TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The gate electrode includes metals, including gold (Au), silver (Ag), aluminum (A1), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and chromium (Cr), or their alloys; metal oxides, including indium tin oxide (ITO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). The data line includes metals, including gold, silver, aluminum, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and chromium, or their alloys, or metal oxides, including indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The semiconductor layer and the source/drain electrodes are formed by dissolving and dispersing the organic semiconductor type material in an organic solvent, and applying the mixture to the semiconductor layer and the source/drain electrodes. The organic semiconductor type material is dissolved and dispensed at 30-60degreesC for 0.5-5 hours. The mixture is applied by printing, spin coating, solution casting, screen printing, dip coating, ink jetting, or drop casting. Preferred Components: The carbon-based nanoparticles include carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphite, or carbon black. The carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or rope carbon nanotubes. The carbon-based nanoparticles have a particle size of ones to tens of nm. The organic solvent includes alcohols, including methylalcohol, ethylalcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, t-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and diacetone alcohol, ketones, including acetone, methylethylketone, and methylisobutylketone, glycols, including ethyleneglycol, diethyleneglycol, triethyleneglycol, propyleneglycol, butyleneglycol, hexyleneglycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol, glycol ethers, including ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether and triethyleneglycol monoethyl ether, glycol ether acetates, including propyleneglycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA), acetates, including ethyl acetate, butoxyethoxy ethyl acetate, butyl carbitol acetate (BCA), and dihydroterpineol acetate (DHTA), terpineols, trimethyl pentanediol monoisobutyrate (TEXANOL), dichloroethene (DCE), chlorobenzene, and/or N-methyl2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The substrate is a silicon substrate, a glass substrate, or a plastic substrate. The gate insulating layer includes a ferroelectric insulator, an inorganic insulator, an organic insulator, or a composition including an aqueous polymer solution, having a UV curing agent, and a fluorine-based aqueous compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The semiconductor layer is formed of a first organic semiconductor type material obtained by adding 0.001-0.6 wt.% first carbon-based nanoparticles to a first organic semiconductor material, and the source/drain electrodes are formed of a second organic semiconductor type material obtained by adding 1.0-10 wt.% second carbon-based nanoparticles to a second organic semiconductor material. The organic semiconductor materials consist of low-molecular-weight or oligomer organic semiconductor materials, or polymer organic semiconductor materials. The organic semiconductor materials include anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, oligothiophene, polythiophene, merocyanine, copper phthalocyanine, perylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyphenylene, rubrene, coronene, anthradithiophene, polyfluorene, polyphenylenevinylene, polytienylthiazole, or their derivatives. The gate electrode includes conductive polymers, including polythiophene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyphenylenevinylene, or a mixture of polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) or polystyrenesulfonate (PSS).