TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fiber-shaped or tube-shaped carbon conductive material is oxidized at its surface, to form functional groups selected from carboxyl groups, hydroxyl groups, and/or carbonyl groups. The fiber-shaped or tube-shaped carbon conductive material is carbon nano fiber or carbon nanotube. The conductive material is present in an amount of 0.05-20 (preferably 0.3-10) wt.% based on the total weight of the active material. The active material is selected from carbonaceous materials, materials capable of reversibly forming lithium-containing compounds by reaction with lithium ions, lithium alloys, and/or lithium-containing chalcogenide compounds. The carbonaceous material selected from crystalline carbon, and/or amorphous carbon. The material capable of reversibly forming lithium-containing compounds by reaction with lithium ions selected from Si, Si oxide, Sn, Sn oxide, tin alloy composites, transition element oxides, lithium metal nitrides, and lithium metal oxides. The active material comprises a lithium alloy having lithium and a metal selected from Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Al, Fe, and/or Sn. The lithium metal oxide is of formula LixMyVzO2+d. The lithium-containing chalcogenide compound is LiAO2, LiMn2O4, LiaNibB'cMdO2, LiaNibCocMndMcO2, LiaAMbO2, LiaMn2M'bO4, DX2, LiDS2, V2O5, LiV2O5, LiEO2, LiNiVO4, Li3-xF'2(PO4)3, Li3-xFe2(PO4)3, or LiaM1bM2c(PO4)d.x=0.1-2.5;y=0-0.5;z=0.5-1.5;d=0.1-0.5;M=Al, Cr, Mo, Ti, W, or Zr;a=0.95-1.1;b=0-0.9;c=0-0.5;d=0.001-0.1;e=0.001-0.1;A=Co, Ni, or Mn;B'=Co or Mn;D=Ti, Mo, or Mn;E=Cr, V, Fe, Sc, or Y;F'=V, Cr, M, Co, Ni, or Cu;M'=at least one transition element or lanthanide metal selected from Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, or V;M1 and M2=Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, V, Sn, Ti, or Cr; andX=O or S.The active material is prepared by adding an active material to which a water-soluble polymer is attached to a liquid of a fiber-shaped or tube-shaped carbon conductive material to obtain a mixture; controlling the pH of the mixture; and heat-treating the mixture; and further mixing the product obtained by heat-treating with a carbon conductive material to obtain a second mixture; controlling the pH of the second mixture; and heat-treating the second mixture. The fiber-shaped or tube-shaped carbon conductive material and active material are mixed in a weight ratio of 0.05-20 wt.%:99.95-80. The pH is controlled within 3-4. The heat-treating process is performed at 300-450degreesC. The carbon conductive material is carbon nano fiber, carbon nanotube, carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, and activated carbon.