resin has electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The anti-aging agent is phenol and/or phenol derivative chosen from 2,5-di-tert-amyl hydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone, 4,4'-di-hydroxy-di-phenyl cyclohexane, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol, 4,4'-thio-bis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethyl phenol, bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) and 4,4'-butylidene-bis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Process: The applied pressure is 10-150 (preferably 50-75) MPa. The pulsed current strength is 500-6000 (preferably 1000-3000) A; and the current is applied in impulse periods of 1-5 (e.g. 3.3) ms, in series of 1-15 (e.g. 12) impulses separated by 1-15 (e.g. 3) periods. The temperature of the pieces (I) to be assembled is increased to 1400-1950 (preferably 1600-1950) degrees C. The temperature of at least 1300 degrees C is maintained for 0-10 (preferably 0-7, e.g. ca. 5) minutes. The overall duration of the process is 10-30 (preferably 20) minutes. The assembled pieces are cooled at 80-600 degrees C per minute. 2-100 Pieces, of same or different refractory ceramic material, are assembled. Preferred Materials: The refractory ceramics are selected from carbides, oxides and nitrides, especially silicon carbide, titanium nitride, zirconium carbide and titanium carbide. EXAMPLE - Two disks (diameter 8 mm; thickness 5 mm) of silicon carbide (SiC) were assembled using commercially available spark plasma sintering (SPS) apparatus. A temperature of 1800 degrees C was applied for 5 minutes under a pressure of 50 MPa, using a series of 3.2 ms impulses. Optical inspection of the sample revealed good cohesion and no faults. Destructive testing by compensated electron microscopy after cutting and polishing showed a surface with high, homogeneous porosity and no evidence of an interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    Z = substituted imidazole of formula (f), NH3, P(CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3)3;    R = CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH2CH2CH3 or CH2CH2CH2CH3; m = 2-4;    n = 3;    W1 = C(ACH2-)4, C((AO)pA-)4, C((ANH)pA-)4, (-A)2N(AO)pAN(A-)2 or (-A)2N(ANH)pAN(A-)2;    A = CH2-, -CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2-, -CH2CH2CH2CH2- or -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-;    Q = H or CH3;    p = 0-40; and    X = C(ACH2-)4, C((AO)pA-)4, C((ANH)pA-)4, (-A)2N(AO)pAN(A-)2, (-A)2N(ANH)pAN(A-)2, N(A)3, N((AO)pA-)3 or N((ANH)pA-)3.    Provided that when n is 2, W1-(Z)2 is (D)-W1-(Z)2 or (D), D is CH2CH3, -CH2CH2OH, -CH(OCH2CH3)(CH2OH), -(p-CH2CH2)Ph or -Si(OH)(CH3).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 5 compounds (I) is specifically claimed i.e. polyacrylic acid, (O2CCH2OCH2CH2OCH2CO2)-2, (O2CC10-H20-CO2)-2, (dicarboxy terminated poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene))-2 and ((O2CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2)2)-4 (Ia). The use of 5 compounds (II) is specifically claimed i.e. (CH3-imid-CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2-imid- CH3)+2, (trismethylimidazoleisobutylCH3)+3, (H3NCH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2NH3)+2, ((NH3CH2CH2)3NH)+4 and ((CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2)3P-C10H20-P(CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3)3)+2 (IIa).    EXAMPLE - HO2C-Tetraethylene glycol-CO2H (1 g) and chloro methyl imidazole-tetraethylene glycol-imidazole methyl chloride (1.77 g) were dissolved in de-ionized water (5 ml) then a solution of silver nitrate (1.53) in de-ionized water (2 ml) was added drop by drop under vigorous agitation. The precipitate compound (silver chloride) was isolated by filtration under nitrogen and the filtrate was concentrated and dried under vacuum at 170 degrees C for 3 hours to lead to a clear colorless viscous oil of HO2C-tetraethyleneglycol-CO2H with Cl(CH3)imid-tetraethylene glycol-imidazole methyl chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal compound is at least one of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, nickel oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide, and a chromium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The lead storage battery conforms to JISD5301 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aqueous binder is a mixture of carboxy methyl cellulose and styrene-butadiene rubber. The polymeric layer contains polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid component is chosen from methide anion, tetrafluoroboric acid anion, hexafluorophosphate anion and imide anion. The hexafluorophosphate anion is of formula: R5-N--R6. The imide anion is of formula: R7-C-(-R8)-R9.R5-R9=fluoro alkyl group, cyano group, fluoroalkyl sulfonyl group, fluoro sulfonyl group, fluoroalkyl carbonyl group or fluoro phosphonyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polar solvent is N,N-dimethylacetamide. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of silica particles is 10-50 nm. Preferably ion-exchange capacity of polyelectrolyte is 0.7-1.8 meq/g. The thickness of polymer electrolyte membrane is 20-150 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic resin microparticles are polyacrylate type polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer is manufactured using dithiol compound of formula (6) as raw material monomer. Preferred Property: The polymer has logarithmic viscosity of 2-5 dl/g in N-methyl-2-pyrolidone solution (0.5 g/dl) at 30 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=groups of formulae (2-5), preferably groups of formulae (4,5);    R=SO3Y' or direct bond;and    n/m+n=0.05-0.7.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium-4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone (in g) (60), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (26.74), 4,4'-dimercaptobiphenyl (60.61) and potassium carbonate (42.2) were added to a flask under nitrogen atmosphere. N-methyl-2-pyrolidone (380 ml) was added and heated at 195-200 degrees C. The mixture was stirred for 4 hours, cooled and precipitated. The obtained polymer was washed with boiling water for 1 hour, and dried. The polymer had logarithmic viscosity of 2.44 dl/g. A polymer electrolyte membrane was formed using obtained polymer. The membrane had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The cathode is formed by containing carbon powder. The lithium secondary battery comprises anode containing lithium compound and cathode. Preferred Property: The press pressure of the pressurizing process is 50-2000 kgf/cm2. EXAMPLE - Pitch (in weight parts) (15), coal tar (20), silicon carbide (10) and coke powder (50) having average particle diameter of 15 mu m were mixed and pulverized to diameter of 25 mu m, to obtain ground material. The ground material was taken in metal mold, press-formed and molded in rectangular parallelepiped. The molded product was heat-processed at 1000 degrees C and heat processed at 3000 degrees C or more, to obtain graphite molded product. Graphite molded product was pulverized, to obtain carbon powder. Carbon powder was filled, sealed in container, isotropic pressurizing process was performed by pressure of 1500 kgf/cm2 and carbon powder with average particle diameter of 21 mu m, specific surface area of 4.1 m2/g, d(002) of 3.358 Angstrom and Lc(002) of 1000 Angstrom or less was obtained. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) (in weight%) (88), polyvinylidene fluoride (5), binder (7) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were mixed and pasted on aluminum foil, to obtain anode tab. Carbon material, binder and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were mixed and coated on copper foil, to obtain cathode tab. The cathode, anode and polyethylene micro-porous film as separator were taken in battery can which was injected with electrolyte solution containing ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and lithium hexafluorophosphate, to obtain lithium secondary battery. The lithium secondary battery had constant current discharge of 631 mAh in 300 mA, constant current discharge rate of 94.1% in 900 mA and excellent discharge maintenance factor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic plates are made of stainless steel. The electrically conductive connection material is made of copper alloy or pure copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution used in silicon preparing method, contains fluorine or hydrofluoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution contains dimethylformamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The collector is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The noble metal is palladium, platinum, gold, rhodium, indium and/or osmium. The admetal is tin, ruthenium, molybdenum, rhenium, vanadium, bismuth, lead, gold and/or antimony, their alloy and oxide. The catalyst further contains a third metal comprising noble metal or admetal. The metals are supported on a porous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The first discharge resistor is made of metal alloy having positive temperature coefficient, preferably canthal, constantan, and or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The organic electrolyte capacitor contains electrolyte solution containing aprotic organic solvent solution of lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material used in the base-material portion is selected from silicon alloy, compound containing silicon and oxygen and compound containing silicon and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base-material portion is made up of alloy copper foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide and/or titanium oxide. The catalyst further contains platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium and iridium as a support metal. Preferred Process: The source gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and oxygen-containing gas are reacted in presence of catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is reduced to 5 volume ppm or less, preferably 3.5 volume ppm or less. Preferred Property: The ratio of maximum intensity (Y1) of ruthenium concentration with respect to radial direction of catalyst cross-section and maximum intensity (Y2) of ruthenium concentration in a region of intermediate point (P1) to the position (Pm) of outer surface of catalyst is 1.1-10, by line analysis using electron probe microanalysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The computer system has a Peripheral component interface (PCI) bus and IEEE 802.118 wireless network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the step of oxidizing the carbon precursor is performed by refluxing the carbon precursor in the presence of an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid. The method (M1) further involves adding nitrogen functional groups to the oxidized carbon precursor prior to refluxing the oxidized carbon precursor with a non-platinum transitional metal. Preferred Components: The carbon precursor comprises carbon black. The nitrogen functional groups are provided by polymerizing a nitrogen source in the presence of the oxidized carbon precursor. The nitrogen source comprises melamine, urea, thio-urea and/or selenourea. The metal of the non-platinum transitional metal precursor comprises cobalt, iron, chromium, copper, nickel, vanadium or metal chelate (preferably cobalt ethylene diamine or cobalt propylene diamine). The metal chelate has a structure of the formula MN4.M=metal;N=nitrogen atom chelated with the metal. WIDER DISCLOSURE - Also disclosed, a carbon composite catalyst as new.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium metal complex oxide is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2.M=manganese, vanadium, magnesium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium and/or aluminum;x=0.1-0.21;y=0-0.08;andz=0.97-1.1.Preferred Properties: The slurry has pH of more than 9 and concentration of 1000-2500 g/l. The concentration of nickel in nickel salt is 0.5-1.5 atomic% with respect to total atomic number of nickel, cobalt and metal (M) in lithium metal complex oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A lithium ion secondary cell has a cathode (12) containing the cathode material, an anode (11) and a nonaqueous electrolyte. A hybrid electric vehicle has an internal combustion engine and/or a fuel cell such as lithium ion secondary cell. Preferred Properties: The density of cathode material is 1-2 g/cm3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has peak intensity of 1250 cm-1 vicinity 2 times or more with respect to peak intensity of 1180 cm-1 vicinity. The carbon material has peak intensity of 1300 cm-1 vicinity 2 times or more with respect to peak intensity of 1180 cm-1 vicinity. The carbon material further has peak intensity of 1250 cm-1 vicinity larger with respect to peak intensity of 1300 cm-1 vicinity, peak intensity of 1250 cm-1 vicinity larger with respect to peak intensity of 1220 cm-1 vicinity and/or peak intensity of 1180 cm-1 vicinity larger with respect to peak intensity of 1220 cm-1 vicinity, by infrared spectrum. The carbon has half value width of peak at 550-650 cm-1 vicinity by infrared spectrum of 50 cm-1 or less, preferably 30 cm-1 or less, and/or peak intensity of 550-650 cm-1 vicinity 2 times or less of peak intensity of 680 cm-1 vicinity. The carbon material has density of 1.6-2.2 g/cm3, preferably 1.9-2.2 g/cm3, face distance (d value) of (002) surface of 0.34-0.37 nm, by X-ray diffraction method and/or microcrystal thickness of c-axial direction of (002) surface of 1-100 nm, by X-ray diffraction method. When carbon material is represented as diffraction line, the (001 (L)) surface is detected, by X-ray diffraction method. The ratio of peak intensity of (110) surface and peak intensity of (002) surface in the carbon material is 0.01 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium complex oxide has specific-surface-area of 0.20-3 m2/g. Preferred Compound: The lithium complex oxide contains hydroxide salt or carbonate of nickel, cobalt, manganese, and lithium. The raw material of the substance (A) is metal alkoxide. Preferred Composition: The content of substance (A) with respect to lithium complex oxide is 0.002-2 mol%. Preferred Process: The lithium complex oxide is obtained by mixing lithium salt, iron, vanadium, chromium, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, niobium and/or zirconium, and baking at 700-1050 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte further contains aprotic electro organic solvent. Preferred Compounds: The polycyclic compound is anthracene or anthracene derivative. The ionic liquid is of formula (1): (NPR12)n, or of formula (2): -N+R23X-.R1=halogen atom or monovalent substituent, preferably fluorine;R2=monovalent substituent or hydrogen;X-=monovalent anion;andn=3 or 4.Preferred Property: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte has polycyclic compound content of 0.1-3 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (b) has aromatic hydroxy methyl group protected by protecting group having 2 or more aromatic hydroxy methyl groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electrolyte polymer contains sulfonic acid group, phosphoric acid group and/or carboxyl group, and has mass mean molecular weight of 1000-1 million. Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains a matrix phase having polymer (c) capable of suppressing swelling of electrolyte polymer, and a domain phase containing electrolyte polymer and having three dimensional structure. The polymer (c) contains resin chosen from melamine resin, urea resin, furan resin, alkyd resin, acrylic resin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyimide, polyamide, polyester, polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyether, polyphenylene, polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polyether sulfone, silicone resin, fluororesin, polyvinylidene fluoride, phenol resin and/or epoxy resin. The polymer (c) contains resin having glass transition temperature and/or melting point of -30 to 400 degrees C. The polymer (c) is alternately poly(meth)acrylonitrile, poly(meth)acrylic acid, poly(meth)acrylic ester, polyvinyl ether, poly(meth)acryl amide and/or copolymer. The polymer (c) contains cyclization structure obtained by heating poly(meth)acrylonitrile and/or a resin having poly(meth)acrylonitrile. The content of compound (b) with respect to electrolyte polymer is 1-25 mass%. Preferred Properties: The polymer electrolyte membrane has thickness of 1-200 mu m. The electrolyte polymer has ion exchange equivalent mass of 300-1500. Cross-linking reaction is carried out at 50-200 degrees C. The polymer electrolyte membrane has a layer of resin composition at surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin sheet is nonwoven fabric preferably electroconductive fiber. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of thermoplastic resin with respect to thermosetting resin is 10:90-40:60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The laminate film further has polyethylene terephthalate film (4) having vapor deposition film (4a) at surface and having water vapor permeability of less than 0.9 g/m2/day at 40 degrees C and 90% relative humidity. The film (4a) and coat layer (5b) are in surface contacting state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A solid secondary battery (1) consists of anode compound material containing an anode (10), a cathode (30) and a solid-electrolyte layer (20) comprising lithium phosphorus type sulfide solid electrolyte. The solid-electrolyte layer is clamped between the anode and the cathode. Preferred Component: The lithium phosphorus type sulfide solid electrolyte is lithium phosphorus type sulfide glass or lithium phosphorus type sulfide glass-ceramic. The cathode is lithium metal or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The recycled regeneration stream (8), before being supplied to the compressor (4), is used to form a balancing gas stream tangential to the permeate side surface of the membrane; and/or part of the non-recycled regeneration stream (9) is extracted and supplied to the filtration module (2) to form the balancing gas stream. The regeneration stage of stage (c) involves depressurizing to a low pressure (P4) (by cocurrent depressurization), eluting at the pressure P4 and repressurizing to the pressure P3. Specifically P1 is 15-120 (preferably 30-80) bars; P2 is 1.5-6 (preferably 2-4) bars; P3 is 20-60 bars; and P4 is 1.5-6 (preferably 3-6) bars. The starting gaseous mixture consists of H2-enriched natural gas, having H2 content not more than 30 (preferably not more than 10) vol. %. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen (H2), contained at 10 vol. % in natural gas circulating in a network under a pressure of 50 bars, was purified by membrane filtration (2) and pressure swing adsorption (3), with recycling of an adsorbent recycling stream to the compressor (4) between the filtration module and adsorption device, using a plant as shown in the first figure. Pure H2 was obtained in an overall yield of 25.5%, at an energy cost of 4.6% of the calorific value of the H2 (or 7.8% if the pressure reduction is taken into account).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode has two parallelly arranged perforated high-grade steel plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The device has electrolyte formed as polymer diaphragm from sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous structure comprises graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of polyol monomer (P1) is 7-85 mole %. The concentration of the polyurethane-based compound in the supported catalyst is 0.1-50 wt.%. The concentration of the polyol monomer including the polyol monomer that contains the phosphonyl group is 70-90 wt.% based on diisocyanate-based compound. The chain extender is ethylene diamine, and the concentration of the chain extender is 10-20 wt.% based on diisocyanate-based compound. The diisocyanate-based compound is isophorone diisocyanate or a diisocyanate-based monomer. The polyol monomer (P1) is a compound of formula (I).R1 and R2=1-20C alkyl;andc and d=1-4. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - ((Bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)-methyl)-phosphonic acid diethyl ester (II) is specifically claimed as polyol monomer (I).    EXAMPLE - A mixture (wt.%) of polytetramethylene ether glycol (72), isophorone diisocyanate (100), FYROL-6 (RTM: N,N-diethyl-2-hydroxyethyl aminoethyl phosphonate) (8), ethylene diamine (10) which is a chain extender, and water (300) was reacted at 60 degrees C to synthesize water-dispersible polyurethane (A1). For the preparation of cathode, PtCo/C (0.75 g) was added as a catalyst to N-methylpyrrolidine (NMP) (3.5 g) solvent, and the mixture was stirred for 2 minutes with a high-speed agitator. NMP (9.6 g) was added to a suspension of polyurethane-based compound (A1) (2 g), and then the mixture was stirred for 12 hours at 80 degrees C. The diluted solution was added to above mixture of PtCo/C and NMP and the mixture was further stirred for 2 minutes to prepare slurry. The slurry was coated by bar coating on carbon paper, and then the solvent was removed by drying for 1 hour at ambient temperature, then in an oven at 150 degrees C, and then cooled. The Pt load was about 1.402 mg/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gaseous diffusion electrode layer is formed by heating the slurry including carbon fiber, conductive polymer and thermosetting resin at or below 200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Each separator can be made of porous polyethylene, polyolefins e.g. polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, aramide, or non-woven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor powder is of formula: LinMn2-xO4, preferably Li1.33Mn1.67O4 or Li1.6Mn1.6O4, where n is 1-1.33, x is 0-0.33, and n is 1+x or less. The ion exchange type lithium adsorbent is formed using ion exchange type manganese oxide powder having spinel structure filled in the filter. The ion exchange type manganese oxide powder is of formula: HnMn2-xO4, preferably H1.33Mn1.67O4 or H1.6Mn1.6O4, where n is 1-1.33, x is 0-0.33, and n is 1+x or less. Preferred Process: The acid treatment of filter is carried out in an acid solution of 0.3-1 M for 3-5 times, for 22-24 hours each time. The ion exchange type manganese oxide is formed by acid-treating lithium-manganese oxide precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Filter: The filter is ultrafiltration filter, ceramic filter or narrow fabric filter, preferably ceramic filter made of alumina having pore size of 1-10 mu m or narrow fabric filter formed of narrow fabric prepared in plain fabric through a circular weaving machine using polyester warp and weft. The narrow fabric has fabric density of 20-25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The noble metal comprises platinum, palladium, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, silver, and/or rhodium. The non-noble alloy comprises cobalt, nickel, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), chromium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten (W), and/or iron (Fe). The metal silicide comprises a metal including Ti, Zr, and/or W. The metal silicide comprises titanium silicide. The support comprises 0.5-60 wt.% noble metal. The catalyzed Group IV-VI transition metal silicide is dispersed throughout the carbon to form a combined catalyzed silicide-carbon composition. Group 4-6 transition metal silicide is 15-50 wt.% of the total weight of the combined catalyzed silicide-carbon composition. The catalyst support further comprises 0.005-50% Group IV-VI transition metal oxide. Preferred Concentration: The ratio of transition metal to silicon in the Group IV-VI transition metal support is 0.01:99 (preferably 0.2-0.6). Preferred Property: The Group IV-VI transition metal oxide has an electrical resistivity of 0.01-10 ohm-cm, and a surface area of 5-600 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electrode including lithium, comprises carbon material. The insertion amount of lithium in the electrode is 50-100%. The hybrid capacitor consists of anode having activated carbon as active material, cathode including lithium and carbon material, separator and organic solution containing lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has intensity-ratio of the intensity of the peak appearing in 1360 cm-1 vicinity and intensity of the peak appearing in 1580 cm-1 vicinity of 0.5-1.5, which is calculated by laser-Raman spectrometry of excitation wavelength 532 nm. The carbon material has average particle diameter (D50%) of 5-30 mu m, true specific gravity of 1.5-2.2 g/cm3 and specific surface area of 0.1-20 m2/g as calculated from nitrogen adsorption measurement at 77 K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The usage amount of tertiary amine is 1-20 equivalent per 1 mol of platinum atoms in platinum ion by conversion of nitrogen amount. The mass ratio of platinum (metal equivalent amount) and porous material in the solvent during reaction is 20/80-80/20. The reduction reaction temperature is 15-100 degrees C and a reaction time is 15 minutes to 50 hours. Preferred Components: Alternately, bivalent platinum ion, and metal (complex) ion of gold, silver, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, rhenium, iridium, copper, chromium, manganese, iron, indium, molybdenum, tin, cobalt, nickel, zinc, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum and/or tungsten are reduced by the tertiary amine in the presence of porous material in a solvent, to obtain the metal-supporting porous material. The bivalent platinum ion is platinum complex ion of tetra-coordination. Preferably, the platinum complex ion is bivalent tetrachloroplatinum (II) acid ion. The solvent is water or aqueous medium. Preferred Material: The porous material is electroconductive carbon or ceramic material. The porous material has a BET specific surface area of 200-1500 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amine: The tertiary amine is aliphatic, aralkyl or alicyclic tertiary amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: A non-aqueous electrolytic battery has an anode, a cathode and the non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The battery non-aqueous electrolyte further contains an aprotic organic solvent. The ionic liquid is phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compound of formula: (NPR52)n.R5=halogen or monovalent substituent, or ionic substituent of formula: -N+R63X-, at least one R5 is fluorine;R6=H, or monovalent substituent, at least one R6 is H and mutually couples to form ring;X=monovalent anion;andn=3 or 4.Preferred Property: The content of ester compound is 0.1-5 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode compound material contains material selected from the group containing easily graphitized carbon material and graphite. The positive electrode contains vanadium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The lithium secondary battery has the anode containing an anode active material, an electroconductive agent containing carbon black (in wt.%) (21-43), graphite (21-36), and a binder (29-43) containing activated carbon. The content of polyvinylidene fluoride is 29-43 wt.%. The anode contains lithium complex oxide of formula (1): Li1+ alpha MnxM1yM2zO2, where M1 and M2 are cobalt, nickel, aluminum, boron, iron, magnesium and/or chromium, x+y+z=1, x is 0.2-0.6, y is 0.1-0.5, z is 0.05-0.5 and alpha is 0.01-0.3. Preferred Properties: The content of electroconductive agent is larger than the content of the binder. The lithium secondary battery has absolute value of the change ratio of cell voltage change in 20-30% DOD in 6C rate of 0.008V/DOD% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The activated carbon contains palm husk as a raw material. The cathode active material is carbonaceous material having carbon-net-surface interlayer of 0.39 nm or less. Preferred Component: The electroconductive agent contains carbon black and graphite. Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the activated carbon is 1700 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The electrolyte liquid is of formula (I, II, III or IV) or lithium boron complex formula (V).R1-R10= H, fluorine, chlorine, 1-3C alkyl or fluorinated alkyl.Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate or methyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The chambers are designed as process ring channels. The sealing fluid outlet (3.2) is connected to the process fluid inlet (1.11) by connecting pipes (14, 14.1, 14.2). One of these is fitted with a pressure-reducing valve (15). The membrane is a gas-tight, proton-permeable polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The structure has a crystallographic primitive unit cell. Atoms (M,M') are disordered in the structure. The compound (MM'3) is non-stoichiometric. Atoms (M and/or M') are partially substituted by other metal or non-metal atoms to the extent of 50 atom% or less. Atoms (M and/or M') form binary alloys when reacted with lithium. The cathode compound has face-centered-cubic- or pseudo face-centered-cubic structure. Preferred Composition: The electrode compound is present at a concentration of not less than 50 mol%, and is mixed, blended or intergrown with one or more additional metals, metal alloys, intermetallic compounds, non-metal elements or compounds. Preferred Compounds: Compound (MM'3) is lanthanum-tin compound (LaSn3), praseodymium-tin compound (PrSn3), neodymium-tin compound (NdSn3), lanthanum-indium compound (LaIn3), praseodymium-indium compound (PrIn3), and/or neodymium-indium compound (NdIn3), preferably LaSn3. The additional compound is of formula: M3M' with La3Sn-type structure.M,M'=metals, with M preferably being lithium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, lanthanum, praseodymium and/or neodymium, preferably lanthanum, and M' being indium, tin and/or antimony, preferably tin and/or indium.The intermetallic compounds are chosen from tin-containing compounds, preferably copper-tin compound (Cu6Sn5). The electrode compound further comprises lithium atoms within the interstitial spaces of MM'3 structure. Atoms (M and/or M') are partially or completely displaced by lithium. EXAMPLE - Metallic tin and metallic lanthanum were reacted at 500 degrees C under argon for 12 hours. The obtained product was ground by mechanical milling to an average particle size of less than 10 microns. X-ray diffraction pattern of the product confirmed that the product was lanthanum-tin intermetallic compound (LaSn3). The product contained reduced amount of impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder resin is a styrene-butadiene-based copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic precursor is silica, alumina, magnesia, oxides of transition metals, oxides of rare earths, mixed oxides including perovskites and spinels, phosphates including borophosphonates, aluminophosphates, silicophosphates, sulfides, or other nanolamellar materials which can be synthesized by supermolecular assembly.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The polymer comprises a compatibilizer, preferably maleic acid, (meth)acrylic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, itaconic acid, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, monomethyl maleate, monoethyl maleate, or glycidol methacrylate diethyl maleate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The synthesized lamellar nanoparticles are made of an ionic or non-ionic surfactant and an inorganic precursor. The surfactant may be compatible or miscible with the polymer matrix. The non-ionic surfactant is alkyl amine-type or a sequenced copolymer type. The polymer is a thermoplastic polymer, a thermosetting polymer or an elastomer. The polymer matrix may be single phase or multiphase. EXAMPLE - A specific polymer nanocomposite was made by a mixture of lamellar mesostructured silica and maleic anhydride modified polypropylene. The polymer was made of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride moieties. The polymer nanocomposite showed a well exfoliated structure consisting of silica nanolamellae completely delaminated and individually dispersed in the polymer matrix.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reversible porosity-controlling agent comprises a super-absorbing polymer. The super-absorbing polymer comprises an alkali metal salt (e.g. sodium salt) of a crosslinked polyacrylic acid. The microporous matrix comprises a polyolefin material, optionally including cured rubber and precipitated silica fillers; a fiberglass web impregnated with cured natural rubber and a filler; or a non-woven fiberglass material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The moldable material is made of polyethylene and an ethylene vinyl acetate terpolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The turbo compressor has a bearing coated with polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer layers are poly-para-xylylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium complex oxide has specific surface area of 0.2-3 m2/g. Preferred Materials: The lithium complex oxide contains lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide as lithium raw material. Lithium complex oxide contains hydroxide or carbonate of nickel, cobalt and manganese with same ratio of nickel, cobalt and manganese. Preferred Method: The raw materials are mixed and baked at 700-1050 degrees C to produce lithium complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Dry air is cooled to liquefying direct previous temperature, liquefied and distilled. Pure liquid oxygen having oxygen content of 99% is obtained. Pure liquid oxygen is vaporized and pure gaseous oxygen is obtained. Nitrogen of suction air is substituted with argon (1%) to obtain pure gaseous oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A desulfurizer has a container including desulfurizing agent in an accommodation space, heater for heating the desulfurizing agent and control unit for controlling the heating temperature of desulfurizing agent according to the desulfurization period of desulfurizing agent. The fuel gas generation apparatus includes desulfurizer (120), raw-material supply unit (110) for supplying hydrocarbon raw material in container of desulfurizing apparatus, vaporizer (130) for vaporizing hydrocarbon raw-material to source gas, and reformer (140) for generating fuel gas having hydrogen as main component by modifying the source gas. A fuel-cell system (100) includes fuel gas formation apparatus, oxygen-containing gas supply unit (150) and fuel cell (170).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizing agent is a metal containing nickel as main component or metal chosen from nickel and silver, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and/or lanthanoid type rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon raw material is liquid fuel (111A) chosen from naphtha, kerosene oil and/or light oil. Preferred Process: The temperature at which desulfurization of hydrocarbon raw material is completed by desulfurizing agent, is 200-270 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The porous modification catalyst layer is flat layer. The outer peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer has a fuel flow path having circular, elliptical, rectangular or polygonal cross-sectional shape, in inner region of barrier layer. The modifier integrated fuel cell further has an oxidizing agent gas flow path on inner peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer. Preferred Device: The modifier integrated fuel cell has two or more adjacent electricity generating components electrically interconnected in series by interconnector, on electrically insulating porous substrate pipe. The electrically generating component has the layered structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The constituent material of porous modification catalyst material is nickel as main constituent, and mixture of stabilized zirconia, porous ceramics and porous cermet. The constituent material of barrier layer is stabilized zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, zirconia, alumina and magnesia. The constituent material of hydrogen separation and anode material is multilayer film comprising palladium film, palladium alloy film, vanadium, niobium or tantalum film, group V metal film and group V metal alloy film. The constituent material of electrolyte layer contains a pervoskite compound having the compositional formula: A'B'O3.A'=barium, strontium or calcium;andB'=cerium or zirconium optionally substituted by rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate as lithium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of non-aqueous electrolyte further involves measuring of specific gravity, moisture content and free acid content. Preferred Material: A lithium secondary battery comprises cathode, anode and the non-aqueous electrolyte. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 35 aryl-alkyl group containing oxidation-decomposition preventing compounds such as toluene, o-xylene, p-xylene, ethylbenzene and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene of formula (2) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (In g) lithium-cobalt-oxide (200), acetylene black (10), copolymer of 2-ethylhexylacrylate, acrylic acid and acrylonitrile (8), 2 weight% of aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose (60) and water (50) were mixed, to obtain anode-mix paste. The obtained anode-mix paste was coated on both surfaces of aluminum foil having thickness of 30 mu m, dried and press-molded, to obtain anode sheet. Tin-germanium-boron-phosphorous-magnesium-potassium-oxide (SnGe0.1B0.5P0.58Mg0.1K0.1O3.35) (200), 2 weight% of aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose (50), polyvinylidene fluoride (10) and water (30) were mixed, to obtain cathode-mix paste. The obtained cathode- mix paste was coated on copper foil having thickness of 20 mu m, dried and press-molded, to obtain cathode sheet. Diethylcarbonate (65.3) was added to a polypropylene container. Then, ethylene carbonate (22.2) was added little by little at liquid temperature of less than 30 degrees C. Then, lithiumtetrafluoroborate (0.4) and lithiumhexafluorophosphate (12.1) were added to the reaction mixture, to obtain electrolyte solution. The obtained electrolyte solution had specific gravity of 1.135, moisture content of 18 ppm and free acid content of 24 ppm. A cylindrical battery was assembled using the obtained cathode sheet, obtained anode sheet, prepared electrolyte solution, and microporous polypropylene film as separator. The obtained battery had excellent capacitance and cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton conductive group has sulfonic acid group. Preferred Property: The open circuit electrical potential of single cell of direct methanol fuel cell having membrane electrode assembly is 0-0.02 V/(mol/l) with increase of methanol concentration.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: A proton conductive group is introduced into a polymer film containing high molecular compound having aromatic unit and high molecular compound does not having aromatic unit, and electrolyte membrane is formed. The high molecular compound having aromatic unit is polystyrene, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyphenylene ether, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide or their derivative. The high molecular compound does not containing aromatic unit is of formula: -(CX1X2-CX3X4)-, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene or their derivative.X1-X4=H, CH3, chlorine, fluorine, OCOCH3, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or OC4H9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst for hydrocarbon modification reaction, is obtained by reducing hydrotalcite-like layered compound, baking and supporting noble metal component. Preferred Composition: The noble metal elements are rhodium and/or ruthenium. The oxygen-containing gas is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The catalyst metal contains platinum and ruthenium. Preferred Powder: The support powder is carbonaceous powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-chlorine type compound is metal ammine complex, dinitro diammine acid salt, phosphinic acid salt, ammine hydroxide, nitrate, acetate and/or acetyl acetonate complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The foreign material is selected from the group consists of nickel, copper, stainless steel, iron and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate is nanotube, nanofiber or nanowires, preferably one-dimensional carbon nanotube. Preferred Process: The surface-modified carbon-containing substrate is patterned by crystallizing polymer at nucleation sites located on the surface-modified carbon-containing substrate and orienting crystals formed by polymer crystallization. The patterning process comprises forming and uniformly orienting single-crystal rods having axis substantially perpendicular to an axis of one-dimensional carbon-containing substrate. The physical vapor deposition is carried out by controlling an environmental factor such as vacuum pressure or heating temperature, to produce a substantially periodic pattern. The patterning process further comprises removing portion of polymeric material by etching, solvent dissolution or heating, and covalently bonding a compound to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate to inhibit localized polymeric crystallization. The physical vapor deposition is performed at room temperature, without using a solvent. Preferred Properties: The single-crystal rods have interval periodicity of 24-55 nm, preferably 23-42.5 nm, more preferably 30-40 nm. Preferred Material: A centipede-shaped or necklace-shaped nanohybrid material comprises crystal attached to the carbon-containing substrate, the crystals are formed by physical vapor deposition. The crystals are periodically located along an axis of the carbon-containing substrate. The crystals have an axis oriented substantially to the axis of the carbon-containing substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon 6, 6, polyethylene oxide or poly(phenylene sulfide). The polymeric material is oriented parallel to a surface of the carbon-containing substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An ultrasonic wave is irradiated to the dispersion liquid containing support and solvent, and is irradiated at least to catalyst component, support and electrode catalyst dispersion liquid. The catalyst support and polymeric electrolytic solution are immersed in solvent to obtain catalyst ink, and ultrasonic wave is irradiated to the catalyst ink. Preferred Property: The mean diameter of pore of support is 5 nm or less. The frequency of ultrasonic wave is 20-1000 kHz, preferably 100-500 kHz. The ultrasonic wave is irradiated for 30 minutes or more. The percentage reduction with a pore capacitance of 5 nm or less of support after 2 wt.% of catalyst support with respect to before catalyst support is 5-15%. Preferred Components: The solvent is water and/or alcohol, and surfactant. The support is carbon black. Preferred Device: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell has electrode catalyst, cathode, anode and polymer electrolyte membrane. EXAMPLE - Carbon black powder (0.585 g) was dissolved in water to form solution (1), and then hexahydrate chloroplatinic acid and propanol were dissolved in solution (1). Then, oxygen gas and argon was bubbled into the liquid, and ultrasonic wave having frequency of 200 kHz was irradiated into the solution. Then the resulting solution was filtered, dried and pulverized to obtain platinum/carbon powder catalyst. Then, obtained catalyst powder, ethanol, nafion, propylene glycol and ion exchange water were mixed to obtain catalyst ink. The obtained ink was coated, and dried and hot pressed to obtain membrane electrode assembly. The cell was formed using the obtained membrane electrode assembly. The obtained cell had excellent battery performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen atom bonded with aromatic ring in the principal chain has halogenated aromatic ring substituted by halogen atom. The side chain has bonded with halogenated aromatic ring of formula (II).Rf1,Rf2=8C or less fluorine-containing alkyl group;a,b=0-3;andn=0-2.The principal chain contains reactive halogen atom and phenolic hydroxyl group of formula: Rf-CH2-OH.Rf=same as above defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode material contains elements selected from zirconium (Zr), cerium (Ce), magnesium (Mg), scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), yttrium (Y), calcium (Ca), gadolinium (Gd), samarium (Sm), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), strontium (Sr), gallium (Ga), bismuth (Bi), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), potassium (K), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), tantalum (Ta) and vanadium (V). The porous support unit is made of oxide for collectors containing several elements of insulating oxide or chromium (Cr), etc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gelatinizer is an organic compound selected from agar, agarose, carrageenan, xanthan gum and gelatin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quatemary fluoroborate onium salt can be ethylmethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate or 1-alkyl-3 methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The foam is a two-part polyurethane and closed cell foam. It is low density (i.e. greater than or equal to 0.5 lb/feet3) foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The system has secondary exhaust containing trapped nitrogen gas from the anode side, and the differential pressure sensor controls flow rate of bleed valve to vent trapped nitrogen gas to remove excess nitrogen gas from the anode of fuel cell system. The differential pressure sensor is based on a model in electronic control module. The model is calculation of primary exhaust-gas content based on operating conditions of fuel cell system. The fluid connection between cathode outlet and inlet has length determined for reducing water freezing effect. The fuel cell system integrated with vehicle component has plurality of fuel cells and configured as pairs in stack arranged as adjacent segments separated by separator segment. The separator segment forms contiguous structural connection between each pair of two fuel cell segments. The system further contains catalyst in close association with proton exchange membrane to permit hydrogen or hydrogen containing gas to react with oxygen or oxygen containing gas at relatively low temperature. The fuel cell system has temperature in the range of 60-80degrees C. The system design has plurality of membranes to separate water from anode exhaust gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The water separation membrane comprises polymer of monomer poly, sulfonic acid and poly (perfluorosulfonic) acid, preferably copolymer of poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid. The gas at anode inlet is hydrogen. The oxygen containing gas at the cathode inlet is ambient air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The electrolytic polymerization process is performed in presence of an anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total amount of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal in amorphous carbon powder is 100 wt.ppm or less. Preferred Definitions:    R'=hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonate-ester type solvent comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and ethyl-methyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode component is platinum. The hydrogen-storage material is palladium or palladium group alloy having average particle diameter of 2-50 nm. The content of palladium in the hydrogen-storage material is 10-80 atomic% with respect to catalyst component. The electroconductive support contains carbon material as main component. Preferred Property: The particles of catalyst component are granular form and has average particle diameter of 2-50 nm. The hydrogen-storage material discharge hydrogen at 0-1 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used in the catalyst layer ink is pure water, 3C or less alcohol and organic solvent having volume point of 100-230degrees C. The organic solvent having boiling point of 100-230degrees C is 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, cyclohexanol, 2-methyl cyclohexanol, acetic acid, propionic acid and/or butanoic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electrode further has high polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic matrix has carbon, fluorine, oxygen, hydrogen and silicon. The structure in the matrix is silicon-silicon, silicon-oxygen-silicon, silicon-oxygen-carbon and silicon-carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: A reformer (5) produces the anode waste gas from a hydrogen-containing fuel. A fuel valve arrangement (25) distributes a common fuel stream to the starting burner and to the reformer. A starting burner valve arrangement distributes a starting burner waste gas stream to the main burner and to the reformer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The battery monitoring device has communication interface that conforms to Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The curable silicone composition is extruded through nozzle or die. The cross-linking material supplied to roller.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesion promoter (C) contains an organosilicon compound. The organosilicon compound contains silicon-bonded hydrolyzable group in a molecule, and silicon-bonded alkenyl group and/or silicon-bonded epoxy group-containing monovalent organic group. The organosilicon compound is chosen from organosilane, organopolysiloxane and/or silatrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The curable silicone composition is cured by hydrosilylation reaction. The molded product is obtained by bonding substrate. Preferred Composition: The curable silicone composition contains organopolysiloxane (A) having silicon-bonded alkenyl groups in a molecule, organopolysiloxane (B) having silicon-bonded hydrogen atoms in a molecule, adhesion promoter (C), and a hydrosilylation catalyst (D). The component is a film or sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation may be (CH3)(C2H5)2HN+, (C2H5)H2S+, (C2H5)H3N+, or compound of formula (18) or (19). The electrolyte membrane contains two types of ionic conductors different from each other. One of the ionic conductors has high oxygen reduction activity and the other ionic conductor has high hydrogen oxidation activity. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte membrane contains greater than or equal to 50 mol% ionic conductor having high oxygen reduction activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition element is vanadium, titanium, iron, nickel, cobalt or manganese. The metal fluoride is iron fluoride, vanadium fluoride, titanium fluoride, cobalt fluoride, or manganese fluoride. The cathode of a non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery obtained using the anode active material contains a carbonaceous material. The cathode active material is lithium or sodium. Preferred Process: The obtained metal fluoride compound is coated with carbon in an inert-gas atmosphere, by mixing and mechanically dry-grinding the metal fluoride compound and a carbonaceous material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal hydroxide is mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Preferred Method: Alternately, phenol derivative (1) is carbonized in inert gas atmosphere and mixed with alkali metal hydroxide. The mixture is heated and activated in inert gas atmosphere to obtain activated carbon. Preferred Definitions:    R'=hydrogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent (D) has average pore diameter of 1.5-2 nm. Preferred Condition: The adsorption pressure during adsorption process is 0.5-4 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon group raw material comprises gas or liquid chosen from town gas containing natural gas, propane, butane, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, methanol, ethanol and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous film of filter comprises polypropylene. The valve comprises ethylene propylene rubber or isoprene isobutylene rubber. The terminal board and filter are joined by heat-fused polypropylene. The filter and washer are joined by heat-fused polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alkalic metal is one selected from a group comprising potassium (K),cesium(Cs) and lithium(Li). The first conductive material is a material having a mixture ratio of 100-500 grams conductive particles to 1000 milliliter transparent paint solution. The conductive particles are mixed particles of silver particles and graphite particles having 1: 1-4 weight percent ratio, and the transparent paint solution is a mixed solution of a varnish and a solvent having 1:19-49 volume percent ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The electrolyte film contains an aromatic-hydrocarbon group polymer, and the ion-exchangeable polymer is a fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The energy storage system comprises a heat transfer fluid that includes poly ionic liquid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst includes noble metal selected from the group consisting of rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), Iridium (Ir), etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Proton-conductive substance is selected from the group consisting of a Nafion(RTM: DuPont's trademark of sulfonated tetrafluorethylene polymer) solvent and a perfluorosulfonate-based chemical compound. Water repellent is a fluoride-based resin and at least one selected from the group consisting of a group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene and vinylidene polyfluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material is a lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing Ni, Co and Mn, such as Li(Ni0.4Co0.3Mn0.3)0.995Zr0.05O2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium salt which has oxalate complex as the anion is lithium-bis(oxalate) borate (Li(B(C2O4)2)), difluoro(oxalate) lithium borate or tetrafluoro(oxalate) lithium phosphate. At least one of vinylene carbonate (preferred) and vinyl ethylene carbonate is mixed to the non-aqueous solvent of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The first and second current collectors comprise aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additive is selected from ferrous sulfate (FeS2), ferrous sulfide (FeS), copper oxide (CuO), copper oxyphosphate (Cu4O(PO4)2), molybdenum oxide (MoO2) and/or tungsten oxide (WO2). The first active component of the first electrode comprises at least one of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2), and lithium iron oxide (LiFePO4). The second active component of the second electrode comprises lithium titanate spinel (Li4Ti5O12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF) and/or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The unipolar plates are stamped metal plates such as stainless steel plates or composite plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cooling fluid comprises water-glycol mixture. The cooling fluid includes an additive selected from ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, ammonia and salt solutions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pervaporation membrane is a composite membrane containing a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol active layer on a polyethersulfone support membrane; or an ionically surface cross-linked chitosan composite membrane. The pervaporation membrane is selected from a membrane material containing a cross-linked poly-vinyl alcohol, polyacrylamides, polyacrylonitriles, chitosans, polysulfones, alginate, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alloy of platinum, ruthenium and molybdenum, is formed by heat processing platinum, ruthenium and molybdenum compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel in the fuel cell contains ethanol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The adhesive layer is made of chromium or titanium layer. The low melting point metallic material is made of bismuth, palladium, indium, tin or cadmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The surface of negative electrode pattern and positive electrode pattern are covered with gold (Au) or silver (Ag) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The positive and negative electrode terminals are formed of aluminium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid-electrolyte layer contains lithium, phosphorus and sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The all-solid battery element is covered with exterior material consisting of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode of secondary battery is made of graphite or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fluorine resin sheet is a polytetrefluoroethylene sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium metal complex oxide is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2.M=Mn, V, Mg, Mo, Nb, Ti and Al;x=0.10-0.21;y=0-0.08;andz=0.97-1.10.Preferred Properties: The pH of the slurry is 9. The concentration of the slurry is 1000-2500 g/L. The atom-number of cobalt contained in the cobalt salt with respect to sum total atom-number of nickel, cobalt and metal (M), is 0.5-1.5 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: A secondary battery (1) has a solid-electrolyte layer (20) clamped between anode (10) and cathode (30). The anode consists of anode compound material including anode active material and solid electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The solid electrolyte is chosen from lithium-phosphorus type sulfide solid electrolyte, lithium-silicon type sulfide solid electrolyte, lithium-boron type sulfur solid electrolyte and/or lithium-germanium type sulfide solid electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The M of MN-type crystal structure is iron, chromium, nickel and/or molybdenum and N is nitrogen atom. A nitrogen atom is arranged at the octahedron space of face centered cubic lattice formed with transition metal atom of M4N-type crystal structure. Preferred Properties: The layer (I) of hydrogen pole separator has thickness of 20 nm or less. Preferred Layer: The layer (I) of oxygen electrode separator has precipitate protruding from the surface portion of layer (I) of oxygen electrode separator. The height of precipitate from the surface of layer (I) of oxygen electrode separator is 10-400 nm. The layer (II) of hydrogen pole separator and layer (II) of oxygen electrode separator have complex tissue with laminated M2-3N-type crystal structure and M4N-type crystal structure formed into a matrix. The interlayer distance of M2-3N-type crystal structure is 10-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of chromium and iron in layer (I) of hydrogen pole separator is more than the atomic ratio of chromium and iron in layer (II) of hydrogen pole separator and base layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The whisker is chosen from carbon, potassium titanate, titanium carbide, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin dioxide and/or indium oxide. The collector is chosen from gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, copper, iron, chromium, nickel and/or titanium. The active material is chosen from lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, salt of lithium-iron phosphoric acid, lithium titanate, graphite and/or hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The rotor is made of stainless steel such as SUS316.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal hydroxide (a) has average particle diameter of 0.1-10 mu m and weight reduction percentage of 20-40 wt.% at 300degrees C. Preferred Ion: The metal ion impurity in metal hydroxide (a) is lithium ion, sodium ion, potassium ion, rubidium ion, cesium ion, francium ion, beryllium ion, calcium ion, strontium ion, barium ion, zinc ion, tin ion and/or lead ion. Preferred Compound: The metal hydroxide (a) is magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, gallium hydroxide and/or zirconium hydroxide. The inorganic filler (c) is metal oxide, preferably fused silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulation resin composition further comprises inorganic filler (c) other than metal hydroxide. The content of metal hydroxide (a) in the resin composition is 1-50 wt.%. Preferred Property: The weight reduction percentage of insulation resin composition at 300degrees C is 15% or less. Preferred Material: The fiber base material used in formation of prepreg is glass fiber or organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The electrolyte film has crosslinking dose of 100-500 kGy. EXAMPLE - Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene film having thickness of 50 mu m, was irradiated with electron beam at 30degrees C, and immersed in styrene. The resulting film was heated at 70degrees C for 90 minutes, graft polymerized, and sulfone group is introduced by immersing in dichloro ethane solution (35 weight%) of chlorosulfonic acid at 30degrees C for 1 hour to obtain electrolyte film having graft ratio of 32%, ion exchange capacitance of 1.8 meq/g, electroconductivity 0.09 (Omega .cm)-1, oxidation resistance of 99%, and strength of 7.8 MPa at 70degrees C and relative humidity of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The membrane electrode assembly has a flow-path layer containing semiconductor material or conductive material formed on the electrode. A collector layer is further formed on the surface of the flow-path layer. Preferred Material: The semiconductor material is silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The electrolyte film is immersed in isopropanol aqueous solution, preferably methanol at 25degrees C for 1 hour at immersion area change rate of 25% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode contains gas-adsorption material such as carbon (C) as main component constituent. The collector is made of stainless steel which has iron (Fe) as main component alloyed with chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). The negative electrode active material contains carbon or a lithium-transition metal composite oxide and the positive electrode active material contains a lithium-transition metal composite oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The aromatic polymer has an oxygen atom-containing structural unit of formulae (1-4).X=-S(=O)2- or -C(=O)-;Y'=H or monovalent cation;Z1,Z3,Z5,Z6=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;Z2,Z4=oxygen atom, sulfur atom, -C(CH3)2-, -C(CF3)2-, -CH2-, or cyclohexyl group;Ar1=bivalent aromatic group;andn,o=1 or more. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=group chosen from molecular structure of formulae (5-8);    Z1-Z4=oxygen atom;and    n,o=3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Unit: The polymer further contains phenoxy-containing structural unit of formula (7).Ar4=Ar2;andn=2 or more.The mol% (n1) of structural unit (1) when Ar1 is group of formula (3), mol% (n2) of structural unit (1) when Ar1 is group of formula (4), mol% (n3) of structural unit (5), mol% (n4) of structural unit (6), and mol% (n5) of other structural units satisfy the relationships given by, (n1+n2+n3+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4+n5) = 0.9-1, (n1+n2)/(n1+n2+n3+n4) = 0.05-0.7, and (n2+n4)/(n1+n2+n3+n4) = 0.01-0.95. In the polymer, portion(s) of monomer component is a terminal dihydroxy compound of formula (12).n=0 or more, preferably greater than 1 and 10 or less.Preferred Property: The polyelectrolyte composition has an ion-exchange capacity of 0.3-5 meq/g. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2,Ar3=group of formula (8, 9, 10 or 11);and    Z2,Z5=sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The sulfonic acid group-containing polymer further has structural unit of formula (7). Portion(s) of monomer component contained in sulfonic acid group-containing polymer is terminal hydroxy compound of formula (12).Ar4=bivalent aromatic group;m=more than 1 and 10 or less;andn=2 or more.Preferred Composition: The ratio of sum of structural units (n1-n4) and sum of structural units (n1-n5) is 0.9-1. The ratio of sum of structural units (n1,n2) and sum of structural units (n1-n4) is 0.05-0.7. The ratio of sum of structural units (n2,n4) and sum of structural units (n1-n4) is 0.01-0.95, where n1 is mol% of structural unit (1), when Ar1 is structural unit of formula (3), n2 is mol% of structural unit (1), when Ar1 is structural unit of formula (4), n3 is mol% of structural unit (5), n4 is mol% of structural unit (6), and n5 is mol% of other structural units. Preferred Property: The polymer electrolyte membrane has ion exchange capacity of 0.3-5 meq/g. The polymer electrolyte membrane has 3 or more layers, in which ion-exchange capacity of outermost layer(s) is larger than that of inner layer. Preferred Definitions:    Ar2,Ar3=bivalent aromatic group of formulae (8-11);and    Z2,Z5=sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode of secondary battery is made of complex oxide containing lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fiber: The titanic acid fiber is tetratitanic acid fiber, and has average fiber diameter of 0.01-1 mu m and mean fiber length of 1-50 mu m. The titanic acid fiber is contained in an amount of 0.1-10 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte is hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte. The hydrocarbon type polymer electrolyte comprises aromatic polymer and sulfonic acid group, and is preferably polyarylene ether type compound, polyarylene sulfide type compound, polyarylene type compound, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfide sulfone or polyether ketone type polymer. The hydrocarbon type polymer has aromatic group-containing repeating unit of formula (1) or of formula (2): -(Ar1-Z1-Ar-Z1)-.X=-S(=O)2 or -C(=O)-;Y'=H or monovalent cation;Ar1=aromatic group having electron attractive group;Z1=oxygen or sulfur;andAr=bivalent aromatic or aliphatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A fuel reformer (10A) has fuel modification-catalyst apparatus (13) which modifies raw material and mineral fuel (11) of the hydrocarbon type fuel cell to reformed gas (12), carbon monoxide-transformation apparatus (15) which transfers carbon monoxide generated in fuel modification-catalyst apparatus using carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst, air supply line (18) which supplies air, and carbon monoxide removal apparatus (17) which removes carbon monoxide into fuel gas (16).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The active ingredient is copper, cobalt, chromium, iron and/or nickel. Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst further contains a co-catalyst that improves transformation of carbon monoxide to active ingredient. The co-catalyst is zinc oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum dioxide and/or titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The alumina spinel structure has pore diameter of 4-15 nm, and specific surface area of 60-150 m2/g. The content of co-catalyst is 0.5-10 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolyte solution impregnated into the carbon electrode and the separator consists of sulfuric-acid electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous-solvent organic electrolyte containing tetrafluoride boron tetraethylammonium electrolyte in propylene-carbonate solvent is used as the electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder of carbon electrode consists of the tetrafluoride polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acetate derivative is chosen from acetic anhydride, 2-methoxyethyl acetate, phenyl acetate, isopropyl acetate and cyclohexyl acetate. The quaternary ammonium salt is a spiro-compound salt of formula (2).m,n=3-7;andX-=anion.Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 0.01-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The additive is cyclic sulfite derivative of formula (2). The quaternary ammonium salt is a spiro-compound salt of formula (3).R3,R4=organic group;m,n=3-7;andX-=anion.Preferred Composition: The content of additive is 0.01-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of solvent and 5-40C aliphatic hydrocarbon in ceramic green sheet is 99:1-70:30. Preferred Composition: The printing paste contains solvent (in weight parts) (50-240), and organic binder (2.5-16) with respect to ceramic powder (100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The rare-earth oxide is cerium oxide. Preferred Property: The diameter of average aggregated grain of inorganic particles is 1 mu m or less. Preferred Process: The polyolefin microporous film is obtained by phase-separating method using the polyolefin resin composition. The polyolefin microporous film is made into porous by phase-separation of plasticizer and polyolefin. A non-aqueous secondary battery formed using the polyolefin microporous film contains lithium fluoride compound as an electrolyte. Preferred Condition: The inorganic particles, polyolefin, and plasticizer are melt-kneaded under the condition of formula: 0.6less than or equal to plasticizer mass/(plasticizer oil absorption amountx inorganic particles massx plasticizer density)x 100less than or equal to 1.2, where the unit of plasticizer mass and inorganic particles mass is g, the unit of plasticizer oil absorption amount is ml/100 g, and the unit of plasticizer density is g/cm3. EXAMPLE - High density polyethylene (in wt.%) (29.7) having density of 0.95, and viscosity average molecular weight of 250000, dioctyl phthalate (40), tetrakis-(methylene-(3',5'-di-t-butyl 4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)methane (0.3), cerium oxide (20) having oil absorption amount of 200 ml/100 g, and a plasticizer were added and mixed. Further, dioctyl phthalate (10) was added to resulting mixture at 200degrees C, cooled at 25degrees C, and molded to obtain a sheet. The obtained sheet was extended at 120degrees C, and immersed in methylene-chloride. The sheet was dried, and heat-processed at 130degrees C, to obtain a polyolefin microporous film. The obtained polyolefin microporous film had thickness of 20 mu m, air permeability of 120 seconds based on JISP-8117, puncture strength of 540 gf, and high temperature storing-characteristics of 92%. A battery formed using the obtained microporous film had excellent long-term reliability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The transition-metal oxide excluding lithium is transition-metal oxide containing transition metal chosen from nickel, cobalt and/or manganese, and nickel oxide and/or manganese oxide. EXAMPLE - Anode active material containing lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-zirconium-oxide (Li(Ni0.4Co0.3Mn0.3)0.995Zr0.005O2) as transition-metal oxide containing lithium, and nickel oxide as transition-metal oxide excluding lithium were mixed in the weight ratio of 9:1. Then, carbon material of electroconductive agent, binder containing polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone solution, were mixed in the weight ratio of 90:5:5, to form anode-mix slurry. The obtained anode-mix slurry was coated on an aluminum-foil collector and dried, to obtain anode. The obtained anode was used for working electrode. Then, a solvent containing ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate was mixed in the volume ratio of 3:7, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. Then, lithium hexafluoro phosphate (1 mol/l) was dissolved as a solute, and metal lithium was used for counter electrode and reference pole respectively. The obtained non-aqueous electrolyte, working electrode containing anode, counter electrode and reference pole, were accommodated in a test cell, to obtain non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery. The obtained non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery had discharge output of 2.18 mW and regeneration output of 3.67 mW, and high output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The nickel-hydrogen secondary battery has anode (12), cathode (11) and alkali electrolyte solution. The cathode is formed using hydrogen absorbing alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main phase of hydrogen absorbing alloy consists of rhombic structure or tetragonal crystal structure. The main phase consists of RTSi3 type intermetallic compound. The average grain size of hydrogen absorbing alloy is 10 nm-10 mu m. Alternately, the intermetallic compound is of formula (2): (R1-a-bAaDd)TxSiyMzZ(~a)X(~b), where R is rare earth element(s) including yttrium, A is element(s) chosen from titanium, zirconium and hafnium, D is element(s) chosen from magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, T is element(s) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper and chromium, M is element(s) chosen from vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten, Z is element(s) chosen from tin, aluminum, antimony and indium, X is element(s) chosen from boron, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, a is 0-0.3, x is 0.5-1.2, y is 2.7-3.2, z,b,alpha are 0-0.5, a+b is more than 0 to 0.5, and beta is 0-1, all are in atomic ratio. Preferred Property: The face distance of strongest diffraction peak of hydrogen absorbing alloy exists at 2.75-2.90 Angstrom according to X-ray diffraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The melting temperature of the heat resisting material is measured in accordance with JISK7121 specification.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat resisting material is made of polyimide or polyphenylene sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The alkaline storage battery has anode (12), cathode (11) including hydrogen absorbing alloy as active material, separator (13), and alkali electrolyte solution in an armored can (17).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of cerium-nickel (Ce2Ni7) type structure and cerium-cobalt (Ce5Co19) type structure in the hydrogen absorbing alloy, is 15 or less. The hydrogen absorbing alloy further includes lanthanum-nickel (LaNi5) type structure (15% or less). Preferred Process: The hydrogen absorbing alloy of formula, (R1-~aNd~a)1-~bMg~bNi~i-~c-~dAl~cM~d, is heat-processed at a temperature 30-60degrees C lower than the melting temperature of hydrogen absorbing alloy, to obtain hydrogen absorbing alloy containing cerium-nickel type structure and cerium-cobalt type structure.R=element chosen from rare earth element and 4 group element excluding neodymium;M=nickel, or element chosen from 5-13 group elements excluding aluminum;andalpha ,beta ,gamma ,delta ,epsilon =not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon-monoxide adsorption agent consists of micro particles of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, gold and/or nickel, activated carbon, silica, alumina, or zeolite. The carbon-dioxide adsorption agent consists of activated carbon, alumina, silica, zeolite, amine compound, silane compound, diatomaceous earth, silicic rock, or magnesium, calcium, magnesium, lanthanum or their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The epoxy resin has epoxy equivalent of 600-2200. The silicone oil-processed hydrophobic silica particles have primary average particle diameter of 1-100 nm Preferred Composition: The equivalence ratio of epoxy resin and dicyandiamide or its derivatives are 0.2-1. The equivalence ratio of epoxy resin and hydrazide compound is 0.6-1.6. The content of vinyl silanized hydrophobic silica particles are 0.1-1 wt.% with respect to total content of epoxy-resin powder coating. The content of silicone oil processed hydrophobic silica particles are 0.05-0.5 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Epicoat 1055 (RTM: bisphenol-A epoxy resin having number average molecular weight of 1600) (in wt.pts) (100), DICY7 (RTM: dicyandiamide) (1.5), ADH (RTM: adipic acid dihydrazide) (5), and 2PZ (RTM: 2-phenyl imidazole) (0.5) were added and blended for 20 minutes to obtain a reaction mixture. The obtained reaction mixture was pulverized and kneaded. Then, Nipsil S-515 (RTM: vinyl silanized hydrophobic silica particles) (0.6), and Nipsil SS-50 (RTM: silicone-oil processed hydrophobic silica particles) (0.5) were added and blended to obtain a powder coating having average particle size of 55 mu m. The epoxy-resin powder coating forms insulation film having excellent insulation property. The coating film having epoxy-resin powder coating had excellent mechanical characteristics, insulation property, adhesiveness and electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous-electrolyte electrical-double-layer capacitor contains anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of difluoro phosphoric acid ester compound and cyclic phosphazene compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte is 10/90-80/20. The content of aniline derivative in the non-aqueous electrolyte, is 0.01-0.5 mass%. The non-aqueous solvent further contains aprotic organic solvent. The total content of difluoro phosphoric acid ester compound and cyclic phosphazene compound in the non-aqueous electrolyte, is 30 volume% or more. Preferred Definitions:    R3=methyl;and    R1=at least 3 are fluorine.    EXAMPLE - 3-methyl-N,N-dimethyl aniline (0.1 mass%) was added to mixed solvent containing trifluoroethyl difluorophosphate (50 volume%) and tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (50 volume%), to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte having excellent flame retardance. An electrical-double layer capacitor comprising anode, cathode and non-aqueous electrolyte, was prepared. The capacitor had excellent low-temperature characteristics and cyclic characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric sheet is made of PTFE sheet. The sticker peripheral portion in exterior packing portion is made of polypropylene and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator comprises non-oven fabric and a porous film. The non-woven fabric comprises polyallylate, polyethylene terephthalate and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of fluorine-containing compound (I) in the non-aqueous solvent is 0.001-10 volume%. The non-aqueous electrolyte composition further contains cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond. A cathode capable of discharging lithium ion, an anode and the non-aqueous electrolyte composition are combined to obtain a battery. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-deca fluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl pentane were mixed in a capacitance ratio of 20:40:39:1. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was added to the mixture in a ratio of 1 mol/l, to obtain electrolyte solution. A battery was formed using the obtained electrolyte solution, an anode and a cathode. The obtained battery had excellent high-temperature storing characteristics and high capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal material of case is made of alloy which consists of iron, nickel, copper, chromium, aluminum, zinc, magnesium or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron conductive substance is silicon dioxide or carbon. The catalyst consists of a metal chosen from a group containing gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and iridium (Ir).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solid electrolyte consists of proton conductive polymer. The proton conductive polymer is a sulfone group-containing perfluorocarbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluorocarbon. The electrode consists of proton conductive substance such as sulfonic acid group-containing perfluorocarbon, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid material of separation layer comprises at least one oil selected from cottonseed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, perilla oil, safflower oil, rice bran oil, high oleic acid safflower oil and cottonseed stearin oil. The fuel comprises methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, ethylene, propylene, butylene and/or acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material of the board body is poly styrene, steel-polymer-steel, polyethersulfone, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, polysulphone, polypropylene, polyphenylsulfone, poly vinyl methyl oxazolidinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive connection plate is made of copper-based material in the form of copper or copper alloy e.g. oxygen free copper, brass, phosphorus bronze. The corrosion-preventing coating layer of the plate is made of tin-based material in the form of tin or tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The hydrogen-storage material contains magnesium and tin as particles. The content of tin with respect to sum total of magnesium and tin is 1-40 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, zinc, aluminum and boron. The metal hydride comprises alkali metal hydrides, alkaline-earth metal hydrides, zinc hydride, aluminum hydride, metal borohydrides, magnesium hydride and complex metal hydride. The metal borohydrides comprises barium borohydrides, lithium borohydride, aluminum borohydride, titanium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, sodium valate borohydride, calcium borohydride and sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silver paste layer contains a metal selected from the eleventh group elements of periodic table and palladium paste layer contains a metal selected from tenth group elements of periodic table.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive material is composed of at least one of a carbon material selected from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black and carbon nanotubes. The electrically conductive oxide is at least one of the vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide and tungsten oxide. The electrically conductive ceramic in electrode is at least one of titanium carbide and titanium nitride. The metal oxide base compound is a compound containing at least one of a cobalt base oxide, nickel base oxide, manganese base oxide, and an iron olivinate base oxide or a complex in a metal oxide base compound which is capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions. The radical compound of electrode is at least one of compound having an oxy radical, and a compound having nitrogen radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal-displaced lithium-titanium oxide has a crystal system of a space group represented by Pnma. Preferred Property: The negative electrode active material has an average particle size of less than or equal to 1 mu m. Preferred Definitions:    x, y=greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2, preferably greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5.    EXAMPLE - Materials were lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) or niobium pentoxide (Nb2O4), which were blended at an element ratio Li:Ti:M-v of 1.9:2.9:0.1, that is, x=0.1, y=0.1, and mixed for 1 hour in a ball mill. At this time, by adding Li2CO3, about 5% more than the element ratio, the loss by baking process was compensated. In a muffle electric furnace, the materials were calcined in atmosphere, for 2 hours at 650degrees C, and for 12 hours at 800degrees C. The obtained mixed powder was mixed again in a ball mill for 1 hour, baked for 12 hours at 1100degrees C, and pulverized again. The obtained powder was compacted by a uniaxial pressure molding machine, and pelletized. The obtained pellets were similarly baked for 36 hours at 1100degrees C. To obtain a ramsdellite structure reliably, the pellets were quenched from the baking temperature to room temperature. In the quenching process, the temperature was quickly lowered to less than room temperature by using liquid nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ethylene glycol and sodium borohydride are mixed at a mole ratio of 1:0.01-1:0.1 at 0-50degrees C for 30 minutes to 3 hours. The platinum precursor and carbon support body are dispersed in a solvent at a mole ratio of 1:9-8:2. The mixed solution of the platinum precursor, the carbon support body, and the complex reducing agent is heated at 40-80?OC for 3-10 hours; and adding a hydrochloric acid solution to the heat-treated mixed solution of the platinum cursor, the carbon support body, and the complex reducing agent at a volume ratio of 0.5:1-2:1 at 0-50degrees C for 20 twenty minutes to 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The electrode material has specific surface area of 1800-2600 m2/g, pore capacity of 0.7-1.2 ml/g, mean pore diameter of 1.60-1.80 nm, surface-functional-group concentration of 0.4-0.7 mmol/g and particle diameter of 1-20 mu m. The electrode material has half value width ((Delta )nu 1) of 70-80 at 1580 cm-1, by Raman spectrum. EXAMPLE - HP850N (RTM: phenol resin) (in g) (100) and hexamine (10) were added, pulverized to obtain a mixture and melted to obtain a semi-hardened material of phenol resin. The obtained semi-hardened material of phenol resin was dried at 180degrees C for 4 hours to obtain a resin cured material. The resin cured material was pulverized and heated at room temperature to 700degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 hours to obtain a phenol-resin carbide material. The carbide material was pulverized and potassium hydroxide was added and heated at room temperature to 800degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour to obtain an activated carbon. The electrode material had high purity and efficiency. The electrical-double-layer capacitor having electrode material had high output characteristics and electrostatic capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is hydrohexafluoro phosphoric acid, hydrofluoro boric acid, hydrohexafluoro arsenic acid, hydrohexafluoro antimonic acid, di(sulfoalkyl)amine (HN(RfSO2)2), tri(sulfoalkyl)methane (CH(RfSO2)3) or trisulfo alkyl (HRfSO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The number of moles (Xa) of the acetal, glyoxal or ketal, number of moles (Xb) of the aldehyde, number of moles (Xc) of the primary amine and number of moles (Xd) of the acid satisfy the relations: Xagreater than or equal to Xd, Xbgreater than or equal to Xd, Xc/2greater than or equal to Xd. The component (a) is glyoxal or methyl glyoxal. The component (b) is formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde or butyraldehyde. The primary amine is methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine or butylamine. The imidazolium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent and used as electrolyte solution. Preferred Process: The acid which forms the counter anion is reacted after reacting the components (a-c). The reaction is performed at -30degrees C-100degrees C in aqueous solvent. EXAMPLE - Glyoxal (in wt.pts) (135) and 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde (147) were added to 40% aqueous solution of methylamine (155). 42% Aqueous solution of fluoroboric acid was added and the mixture was aged at 20degrees C for 1 hour. The aged mixture was solvent extracted, spin dried and purified to obtain 1,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with yield of 47.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel electrode is formed of platinum-ruthenium alloy supported catalyst made from TEC61E54 Tanaka noble metals. The air electrode is formed of platinum supported catalyst made from TEC10E50E Tanaka noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition has formula (II): R1-a-xMgaAxNibMcXd.R,M,X,a,b,c,d=same as defined above;A=calcium, strontium or barium;andx=0-0.5 (excluding 0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The nickel-hydrogen secondary battery contains anode (12), cathode (11) including hydrogen absorbing alloy, and electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Alternately, the intermetallic compound is of formulae: (R1-bAb)TxSnyMzX~a or (R1-aDaAb)TxSnyMzX~a. The intermetallic compound essentially contains elements (R,T) and tin, and has rhombic structure. The intermetallic compound is preferably R3M2Sn7 type or R3M2Si6 type compound as main phase. The average grain size of hydrogen absorbing alloy is 10 nm-10 mu m. The main diffraction peak of hydrogen absorbing alloy exists at 2.7-2.95 Angstrom in X-ray diffraction spectrum.R,D,T,M,X,x-z,a,alpha =same as defined above;A=magnesium, calcium, strontium and/or barium;b=more than 0 to 0.5;andy+z=1.5-2.8 (atomic ratio).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The surface active agent is chosen from phosphoric acid ester, fatty acid salt and alkane sulfonate, preferably trioctyl phosphate. The cyclic disulfonic acid is of formula (1).Q=oxygen, methylene or single bond;A=2-6C bivalent group having fluoroalkylene unit bonding through optionally substituted 1-5C alkylene group, carbonyl group, sulfinyl group, optionally substituted 1-6C fluoroalkylene group or ether bond;andB'=optionally substituted (alkylene or fluoroalkylene).The electrolyte solution contains 0.01-3 mass% of surface active agent and 0.1-5 mass% of cyclic disulfonic acid ester. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The cyclic disulfonic acid is (1,5,2,4)dioxadithiane-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide and (1,5,2,4)dioxadithiepane-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sum of molar fraction of aromatic dihalide compound (Q1) is 10-13 mol%. The molar fraction of dihydric-phenol compound (Q3) is 35-60 mol%. Preferred Compound: The aromatic dihalide compound (Q1) is of formula (Q5). The aromatic dihalide compound (Q2) is of formula (Q6). The dihydric-phenol compound (Q3) is of formula (P3). The dihydric phenol compound (Q4) is chosen from group of formulae (X-1 to X-6).Z5,Z6=H;M5,M6=H, metal cation, or ammonium cation;andn1=1-7.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyelectrolyte material has crystallization temperature of 200-270degrees C, crystallization temperature-glass transition temperature of 30-75degrees C, and crystallization heat amount of 2-22 J/g, measured by differential-scanning-colorific-value analysis. The polyelectrolyte material exhibits peak at wide-angle X-ray diffraction (2 theta ) of 0-15degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The space (5a) between catalyst supports is such that the product of gaseous-diffusion capability and catalyst surface area is maximum. The carbon nanotubes support catalyst fine particles on a substrate, obtained by heating the substrate in an organic liquid. Preferred Particles: The catalyst fine particles are cobalt-oxide fine particles oxidized with an oxidation degree at which the bond energy shifts to normal direction in 1-3 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The nano carbon material is carbon nanotube, carbon nano filament, carbon nano fiber and/or carbon nano coil. The composite material is spherical moss form with nano carbon materials fixed in spherical shape to the diamond fine particle used as nucleus. The composite material is obtained by heating and synthesizing diamond fine particles supported with transition metal fine particles in hydrocarbon gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The molecule is used as substituent of one portion of acidic radical. The molecule has 2 or more hetero atoms in one molecule. The hydrogen exponent (pH) of cross-linkable electrolyte is 9 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lithium manganate has average coagulated particle diameter of 0.03-0.5 mu m, preferably 0.5-10 mu m. The lithium manganate has Brunauer-Teller-Emmett surface area of 4-40 m2/g. The lithium manganate has peak pore of 0.1-0.5 mu m measured by mercury porosimeter, and total pore capacity of 0.8-2 ml/g. EXAMPLE - Manganese oxide (in wt.pts) (15) having primary average particle diameter of 34 mu m, and ethanol (85) were added, and blended to obtain a slurry of manganese oxide. Lithium carbonate (10) having primary average particle diameter of 25 mu m, and ethanol (90) were added, and blended to obtain a slurry of lithium carbonate having primary average particle diameter of 0.06 mu m. The obtained lithium carbonate slurry (100), and obtained manganese oxide slurry (31.86) were added, dispersed, and dried to obtain a powder. The obtained powder was pulverized, and baked at 850degrees C for 5 hours to obtain a powder having average coagulated particle diameter of 1.2 mu m. The lithium manganate had excellent speed discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The case is made in a loaded thermoplastic material e.g. glass fiber, by molding, and the cover is made in a non-loaded plastic material by molding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication control module uses a recommended standard (RS) 485 interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The positive plate adopts titanium-silicon-carbide (Ti3SiC2) conductive ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive plate adopts tin oxide, stibium oxide, iridium oxide and mixture of the tin oxide, stibium oxide, and iridium oxide. The automobile adopts Beta- lead dioxide (PbO2) grain coated on a layer of conductive high polymer, conductive plastic or conductive adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The positive plate titanium wire electrode has an organic modified layer that adopts polyaniline (PAn) conductive high polymer and PAn conductive plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additional component comprises anion chosen from phosphate, sulfate, chromate, molybdate, permanganate, nitrate, sulfonate, oxalate, formate, thiol and/or organic sulfide. The coating layer is a ceramic coating chosen from the oxide, carbide, doped oxide and doped carbide, preferably alumina, titania, chromia and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises metal substrate, metal alloy substrate or metallized substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The pores create channels (13) towards substrate and channels are filled with material at the interface of substrate with coating layer, by electrochemical deposition. The electrochemical deposition is followed by polymerization. The inherently conductive monomers are chosen from aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, phenylenevinylene, diacetylene, acetylene, quinoline, heteroarylene vinylene and its derivatives or copolymers. The material further comprises additional component. The coating layer comprises thermal sprayed coating layer. The coating layer has porosity of 0.5-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The alloy (I) is in granular or powder form. In particular (I) is a powder stored in an inert liquid, and a conveyor is provided for transporting the powder together with the liquid to (II) or vice versa. Preferably the (I) powder has average particle size less than 0.8 mm and forms a suspension in the liquid. EXAMPLE - On contact with excess water at 25degrees C, a 1:1 sodium-tin alloy (NaSn) released hydrogen in an amount of 90 ml per g of metal, over a total reaction time of 20 minutes. For comparison, pure sodium (Na) released hydrogen in an amount of 531 ml per g of metal, over a total reaction time of 0.1 minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Zone: The reaction zone is a downflow reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: An alkali rare earth metal is introduced into ion exchange site of zeolite. The catalyst further contains silica alumina as active matrix. The ratio of silicon and aluminum in the zeolite is 3-20 by atomic ratio. Preferred Properties: Content of delta -coke on the catalyst is 0.2-1.5 mass%. The difference of temperature of catalyst dense phase in the regeneration zone and outlet temperature of reaction zone is less than 140degrees C. The crystal-lattice constant and crystallinity degree of the zeolite is 24.35 Angstrom or less and 90% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass contains fat-and-oil component derived from animal and vegetable oil whose oxygen content is 0.1-13 mass% and boiling point is 230degrees C or more. The raw material oil is atomized in reaction zone using steam equivalent to 2-8 mass% of raw material oil.Preferred Process: Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 25-220degrees C obtained by processing of biomass, or its hydride is contained in gasoline. The gasoline contains ether obtained by reacting isobutylene formed by processing of biomass, with methanol or ethanol, or a reaction material obtained by reacting butylene formed by processing of biomass with isobutane using alkylation apparatus, or dimerization material of butylene. Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 170-370degrees C obtained by processing of biomass is contained in diesel fuel, or 3C or 4C hydrocarbon obtained by processing of biomass is contained in liquefied petroleum gas. Propylene obtained by processing of biomass is contained as structural monomer of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The translatable magnet is selected from a group consisting of a ferrite magnet, an anistotropic sintered ceramic containing neodymium and boron, an anistotropic sintered ceramic containing neodymium, iron, and boron, a samarium-cobalt alloy, a sintered rare earth magnet, a sintered hard ferrite/ceramic bonded magnet, an alnico magnet, aluminum, nickel, cobalt alloy, a ceramic magnet, a flexible magnet and a magnet assembly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plates for connecting unit batteries are selected from group consisting of copper, nickel, aluminum or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass solid electrolyte comprises sulfide group glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains a mixture containing water, glycol, alcohol and glycol ether, as base. Preferred Property: The coolant composition has thiourea or its derivative(s) content of 0.001-20 weight part with respect to 100 weight part of base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The rare earth element further contains samarium and gadolinium. Preferred Properties: The content lanthanum in hydrogen absorbing alloy is preferably 49 mol% or less with respect to total amount of rare earth elements. The sum total content of samarium and gadolinium in hydrogen absorbing alloy is preferably 10 mol% or more with respect to total amount of rare earth elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The cathode capacitance with respect to anode capacitance is 90% or less. The upper limit voltage at the time of charging is set to lower than the highest reaction voltage in the charging voltage curve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic polymer compound having pi -electron conjugated clouds in the molecule, has structure of formula (1, 2 or 3).X=sulfur or oxygen;R1-R4=chain-shaped aliphatic group, H, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, nitro or nitroso group;R5,R6=H, chain or cyclic aliphatic group containing oxygen atom, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, boron or halogen;X'=nitrogen;andX1-X4=sulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The preliminary charge amount of anode active material is more than the irreversible capacitance of anode active material. The anode active material has an electric-potential flat portion in a charging curve. The anode electric potential of the anode active material at the time of electrical-storage device configuration exists in electric-potential flat portion. Alternately, anode active material has 2 or more electric-potential flat portion in charging curve. The anode electric potential of the anode active material at the time of electrical-storage device configuration exists in electric-potential flat portion provided at upper stage rather than electric-potential flat portion provided at bottom step in charging curve. Preliminary charging of anode active material is electrochemically carried out by contacting anode active material with a solvent in which the organic compound is electrochemically dissolved, or is chemically carried out.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cathode: The cathode is a polarizing electrode, and contains activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound (A) has pi -electron conjugated clouds, and a radical. The organic compound (A) is of formulae (1-2).X1=sulfur atom or oxygen atom;R1-R4=cyclic aliphatic, strand-shaped aliphatic, H, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, nitro or nitroso;R5,R6,R=H, strand-shaped aliphatic, or cyclic aliphatic optionally containing oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, boron and/or halogen atom;X2=nitrogen atom;X3-X6=sulfur, oxygen, selenium or tellurium atom;andR1',R2'=strand-shaped aliphatic or cyclic aliphatic group containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus or boron atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of positive electrode and negative electrode is prescribed in accordance with JIS B 0601 and JIS B 0031 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The model number of the controller area network (CAN) card is north Idaho CAN (NI-CAN), NI-CAN/2, north Idaho personal computer memory card international association CAN (NI PCMCIA-CAN), and NI PCMCIA-CAN/2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The fuel cell separator is formed of material conforms to SUS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The perovskite-type oxide fine particles have average particle diameter of 1-20 nm. Preferred Composition: The noble metal contains oxide fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stack includes a polymer electrolyte membrane requiring humidification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The ratio of a discharge capacity of the positive electrode and a discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery (B1) (i.e. battery discharge capacity/positive electrode discharge capacity) is less than or equal to 0.9. The negative electrode active material is graphite. The negative electrode is produced from a mixture slurry in an aqueous solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The compound having an imide bond is polyimide of formulae (I) or (II). The average particle diameter of the polyimide powder is 0.1-15 mu m.Ar=aryl group;n=not defined. Preferred Definitions:    a=0-0.15;    x=0.25-0.45;    y=0.25-0.35;    z=0.25-0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The non-woven fabric consists of polyallylate, polyethylene terephthalate and/or polybutylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrodes on the uneven layer consists of zinc oxide and indium tin oxide respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate consists of a film chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyimidoamide and polyallylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode active material has composition of formula: La1-aT1aNixAlyMnzCobT2c or composition of formula: La1-aMgaNixAlyMnzFe0.6-cSnc.a,b,c,x,y+z=same as defined above;andx+y+z+0.6=5.6-6.The aqueous alkali solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide, preferably 3-20 mol/l of potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and 10-20 mol/l of sodium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The gas permeability of separator is specified according to JIS P8117 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The raw material of carbon used for negative electrode is selected from phenol resin or cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: An adhesive layer containing copolymerization acrylic resin is formed at the surface of solar cell component, and solar cell component sheet is formed. The layer(s) of solar cell component is a gas barrier layer containing inorganic acid compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The principal chain of the polymer component is a carboxyl group acrylic rubber of formula (1). The cross-linking is formed by hexamethylenediamine in the carboxyl group.y,z=integer;andR=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst particles contain platinum or platinum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 6-membered heterocyclic portion has pyridine structure. The compound containing 6-membered heterocyclic portion is chosen from bipyridine, terpyridine and/or phenanthroline. The content of substituted electrolyte is 10-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of electrode catalyst particles. The content of compound containing 6-membered heterocyclic portion is 1-20 mass parts with respect to 100 parts of electrode catalyst particles. Preferred Compound: The hetero atom contained in the 6-membered heterocyclic portion is nitrogen. The bipyridine is 2,2'-bipyridine. Preferred Properties: The counter-ion of ionic conductive group is substituted by metal ion at substitution rate of 5% or less. The absorption amount of compound containing 6-membered heterocyclic portion on the surface of electrode catalyst particles, is 0.1-1.5 nmol/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The end plates are made of thermoplastic resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dye in the microcapsule and base have different color. The base is aqueous or non-aqueous base. The aqueous base contains water, glycol (0-70 wt.%) and alcohol (0-60 wt.%). The non-aqueous base contains organic type, silicone type and/or freon type liquid, having viscosity of 5 mPa.second or less at 40degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The boron containing compound is boric acid or boric oxide. Preferred Process: The baking is performed in non-oxidizing or weak acidic atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is compound having benzene ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring, preferably aniline, pyrrole, thiophene or their derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is inorganic acid such as sulfuric acid and fluoroboric acid. Preferred Process: The baking is performed in non-oxidizing or weak acidic atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having aromatic ring is basic compound having benzene ring or aromatic heterocyclic ring, preferably aniline or its derivative(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The discontinuous film is formed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or vapor deposition, and is irregular film. The discontinuous film is subjected to annealing treatment or laser irradiation processing, before etching. The discontinuous film used as mask is removed. Alternately, a porous material (a) having continuous air hole is formed on the surface of base material, by phase separation, sintering or anode oxidation. Anisotropic etching of base material surface is carried out using porous material as mask. A porous material having several holes is then formed. The material (a) contains polyethylene, polyimide, alumina, titanium oxide or silicon carbide. Anisotropic etching is carried out by wet etching using sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. Preferred Material: The base material contains silicon having (110) crystal orientation. Preferred Film: The discontinuous film contains copper, ruthenium, cobalt, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, iron, nickel, gold, silver, lead, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten nitride, tungsten carbon nitride, polyethylene, fluororesin or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second layer includes a nitride compound having a continuously formed MN-type crystal structure. Te first layer has a M4N-type crystal structure where a nitrogen atom is located in an octahedral gap at a center of a unit cell of a face-centered cubic lattice. The first layer includes a complex structure having a matrix of the M4N-type crystal structure and a crystal layer of a epsilon -M2-3N-type crystal structure, where the crystal layer is formed in the matrix and having an interlayer distance of from tens to hundreds nm.M=transition metal element consisting of Cr, Fe, Ni or Mo, and contained as stainless steel component; andN=nitrogen.Preferred Composition: The atom ratio of Cr to Fe in the second layer is 1-1.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel of the base layer includes an austenitic stainless steel having a nickel content of not less than 8 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Collector: The cathode collector has surface roughness of 0.2 mu m or more. The cathode collector is copper foil, copper alloy foil, or metallic foil having copper layer or copper alloy layer at the surface. Preferred Electrode: The anode contains lithium transition metal composite oxide of formula: LiaNixMnyCozO2, as anode active material, where a, x, y and z are 0-1 such that x+y+z is 1. The theoretical electric capacitance ratio of the anode with respect to cathode is 1.2 or less. The cathode active material layer contains graphite powder of average particle diameter of 3-15 mu m added by an amount of 3-20 wt.% with respect to the cathode active material. Preferred Particles: The average particle diameter of the silicon particles and silicon alloy particles is 25 mu m or less. The microcrystal size of the silicon particles and silicon alloy particles is 100 nm or less. The silicon particles and silicon alloy particles are produced by thermal decomposition or heat reduction of material containing silane compound, and pulverizing and classifying the obtained lump of silicon and/or silicon alloy. The silane compounds are monosilane and/or trichlorosilane. The purity of silicon particles is 95% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of the polyimide resin is 100000 or less. Preferred Definitions:    R=functional group of formula (2 or 3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The nonwoven is made of stainless steel. Preferred Component: The nonwoven with a fine mesh structure has an aluminum silicate coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The coating on the fine mesh structure takes the form of a polymer with acid or alkali residues.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastomer comprises ethylene-propylene diene (EPDM) rubber, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), silicone rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber (IR), and nitrile isoprene rubber (NIR).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dielectric film is comprised of polyethylene naphtalate, polyphenylene sulfite, or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective film consists of polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The vinyl monomer is chosen from vinyl monomer containing aromatic ring having sulfonic acid group, vinyl monomer having halogenated sulfonyl or sulfonic acid ester group convertible into sulfonic acid group by hydrolysis, vinyl monomer having halogen capable of introducing sulfonic acid group by sulfonation, or aliphatic vinyl monomer, aromatic ring vinyl monomer or perfluoro alkylvinyl monomer which is not sulfonated by electrophilic substitution reaction to aromatic polymer chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium-manganese type complex oxide is preferably of formula (II): Li1+x(Mn1-aFea)1-xO2.x=same as defined above;anda=0.05-0.75.The manganese compound is potassium permanganate. The content of permanganate in the manganese compound is 50 mol% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal phosphate is a compound containing phosphorus, oxygen and element (M) represented by formula: MP2O7 or M1-xJxP2O7.M=tin, titanium, silicon, germanium, lead, zirconium and/or hafnium, preferably tin;J=aluminum;andx=0.001-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film containing metal phosphate and binder is formed. The binder is fluororesin such as polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Tin oxide (in g), alumina (2.549) and 85% dark phosphoric acid aqueous solution (322.7) were added to beaker and heated at 300degrees C. Further, ion-exchange water was added to adjust the viscosity of reaction mixture, and viscous paste was obtained. The paste was transferred to alumina crucible and heated in electric furnace at 650degrees C for 2.5 hours, and cooled to room temperature to obtain metal phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate was pulverized and the obtained powder was filled in metal mold and molded to form pellets of metal phosphate. The proton conductivity of metal phosphate pellets was 0.13 Scm-1 at 250degrees C and 0.11 Scm-1 at 200degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound containing phosphorus is phosphoric acid. The compound containing element (J1) is hydroxide of element (J1). Preferred Process: The compound containing element (M), compound containing element (J1) and phosphoric acid are reacted, to form a reaction material. The reaction material is then heat-processed to obtain metal phosphate. Preferred Property: The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of metal phosphate has maximum diffraction peak existing at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 21-23degrees , and does not have diffraction peak at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 25.5-26.5degrees , when powder X-ray diffraction measurement is carried out using copper K-alpha ray source at diffraction angle (2theta ) of 20-90degrees . Preferred Composition: The metal phosphate is a compound containing element (M), phosphorus and oxygen, where a portion of element (M) is doped by element (J1). The metal phosphate is of formula: M1-xJ1xP2O7.M=tin, titanium, silicon, germanium, lead, zirconium and/or hafnium, preferably tin;J1=aluminum;andx=0.001-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: A film is formed of metal phosphate and binder. The binder is a polytetrafluoroethylene. EXAMPLE - Tin oxide (in g) (143.2), aluminum hydroxide (3.9) and phosphoric acid (322.7) were added to beaker and heated at 300degrees C. Ion-exchange water was added during heating to adjust the viscosity. The obtained viscous paste was transferred to an alumina crucible and heated in an electric furnace at 650degrees C for 2.5 hours, and cooled to room temperature to obtain metal phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate was pulverized using a mortar, and the obtained powder was filled in a metal mold and molded at pressure of 2 t/cm2 to obtain pellets. The pellets had proton conductivity of 0.29 Scm-1 at 200degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis is carried out in vacuumized conditions, at 10-1-10-9 (preferably 10-3-10-7 and especially 10-4-10-6) mmHg; or carried out under an inert gas atmosphere. The pyrolysis is carried out with a gradient of Tmax of less than or equal to 850 (preferably less than or equal to 650, especially less than or equal to 500)degrees C, Tmin of less than or equal to ambient temperature. Preferred Material: The carbon nitride material has a chemical formula of C3N4 and is in the form of grahitic structure. Preferred Components: The non-metallic rodanide is ammonium rodanide. The inert gas atmosphere comprises nitrogen or argon. EXAMPLE - Ammonium rodanide (10 g) made of quartz glass and shaped as two connected vessels, was loaded into a reaction chamber. The chamber was vacuumized to pressure of 10-4-10-5 mmHg and sealed. The chamber was placed into an oven and heated upto 600degrees C, keeping the temperature gradient (Tmax) of 600 0C, Tmin equal to ambient temperature through vessels. The reaction was conducted for 12 hours. Formed carbon disulfide (CS2) and volatile impurities condensed in one of the vessels due to the existence of the temperature gradient. The vessel was removed and ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S dissolved readily in water, was removed by simple washing, and graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) (yield 20%) was obtained as a pale-brown powder. The carbon nitride material had no traces of sulfur or any other elements were present.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas species of the fuel cell is selected from the group consisting of carbon-dioxide (CO2), carbon (CO), hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas species of the fuel cell is methane (CH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The second current collector is made of zinc, or aluminum. The first current collector and the third current collector are made of steel, brass, or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second current collector is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, or polytetra fluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous metal-oxide film forming-solution (2) contains copper-containing metal source having copper element and zinc-containing metal source having zinc element, nickel-containing metal source having nickel element, zirconium-containing metal source having zirconium element and yttrium-containing metal source having yttrium element, cobalt-containing metal source having cobalt element and iron-containing metal source having iron element, titanium-containing metal source having titanium element and lanthanum-containing metal source having lanthanum element, cerium-containing metal source having cerium element and calcium-containing metal source having calcium element, indium-containing metal source having indium element and vanadium-containing metal source having vanadium element, tantalum-containing metal source having tantalum element and gadolinium-containing metal source having gadolinium element, chromium-containing metal source having chromium element and molybdenum-containing metal source having molybdenum element and/or tungsten-containing metal source having tungsten element and aluminum-containing metal source having aluminum element. The solution (2) further contains an oxidizing agent and/or a reducing agent. Preferred Process: The contact of solution (2) and base material is performed by atomization of the solution (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silicon compound of formula (1) and carbonate having unsaturated bond and halogen atom in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is 0.01-10 wt.% and 0.01-70 wt.%, respectively. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further contains ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate, and carbonate chosen from dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl-n-propyl carbonate, ethyl-n-propyl carbonate and/or di-n-propyl carbonate. Preferred Compound: The carbonate having unsaturated bond and halogen atom is vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, difluoro ethylene carbonate and/or their derivatives. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=unsubstituted alkyl or alkyl substituted by fluorine atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The photocrosslinkable group is of formulae (3,4).R=methyl;andn=1-4.Preferred Polymer: The polymer has sulfonic acid group content of 0.3-5 meq/g. The polymer further has sulfonic acid group-containing structure of formula (9) and aromatic group-containing structure of formula (10).X,Y'=same as defined above;Z5,Z6=oxygen atom or sulfur atom;andAr2=bivalent aromatic group, preferably group of formulae (5-8), more preferably group of formula (8).Preferred Composition: The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (9,10,1,2) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) and other repetition structures containing photocrosslinkable group is 0.9-1. The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (9,1) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) is 0.05-0.7. The ratio of total amount (mol%) of structures (1,10) with respect to total amount of structures (9,1,10,2) is 0.01-0.95. A polymer composition contains the polymer (1-100 wt.%) and in which at least one portion of photocrosslinkable group of polymer is photocrosslinked. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=group chosen from group of formulae (5-8), preferably group of formula (8);    Z1-Z4=oxygen atom;and    s1,s2=3 or more.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-disulfonic acid sodium 4,4'-dichloro diphenyl sulfone (in g) (30), 2,6-dichloro benzonitrile (17.3), SPECIANOL-DPE-PL (RTM: terminal hydroxyl group-containing phenylene ether oligomer) (88.89), 4,4-dichloro benzophenone (4.51), 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy phenyl) propane (4.6), potassium carbonate (27.31) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (434.69) were added to flask, heat-stirred at 190-200degrees C and reacted for 13 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and added to water. The resulting product was washed and dried at 115degrees C to obtain sulfonic acid group-containing photocrosslinkable polymer. A polymer electrolyte membrane was manufactured using the polymer with excellent workability and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material consists of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, nitrogen, boron and hydrogen. The hydrogen storage material is a compound containing nitrogen, boron and hydrogen as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production system further has a temperature measurement unit (25) to measure temperature in the container, a hydrogen supply path to supply hydrogen gas to exterior from the container. The control unit is a data storage unit to store data showing a relationship between temperature of hydrogen storage material and generation amount of generation gas, and controls data based on measured temperature, or concentration measurement unit to measure concentration of generation gas in container, and controls data based on measured concentration. Preferred Condition: The data (I,II) shows relationship between temperature of hydrogen storage material and generation amount of hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first flat part is made of aluminum. The second flat part is made of aluminum or non-ferrous metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The insulating layer is polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane polyamide, silicone or a powder lacquering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organometallics is made from titanates and silicate esters. The heteroacid is perfluoro - sulfonic acid, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid or phosphor tinnic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal powder is the powder of copper, silver, or gold.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer is polyanion or polypyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of iron-containing carbon material further involves mixing copper salt, nickel salt, cobalt salt, chromium salt, manganese salt and/or vanadium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base used in manufacture of the catalyst is comprises one or more type chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide. The catalyst metal precursor used in manufacture of the catalyst is chosen from hydrogen-platinum chloride (H2PtCl4, H2PtCl6), potassium-platinum chloride (K2PtCl4, K2PtCl6), and their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive ceramic material comprises antimony doped tin oxide. The catalyst metal particles comprise one or more metals chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhenium, iridium, osmium, and gold. The tin precursor used in manufacture of the catalyst is tin chloride (SbCl3). Preferred Properties: The amount of catalyst metal particles are 60-90 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the catalyst, and the average diameter of the catalyst metal particles are less than 5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solvents used in manufacture of the catalyst are polyalcohol and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The electrode is provided on a substrate (11). The adhesive layer is protruded into circumference of connection portion to cover completely the edge portion of the substrate. Preferred Properties: The melt viscosity of the adhesive layer is 100 poises or more lower than melt viscosity of the sheet during connection. The melt viscosity during connection of the adhesive layer is 100 poises or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The permanent magnet in the rotor consists of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The compound having olivine structure is obtained by oxidizing the reaction material containing manganese salt and alkali. The manganese-oxide particles and/or substituted metal are surface treated. Preferred Compound: The alkali is alkali hydroxyl and/or alkali carbonate. The compound having olivine structure is lithium-containing compound of formula (I): LipMnqMrPO4, where P is 0-2 (excluding 2), q is 0-1 (excluding 0), r is 0-1 (excluding 1) and M is substituted metal. The substituted metal is metallic element chosen from cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, copper, magnesium, titanium, tin, zirconium, vanadium and/or aluminum. Preferred Properties: The manganese-oxide particles have average particle diameter of 500 nm or less and standard deviation of 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyelectrolyte emulsion has volume average particle diameter of 100 nm to 200 mu m, measured by dynamic light scattering method. Preferred Electrolyte: The polyelectrolyte is aromatic hydrocarbon-type polymer. The polyelectrolyte containing segment having acidic group is of formula: -(Ar1-X)m-. The polyelectrolyte containing segment does not having ion-exchange group is of formula: -(((Ar2-X)a-Ar3-Y-((Ar4-X')b-Ar5-Y')c)n-(Ar2-X)a-Ar3)-.Ar1=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group;m,n=5 or more;X,X'=single bond or bivalent group;a-c=0 or 1;Ar2-Ar5=bivalent aromatic group, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, optionally substituted 6-20C aryl, optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl, 2-20C acyl optionally having substituent, optionally substituted 6-20C aryloxy or optionally substituted aryl carbonyl;andY,Y'=oxygen or sulfur atom.The polyelectrolyte contains 200 ppm or less of good solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The basic compound is a cyclic organic amine chosen from pyrrolidone, piperazine and piperidine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The aromatic block copolymer has a group formed by protecting ion-exchange group in ion-exchange group and/or protecting group. When decomposing segment (II) in an amount of 90 wt.% or more, the molecular weight distribution of polymeric component in the decomposition product becomes 7 or less, preferably 5 or less. Preferred Process: Chemical decomposition is carried out using a basic compound. The molecular weight and/or molecular weight distribution are analyzed in steric exclusion chromatography.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating fine particle mixed material between active material layer and separator comprises aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide and lithium iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery supports separator made of polypropylene, polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate and aramid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The performance evaluation of electrode catalyst is alternately determined using the voltammogram area and catalyst specific surface area of the catalyst metal contained in the electrode catalyst. A binder chosen from carboxymethyl cellulose or polyvinylidene fluoride is used at the time of voltammogram planimeter measurement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorptive material is selected from activated carbon, silica gel, porous alumina, calcium chloride or zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The admixture is prepared by dry mixing the metal compound and the substrate until uniformity of the admixture is achieved. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is a carbon allotrope. The carbon allotrope is chosen from amorphous carbon, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanofoam, diamond, fullerene, graphite, exfoliated graphite, single-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube, lonsdaleite and aggregated diamond nanorods. Preferred Metal: The metal contained in the metal compound is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, rubidium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper, gold, silver, zinc, cadmium and mercury, preferably palladium, platinum, silver, iron and gold. Preferred Property: The metal particles that are deposited on the substrate have particle size of 1 nm-500 nm. Preferred Compound: The metal compound is chosen from silver acetate, iron acetate, palladium acetate, platinum acetate, auric acid, palladium tetrachloride, palladium dichloride dimethylsulfide, platinum dichloride dimethylsulfide and platinum potassium chloride. Preferred Condition: The energy is supplied to the admixture by heating the admixture at 250-350degrees C for 2-6 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer of polymer composite is chosen from polycarbonates, polyacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, polyesters, polystyrenes, polyurethanes, polyureas, poly(urethaneurea)s, polyepoxies, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)s polyimides, polyarylates, poly(arylene ether)s, poly(vinyl acetate)s, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyphenylene sulfides, poly(vinyl ester)s, polyvinyl chlorides, bismaleimide polymers, polyanhydrides, liquid crystalline polymers and cellulose polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode terminal is made of a compound containing silicon, carbon, tin, germanium, aluminum, lead, indium, gallium, lithium containing alloy, silicon oxide, tungsten oxide, lithium and carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon nanotube-containing structure further contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate unit, polyfunctional (meth)acrylate, polymerization initiator, high molecular compound and solvent. EXAMPLE - 2-aminoanisole-4-sulfonic acid (100 mmol), aqueous solution of triethylamine (4 mol/L), and ammonium peroxodisulfate (100 mmol) were added and stirred at 25degrees C for 12 hours to obtain reaction product. The obtained reaction product was filtered, washed, and dried to obtain polymer powder (15 g). Then, carbon nanotube (0.1 mass parts) and Fine sphere E-102 (RTM: acrylic-resin-particles) (5 mass parts), and water (100 mass parts) were added and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain carbon nanotube containing composition. The carbon nanotube-containing structure had excellent electroconductivity, film formability, moldability, transparency, water resistance, weather resistance, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, abrasion resistance and hardness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: A heat resistant molecular chaperone of thermophilic-bacterium origin is included. The thermophilic-bacterium is Pyrococcus furiosus, Pyrococcus horikoshii, Methanococcus jannaschii or Thermoplasma acidophilum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: An aqueous medium containing ethylene glycol is included. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ionic conductive group is cationic conductive group chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, alkali metal salts and ammonium salts, or anionic conductive group chosen from formulae (1,4): -N+(R1)(R3)-R2.X-, -P+(R6)(R8)-R7.X- and formulae (2, 3, 5-9).R1-R3=H or 1-8C alkyl;R4,R9,R11=H, methyl or ethyl;R10=methyl or ethyl;X-=hydroxide ion or acid anion;m=2-6;andn=2 or 3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The star-shaped block copolymer has number average molecular weight of more than twice the number average molecular weight of the arm polymer block of the copolymer. The ionic conductive group is contained in the polymer block (A). The star-shaped block copolymer is of formula: (A-B)nX.X=coupling agent residue;andn=integer more than 2. EXAMPLE - Poly (alpha )-methyl styrene and hydrogenated polybutadiene were reacted to obtain poly (alpha -methyl styrene-b-hydrogenated polybutadiene) block copolymer. Poly (alpha -methyl styrene-b-hydrogenated polybutadiene) block copolymer (in g) (100) was dissolved in methylene chloride (1000 ml). A sulfation reagent was added to the reaction mixture and coagulation precipitation of a polymer was carried out. The precipitated solid was washed and dried to obtain sulfonated polymer with sulfonation rate of 43.5 mol%. The sulfonated polymer was used for forming electrolyte film, and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced using the electrolyte film. The fuel cell produced had excellent output performance and improved cell reaction efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ore: The ore is limonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The gas containing methane is gas discharged from an organic-material waste processing facility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline process liquid used in the cathode electrolysis processing is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The conductor used for counter electrode comprises iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The first part of the flat conductor is connected to a second part of the conductor, preferably by spot welding. The second part of the conductor is bent in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The arrangement conforms to VDE0413 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gel: The gel has a potassium chloride concentration of at least 0.01 M and a ratio of GUO:GMP is 0.25 (preferably 0.2, especially 0.08). EXAMPLE - Solutions of guanosine and guanosine 5'-monophosphate with the molar ratio of 0.025:0.1 were added in buffer (25 mM, pH 7.2). The potassium chloride (0.05 M) was added and then refrigerated as liquids overnight. The liquids were evaluated for thermoassociative properties at low temperature (5degrees C) and room temperature (25degrees C) across a cation concentration. The results showed that the gel was occurred on increased temperature and was enhanced at higher concentrations of monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The peroxide is barium peroxide, lithium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, nickel peroxide, zinc peroxide, potassium peroxide, sodium peroxide, sodium percarbonate or hydrogen peroxide (preferably hydrogen peroxide). The hypochlorite comprises at least one alkali metal hypochlorite selected from sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite or lithium hypochlorite (preferably sodium hypochlorite).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode comprises copper, nickel, cobalt or tin (preferably copper). The anode comprises aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium or their alloys (preferably aluminum or an aluminum alloy such as aluminum-manganese alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chlorine-stabilizing compound is cyanuric acid, potassium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium dichlorocyanurate (preferably cyanuric acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The band gap layer is formed using hydrogen-, chlorine-, and fluorine-containing gases. The band gap layer including SixCy is formed by adding methane (CH4) or another carbon-containing gas. The band gap layer including SixNy is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or ammonia (NH3). The band gap layer including SixOyN2 is formed by adding nitrogen (N2) or oxygen (O2). The first doped layer, band gap layer, and second doped layer are formed by adding H2, thereby reducing a split-atomic-bond occurrence in films forming layers of the device. The n-type layer is formed, using substantially hot-wire chemical-vapor deposition, by using a primary gas mixture including silane (SiH4), where primary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 20-150 sccm, and a secondary gas mixture, including about 5% PH3 and 95% H2, where secondary gas mixture is fed at a flow rate of 1-5 sccm, while substrate is heated to a temperature of 150-300degrees C at a pressure of 30-600 mT using a filament current of 30-100 A and a deposition time of 300-600 seconds. The chemical composition of graded band gap layer is smoothly transitioning in sequence of SixGe1-x, Si, SixCy, SixNy, SixOyN2, in a light direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The intensity of the maximum peak of signal having center peak is more than 0.05, when the intensity of the maximum peak of lithium hydroxide monohydrate obtained by NMR measuring method (2) is 100. The method (2) involves rotating lithium hydroxide monohydrate with rotational speed of 10 kHz and performing solid NMR measurement of 7Li of lithium hydroxide monohydrate. The spectrum obtained by rotating lithium composite metal oxide with rotational speed of 10 kHz shows signal (A) having center peak existing in the chemical shift of -50 ppm to +300 ppm and maximum peak existing in the chemical shift of -50 ppm to +300 ppm. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of manganese and/or cobalt is 0-0.9 with respect to the total amount of nickel and manganese and/or cobalt. The mol ratio of cobalt is 0-0.4 with respect to the total amount of nickel and manganese and/or cobalt. The composite metal oxide preferably contains manganese. The mol ratio of lithium is 0.6-1.5 with respect to the total amount of nickel and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The period IV transition metal phosphide is nickel phosphide and/or cobalt phosphide. The catalyst comprises noble metal, and is chosen from non-precious metal carbide, non-precious metal nitride, non-precious metal carbonitride, and non-precious metal chalcogenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode comprises lithium nitride, magnesium nitride, aluminum nitride, zinc nitride or iron nitride and contains carbon material as conductive support agent and fluorine-type high molecular compound as binder. The positive electrode also contains catalyst for promoting generation or decomposition reaction of metal nitride, and catalyst chosen from zeolite which performed transition metal ion exchange; activated carbon which supports palladium; indium, rhodium, or alumina which supports gallium; electrolytic manganese dioxide and/or zirconium oxide. The negative electrode consists of an alloy containing metal, carbon material or silicon which can discharge metal ion. The electrolyte contains metal ion which may be contained in positive electrode as a salt containing either of phosphorus hexafluoride (PF6), boron tetrafluoride (BF4), perchlorate (ClO4) or bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonamide anion of formula (CF3SO2)2N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The water-soluble phase transition substance is mineral salt hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The microcapsulation agent is monomer or pre-polymer of urethane of water hardening type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wavelike current collector is fixed in the flow reaction area by epoxy resin macromolecule adhesive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thickness of the electrode is molded according to JISK6251 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The soft polymer contains nitrile group or sulfone group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer of the electrode is acrylic-type soft polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon-based active material is a mixture of crystalline carbon and amorphous carbon. The mixture is a mixture of hard carbon and graphite. The anode mixture further comprises a conductive material and a binder, and optionally a filler. The cathode comprises a mixture of a lithium manganese oxide and a lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide as a cathode active material. Preferred Compound: The lithium metal oxide of formula (I) is lithium-titanium-oxide (Li4Ti5O12), and/or LiTi2O4. The lithium metal sulfide of formula (II) is lithium-titanium-sulfide. Preferred Composition: The compound is 5-30 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A mixture of lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and LiN1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (9:1, w/w), Super-P(RTM: carbon) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) in a weight ratio of 85:10:5 were mixed in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. The resulting slurry was uniformly applied to aluminum foil, dried in a convection oven at 130degrees C, and pressed to fabricate a cathode. A mixture of hard carbon and graphite (9:1, w/w), Super-P(RTM: carbon), PVDF, and lithium-titanium-oxide (Li4Ti5O12) in a weight ratio of 75:15:5:5 were mixed in N-methylpyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. The resulting slurry was uniformly applied to copper foil, dried in a convection oven at 130degrees C, and pressed to fabricate an anode. A lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding 1M lithium hexafluorophosphoric acid to a mixed solvent of PC/DMC (70:30, v/v). Then, a porous Celgard(RTM: polyethylene film) was interposed between the anode and the cathode. The above-prepared lithium salt-containing non-aqueous electrolyte was added to the resulting electrode assembly in a dry box under an argon atmosphere to fabricate a lithium secondary battery. The battery exhibited superior power output due to a low voltage drop at a low temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbon monoxide removal catalyst layer comprises metals selected from the group containing platinum, ruthenium, palladium, gold and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas generator is further equipped with hydrogen collection portion which collects hydrogen from mixed gas generated in hydrogen fermentation portion and methane collection portion which collects methane from mixed gas generated in methane fermentation portion. Preferred Process: The generation of biogas includes another step of collecting hydrogen from mixed gas removed in the hydrogen fermentation portion and collecting methane from mixed gas removed in the methane fermentation portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The residue, and aqueous solution except organic acid and oil are carbonized, dried and recovered as carbonized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rhodium supported with respect to alumina support, is 0.5-3 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The alumina support is gamma-alumina or silica alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrazine aqueous solution is obtained using 60 wt.% or less of hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The additional oxidizing agent is an oxidant selected from ozone, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate, ferrate, persulfate, an oxidizing halogen species, peroxyacetic acid, perborate salt, percarbonate salt, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, nitrogen monoxide, superoxide, atomic oxygen, hydroperoxyl radical, hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, carbonate radical and/or nitrate radical.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material contains at least lithium cobalt oxide containing aluminum or magnesium in a solid solution, and zirconia is firmly attached on the surface of the lithium cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structures with three oxygen and two oxygen atoms contain lithium cobaltate. The structure with two oxygen atoms also contains sodium. The positive electrode active material contains sodium cobaltate. The negative electrode comprises lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbon material or silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrolyte board is made of aluminum, yttrium and cerium. The catalyst electrode and reference electrode are made of platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The water-dispersed inorganic microparticles contain metal particles, metal-oxide particles chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, sodium oxide, and yttrium oxide, preferably from boehmite, hematite, titania and calcia, or carbon inorganic-material particles. The particles are fixed-form particles manufactured by wet synthesized method. The concentration of inorganic particles in the suspension solution is 50 wt.% or less.Preferred Dispersant: The dispersant is a compound containing hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, nitrogen atom, phosphorus atom, and/or sulfur atom. The dispersant is sulfonic-acid type dispersant, carboxylic-acid type dispersant, and/or phosphate dispersant.Preferred Conditions: Water is removed from the suspension solution using the boiling-point or freezing-point difference of organic solvent water. Water is removed using an ultra-filtration equipment. A suspension agent is added with respect to the water-dispersed inorganic microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is a compound containing aromatic ring, halogen atom, oxygen atom, or nitrogen atom. The organic solvent has a boiling point higher than that of water, and a freezing point lower than that of water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive materials are selected from boron carbide, titanium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier surface is made of elastomeric polymers. The conductive materials are selected from conductive polymers and metal-coated polymers. Core materials are selected from polysaccharides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of N,N-dimethyl formamide in the electrolyte liquid is at least 90 wt.%. The battery comprises an anode active mass containing a host lattice-material, which reversibly provides and releases lithium ions in a potential of greater than 1 volt against lithium/lithium cathode. The host lattice-material is lithium titanate. The battery comprises cathode active mass containing a material, which reversibly provides lithium ion in a potential of 3.4-4.2 volt, against lithium/lithium cathode. The material is lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate or lithium manganese oxide. The conducting salt is lithium tetrachloroaluminate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium chloride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat sensitive component is made of bimetal or shape-memory alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic proton conductor is chosen from phosphoric acid tin, metal phosphate, metal pyrophosphate, phosphoric acid hydrogen cesium, hydrogen-sulfide cesium, heteropolyacid, and selenium acidic-water material cesium. The indium tin oxide/phosphoric acid composite component has amorphous structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The negative electrode consists of lithium metal, lithium alloy, carbon material or silicon material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zeolite is Y-type zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Furfuryl alcohol gas (as carbon precursor) is impregnated into inside of the zeolite pore. The zeolite is heat-processed in nitrogen atmosphere, and furfuryl alcohol is polymerized. The carbon is laminated in the zeolite pore by thermal chemical vapor deposition in propylene gas, and carbon nano structure is obtained. Acetylene gas (carbon precursor) is pored inside the zeolite pore, and the carbon is laminated in the zeolite pore by thermal chemical vapor deposition method. The pressure of the hot press is more than 49.03 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bottles are made of one of titanium iron, titanium-manganese, titanium-vanadium based hydrogen storing alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro borate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate, lithium hexafluoro antimonate, lithium perchlorate, lithium salt of pentafluoroethyl sulfonyl amine, lithium salt of trifluoromethyl sulfonyl amine, pentafluoroethyl sulfonyl lithium compound and/or lithium bis oxalate borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains anion compound of formula (1).M = transition metal, element of group III, IV or V, preferably aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium or hafnium;b = 1-3;m = 1-4;n = 0-8;q = 0 or 1;R1 = 1-10C (halo)alkylene, 6-20C (halo)arylene, optionally containing substituent and hetero atom in structure;R2 = halogen, 1-10C (halo)alkyl, 6-20C (halo)aryl optionally containing substituent and hetero atom in structure or X3R3;X1-X3 = O, S or NR4;andR3, R4 = H, 1-10C (halo)alkylene, 6-20C (halo)arylene, optionally containing substituent and hetero atom in structure, or may combine to form ring.The cation of the electrolyte compound is lithium ion or sodium ion.The additional amount of the electrolyte compound is 2-80 wt.% with respect to the total amount of the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organometallic compound is iron (III)-acetylacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first tab is made of aluminum (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery holder is made up of polyolefin-type resin or polyamide-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin portion fitted to open hole is selected from the group of chloroprene rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chlorosulfonated-polyethylene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, polyurethane rubber, natural rubber and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The water-absorption and water-retention particles contain polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl ligno phenol cross-linked component, high-molecular-weight polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetamide, polyacrylamide, and/or polyacrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst metal particles are chosen from alloys of platinum, iridium, palladium, cobalt, nickel and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The modification catalyst and carbon monoxide catalyst has carrier that supports nickel (Ni), and copper/cerium oxide (Cu/CeO2). The nano pores in the carrier consist of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of ester compound contained in electrolyte liquid is 0.001-4 wt.%. The amount of cyclic carbonate having unsaturated bond contained in electrolyte liquid is 0.001-8 wt.%. Preferred Component: A non-aqueous electrolyte liquid battery contains an anode, a cathode capable of occluding and discharging lithium ion, and an electrolyte liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The transition-metal element is nickel, and cobalt, manganese and/or iron (element M). Element (M) is preferably manganese and/or cobalt, more preferably manganese. Preferred Properties: The monoclinic-crystal type is a crystal structure belonging to space group C2/m, and the hexagonal-crystal type is a crystal structure belonging to space group R-3m. The quantity of lithium is 1.4-1.7 mol with respect to the total amount of transition-metal element. The quantity of element (M) is greater than 0 mol and 0.9 mol or less, with respect to the total amount of nickel and element (M). The quantity of cobalt is 0-0.4 mol with respect to the total amount of element (M). In the X-ray powder diffraction with CuKalpha ray source in the diffraction angle 2theta range of 10-90degrees , the lithium composite metal oxide gives an X-ray powder diffraction pattern having a diffraction peak (A) in the 2theta range of 20-23degrees . When the intensity of diffraction peak (B) which shows maximum intensity is set to 100, the intensity of diffraction peak (A) is 3-10. The lattice constant of an axis of the hexagonal-crystal type in Rietveld analysis of the crystal structure is 2.840-2.851 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Separator: The separator of the non-aqueous-electrolyte secondary battery consists of a laminated porous film of heat-resistant layer containing a heat-resistant resin, and a shutdown layer containing a thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler particles consist of inorganic particles such as titania and/or alumina of rutile type. The positive-electrode active material layer contains lithium cobaltate with aluminum or magnesium and zirconium on lithium cobaltate surface. The non-aqueous electrolyte impregnated into a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrodes consist of lithium salt such as lithium hexafluoro-phosphate or lithium tetrafluoro-borate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non water-soluble binder consist of copolymer and/or polyacrylic acid derivatives including acrylonitrile unit or non-fluorine containing polymer. The coating layer comprises water-soluble binder cellulose polymer, ammonium salt, alkali metal salt, polyacrylic-acid ammonium salt or polycarboxylic-acid ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The braze is in a form of greater than or equal to 50% amorphous, ductile brazing foil; a powder; or a paste. The brazing foil has a thickness of 10-100, preferably 40-100 mu m; and a width of 20-200, preferably 40-200 mu m. The solder seam has a thickness of greater than 20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The parts of the apparatus comprise low- or mid-alloyed steel, stainless steel, nickel (Ni) alloy comprising precipitation-hardened Ni-based alloy, cobalt alloy, copper, or copper alloy. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The bridging material is a polyelectrolyte, a metal ion, an electrically conductive nanoparticle, polyoxometalate, semiconductors, ruthenium oxide, indium tin oxide, or titanium oxide, or surface oxidized carbon colloid. The catalyst nanoparticle contains platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface ligand has a peripheral functional group having a property suitable to ensure solubility in hydroxylic solvent, water, lower molecular weight alcohol, methanol, ethanol, and/or isopropanol. The surface ligand has a peripheral functional group having an ability to couple to a bridging material. The peripheral functional group is capable of interacting with a surface functional group on a conductive electrode substrate. The covalently-bound ligand bearing a peripheral functional group has a charge opposite to or chemical reactivity amenable with that of the surface functional group. The catalyst nanoparticle further includes a material capable of binding to the peripheral functional group. The surface ligand is negatively charged. The platinum nanoparticle is covalently bound to tris-(4-phosphonatophenyl)phosphine. Preferred Parameters: The coupling is electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, or covalent bonding.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary coolant is at least one fluid selected from water, ethanol, acetic acid, and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of sodium transition metal oxide and lithium transition metal oxide is 50:50-0.1:99.9. The lithium transition metal oxide has two or more olivine structure, layer structure containing cobalt, manganese and nickel, or spinel structure containing manganese, iron and manganese. The sodium in the sodium transition metal oxide is replaced by the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte to form sodium transition metal oxide (A). Preferred Metal: The cathode contains lithium, silicon, carbon, tin, germanium, aluminum, lead, indium, gallium, lithium alloy, or carbon material or lithium material in which lithium is occluded.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: A lithium secondary battery consists of cathode, an electrolyte, and anode which contains anode material containing lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide and a binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The peak intensity A and peak intensity B' (both represented by 2(theta )), of the lithium-nickel-manganese complex oxide, during X-ray diffraction measurement with copper-potassium (CuK) alpha 1-ray having 1.5406 Angstrom and CuK alpha 2-ray having 1.5444 as X-ray source, are 18.60degrees (plus minus 0.30degrees ) and 20.58degrees (plus minus 0.17degrees ), respectively. The intensity ratio (B'/A), is 0.01 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium source is selected from group consisting of lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium chloride and lithium acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of difluoro phosphoric acid ester compound and cyclic phosphazene compound is 10/90-80/20. The total content of difluoro phosphoric acid ester compound and cyclic phosphazene compound, is 30 volume% or more. The content of alkyne compound in the electrolyte, is 0.1-5 mass%. The non-aqueous solvent further contains aprotic organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    R1=at least three is fluorine atom.    EXAMPLE - 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne (3 mass%) and lithium hexafluoro phosphate (1 mol/L) were dissolved in mixed solvent of trifluoro propyl difluorophosphate (40 volume%) and cyclic phosphazene ((NPF2)4) (60 volume%), to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte solution having excellent flame retardance. Acetylene black, lithium-manganese-nickel-cobalt oxide (LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2) and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed in mass ratio of 94:3:3, to obtain anode active material. The obtained active material was dispersed in N-methyl pyrrolidone. The resulting slurry was coated on aluminum foil, and dried to obtain anode. Artificial graphite and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed in mass ratio 90:10, to obtain cathode active material. The obtained cathode active material was dispersed in mixed solvent of ethyl acetate and ethanol. The resulting slurry was coated on a copper foil and dried, to obtain cathode. Then, the polyethylene microporous film (separator) was inserted between anode and cathode, and electrolyte solution was injected to form laminated battery. The obtained battery had initial-stage discharge capacitance of 130 mAh/g, capacitance persistence rate of 94% after 50 cycles, and excellent in safety when subjected to nail penetration test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst component is platinum-containing component of formula (I): PtaMb.M=Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Ir, Rh, Pd, Ag and Au;a=90-100;b=0-10;anda+b=100.Preferred Properties: The catalyst component has average particle diameter of 2-20 nm. The ratio of particle size standard deviation and average particle diameter of the catalyst component is 0.3 or less. Preferred Composition: The raw material of catalyst component is platinum chloride, platinum nitrate or dinitro di-amine complex salt of platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic polymer is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride and polyvinylidene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The binder resin is polytetrafluoroethylene resin or its modified resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains non-aqueous solvent chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, xylene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene. Preferred Definitions:    R4,R5=H, methyl or ethyl;    X-=tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluoro phosphate ion, hexafluoro arsenate ion, hexafluoro antimonate ion, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)2- or (RfSO3)2-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxygen permeability material in the oxygen-permeating layer contains solid solution of ceria and zirconia. The substrate in the fuel cell contains yttrium stabilized-zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode material also includes boron, nitrogen, silicon or phosphorus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The light load life test for battery is prescribed by JISD5301 specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The epoxy resin is comprised of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacetal, polycarbonate, acryl, acrylonitrile styrene butadiene rubber, or melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gas adsorption layer is made of titanium or nickel and their alloys. The composite material contains copper, manganese, aluminum, chromium or titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is chosen from silica, alumina and silica-alumina. Preferred Method: Hydrocarbon is desulfurized to sulfur content of 50 mass ppb or less, at reaction temperature of 0-400degreesC, reaction pressure of 0.1 MPa or more and liquid space velocity of 0.01-100 hour-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nonaqueous electrolyte consists of cyclic carbonate ester, chain-shaped carbonate ester, cyclic ether, chain-shaped ether, nitriles and amides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive rubber sheet is made of silicone rubber, fluororubber, acrylic rubber, ethylene acrylic rubber, polyurethane rubber, nitrile rubber, hydrogenation nitrile rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylene rubber, propylene rubber, butyl rubber, butadiene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, natural rubber, isopropene rubber, chloro plane rubber or ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolye-type fuel cell has polyelectrolyte membrane arranged between the pair of electrode catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst support is carbon fine particles which supports catalyst fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst consists of polymer obtained by polyelectrolyte polymerizing the precursor of polyelectrolyte. The precursor of polyelectrolyte is a mixture of monomer having proton dissociative functional group in a molecule, and an oligomer or a monomer and oligomer. Preferred Process: The polymerization of precursor of the polyelectrolyte is carried out by heating the surface of catalyst support. EXAMPLE - The precursor solution containing water (45 ml), sodium styrenesulfonate (in g) (10), divinylbenzene (0.1) and ammonium persulfate (0.1) was dried, after fully impregnating the precursor solution into the porous catalyst film which was comprised from platinum fine particles. An electric current was applied so that the surface temperature of platinum fine particles was set to 100degreesC. Then, the precursor solution was immersed into 1M sulfuric acid, and the unreacted precursor was removed, to obtain electrode catalyst layer. Thus polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The nitride deposition has a height of 10-400nm. Preferred Components: The nitride layer is formed on the base layer. The first layer of the transition metal nitride is directly connected to the base layer. A crystal lattice of the first layer is continuously connected to that of the base layer. A crystal orientation of the first layer is the same as that of the base layer. A crystal grain of the first layer is continuously connected to that of the base layer. The stainless steel comprises an austenitic stainless steel having a nickel (greater than or equal to8 wt. %). The separator includes a channel-like flow passage portion, flat portion, and a passive state film of the stainless steel of the base layer formed on a surface of the flow passage portion. The first layer has at least an M4N type crystal structure where a nitrogen atom is located in an octahedral gap at a center of a unit cell of a face-centered cubic lattice formed of transition metal atom(s) and another transition metal. The transition metal atom(s) is iron, chromium, nickel, or molybdenum. The another transition metal atom is made of stainless steel components. The nitride deposition comprises MN type, M2-3N type or M4N type crystal structures.M=metal element.Preferred Methods: The carrying out of the plasma nitriding comprises using a microwave pulse plasma power configured to repeat discharge and interruption of plasma in a cycle of 1-1000 Psec; and carrying out a press-forming of the base material to form a channel-like flow passage portion and a flat portion, a fluid used in a fuel cell passable through the flow passage portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plate is made of epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer has thickness of 1-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler comprises magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coolant composition further contains a base chosen from water, glycol, alcohol and glycol ether. The polyamine is hydrazine, guanidine or their derivatives. The content of polyamine contained with respect to 100 wt.pts of base, is 0.001-20 wt.pts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane consists of a cross-linking sulfation alginic acid obtained by cross-linking sulfation of an alginic acid. EXAMPLE - Sodium alginate (in g) (2) and sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (3.6) were added to dimethyl sulfoxide (40 ml), stirred, and sulfation reaction was performed at 40degreesC for 5 hours. Then ethanol was added to obtained reaction mixture, and obtained deposit was filter-separated. Then deposit was added to distilled water, dialysis was performed for 72 hours after neutralizing and dissolving with sodium hydroxide solution and freeze-dried to obtain sulfation sodium alginate. The obtained sulfation sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water to obtain aqueous solution. The obtained aqueous solution was flow-spreaded on Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene sheet), and molded at room temperature to form film. The formed film was immersed in 0.5N hydrochloric acid solution for 2 hours, and washed with ion exchange and distilled water to obtain sulfation alginic acid electrolyte film. The obtained sulfation alginic acid electrolyte film had favorable proton conductivity and suppressed methanol permeation.
Preferred Definitions:    R1=-O-R5;    R5=1-6C alkyl group; and    X=carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aluminum foil is formed as anode foil with a thickness of 20-200 mu m. The aluminum foil shows a composition that comprises 99.99% of aluminum. The membrane shows a tunnel density of 105 to 108 tunnel per cm2, tunnel diameter of 0.2-1 mu m and tunnel length of 20-100 mu m. The oxide thickness is 10-800, preferably 10-200 nm. The phosphate content of the membrane is 0.5-2 mg/m2. The tunnel conductor is an electrochemical etching with a stream of 0.1-1 mA/cm2 in preferably 1 N hydrochloric acid with a temperature of preferably 60-90degrees C. A phosphating of the oxides takes place during the oxidation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is a xerogel particle, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic material is silver, osmium, palladium, iridium, platinum, gold, and/or their alloys. The adsorbate material is a halogen, preferably iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbate material is bis-1,2-(4-pyridyl)acetylene (BPA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sensitive element is made of alumina sol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is ether that contains hydrocarbon group carbonate or lactone containing fluorine atom. The hydrocarbon group carbonate contains fluorine atom. The electrolyte salt is lithium hexfluorophosphate, lithium borotetrafluoride, lithium di-sulfoxide-methyl trifluoride, or lithium disulfoxide-ethyl pentafluoride. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution includes (vol. %) ethylene carbonate and/or vinylene carbonate (3-40); and diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or at least one type of dimethyl carbonate (40-96). The organic solvent includes lithium hexafluorophosphate, or lithium borotetrafluoride (0.8 mol/L). The organic solvent is used for electrolyte salting in solution. The electrolyte salting in solution contains 3-pentafluoropropyl or phosphoric acid tri-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyls (1-20 vol. %). Preferred Definitions:    Rf1-Rf3=CF3-, CF3CF2-, CF3CH2-, HCF2CF2-, or CF3CFHCF2-.    EXAMPLE - A phosphoric acid tri-2,2,3,3,3-penta fluoro propyl/ethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate was mixed by 20/30/50 volume ratio. The organic solvent for electrolyte salting-in solutions (30 wt.%) was prepared. The solvent was added with lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/L) to provide electrolyte solution. Electrolyte solutions (6 ml) including fluorine-containing phosphate (20 wt. %) were removed into a sample bottle and allow to stand at 25degreesC for 8 hours. The state of liquid was observed visually. The result showed that the solution was a homogeneous solution and a liquid carries out layer separation. The solution did not ignite after flammability test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of cyclic compound(s) (1-5) with respect to non-aqueous electrolyte is 0.05-5 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel-cell electric power generation system (1) has a container containing fuel and a pump for supplying gas. The fuel and oxygen are made to react to generate carbon dioxide in fuel-cell main container (6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The combustion catalyst contains iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon is graphite having average particle diameter of 50 microns or less. Preferred Process: The carbon component is deposited on the combustion catalyst by thermally decomposing a hydrocarbon in presence of the combustion catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zirconium-magnesium-tungstate composite material has thermal expansion coefficient (at 170-400degreesC) of -6 to -6x10-6/degreesC. Preferred Process: The magnesium-tungstate fine particles are formed by sintering the amorphous fine particles of magnesium tungstate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Assembly: The membrane electrode assembly further has anode side blocking layer between anode catalyst layer and electrolyte film. The anode side blocking layer suppresses or prevents crossover of hydrogen from cathode catalyst layer to electrolyte film. The ratio of thickness of anode catalyst layer, anode side blocking layer and electrolyte film is 10:1:250-1:10:25. Preferred Components: The cathode side blocking layer is formed using porous component containing functional material. The porous component containing functional material is mesoporous silica having pore diameter of 10-100 Angstrom . The porous component is arranged by a direction which does not bar the movement of proton ion. The anode side blocking layer has a structure in which functional material is contained in hydrocarbon-type film or organic-inorganic hybrid film. The proton conductivity of the functional material is 0.001-0.5 S/cm2. Preferred Polyacid: The polyacid is formed using element containing cobalt, manganese, vanadium, palladium, molybdenum, tin and tungsten. The polyacid has Keggin-type structure shown by formula: (H3M12PO40).mH2O, where M is cobalt, manganese, vanadium, palladium, molybdenum, tin or tungsten, and m is 6-12.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode side catalyst layer contains catalyst complex (in mass parts) (10-50) with respect to electrode catalyst (100). The catalyst complex is more than 6-membered ring compound. The material, which comprises the blocking layer, contains functional material comprising polyacid. The weight ratio of functional material of cathode side blocking layer and catalyst metal of cathode catalyst layer is 1:0.01-5. The weight ratio of functional material of anode side blocking layer (2a) with respect to catalyst metal of anode catalyst layer (3a) is 1:0.001-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: Water stirring is carried out at 10-40degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The lithium composite-metal oxide powder, after water stirring processing, is comprised of secondary particle and greater than or equal to2 primary particles. Preferred Properties: A shape of the secondary particle is spherical or elliptic-sphere. About greater than or equal to95% of a particle diameter of the powder is less than or equal to20 microns. The powder has tap density of more than 2.4 g/cm3 and specific surface area of 1-1.35 m2/g. The Li seat occupation rate by Rietveld analysis is greater than or equal to97.6. The primary particle is in a line radially from the secondary particle center.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: b = 6 - 13 atom%; c = 8 - 14 atom%; a = 5 - 30 atom%, especially 10 - 30 atom%. The maximum liquidus temperature is 1000degrees C, especially 980degrees C. The solder sheets have a thickness of 10 -100 microns, especially 40 -100 microns and a breadth of 20 - 200mm, especially 40 - 200 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The two input ends of the expansion controller unit (ECU) controller are connected to serial peripheral interface (SPI)port of the digital signal processor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The washing used acid is carboxylic acid, such as formic acid, acetic acid, monoprop, butyric acid, glycolic acid, ethane diacid, propane diacid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phenylformic acid, or phthalic acid. The drying azeotropic used acid is carboxylic acid, such as formic acid, acetic acid, monoprop, or butyric acid. Preferred Compositions: The titanium solution is heated by microwaves, the wavelength of heating microwaves is 1 m-1 mm (frequency of microwaves is 300 MHz-300 GHz). The pH value of the washing used acid is less than 5.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vapor for carrying-in is vapor of substance, which dissolves inclusion target material. The vapor for discharge is vapor of substance to which inclusion target material tends to adsorb within nanotube than insoluble substance, and/or substance, which exists easily and stably with intermolecular force within the nanotube. The vapor for carrying-in or vapor for discharge is organic material (A) or inorganic material (B). The inorganic material (B) is water vapor (H2O), hydrogen chloride (HCl), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nitrogen oxide (NOx). The nanotube is carbon nanotube or carbon nanohorn having opening in edge portion or wall portion. The nanotube contains hetero nanotube or hetero nanohorn comprising elements excluding carbon, or carbon, and microporous component. The inclusion target material is inorganic substance, organic material, inorganic-organic composite material, organometallic compound, metal or complex. Preferred Process: Substances excluding inclusion target material are coexisted as carrying-in promoter or discharge promoter with nanotube and inclusion target material before vapor exposure. Then, vapor for carrying-in or vapor for discharge is exposed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material (A) is aliphatic compound, alcohol, alicyclic compound, aromatic compound, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or carbon disulfide. The inclusion target material is fullerene, fullerene organic modified material, or fullerene organic composite material. The inclusion target material is preferably C60 fullerene, when the vapor for carrying-in is toluene and vapor for discharge is ethanol. Alternately, the inclusion target material is cisplatin, when the vapor for carrying-in is water vapor and vapor for discharge is dimethyl formamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The layer of activated carbon is present near the inlet of adsorbent bed. The silica gel is present between activated carbon and outlet. The molecular sieve is present between silica gel and outlet. The system further includes coalescing filter (20) in upstream of the adsorbent bed. The adsorbent bed further contains impregnated-carbon layer positioned at the outlet of adsorbent bed. Preferred Material: The coalescing filter comprises hydrophilic material, hydrophobic material and/or nanofibers. Preferred Process: Two of activated carbon, silica gel and molecular sieve are mixed uniformly. The biogas stream is passed into the adsorbent bed, to obtain cleansed stream which is then removed from the adsorbent bed. The cleansed biogas stream has siloxane level of less than 0.05 mg/m3, preferably less than 0.01 mg/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guide material consists of resin material chosen from polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, syndiotactic polystyrene, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymer, polyether imide, ultra-high density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, fluorine resin and polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Heat shrinkage tube is made of one or more materials selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylene propylene rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, nitrile butadiene rubber, and Teflon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic raw material includes alcohol, fossil fuel, ether, or liquid raw material containing hydrogen. The organic raw material includes methanol and dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer includes polyimide resin foam, a polyimide adhesive agent, and/or a polyimide film. The intermediate layer includes foams filled with gas having a thermal conductivity lower than air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen-selective membrane consists of a palladium-copper (PdCu) alloy film supported on a porous asymmetric substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal lines are made of copper or copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is a product made from polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel cell utilizes ethanol as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The continuous hole is sealed by a membrane plug disposed halfway in the continuous hole, where membrane plug is made of a resin film. The resin is a fluorine resin; and the solvent is xylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The current collecting tab holder is made of an insulating resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The thin-film porous support contains an alloy of chromium, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The coating layer consists of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The alloy contains manganese. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder having average particle diameter of 0.6 microns, acrylic-type binder, and mineral spirit as dilution material are mixed in a weight ratio of 100:5:72, to obtain a dipping liquid. An iron-chromium type heat-resistant alloy board having thickness of 2 mm was formed using alloy containing iron (75 mass%), and remainder of chromium, nickel and manganese. The alloy board was dipped in the obtained dipping liquid, heat-processed at 1050degreesC, dried and baked at 950-1050degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain a coating layer. An intermediate layer was formed between the obtained coating layer and alloy, to obtain a heat resistant insulation material. The obtained insulation material had favorable insulation, and effectively suppressed diffusion of chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A portion of the outer surface of silicon containing material is covered by reducible metal layer. The reducible metal layer is irradiated with laser beam and reducible metal atom is dispersed. The value of change of Gibbs free energy for producing the oxide of the reducible metal element is smaller than the value of change of Gibbs free energy for producing the oxide of silicon. The laser beam is irradiated to the silicon containing material in atmosphere in which the reducible metal atom is dispersed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The proton conductive film has maximum height (Rmax) of 10-50 nm and arithmetic mean deviation (Ra) of 1-20 nm, when surface roughness of film is measured. Preferred Material: The hydrogen-permeable base material is a metallic foil including palladium film or alloy film having palladium as main constituent formed on the surface of metallic foil including palladium foil or alloy foil having vanadium, niobium or tantalum. EXAMPLE - The film of perovskite structure oxide (SrZr0.8In0.2O3-(~a), where alpha is more than 0.15 to less than 1) of 0.1 mm thickness was formed on the palladium base material by high-frequency ion plating method using oxides of strontium, zirconium and indium as sources. The ion plating method was performed using oxygen (1 sccm) and argon (1 sccm) under direct current bias of 1000 V and emission electric current of 200 mA. The obtained proton conductive film contained columnar crystals and had maximum height of 30 nm and arithmetic mean deviation of 10 nm when surface roughness was measured. Another film was formed using perovskite structure oxide in presence of oxygen (20 sccm) and argon (1 sccm) without application of direct current bias and high frequency. Thus, hydrogen permeation structure was obtained. Fuel cell was formed using obtained hydrogen permeation structure. The current density of the obtained fuel cell was 0.65 A/cm3 at initial stage and 0.64 A/cm3 after 100 hours. The peeling strength between hydrogen permeable base material and proton-conductive film was 48 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The distance (d) of the interlayer of adjacent molecule and diameter (r) of the hole satisfy the relation: r greater than -2d+c, where c is 1.8 nm. The distance of the interlayer is 1 nm or less. The center-center distance of the hole to which the layer of molecule adjoins is below 1.05x(r+dh), where r is diameter of the hole and dh is the diameter of hole of the 6 membered ring. The layer of molecule is graphite surface having defects in the latex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molecular chain contains chain-shaped organic substance such as alkyl chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The peak intensity ratio of X-ray diffraction of lattice surface (040) and lattice surface (002) of crystals of oxygen deficient perovskite structure oxide is less than 0.1. Preferred Material: The hydrogen-permeable base material is a metallic foil including palladium film or alloy film having palladium as main constituent formed on the surface of metallic foil including palladium foil or alloy foil having vanadium, niobium or tantalum. EXAMPLE - The palladium base material of thickness 0.1 mm was set to holder inside a vacuum chamber provided with synthetic quartz glass window for laser permeation. The holder was heated to 550degreesC, and oxygen was introduced through mass-flow meter. The internal pressure of chamber was adjusted to oxygen-partial-pressure of 1x10-4 Torr. Krypton fluoride excimer laser was irradiated to raw material sintered compact containing strontium-zirconium-indium oxide (SrZr0.8In0.2O3) through the window, to form proton-conductive film having thickness of 2 microns and peak intensity ratio of 0.03. Thus, hydrogen-permeation structure was obtained. A fuel cell was formed using the obtained hydrogen-permeation structure. The fuel cell had current density of 0.80 A/cm2 at initial stage and after 100 hours. The peeling strength between proton-conductive film and hydrogen permeable base material was 52 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connection conductor is made of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) or their alloys and plated with Ni, tin (Sn), Cu, Al or their alloys selectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The infrared-absorption film contains an amorphous semiconductor of tantalum silicon-oxy-nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The infrared-absorption film contains carbon, iron, cobalt, platinum or chromium as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical contacting units are formed from nickel. The interconnector is formed from ferritic chromium steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ammonia containing material initially is saturated with ammonia. The water needed for ammonia release is provided from a separate water container; as a product of a chemical reaction, a combustion reaction, from the humid exhaust of a fuel cell unit or from the humid exhaust gas of an automotive unit operating on gasoline, diesel or other hydrocarbon fuels such as ethanol or on synthetic fuel such as ammonia or hydrogen; by spraying or atomizing water as fine droplets into the storage container; by passing a humid gas through the storage container thus replacing some or all of the water content in the gas by ammonia released from the solid. The saturated ammonia containing material is compacted to a dense block, rod, cylinder, ring or edged unit such as cube with a density above 70% of the theoretical maximum skeleton density of the saturated solid material before placing in the container. The release rate of ammonia is determined by control of the dosing rate of water into the storage container. The delivery of ammonia is further controlled by reduction valves, flow controllers, valves or similar type of equipment. Preferred Components: The ammonia containing material is a metal ammine complex or is a salt of formula Ma(NH3)nXz. The ionic salt is either chloride or sulfate salts of magnesium, calcium, and/or strontium.M=cations selected from alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium or strontium and/or transition metals such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc or combinations such as NaAl, KAl, K2Zn, CsCu or K2Fe;X=anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, molybdate or phosphate ions;a=number of cations per salt molecule;z=number of anions per salt molecule;andn=2-12. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The support material comprises a porous ceramic material. The support material comprises gamma-lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2), alpha-LiAlO2 (preferred) or beta-LiAlO2. The alpha-LiAlO2 powder has a particle size of 0.09 microns. The support material comprises a powder having a particle size of 0.1 microns, and comprises 50% of a total volume of the mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The precursor mixture is heated to 60-400degreesC. The mixture of support material and alkaline precursor material is dispersed in water by blending the mixture for 120 minutes. The dispersed mixture is dried by heating the mixture to 120degreesC for 24 hour time period, and heating the mixture to 400degreesC for 1 hour time period under an airflow. The method further comprises comminuting the coated support material and/or sieving the coated support material to eliminate particles larger than a predetermined size. The comminuting step comprises milling the coated support material using yttrium stabilized zirconia grinding media having 6 mm diameter. At least one additive component is added to the mixture of the coated support material and the dispersant. Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium nitrate or lithium hydroxide. The lithium acetate has a particle size of less than or equal to50 microns. The alkaline precursor material comprises 50% of the total volume. The additive component comprises aluminum powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline precursor material comprises lithium acetate (preferred), lithium acetate anhydrate, or lithium oxalate. The dispersant comprises at least one of fish oil and polymeric dispersant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride and metallic amide compound contains two or more of metal seed chosen from lithium and magnesium. Preferred Properties: The mix ratio of lithium hydride and lithium amide is 0.5-3 mol, and mix ratio of lithium hydride and magnesium amide is 2-5 mol. The amount of fullerene is 0.01-1 mol%. Preferred Process: The hydrogen storage material is obtained by discharging portion of hydrogen in hydride composite component. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Lithium hydride is claimed as metal hydride. Lithium amide or magnesium amide are claimed as metallic amide compound.    EXAMPLE - Fullerene of formula: (C60-70), titanium trichloride, titanium chloride-aluminum chloride, titanium trifluoride, titanium tetraiodide, micro nickel, nano nickel, lithium amide and lithium hydride in mix ratio of 1:1, and magnesium amide and lithium hydride in mix ratio of 3:12 were pulverize-mixed under hydrogen atmosphere of 0.9 MPa at speed of 190 rpm and removed in argon atmosphere to obtain lithium hydride-lithium amide composite component having excellent chemical stability. The obtained component provided hydrogen storage material without deterioration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive tape for winding stopping is made from polyolefin, polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ion: The ion is metal ion. Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel contains organic liquid fuel or reducible substances. Preferred Compound: The metal salt is chosen from hydroxyl, nitrogen oxide, sulfide, cyanide, organic acid salt and/or inorganic acid salt. The halide is chloride. The reducible substance contains sodium lithium bromide hydrogen complex (N2H4.NaBH4.LiBH4) and/or its mixture. Preferred Process: The iron salt is dissociated in aqueous solution or organic molecule solution. The additional amount of ion and/or its salt not restricted.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic liquid fuel contains organic acid of alkyl alcohol-1-5C methanol-ethanol-1-5C propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is methanol, ethanol, methanol water, or ethanol-water mixed solvent. Preferred Process: Peeling of the assembly structure is promoted at frequency of 1-100 Hz for 1-30 minutes. Solid-liquid separation is centrifugation or filter separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, 1-ethoxy-2-methoxy ethane, 3-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane and 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane. Preferred Compound: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro borate, lithium chlorate and lithium complex (LiN(C2F5SO2)2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The computing system conforms to a standard e.g. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The insulative shell that houses the conductive trace is made of ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One of the thermistor terminating pins is made of a metal such as nickel, chromium, or an alloy such as iron alloy. The other pin has a platinum included conductive trace with an insulative shell. The electrical contact has tabs that includes a gold-plated base metal.
EXAMPLE - About 20 mol/kg potassium hydroxide aqueous solution was added to anatase titanium oxide particle obtained by sol gel process. The solution was heated to 120degreesC for 24 hours and the obtained slurry was water-washed, neutralized by acetic acid then surplus ion component was removed. Water was added and 20 mass% titanium oxide nanowire slurry was obtained, dried and powder was removed. About 100 mass parts of pulverized 2 mass% re-dispersion liquid of Ceolus RC-591(RTM: cellulose) were mixed with 100 mass parts of 20 mass% titanium oxide nanowire slurries. The mixture was pre-mixed for 1 hour and machine dispersed, then the dispersion liquid was produced and stabilized for 3 days. Latex was impregnated to web consisting of glass fiber to produce 50 g/m2 glass fiber nonwoven fabric, then dried and impregnated by dispersion liquid to produce sheet article. Titanium oxide nanowire content was 50 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing cyclic compound has sublimability, and molecular diameter varying with heat. The nitrogen-containing cyclic compound is melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution (A) contains gold particles dispersed in alcohol solvent. The solution (B) contains silicon dioxide particles dispersed in alcohol solvent. The electroconductive particles have size larger than the hydrophilic particles. The electroconductive particles have diameter in micron range and the hydrophilic particles have diameter of 20-50 nm. The dried film has thickness of 100-200 nm. The hydrophilic particles are chosen from titanium dioxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, tantalum pentoxide, niobium pentoxide, molybdenum dioxide, iridium dioxide and/or ruthenium dioxide. The electroconductive particles contain fluorine doped tin oxide, antimony doped tin oxide, indium doped tin oxide, tantalum doped titanium oxide or niobium doped titanium oxide, or iridium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or osmium. Preferred Process: The solution mixing and drying include sol-gel technique.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The bipolar substrate is stainless steel substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane exhibits a chain length with greater than five silicon atoms. Preferred Process: In the Muller-Rochow-synthesis, hydrogen gas is filled, in the first step. The polymerization of disilane is similar to the polymerization of ethylene. The silane is obtained from the self-ignited silane containing hydrogen, for the stationary fuel cells. The silane is obtained from a silane with long chain length, such that there are no longer self-ignited, mobile fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is equipped with a silane tank and lead from the silane direction to the pyrolysis area. The pyrolysis area and fuel cell have a joint wall at least in an area, in which the fuel cell is strongly heated. The joint wall contains a good heat conductor. The fuel cell is equipped with the separating device, which is separated after the pyrolysis of the hydrogen-containing silicon. The fuel cell comprises a solid material collecting space, and a hydrogen branching pipe, which flows into a hydrogen reservoir. The hydrogen branching pipe is branched off into the area, in which the hydrogen is introduced into the fuel cell. The supply of the silane and the withdrawal of the silicon are carried out through two tubes, from which the silicon from the solid collecting area is removed and filled in another silane tank. The silicon obtained by pyrolysis is brought from the supply-area for hydrogenation and led back after the hydrogenation as silane to the supply-area. An integrated standardized exchange container with the silicon withdrawal is inserted into the solid collecting area as alternative to the tube. An integrated exchangeable gas compressor or liquid container is inserted into the engine system, during the silane supply as alternative to the tube. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The charge is applied by positioning the storage medium between electrodes oppositely charged by an electrical power source. The placeholder is an electrical charge or an atom. The electrical charge is a positive charge. The atom is a positively-charged ion. The hydrogen atom is displaced by at least one technique chosen from heat energy, light energy, and electrical energy applied to the storage medium. The light energy comprises at least one of infrared energy and ultraviolet energy (preferably infrared energy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The storage medium is a porous silicon matrix (32).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The atom is a lithium atom or a boron atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst comprises carbon particles selected from carbon black and acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-conductive material contains calcium-phosphate hydrogel as main component. Preferred Process: The phosphoric acid is added to the incinerated ash, and the resulting mixture is heat-processed and vitrified at 800degreesC or more, to obtain phosphate glass. The obtained phosphate glass is pulverized, mixed with water, heated and gelatinized to obtain phosphate hydrogel. The hydrogel is further crystallized by exposing it to water vapor. Thus, the manufacture of proton-conductive material is carried out. EXAMPLE - Incinerated ash (20 g) containing calcium (in mass%) (66.8), potassium (8.0), silicon (6.1), aluminum (5.8), sulfur (4.9), zinc (3.0), iron (2.1), titanium (1.9) and other elements (1.4) and having median diameter of 60 microns, was added to 85% phosphoric acid (27 g) and heat-processed at 1200degreesC for 30 minutes in a muffle furnace, to obtain metal phosphate glass essentially containing calcium phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate glass was pulverized into glass powder, mixed with distilled water and then gelatinized at constant temperature and humidity, to obtain metal phosphate hydrogel essentially containing calcium phosphate. The obtained metal phosphate hydrogel had favorable electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The strip shaped adhesive sheet consists of polyethylene or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst particles contains platinum. Preferred Property: The carbon material has a crystal structure having face distance (d002) of 0.34-0.38 nm, and specific surface area of 1-1000 m2/g and decomposition temperature of 600-850degreesC in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The surface of metal layer (2) further has a region (7) in which compressive strain is induced. The adsorptivity of carbon monoxide with respect to region (7) is lower than that of platinum surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Plant type biomass is chaff or Japanese cedar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal and/or the metal oxide are mixed in the adsorption agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A binder from saccharide is added and molded. Preferred Condition: The first carbonization step may be carried out at 300-500degreesC. The second carbonization step may be carried out at 200-500degreesC. Activation treatment is carried out at 800-900degreesC at carbon dioxide atmosphere for 0.1-4 hours. EXAMPLE - The chaff of Koshihikari-rice from the Shizuoka Prefecture Okamura (2004 harvesting) was carbonized by 250degreesC of under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The carbonization chaff was obtained. After adding the water of the same weight as the powdery sugar beet dried sufficiently, it was heated at 100degreesC and water content was evaporated gradually. The liquid (sirupy sugar beet) was obtained. With respect to 1 carbonization chaff, the sirupy sugar beet was made into the sugar beet, 0.7 g (dry standard) mixing was carried out, and the paste was prepared. This paste was pressed for 1 minute by 3 ton/cm2, and was molded to the disc-shape of diameter 30 mm and thickness 2 mm. It was carbonized at 400degreesC of under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. The carbonization chaff was obtained twice. After grinding the carbonization chaff twice, 0.3 g (dry standard) mixing was carried out twice by having made the sirupy sugar beet into the sugar beet with respect to 1 g carbonization chaff, and the paste was prepared. This paste was pressed for 1 minute by 3 ton/cm2 and was molded to the disc-shape of diameter 30 mm and thickness 2 mm. After that, activation treatment was performed for this disc-shape molding at 875degreesC under carbon dioxide atmosphere for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The two laminar co-flowing fluids are a fuel and an oxidant. The fuel and oxidant are included a single electrolyte solution, or in a dual electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium-based component is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, and/or lithium oxide. The reducing agent is hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide. The gaseous atmosphere comprises another gas from inert gas and/or inactive gas. Preferred Composition: The reducing agent is present in the gaseous atmosphere in at least 0.1 vol.%. The lithium titanate is present in the cathode or anode in greater than or equal to 80 pbw based on the total weight of the cathode or anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent can be a hydrocarbon. EXAMPLE - Lithium titanate was formed by forming a mixture including titanium dioxide (72.992 pbw) and lithium-based compound, preferably lithium carbonate (27.008 pbw). The titanium dioxide and lithium-based compound were mixed and milled for 60 minutes at least 150 rpm rotation speed. The mixture was sintered in a gaseous atmosphere. The lithium titanate had a reversible electric power generating capacity of 168 mAasteriskhrs/g, crystal structure parameter of 8.36012 Angstrom at 300degreesC, and logarithm of direct current electronic conductivity of -5.2 S/cm at 300degreesK.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode plate is polychlorinated biphenyl or graphite plate or metal plate. The wavelike current collector has a conductive substrate coated with copper film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ceramic material comprises oxides of at least one element selected from silicon, zinc, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, ruthenium, tin, cerium, lead, strontium, sodium, calcium, bismuth and/or boron (preferably silica).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal-containing particles include metal selected from silver, copper, gold, palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, tungsten, ruthenium, titanium or their alloys (preferably silver).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a silane such as hexamethyl disilazane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The dispersant is selected from an ammonium salt or sodium salts of polyacrylic acid; styrene acrylic polymer; condensed naphthalene sulfonate; polymerized alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acid; a phosphate of an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene-oxide (EO-PO-EO) block polymer; an ethylene-oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO)-acrylic polymer; and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The functional group that functionalize the metal-containing particles, includes a siloxane e.g. ethylene oxide functional siloxane such as Gelest 2-methoxy(polyethyleneoxy) propyltrimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomers: The monomer (m3) is compound of formula (1), compound of formula:CH2=CHCH2SO3Y' and/or compound of formula CH2=CHCONHC(CH3)2CH2SO3H. The monomer (m4) is compounds of formulae: CH2=C(CH3)COOCH2CH=CH2, (CH2=CHCONH)2CH2 and/or (CH2=CHCOOCH2)3CCH2CH3.X,Y'=H or alkali metal.Preferred Composition: The content of resin (IV) is 37-95 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyvinyl alcohol-type resin is obtained saponifying copolymer of vinyl ester type monomer and acetoxy compound of formula (2).R1-R6,X=same as defined above;R7,R8=hydrogen atom or R9-CO-;andR9=alkyl.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and polycarboxylic acid is 99/1-10/90. The polycarboxylic acid is poly(meth)acrylic acid. Preferred Film: A film has at least one layer formed using resin composition containing reaction product of polyvinyl alcohol-type resin and polycarboxylic acid. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=hydrogen;and    X=single bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution contains 30 mol% or more of metal source (B). Preferred Property: The solution and base material are contacted by atomizing. Preferred Component: The solution further contains doped metal source (C), oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The metal source (A) contains acid anion such as fluoride ion, chloride ion, bromide ion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, phosphate ion or nitro ion, and chelate anion in non metallic portion. EXAMPLE - A solution containing yttrium nitric acid, doped metal source and mixed solvent of ethanol (15 wt.%) and toluene (85 wt.%) was prepared and dissolved in zirconium acetyl acetonato. The resulting solution was sprayed on glass plate and heated at 500degreesC to form metal oxide film. The obtained film was conformed as amorphous yttria stabilized zirconia film.
EXAMPLE - A liquid mixture of 20 g ethanol and 1 g water was dripped into sol-gel reaction liquid that dissolved titanium tetraisopropoxide (23 g), 50 g ethanol, and 2.4 g iron chlorides. It was left overnight at room temperature and the gel was obtained. After drying at 100degreesC for 12 hours, baking for 6 hours was performed at 400degreesC in air. A powder of the negative-electrode active material was obtained. The material was excellent in a cycle characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane consists of polyelectrolyte with which salt substitution of cation exchange group is carried out using alkali metal ion and/or alkaline-earth-metal ion. The polyelectrolyte is aromatic polymer. The polyelectrolyte has bivalent aromatic group-containing repeating unit of formula: asterisk-(Ar1-X1)-asterisk.Ar1=optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl group, optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group chosen from 6-20C aryloxy group having 6-20C aryl group having optionally substituted 1-20C alkoxy, and substituent;andX1=oxy group, thioxy group, carbonyl group or sulfonyl group.The polyelectrolyte contains block copolymer having cation exchange group. The bivalent aromatic group-containing block copolymer is of formula: asterisk-(Ar11-X11)d-asterisk, preferably of formula: asterisk-(Ar22-X22)e-asterisk.Ar11,Ar22=same as Ar1;andX11,X22=same as X1.The phenyl-ring containing cation exchange group is of formula (I) and/or (II).X12=same as X1;R1=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, 6-20C aryl or 6-20C aryloxy;andJ1=cation exchange group.Preferred Compound: The bivalent aromatic group-containing block copolymer is most preferably of formula (III).a,b,c=0 or 1;Ar2-Ar5=same as Ar1;X,X'=direct bonding or bivalent group;andY,Y'=oxy group or thioxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separator is provided in catalyst layer provided on both surfaces of electrolyte film. A gaseous diffusion material is provided on both surfaces of catalyst layer. The electrolyte film contains sulfone group-containing perfluoro carbon or carboxyl group-containing perfluoro carbon. The catalyst layer contains proton conductive substance and electroconductive substance supported with catalyst. The proton conductive substance is sulfonic acid group-containing perfluoro carbon, polyether sulfone, sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonated polyimide. The electroconductive substance is silicon dioxide or carbon. The catalyst is gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and/or iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyamide resin is polymetaxylylene adipamide. Polyester copolymer resin is polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium nickel manganese oxide is of formula: LixDeNiyMnzCoaMbOc-dAd.x=0.5-1;y,z=0.3-0.7;a=0-0.4;b,d=0-0.2;c=1.8-2.4;e,x+e=0-1.2 (excluding 0);D=alkali metal other than lithium or alkaline earth metal including beryllium and magnesium, preferably sodium and/or magnesium;M=transition metal other than nickel, manganese and cobalt, or aluminum;andA=nitrogen, phosphorus, halogen or chalcogen element other than oxygen, preferably nitrogen and/or phosphorus.Hydroxide of nickel and manganese is used as raw material for the lithium nickel manganese oxide. Magnesium nitride compound is used as raw material for magnesium substitution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The tubular element comprises thermally conductive ceramic materials, titanium, niobium, nickel, zirconium, gold, tantalum, platinum, palladium, silver, and/or their alloys, blends and composites. It includes a metal clad composite material having two or more metal layers bonded together by solid-phase bonding. The tubular element comprises an innermost layer comprising metal or metal alloy from titanium, niobium, nickel, zirconium, gold, tantalum, platinum, palladium, silver, and/or their alloys, and outer layer(s) comprising metal or metal alloy from copper, aluminum, brass, bronze, nickel, silver, or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The common heat-exchanging and/or humidifying element comprises an electrically non-conductive/thermally conductive material, and/or a membrane wall containing a non-porous, hydrophilic or a microporous, hydrophobic material. The sub-bundle comprises an electrically insulative, porous coating layer comprising a material including a porous fiberglass matrix, a porous polymeric matrix with a foam-like structure, and/or hydrophobic material(s). The sub-bundle comprises a thermally conductive tubular element comprising carbon, graphite, carbon-fiber reinforced composite materials, fiberglass-reinforced composite materials, metals, metal alloys, thermally conductive polymers, polymer/metal composites, polymer/carbon composites, polymer/ceramic composites, and/or polymeric composite materials. The structure comprises a non-porous hydrophilic membrane wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - One of the polypropylene layers consists of non-expanded polypropylene layer which contains ethylene and propylene random-copolymer layer. The base material layer is an extending polyester layer or polybutylene-terephthalate layer. The adhesive layer consists of acid modified polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfone group-containing monomer is 1-butene sulfonic acid alkali metal salt or 1-butene sulfonic acid alkyl ester. The polymerization initiator is 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. The solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Monomer solution containing sulfone group-containing monomer of formula (2), a solvent and a polymerization initiator is polymerized to obtain vinyl polymer. The sulfone group-containing monomer concentration in monomer solution is 20 mol/L or more.x=same as defined above;andM=metal ion or 1-10C alkyl.Preferred Method: Film forming of vinyl polymer is carried out to obtain polymeric electrolyte membrane having ion exchange amount of 200 or less. Preferred Component: A polymer electrolyte fuel cell has two or more fuel battery cells containing a separator clamped between electrolyte film and reaction pole, and reaction pole clamping both surfaces of electrolyte film. EXAMPLE - Ion exchange water (in g) (4) and 1-butene sulfonic acid sodium salt (2.5) were mixed and nitrogen substitution was carried out. Potassium persulfate (0.025) and sodium sulfite (0.01) were added and reacted at 50degreesC for 24 hours. Reprecipitation was carried out, and reaction mixture was filtered and dried. Vinyl polymer of 1-butene sulfonic acid sodium salt was obtained.