DE102007012794-B3  C.W. Tang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51(12), 913-5EP1970371-A1  BALDO M A ET AL: "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence" APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AIP, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, MELVILLE, NY, Bd. 75, Nr. 1, 5. Juli 1999 (1999-07-05), Seiten 4-6, XP012023409 ISSN: 0003-6951;  TOMIOKA YUKIHIKO ET AL: "Studies on aromatic nitro compounds. V. A simple one-pot preparation of o-aminoaroylnitriles from some aromatic nitro compounds" CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, TOKYO, Bd. 33, Nr. 4, 1. Januar 1985 (1985-01-01), Seiten 1360-1366, XP009102906 ISSN: 0009-2363;  J. KIDO ET AL. APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 73, 1998, Seite 2866;  M. MAITROT ET AL. J. APPL. PHYS. Bd. 60, Nr. 7, 1986, Seiten 2396 - 2400;  M. PFEIFFER ET AL. APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 73, Nr. 22, 1998, Seite 3202;  A. NOLLAU ET AL. J. APPL. PHYS. Bd. 87, Nr. 9, 2000, Seite 4340;  A.G. WERNER APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 82, 2003, Seite 4495;  K. HARADA ET AL. PHYS. REV. LETT. Bd. 94, 2005, Seite 036601;  X. ZHOU ET AL. APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 78, Nr. 4, 2001, Seite 410;  J. KIDO ET AL. APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 73, Nr. 20, 1998, Seite 2866;  J.-S. HUANG ET AL. APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 80, 2002, Seite 139;  ZB. W. GAO APPL. PHYS. LETT. Bd. 82, 2003, Seite 4815;  Z.B. B.W. ANDRADE ET AL. ORG. ELECTRON. Bd. 6, 2005, Seite 11;  T.B. TANG J. APPL. PHYS. Bd. 59, 1986, Seite 5;  V.D. PARKER J. AMER. CHEM. SOC. Bd. 96, 1974, Seite 5656;  L.L. MILLER J. ORG. CHEM. Bd. 37, 1972, Seite 916;  Y. FU ET AL. J. AMER. CHEM. SOC. Bd. 127, 2005, Seite 7227;  B.W. ANDRADE ORG. ELECTRON. Bd. 6, Nr. 11, 2005, Seiten 25 - 28;  A.J. BARD; L.R. FAULKNER: 'Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications', 2000, WILEY;  Y. FU ET AL. J. AM. CHEM. SOC. Bd. 127, 2005, Seiten 7227 - 7234;  T. ZIMMERMANN ET AL. J. PRAKT. CHEM. Bd. 331, 1989, Seiten 306 - 318EP1970371-B1  BALDO M A ET AL: "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence" APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, AIP, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS, MELVILLE, NY, Bd. 75, Nr. 1, 5. Juli 1999 (1999-07-05), Seiten 4-6, XP012023409 ISSN: 0003-6951;  TOMIOKA YUKIHIKO ET AL: "Studies on aromatic nitro compounds. V. A simple one-pot preparation of o-aminoaroylnitriles from some aromatic nitro compounds" CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, TOKYO, Bd. 33, Nr. 4, 1. Januar 1985 (1985-01-01), Seiten 1360-1366, XP009102906 ISSN: 0009-2363US7807687-B2  Smith, M. B. Organic Synthesis, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1994, Chapter 1.;  C.W. Tang et al., "Organic electroluminescent diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 (12), pp. 913-915, (1987).;  J. Kido et al., "Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, pp. 2866-2868 (1998).;  M. Maitrot et al., "Molecular material based junctions: Formation of a Schottky contact with metallophthalocyanine thin films doped by the cosublimation method", J. Appl. Phys., 60 (7), pp. 2396-2400 (1986).;  K. Harada et al., "Organic Homojunction Diodes with a High Built-in Potential: Interpretation of the Current-Voltage Characteristics by a Generalized Einstein Relation", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94-, pp. 036601-1 to 036601-4, (2005).;  X. Zhou et al., "Ver-low-operating-voltage organic light-emitting diodes using a p-doped amorphus hole injection layer", Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 (4), pp. 410-412 (2001).;  J.-S. Huang et al., "Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures" Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 (1), pp. 139-141 (2002).;  R. Schlaf et al., "HOMO/LUMO Alignment at PTCDA/ZnPc and PTCDA/ClInPc Hererointerfaces Determined by Combined UPS and XPS Measurements", J. Phys. Chem. B 103, pp. 2984-2992 (1999).;  W. Gao et al., "Effect of electrical doping on molecular level alignment at organic-organic heterojunctions", Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, pp. 4815-4817 (2003).;  J.D. Anderson, "Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Processes of the Components of Aluminum Quinolate/Triarylamine, and Related Organic Light-Emitting Diodes", J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 120, pp. 9646-9655 (1998).;  B.W. D'Andrade et al., "Relationship between the ionization and oxidation potentials of molecular organic semiconductors", Org. Electron. 6, pp. 11-20 (2005).;  A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner, "Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications", Wiley, 2nd Edition 2000.;  Y. Fu et al., "Quantum-Chemical Predictions of Absolute Standard Redox Potentials of Diverse Organic Molecules and Free Radicals in Acetonitrile", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, pp. 7227-7234 (2005).;  T. Zimmerman et al., "Benzocycloalkenone und Dihydro-2H, 7H-1-benzopyranone aus 2,4,6-Triaryl-pyryliumsalzen und Cycloalkan-1,2-dionen", J. prakt. Chem. 331, pp. 306-318 (1989).;  T.B. Tang, "Ionization thresholds of merocyanine dyes in the solid state", J. Appl. Phys. 59, pp. 5-10 (1986).;  M. Pfeiffer et al., "Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptor molecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study", Appl. Phys. Lett., 73 (22) pp. 3202-3204 (1998).;  A. Nollau et al., "Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ehtylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF)", J. Appl. Phys., 87 (9), pp. 4340-4343 (2000).;  V.D. Parker, "On the Problem of Assigning Values to Energy Changes of Electrode Reactions", J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 96, pp. 5656-5661 (1974).;  L.L. Miller, "A Simple, Comprehensive Correlation of Organic Oxidation and Ionization Potentials", J. Org. Chem. 37, pp. 916-918 (1972).;  A.G. Werner et al., "Pyronin B as a donor for n-type doping of organic thin films", Appl. Phys. Lett., 82 (25) pp. 4495-4497 (2003).;  Akiba, Kin-Ya et al., "Direct Synthesis of 2,2-diaryl-3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazoles from 3-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-2-thione and some mechanistic aspects," Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, vol. 52(1), pp. 156-159, (1979).;  Akutagawa, T. et al. "Multi Electron and Proton-Transfer System Based on 2,2'-biimidazole derivatives," Science and Technology of Syn. Metals, 1994, 346.;  Alonso, R. A. et al. "Photostimulated Reaction of Diphenylarsenide and Diphenylstibide Ions with Haloaromatic Compounds by the Srn1 Mechanism. Electron Transfer vs. Bond Breaking of the Radical Anion Intermediate," J. Org. Chem. (1982) 47(1) pp. 77-80.;  Auch et al. "Eine neue Synthese und die Kristallstrukturanalyse von., Krokonat-Balu . . . ," Chem. Ber. 120, 1691-1696 (1987), extract, pp. 1691-1693, 6 total pages.;  Bach, U. et al. "Solid-state dye-sensitized mesoporous TiO2 solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies," Nature, vol. 395, Oct. 8, 1998, pp. 583-585.;  Bamgboye, T.T. et a. "Lewis acidity of Ph2SbX3, wherein X=Cl or Br. Crystal structures of Ph2SbCl3*H20 and Ph2SbBr3*MeCN," J. of Organometallic Chem. vol. 362, Feb. 28, 1989, pp. 77-85.;  Bard, A. J., Faulkner, R.J., Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, 2nd Ed., 2000 (Chapter 6).;  Barton, D.H.R. et al. "Comparative Arylation Reactions with Pentaphenylbismuth and with Triphenylbismuth Carbonate," J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. (1980) 17, pp. 827-829.;  Baumgartel, H. et al., "Polarographische Untersuchungen zur Konformation von 1.2.3.4.5-pentaarylimidazoliumkationen," Ber. Bunsenges (1972) 76/2, 94-100.;  Baumgartel, H. et al., "Uber eine neue Synthese von tetraaryl-imidazolen und pentaaryl-imidazolium-salzen," Chem. Ber. (1968), 101, 3504.;  Bhattacharya, S.N. et al. "Preparation&Characterization of Some Triarylarsenic&Triarylantimony Mixed Halides&Related Compounds," Indian J. Chem. 16A (1978) pp. 778-781.;  Blinka et al. "Octacyanotetramethylenecyclobutane Dianion and its Anion-Radical," Tetrahedron Lett. (1983). vol. 24, No. 1567-1568.;  Blochwitz, J., et al., "Low voltage organic light emitting diodes featuring doped phthalocyanine as hole transport material," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, No. 6, Aug. 10, 1998, pp. 729-731.;  Bonati, F. et al. "Reactions of C-imidazolyllithium derivatives with Broup Ib compounds: tris[micro-(1-alkylimidazolato-N3, C2)]tri-gold (I) and -silver (I)," J. Organomet. Chem. 1989, 375, pp. 147-160.;  Brucsis, L. et al. "Substituionasreaktionen an 1,4-dihalogen-2,3,5,6-tetracyan-benzolen," Chem. Ber. 109(1976) pp. 2469-2474.;  Cherkashin M. I. et al. "Studies on 2,4,5-triaylimidazoles," Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khim. 1982, 2, pp. 376-377.;  Chonan et al. "The synthesis of difluoro and dimethyl derivatives of 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydro-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']-dithiophen-4-one (CPDT-TCNQ) and the Conducting Properties of the Metallic Salts Based on the Dimethy Derivative," The Chemical Society of Japan (2004) pp. 1487-1497.;  Curini, M. et al., "Ytterbium Triflate Promoted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives," Synlett, No. 10, pp. 1832-1834, 2004.;  Dedik, S.G. et al. "Tetrahalotetraazafulvalenes-new strong electron acceptors," Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds (A Translation of Khimiyageterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii), Plenum Press Co., New York, U.S., vol. 10, Jan. 1, 1989, p. 1421.;  DeLuca, Mark et al., "The p-toluenesulfonic acid promoted synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles and benzimidazoles from diacylated precursors," Tetrahedron, vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 457-464, 1997.;  Endo, Jun et al., "Organic Electroluminescent Devices with a vacuum-deposited Lewis Acid doped hole injecting layer," Japan Society of Applied Physics, vol. 41, 2002, pp. L358-L360, Part 2, No. 3B, Mar. 15, 2002.;  Fatiadi et al. "Electrochemical Oxidation of Several Oxocarbon Salts in N,N-dimethylformamide," J. Electroanalytical Chem. (1982) vol. 135, pp. 193-209.;  Fatiadi, "Psuedooxocarbons, Synthesis of 1,2,3-tris(dicyanomethylene)croconate Salts; A New Bond-Delocalized Dianion, Croconate Blue," J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 1338-1339.;  Fatiadi, "Synthesis of 1,3-(dicyanomethylene)croconate Salts. New Bond-Delocalized Dianion, Croconate Violet," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Apr. 12, 1978, pp. 2586-2587.;  Fausett, B.W. et al. "Palladium-catalyzed coupling of thiol esters with aryl and primary and secondary alkyl organiindium reagents," J. Org. Chem. (2005) 70(12) pp. 4851-4853.;  Fenghong Li et al., "Leuco Crystal Violet as a dopant for n-doping of organic thin films of fullerene C60," J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, pp. 17076-17088.;  Fild, Manfred et al. "Group VA pentafluorophenyl compounds. 14. Pentafluorophenyl-substituted phosphoranes," Zeitschrift Fuer Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, 439, pp. 145-152 (1978).;  Fukunaga, T. et al. "Negatively substituted trimethylenecyclopropane dianions," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1976, pp. 610-613.;  Gan, F. "Optical nonlinearity of hybrid and nanocomposite materials prepared by the Sol-Gel method," J. of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 13, 559-563 (1998).;  Ganzorig, C. et al., "p-Typed Semiconducts of Aromatic Diamines Doped with SbC15," Chemistry Letters 2000, pp. 1032-1033.;  Gibbons, M.N. et al. "Multiply Bridged Diantimony Compounds," Phosphorus, Sulfur,&Silicon 93/94 (1994).;  Giovanella, et al. "Electroluminescence from two fluorinated organic emitters embedded in polyvinyl carbazole," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 87, pp. 171910-1-171910-3.;  Glemser, O. et al. "Synthese von Tris-pentafluorphenylarsin, -stibin und -phosphin sowie von Trimethyl-pentafluor-phenylsilan," Angew. Chemie (1964) 76, 953.;  Gogoi, P. et al. "An efficient and one-pot synthesis of imidazolines and benzimidazoles via anaerobic oxidation of carbon-nitrogen bonds in water," Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, pp. 79-82.;  Gregg, B.A. et al., "On the superlinear increase in conductivity with dopant concentration in excitonic semiconductors," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 84, No. 10, Mar. 8, 2004, pp. 1707-1709.;  Grimmett, M. R., "Imidazole and benzimidazole synthesis," Tables of Contents, pp. 1-10, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace&Company, Publishers, London, San Diego, NY, Boston et al., 1997.;  Gufeng, He et al., "High-efficiency and low-voltage p-i-n electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with double-emission layers," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, No. 17, Oct. 25, 2004, pp. 3911-3913.;  Haddon, R.C. et al., "Conducting films of C60 and C70 by alkali-metal doping," Nature, vol. 350, Mar. 28, 1991, pp. 320-322.;  Harada, Kentaro et al., "Realization of organic pn-homojunction using a novel n-type doping technique, Proceedings of SPIE_The international Society for Optical Engineering; Organic Optoelectronics and Photonics 2004," vol. 5464, Sep. 2004, pp. 1-9.;  Harris, G. S. et al."The Reaction of Trispentafluorophenylstibine with Halogens and Interhalogens," J. Fluorine Chem. 37 (1987) pp. 247-252.;  Heinze, J. et al., "Polarographic studies of the conformation of 1,2,3,4,5-pentaarylimidazolium cations," The Institute for Physical Chemistry at the University of Freiburg, pp. 1-22, 1972.;  Hill, J. "Oxidative Dimerization of Benzimidazole," J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, pp. 1931-1932.;  Hopf et al. "Uber einen neuen Kohlenwasserstoff C18H24 . . . ," Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol. XLIV, Issue II (1961), No. 46, extract from p. 380-386.;  Hopf et al., "Preparation and Properties, Reactions, and Applications of Radialenes," Angewandte Chemie, vol. 31, No. 8, Aug. 1992, pp. 931-954.;  Iyoda, et al. "Novel synthesis of hexaaryl[3]radialenes via dibromo[3]dendralenes," Tetrahedron Letters 41 (2000), 6 pgs.;  Japp, F. et al. "Constitution of Glycosine,"0 J. Chem. Soc. Trans. 1887, 51, pp. 552-557.;  Jefferson, Alan M. and Suschitzky, H., "New Route to Nucleophillically Substituted o-phenylenediamines," J.C.S. Chem. Comm. pp. 189-190, 1997.;  Jensen, W.B.; The Generalized Lewis Acid Based Concepts, John Wiley&Sons, New York, 1980, pp. 113-195.;  Ji, L. et al. "Mono-, di- and tetra-nuclear ruthenium (II) complexes containing 2,2'-p-phenylenebis(imidazo[4,5-f]phenanthroline): synthesis, characterization and third-order non-linear optical properties," J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, pp. 1920-1926.;  Katz, H.E. et al., "Pyridyl Dicyanoquinodimethane Acceptors for Electroactive Solids," J. Org. Chem. 56 (1991) pp. 5318-5324.;  Kaufhold, Von Jurgen et al., "Uber das Leitfahigkeitsverhalten verschiedener Phthalocyanine im Vakuum und unter dem Einfluss von gasen," Ber. Bunsen. Phys. Chem. 69, pp. 168-179.;  Kikuchi, A et al. "A new family of pi-conjugated delocalized biradicals: electronic structures of 1,4-bis(2,5-diphenylimidazol-4-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-diene," J. Phys. Chem. B., 2005, 109, pp. 19448-19453.;  Kikuchi, A. et al. "Definitive Evidence for the Contribution of Biradical Character in a Closed-Shell Molecule, Derivative of 1,4-Bis-(4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-diene," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, pp. 6526-6527.;  Kimura, M. et al. "Preparation of 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzaldehyde and Its Practical Synthetic Use in the Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Imidazoles," ITE Letters on Batteries, New Technologies and Medicine, 2002, 3, pp. 30-34.;  Klopman, G. "Chemical Reactivity and the Concept of Charge-and Frontier-controlled reactions," Journal of the American Chemical Society., vol. 90, No. 2, Jan. 17, 1968, pp. 223-234.;  Koster, et al. "Synthesis and reactions of a tetraquinocyclobutane," Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Wisconsin, J. Org. Chem., vol. 40, No. 16, 1975, pp. 2300-2304.;  Kozaki, M. et al. "Preparation, Properties, and Reduction of Heteroaromatic Quinoids with 1,4-diazacyclopentadien-2-ylidene Terminals," Org. Lett. 2005, 7, pp. 115-118.;  Kreb, F.C. et al. "Superradiant properties of 4,4'-bis(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)biphenyl and how a laser dye with exceptional stability can be obtained in only one synthetic step," Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, pp. 6753-6757.;  Kulkarni, A.P. et al., "Electron transport materials for organic light-emitting diodes," Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, pp. 4556-4573.;  Lane, E.S. "A Modified Benziminazole Synthesis," J. Chem. Soc. 1953, pp. 2238-2240.;  Lehmstaedt, K. et al. "Halogen-2,2'-diimidazole und ihre Umsetzungen mit Aminen zu Farbstoffen," Ber. Dt. Chem. Ges. B, 1943, pp. 879-891.;  Leyden, R. et al. "Thermally Induced Degradation of 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalylidenebis(o-aminoaniline)," J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, pp. 727-731.;  Li, J. Y. et al. "Enhancement of green electroluminescence from 2,5-di-p-anisyl-isobenzofuran by double-layer doping strategy," Preparation and Characterization, vol. 446, No. 1, pp. 111-116.;  Ludvik, J. and Pragst, F. et al., "Electrochemical generation of triplet states," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, No. 180, pp. 141-156, (1984).;  Ludvik, J. and Volke, J. "Evidence for a radical intermediate in the anodic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides obtained by electrogenerated chemiluminescence," Analytica Chimica Acta, 209 (1988) 69-78.;  Maennig, B. et al., "Organic p-i-n solar cells," App. Phys. 2004, A 79, pp. 1-14.;  Matschke, M. et al. "Bis-4h-imidazoles-tetraazafulvalenes-2,2'-biimidazoles: three variations of one redox system," Tetrahedron, vol. 62, No. 36, Sep. 4, 2006, pp. 8586-8590.;  Mayer, U. et al. "Uber 2,3,6,7-tetraphenyl-1,4,5,8-tetraazafulvalen," Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 42, pp. 5221-5223.;  Mayer, U. et al. "Uber Biradikale, Chinone und Semichinone der Imidazolyl-Reihe," Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, p. 303.;  Minoura, M. et al. "Hexaaryltellurium, the First Neutral Compounds Comprising Hexaarylated Elements," Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. 35 (22) pp. 2660-2662 (1996).;  Miyasato, M. et al. "Syntheses and Reactions of Hexavalent Organitellurium Compounds Bearing Five or Six Tellurium-Carbon Bonds," Chem.-A European J. 10(10) pp. 2590-2600 (2004).;  Muramatsu, T. et al., "Visible Light Sensitive Cyclomer and Its Tautomeric Dispiro Compound Formed from Bispyridiny Diradical," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 4572-3.;  Muramatsu, T. et al., "Photosensitive Cyclomer Formation of 1,1'-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(pyridinyl) diradical and its derivativese," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 5782-7.;  Muramatsu, T. et al., "Preparation and Propeties of a novel heterocyclic dispiro compound, 3, 10-diaza-N,N-dimethyldispiro[5.0.5.3]pentadeca-1,4,8,11-tetraene," Chemistry Letters, pp. 151-152, (1996).;  Nelsen, Stephen, F.; "Heterocyclic Radical Anions. II. Naphthalic and 1,4,5,8-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Acid Derivatives," Journal of the American Chemical Society, 89:23, Nov. 8, 1967, pp. 5925-5931.;  Oeter, D. et al., "Doping and Stability of Ultrapure alpha-oligothiophene Thin Films," Synthetic Metals, 61, 1993, pp. 147-150.;  Okada, K. et al. "Detection of a diradical intermediate in the cis-trans isomerization of 5,5'-bis(4,5-diphenyl-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene)-5,5'-dihydro-delta 2,2'-bithiophene," Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, pp. 5375-5378.;  Okada, K. et al. "Novel Dimers of 2,2'-(m-Phenylene)bis94,5-diphenyl-1-imidazolyl)Diradical," Chem. Lett. 1998, pp. 891-892.;  Otero, A. et a. "Pentachlorophenyl-arsenic, -antimony and -bismuth compounds," J. of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 171, No. 3, Jan. 1, 1979, pp. 333-336.;  Otero, A. et al. "Pentafluorophenylantimony compounds," J. Organometallic Chem. 154 (1978) pp. 13-19.;  Ouchi, A. et al. "13C-nuclear magnetic resonance of some triaryl- and tri-alkylantimony and -bismuth derivatives," J. of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 37, Issue 11, Nov. 1975, pp. 2347-2349.;  Ouchi, A. et al. "The syntheses and properties of some alkylthioacetato and arylthioacetato derivatives of triphenylantimony(V) and -bismus (V)," J. of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 37, Issue 12, Dec. 1975, pp. 2559-2561.;  Park, S. B. et al. "Highly Efficient, Recyclable Pd(II) Catalysts with Bisimidazole Ligands for the Heck Reaction in Ionic Liquids," Organic Lett. 2003, 5, pp. 3209-3212.;  Parthasarathy, G. et al., "Lithium doping of semiconduting organic charge transport materials," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 89, No. 9, May 1, 2001, pp. 4986-4992.;  Petzhold, C. "Beitrage zur Synthese funktioneller 1,4,5,8-tetraazafulvalene," Dissertation; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena; 2006.;  Pfeiffer, M, et al., "Doped Organic semiconductors: physics and application in light emitting diodes," Organic Electronics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 4, No. 2/3, Sep. 2003, pp. 89-103, XP001177135, ISSN: 1556-1199.;  Quast, H. and Schmitt, E.; "Note Regarding the Quarternization of Heterocycles," Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Wurzburg, Chem. Ber. 101, pp. 4012-4014, (1968).;  Rake, A. T. et al. "Pentafluorophenyl and phenyl-phosphinidene ions and their group V analogues," Oms. Organic Mass Spectrometry, vol. 3 Jan. 1, 1970, pp. 237-238.;  Rasmussen, P.G. et al. "Complexes of the New Ligand Tetracyanobiimidazole," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, pp. 6155-6156.;  Rezende, M. C. et al. "An Alternative Preparation of Bisbenzimidazoles," Syn. Comm. 2001, 31, pp. 607-613.;  Rezende, M. et al. "Puzzling Formation of Bisimidazole Derivatives from Hexachloroacetone and Diamines," Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 5265-5268.;  Sakaino, Y. "Structures and Chromotropic Properties of 1,4-bis(4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-yl)benzene Derivatives," J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, pp. 1241-1244.;  Sato, S. et al. "Isolation and Molecular Structure of the Organo-persulfuranes [12-S-6(C6)]," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(21) pp. 6778-6779 (2006).;  Schmidt, "Reaktionen von Quadratsaure und Quadrastructure-Derivaten," Synthesis, Dec. 1980, extract pp. 966, 24 total pages.;  Schneiders, P. et al. "Notiz zur Darstellung von 4,4',5,5'-tetrasubstituierten Di-2-imidazolyl-derivaten. Ausgangsprodukte zur Darstellung von 1,4,5,8-tetraazafulvalenen," Chem. Ber. 1973, 106, pp. 2415-2417.;  Schwarz, W. M. et al., "Formation of Stable Free Radicals on Electroreduction of N-alkylpyridium salts," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33 3164 (1961).;  Seitz, G., Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab 28 (1980), No. 11, extract pp. 804-807, total pp. 6: "Pseudooxokohlenstoffe.";  Sekine, T. et al. "Dimerizations of pi-Rich N-heteroaromatic compounds and xanthine derivatives," Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 37, pp. 1987-1989.;  Sharma, G.D. et al., "Influence of Iodine on the Electrical and Photoelectrical Properties of Zinc Phthalocyanine Think Film Devices," Materials Science and Engineering, B41, 1996, pp. 222-227.;  Singhal, K. et al. "One the Lewis acidity of tris(pentafluorphenyl)antimony (V) dichloride towards neutral monodetate O, N and S donor ligands," Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, vol. 121, No. 2, Jun. 1, 2003, pp. 131-134.;  Smith, M.B. Organic Synthesis, McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1994, Chapter 1.;  Sprenger, et al. "The cyclobutenediylium cation, a novel chromophore from squaric acid," Angew. Chem. International Edition, vol. 6 (1967), No. 6, pp. 553-554.;  Suschitzky, H. "Syntheses and Reactions of 2,2'-bisbenzimidazole Systems," J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, pp. 1001-1012.;  Suzuki, T. et al., "4,7-bis(dimethylamino)benzimidazoles and twin-type derivatives: reversible two-stage redox system modulated by proton-transfer," Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, pp. 7881-7884.;  Takahashi et al. "Novel Electron Acceptors for Organic Condcutors: 1,2-Bis(p-benzoquino)-3-[2-(dicyanomethylene)-2, 5-thienoquino]cyclopropane Derivatives," J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, pp. 519-520.;  Takahashi et al. "Novel metallic charge-transfer complexes composed of a [3]radialene type acceptor: a 1,2-bis(p-benzoquino)-3-[2-(dicyanomethylene) . . . " Advanced Materials, July, No. 7, 3 pgs.;  Vaid T.P. et al, "Investigations of the 9,10-diphenylacridyl radical as an isostructural dopant for the molecular semiconductor 9, 10-diphenylanthracene," Chemistry of Materials, American Chemical Society, Bd. 15, Nr. 22, 4292-4299 (2003).;  Vyas, P.C. et al. "A simple synthesis of 2,2'-bis-benzimidazoles," Chem. Industry, 1980, pp. 287-288.;  Weiss, M. "Acetic Acid-Ammonium Acetate Reactions. 2-Isoimidazoles as Intermediates in Imidazole Formation," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, pp. 5193-5195.;  West, R. et al., "Diquinocyclopropanones, Diquinoethylenes, and the Anion-Radical and Free-Radical Intermediates in their Formation," Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Wisconsin, Feb. 24, 1975, pp. 2295-2299.;  Wintgens, V. et al., "Reduction of Pyrylium Salts: Study by ESR and UV_Visible Spectroscopy of the Reversible Dimerization of the Pyranyl Radical," New. J. Chem., 10/6, 345-350 (1986).;  Yamaguchi, et al., "New Approaches to Tetracyanoquinodimethane," Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 62 (1989) pp. 3036-3037.;  Yamamoto, Y. et al., "The Electrical Properties of the Poly(N-vinyl Carbazole)-Antimony (V) Chloride (or Iodine) Charge Transfer Complexes," Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 1965, 38, 2015-2017.;  Yoshiko, S., et al. "The Quinoid-biradical Tautomerism of 3,6-bis(4,5-diphenyl-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene)-1,4-cyclohexadiene," Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 1972, 1, pp. 100-103.;  Yukihiko, T., et al., "Studies on Aromatic Nitro Compounds. V. A Simple One-Pot Preparation of o-Aminoaroylnitriles from Some Aromatic Nitro Compounds," Chem. Pharm. Bull., 33 (4) 1360-1366 (1985).;  Zhou, X et al., "Enhanced hole Injection Into Amorphous Hole-Transport Layers of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Using Controlled p-Type Doping," Adv. Funct. Mater., 2001, 11, No. 4, pp. 310-314.;  Ziegenbein, W. "The cyclobutenediylium cation, a novel chromophore from squaric acid," Angew. Chem., 79:12, pp. 581-582 (1967).;  English Translation of Japanese Office Action; Japanese Patent Application No. 2005-228491; Apr. 17, 2009.;  International Search Report, International App. No. PCT/EP2007/002359, May 24, 2007.;  Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Nov. 27, 2009.;  Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Feb. 2, 2009.;  Response to Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Sep. 4, 2009.;  Response to Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Aug. 3, 2009.;  Restriction Requirement, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Mar. 5, 2010.;  Response to Restriction Requirement, U.S. Appl. No. 11/688,777; Apr. 1, 2010.;  Notice of Allowance, U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491; Apr. 13, 2009.;  Notice of Allowance, U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491; Oct. 20, 2008.;  Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491; Aug. 11, 2008.;  Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491; Feb. 11, 2008.;  Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491; Nov. 5, 2008.;  Non-Final Office Action, U.S. Appl. No. 11/196,491, Jul. 3, 2007.;  International Search Report and Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/DE2008/001080; Jul. 11, 2008.;  International Search Report for PCT/DE2008/00654; Jun. 15, 2009.;  International Search Report and Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/EP2006/010816; Feb. 9, 2007.;  Advisory Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072 mailed Mar. 8, 2010.;  Response to Final Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Feb. 17, 2010.;  Final Rejection for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Nov. 16, 2009.;  Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Jul. 29, 2009.;  Non-Final Rejection for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Apr. 29, 2009.;  Non-Final Rejection for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Nov. 12, 2008.;  Response to Office Action for U.S. Appl. No. 11/315,072; Feb. 10, 2009.;  European Search Report for EP 07009366; Oct. 19, 2007.;  International Search Report for PCT/EP2008/003792; Sep. 2, 2008.;  Disclosure Pursuant to 37 C.F.R. 1.56 for U.S. Appl. No. 12/046,620 (submitted herewith).US8115003-B2  Anderson, J.D. et al. "Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Processes of the Components of Aluminum Quinolate/Triarylamine, and Related Organic Light-emitting Diodes," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 1998, 9646.;  Andrade, B.W. et al. "Relationship between the ionization and oxidation potentials of molecular organic semiconductors," Org. Electron. 6, 2005, 11.;  Bard, A.J.&Faulkner, L.R."Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications," Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2000 (Chapter 2 excerpt).;  Bard, A.J.&Faulkner, L.R."Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications," Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2000 (Chapter 6 excerpt).;  Fu, Y. et al. "Quantum-chemical Predictions of Absolute Standard Redox Potentials of Diverse Organic Molecules and Free Radicals in Acetonitrile," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2005, 7227-7234.;  Gao, W. et al. "Effect of electrical doping on molecular level alignment at organic-organic heterojunctions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2003, 4815.;  Harada, K. et al. "Organic Homojunction Diodes with a High Built-In Potential: Interpretation of the Current-Voltage Characteristics by a Generalized Einstein Relation," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 2005, 036601.;  Huang, J.S. et al. "Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2002, 139.;  Kido, J. et al. "Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1998, 2866.;  Maitrot, M. et al. "Molecular material based junctions: Formation of a Schottky contact with metallophthalocyanine thin films doped by the cosublimation method," J. Appl. Phys. 60(7), 1986, 2396-2400.;  Miller, L.L. et al. "A Simple, Comprehensive Correlation of Organic Oxidation and Ionization Potentials," J. Org. Chem. 37, 1972, 916.;  Nollau, A. et al. "Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalane (BEDT-TTF)," J. Appl. Phys. 87 (9), 2000, 4340.;  Parker, V.D. "On the Problem of Assigning Values to Energy Changes of Electrode Reactions," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 1974, 5656.;  Pfeiffer, M. et al. "Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptor molecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study," Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (22), 1998, 3202.;  Schlaf, R. et al. "HOMO/LUMO alignment at PCTDA/ZnPc and PTCDA/CIInPc Heterointerfaces Determined by Combined UPS and XPS Measurements," J. Phys. Chem. B. 103, 1999, 2984.;  Tang, C.W. et al. "Organic electroluminescent diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 (12), 1987, 913.;  Tang, T.B. "Ionization thresholds of merocyanine dyes in the solid state," J. Appl. Phys. 59, 1986, 5.;  Werner, A.G. et al. "Pyronin B as a donor for n-type doping of organic thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2003, 4495.;  Zhou, X. et al. "Very-low-operating-voltage organic light-emitting diodes using a p-doped amorphous hole injection layer," Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 (4), 2001, 410.;  Zimmermann, T. et al. "Benzocycloalkenone und Dihydro-2H,7H-1-benzopyranone aus 2,4,6-triaryl-pyryliumsalzen und Cycloalkan-1,2-dionen," J. prakt. Chem. 331, 1989, 306-318. (English abstract only).US8329898-B2  Anderson, J.D. et al. "Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Processes of the Components of Aluminum Quinolate/Triarylamine, and Related Organic Light-emitting Diodes," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 1998, 9646.;  Andrade, B.W. et al. "Relationship between the ionization and oxidation potentials of molecular organic semiconductors," Org. Electron. 6, 2005, 11.;  Bard, A.J.&Faulkner, L.R. "Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications," Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2000 (Chapter 2 excerpt).;  Bard, A.J.&Faulkner, L.R. "Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications," Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2000 (Chapter 6 excerpt).;  Fu, Y. et al. "Quantum-chemical Predictions of Absolute Standard Redox Potentials of Diverse Organic Molecules and Free Radicals in Acetonitrile," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 2005, 7227-7234.;  Gao, W. et al. "Effect of electrical doping on molecular level alignment at organic-organic heterojunctions," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2003, 4815.;  Harada, K. et al. "Organic Homojunction Diodes with a High Built-In Potential: Interpretation of the Current-Voltage Characteristics by a Generalized Einstein Relation," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 2005, 036601.;  Huang, J.S. et al. "Low-voltage organic electroluminescent devices using pin structures," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2002, 139.;  Kido, J. et al. "Bright organic electroluminescent devices having a metal-doped electron-injecting layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1998, 2866.;  Maitrot, M. et al. "Molecular material based junctions: Formation of a Schottky contact with metallophthalocyanine thin films doped by the cosublimation method," J. Appl. Phys. 60(7), 1986, 2396-2400.;  Miller, L.L. et al. "A Simple, Comprehensive Correlation of Organic Oxidation and Ionization Potentials," J. Org. Chem. 37, 1972, 916.;  Nollau, A. et al. "Controlled n-type doping of a molecular organic semiconductor: Naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) doped with bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalane (BEDT-TTF)," J. Appl. Phys. 87 (9), 2000, 4340.;  Parker, V.D. "On the Problem of Assigning Values to Energy Changes of Electrode Reactions," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96, 1974, 5656.;  Pfeiffer, M. et al. "Controlled doping of phthalocyanine layers by cosublimation with acceptor molecules: A systematic Seebeck and conductivity study," Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (22), 1998, 3202.;  Schlaf, R. et al. "HOMO/LUMO alignment at PTCDA/ZnPc and PTCDA/CllnPc Heterointerfaces Determined by Combined UPS and XPS Measurements," J. Phys. Chem. B. 103, 1999, 2984.;  Tang, C.W. et al. "Organic electroluminescent diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett. 51 (12), 1987, 913.;  Tang, T.B. "Ionization thresholds of merocyanine dyes in the solid state," J. Appl. Phys. 59, 1986, 5.;  Werner, A.G. et al. "Pyronin B as a donor for n-type doping of organic thin films," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2003, 4495.;  Zhou, X. et al. "Very-low-operating-voltage organic light-emitting diodes using a p-doped amorphous hole injection layer," Appl. Phys. Lett., 78 (4), 2001, 410.;  Zimmermann, T. et al. "Benzocycloalkenone und Dihydro-2H,7H-1-benzopyranone aus 2,4,6-triaryl-pyryliumsalzen und Cycloalkan-1,2-dionen," J. prakt. Chem. 331, 1989, 306-318. (English abstract only).;  Translation of Examination Notification for Taiwan Patent Application No. 097108943 dated Mar. 19, 2012.;  Okada, E. et al. "A Facile and convenient Synthetic Method for Fluorine-Containing 1,2-Dihydropyrido-[3,2-h] Quinazolines and Pyrido[3,2-h]Quinazolines," Heterocyles, 1999, 51(10):2471-2478.