TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-free metal oxide contains nickel, cobalt and/or manganese. The olivine-type lithium-containing phosphate is of formula: LixMPO4, where M is iron, as main element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion catalyst is platinum/alumina, platinum palladium/alumina, platinum rhodium/alumina, platinum rhenium/alumina, platinum ruthenium/alumina, or platinum iridium/alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid carrier is Decalin, Tetralin, Methylcyclohexane, Perhydro-N-ethylcarbazole, Cyclohexane, or Dicyclohexyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The diaphragm is made of a high temperature rubber or plastic. The diaphragm is made of red iron oxide filled silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process liquid contains ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid or hydrogen peroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The synthetic fiber is selected from the group consisting of acrylic fiber, nylon fiber and polyester fiber. The binder is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethleneglycol. The conductive polymer is selected from a group consisting of polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is formed using iron-nickel alloy, iron-nickel-chromium alloy, copper alloy or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating material is silicone-type material such as polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The binder carries the catalyst selected from the group of gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A proton conductive polymeric layer consists of proton conductive substance selected from the group of sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A proton conductive polymeric layer consists of binder selected from the group of polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The dispersion containing porous material is film form or cylindrical ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The water-soluble phase transition substance is mineral salt hydrate. The water in the mineral salt hydrate is used as initiator for the microcapsulation reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous solvent does not contain surface active agent. The non-aqueous solvent is organic solvent, freon type solvent or silicone type solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The microcapsulation agent is monomer or pre-polymer of urethane of water hardening type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electronic conductive substance in anode and cathode is acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is aluminum, platinum, palladium, rhenium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton conductive substance is aromatic compound containing sulfonic acid group, and anthracene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is polyether sulfone. The insulation board is phenol resin board, epoxy resin board, glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin board, or glass fiber reinforced phenol resin board.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The ionic-conductive block consists of a polymer having an ion-exchange group. The volume fraction of ionic-conductive block in the block copolymer is 5-30%. The principal chain of the block copolymer does not have an aromatic ring. The ionic-conductive block of the electrolyte consists of (meth)acrylate sulfonic acid unit of formula (1), phenoxy sulfonic acid unit of formula (2), and amino (meth)acrylate sulfonic acid unit of formula (3).R1,R4=H or methyl;R2,R3,R5,R8=alkylene or arylene;andR6,R7=H or 1-3C organic group.The polymer electrolyte membrane consists of a block copolymer having a block (5-30%) which shows ionic conductivity and a block which does not show ionic conductivity. The molecular chain of block which does not show ionic conductivity has a cross-linked structure. The block which shows ionic conductivity forms the cylindrical domain of the ionic-conduction portion. The principal chain of the block copolymer does not have an aromatic ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The positive electrode active material includes lithium nickel dioxide (LiNiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains (in wt.pts) carbonaceous main material (100) and conductive support agent (0.5-100). The main material is subjected to carbonization process before mixing with the conductive support agent. Preferred Compound: The carbonaceous main material is petroleum or material derived from coal, or non-graphitized carbon. The conductive support agent is carbonaceous material such as carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cellular transceiver uses a communication standard such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , code division multiple access (CDMA) 2000 , Wireless CDMA or orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) . The short-range wireless interface comprises a short-range radio interface such as a wireless fidelity (WI-FI) or Bluetooth interface. The wired interface comprises a serial interface such as a Universal Serial Bus interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hard layer is made of metallic compound selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide, copper oxide, indium oxide, cadmium oxide, lead oxide, silicon oxide, barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide and gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hard layer contains metal selected from a group consisting of gold, aluminum, silver, carbon, copper, germanium, indium, magnesium, niobium, palladium, lead, platinum, silicon, tin, titanium, vanadium, zinc and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The brittle temperature in freezing process depends on JIS K 6253 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The stress-relaxation portion consists of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyarylene further has a bivalent coupling group-containing structural unit (U) of formula (3).Y'=bivalent coupling group chosen from -CO-, -SO2, -SO-, -CONH-, -COO-, -(CF2)p- and -C(CF3)2-;p=1-10;Z=bivalent coupling group chosen from direct bonding, -C(CH3)2-, -(CH2)p-, -O- and -S-;Ar=aromatic group having sulfonic acid group;m,n=0-10;andk=1-4.Preferred Method: An electrode paste is formed using solvent of electrode electrolyte and catalyst particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The orientation controlling agent has chemical structure containing hydrophobic portion on one side and hydrophilic portion on other side. The orientation controlling agent is an ethoxy group containing compound of formula: Rf-O-(CH2-CH2-O-)n-CH3.Rf=perfluoroalkyl group;andn=12-45.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The catalyst metal is selected to have an oxygen-atom adsorption energy of 0.18-1.05 eV. Preferred Metals: The electrode catalyst contains alloy containing platinum and gold supported on carbon. The catalyst metal is platinum-gold or platinum-transition metal-gold. The transition metal is chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, rhodium and/or palladium. The content of gold is 6 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: A carbon precursor used for manufacturing activated carbon is chosen from pitch, coke, polyacrylonitrile, polycarbodiimide, polyimide, polyether imide, polybenzoazole and aramid, and phenol resin. A carbon material used for manufacturing activated carbon is 60-200C fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fibrous carbon has fiber diameter of 50-300 nm and fiber length of 5-100 microns. The lithium salt containing oxalate complex is of formula (1). The solute contains lithium phosphorus hexafluoride, and the lithium salt is contained in an amount of 0.001-0.1 mol/l with respect to the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is vinylene carbonate contained in an amount of 0.5-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The multiple wall nanotube is grown by chemical vapor deposition or arc discharge. Preferred Catalyst: The metal catalyst is selected from nickel, iron, cobalt and/or their alloys. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube has surface resistance of 1-30 mOmega/square units, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 100-1000 m2/g and ratio of G-band peak integral value and D-band peak integral value of Raman spectrum of 3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese oxide (II) is of formula Li1+aNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 or Li1+aNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2. Preferred Ratio: The mixing ratio of oxide (I):oxide (II) is 10:90-90:10 (preferably 30:70-90:10). EXAMPLE - Lithium/manganese spinel oxide of formula Li1+xMn2O3.8S0.2 and lithium/nickel/cobalt/manganese composite oxide of formula Li1+aNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 were mixed in a weight ratio of 1:1 to prepare a cathode active material. The cathode active material was mixed with carbon black (5 wt.%) and polyvinylidene fluoride (5 wt.%), and stirred with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resulting mixture was coated on aluminum foil which was dried in vacuum oven at 120degreesC for more than 2 hours to fabricate a cathode. The cathode was used to fabricate a lithium secondary battery. The battery had capacity of 82% at 300 cycles relative to initial capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic hydroxide has an alkali metal hydroxide. The gel electrolyte comprises a particulate material of cellulose, silica, silicon carbide, alumina, zirconia, and a clay mineral. The borohydride compound comprises sodium boride. The alkali metal hydroxide comprises potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gelling agent comprises a cross-linked polyacrylic acid and a salt, a cross-linked polyacrylamide, an alkali saponified polyacrylonitrile, xanthan gum, guar gum, a starch graft copolymer, a hydrophobically modified alkali-soluble emulsion polymer and carboxymethylcellulose. The matrix material is cellulose esters, polyacrylates, polyvinyl esters and acrylate/vinyl ester copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate or 1,3-propane sultone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of surface area of the cathode plate with respect to electrode capacity of cathode plate is 74 cm2/Ah or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy is of formula: Ln1-xMgx(Ni1-yTy)z. The average particle diameter of the alloy powder is 15-35 microns.Ln=lanthanoid, calcium, strontium, scandium, yttrium, ytterbium, erbium, titanium, zirconium and/or hafnium;T=vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, gallium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, silicon, phosphorus and/or boron;x=0-1 (excluding 0);y=0-0.5;andz=3.3-3.8.The ratio of Ln including neodymium is 50% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer or polyethylene oxide. Preferred Electrolyte: The polymer electrolyte is authentic polymer electrolyte. Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte contains a gel electrolyte having 5-20 mass% of polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The porous layers contain heat resistant resin whose heat-deformation temperature is measured based on testing method that conforms to ASTM-D648 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode contains lithium-containing complex oxide which contains lithium, cobalt, nickel or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous layer contains polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery condition evaluating composition is genetian violet. The battery life extending composition is n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The primary particle consists of laminar multiple oxide of formula: LiaCobM1-bO2, where a is greater than 0 and greater than or equal to1.2, b is greater than 0 and greater than or equal to1, and M is nickel and/or manganese. Preferred Properties: The secondary particles has periphery cobalt content rate higher than the internal cobalt content rate of 20% or more. The weight ratio of periphery primary particle and internal primary particle, is 1/4-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The graphite is natural graphite or artificial graphite. The carbon black is acetylene black, furnace black, Ketchen black, channel black, lamp black, and thermal black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material of the separator comprises stainless steel including iron, nickel and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte is lithium tetrafluoro borate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate, lithium hexafluoro antimonate and/or lithium chlorate. The cation is lithium ion and/or sodium ion. Preferred Compound: The anion compound is of formulae (2-5), preferably anion compound of formula (4). The additional amount of the salt of the anion compound with respect to mixed solvent is 1-50 mol%. Preferred Salt: The normal temperature fused salt is an imidazolium salt, pyrrolidinium salt or aliphatic quaternary ammonium salt. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, bismuth, tantalum, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.    EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate and anion compound of formula (4) were mixed in molar ratio of 95:5 to produce an electrolyte. The electrolyte was dissolved in mixed solvent of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoro methane sulfonyl) imide and ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 20:30:50, and non-aqueous electrolyte was produced. The obtained electrolyte was injected into battery case having an anode containing lithium complex (LiNi0.75Co0.15Al0.1O2) as active material, and cathode having fibrous graphite as active material. A lithium ion secondary cell was produced. The secondary cell had capacitance maintenance factor of 84.3% and favorable flame retardance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: An electrolyte compound containing the anion compound (A) and a cation compound, is electrodissociating in non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains another electrolyte (E) (2-80 wt.%) other than electrolyte compound having anion and cation compounds. The cation is lithium ion and/or sodium ion. The electrolyte (E) is lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetrafluoro borate, lithium hexafluoro arsenate, lithium hexafluoro antimonate and/or lithium chlorate. Preferred Compound: The anion compound is of formulae (2-5), preferably compound of formula (4). Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, bismuth, tantalum, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.    EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate and anion compound of formula (4) were mixed in a weight ratio of 96:4 to produce an electrolyte. Ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed in volume ratio of 70:30, and non-aqueous solvent was produced. The electrolyte was dissolved in solvent, and non-aqueous electrolyte was produced. The obtained electrolyte was injected into battery case having an anode containing metallic compound of formula: LiMg0.05Co0.05Al0.05Ni0.75O2 as active material, and cathode having graphite as active material. A lithium ion secondary cell was produced. The secondary cell had internal resistance of 7%, and favorable charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte compound (2-80 wt.%) consists of a cation chosen from lithium ion or sodium ion, is electro-dissociated in the non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains another electrolyte chosen from lithium tetra chlorate, lithium hexafluoro phosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium arseno fluoride or lithium antimony-fluoride.Preferred Compound: The anion compound is at least one compound of formulae (2-5), preferably compound of formula (4).Preferred Material: The anode active material further contains sulfur (0.15 mol or less). The anode active material has the compositional formula: LixFePO4, where X is 0.85-1.15. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrolyte film consists of ytrria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) or supported lanthanum gallate (LSGM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight of molecular sieve carbon with respect to the carbon support in cathode catalyst layer is 10-50 wt.%. The molecular sieve carbon has specific surface area of 150-700 m2/g. EXAMPLE - Phenol-resin fine powder (in wt.pts) (100), liquid resole resin (20), and polyvinyl alcohol (3) were mixed, molded, ground, and heat-processed at 650degreesC under nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour to obtain carbonized particulate material. The obtained carbonized material was again ground for 10 minutes or more to obtain powdery molecular sieve carbon of spherical form having diameter of 15 microns, carbon-containing rate of 90 wt.%, specific surface area of 830 m2/g, and pore volume of 0.21 cc/g. A carbon support was made to support a platinum catalyst in weight ratio of 50:50 to obtain catalyst particles. The obtained catalyst particles, molecular sieve carbon, and Nafion (RTM: perfluoro alkylene sulfonic acid) were dispersed in n-propanol solution in weight ratio of 4:1:5 to obtain catalyst paste. The obtained catalyst paste was screen-printed on a fluorine resin release film, and dried to form electrode catalyst layer. NF102 (RTM: polymer electrolyte membrane) was clamped by pair of electrode catalyst layers, hot-pressed at 130degreesC for 10 minutes and 3 MPa to transfer the electrode catalyst layer to the polymer electrolyte membrane to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane laminated by a pair of electrode catalyst layers. A diffusion electrode having hydrophobic layer of thickness 10 microns and hydrophilic layer of thickness 4 microns was formed on a carbon base material (carbon paper). The diffusion electrode was clamped on an electrode catalyst layer, hot-pressed at 120degreesC for 10 minutes and 2 MPa to obtain membrane-electrode structure. The obtained membrane-electrode structure had high electric-power generation performance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The hardness of the separator is measured in accordance with JIS-K-6253 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode active material comprises of lithium-manganese based composite oxide or lithium-nickel based composite oxide. The anode active material comprises crystalline carbon material or non-crystalline carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator comprises resin selected from group consisting of polyester-based resin, aramid-based resin and polypropylene-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The anode active material particles have average short shaft diameter of 0.02-10 microns. The anode active material particles have plate shape, disc shape, rotation ellipse shape, column shape and/or needle shape. Preferred Composition: The content of anode active material in anode active material particles is 50-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge battery is selected from a group comprising of nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-metal hydride battery, sodium-nickel chloride battery, sodium-sulfur battery, and lithium-ion battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The charge battery is selected from a lithium-polymer battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur compound of molecular weight of 213 or more is 15C or more organosulfur compound. Preferred Material: The sulfur content is 0.1-30 mass ppm. The liquid raw material and mineral fuel have kerosene fraction or light oil fraction as main component. Preferred Agent: The fuel cell co-generation system has solid acid type desulfurizing agent chosen from sulfate group zirconia, sulfate group alumina, sulfate group tin oxide, sulfate group iron oxide, tungstic acid zirconia and tungstic acid tin oxide, activated carbon type desulfurizing agent, or metal type desulfurizing agent chosen from copper and nickel group desulfurizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfur-type impurity adsorption agent is silicalite. The organic-silicon type impurity adsorption agent is mobile crystalline material (MCM-41,MCM-48) and/or ultrastable material (USY,USM). The moisture-content adsorption agent is silica gel. The carbon-dioxide adsorption agent is zeolite X formed using lithium, calcium, strontium, magnesium or sodium as exchange cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is silicon wafer, glass substrate or metal oxide ceramic substrate. The thin-film heaters consist a metal film that is made of alloy of chromium, titanium, gold, platinum, palladium or rhodium. The interlayer insulation film consists of silicon oxide, and silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The anode active material contains lithium containing transition metal complex oxide (I) having olivine crystal structure, lithium containing transition metal complex oxide (II) having layered crystal structure and lithium containing transition metal complex oxide (III) having spinel crystal structure. The complex oxide (I) has structure of formula: Li1+yM1-yPO4, the complex oxide (II) has structure of formula: Li1-+-yM1-yPO4 and the complex oxide (III) has structure of formula: Li1+xM1-xO2, where M is transition metal element chosen from manganese, cobalt, nickel, chromium, aluminum or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The electrode consists of carbon fiber which is arranged on porous support (6) and metal catalyst which is supported by the carbon fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous support carbon paper. The metal catalyst contains platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound having aromatic ring is a compound having benzene ring or an aromatic heterocyclic ring. The compound is chosen from aniline, pyrrole, thiophene and/or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The oxidation-polymerization is an electrolytic oxidizing polymerization. The baking process is carried out in non-oxidizing atmosphere and weak-acid-izing atmosphere. Preferred Property: The density of the portion far from the porous support is higher than the portion near from the porous support in the carbon fiber arranged on porous support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Ruthenium precursor and/or platinum precursor are reduced in the presence of surface modified carbon nano material, and ruthenium metal microparticle and/or platinum metal microparticle are supported on the surface of modified carbon nano material. Then, microparticle supported-material is heat-processed in non-oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a platinum type catalyst. EXAMPLE - Succinic acid (10 g) was injected in 8% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution (20 ml). Then resulting product was stirred, filtered using tetrafluoroethylene resin membrane and washed with water to obtain succinic-acid acyl peroxide of formula: HOC(=O)(CH2)2C(=O)OOC(=O)(CH2)2C(=O)OH. The obtained peroxide was vacuum-dried at room temperature for 24 hours. The obtained succinic-acid acyl peroxide (500 mg) and single wall carbon nano tube (50 mg) having diameter of 2 nm or less obtained by chemical vapor deposition as carbon nano material were injected into dichlorobenzene solvent (50 ml) and reacted at 80degreesC for 10 days and surface of carbon nano material was modified by carboxyl group to obtain surface modified carbon nano material. Thionyl chloride (100 ml) was added to the obtained surface modified carbon nano material (50 mg) and refluxed at 70degreesC for 12 hours to obtain chlorinated carbon nano material surface. The unreacted thionyl chloride was removed. Then, the obtained chlorinated carbon nano material, aminoethane thiol and dehydrated toluene were reacted at 70degreesC for 24 hours, washed and filtered to obtain thiol-containing support. Platinum metal microparticles were supported on support surface and heat-processed to obtain platinum catalyst. The obtained platinum catalyst had excellent catalytic ability and aggregation of platinum type fine particles was prevented.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The steam reforming catalyst is selected from nickel (Ni)/alumina (Al2O3), ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, and copper (Cu)/Al2O3. The water gas shift catalyst is based on iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), Ni, or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dense metallic membrane is composed of a Pd/Ag alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic products of the feed are chosen from methane, ethane, methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The isoolefin comprises isobutylene and the multiolefin comprises isoprene. The peroxide curing agent is an organic peroxide (preferably dicumyl peroxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The peroxide curing co-agent comprises an acrylate (preferably non-nitrosamine retarded trimethylolpropane triacrylate crosslinking agent). The peroxide curing co-agent is present in an amount of 1-20 (preferably 10) phr. EXAMPLE - A butyl rubber compound (test) comprising (parts per hundred of resin (phr)) high isoprene butyl rubber (100), Saret 522 (RTM: trifunctional acrylate) (10), carbon black (50) and Dicup 40 C (RTM: peroxide curing agent) (5) was prepared. Similarly a comparative was prepared using RB 402 (RTM: rubber) in place of isoprene butyl rubber and Saret 517 (RTM: trifunctional acrylate) in place of Saret 522. Both test/comparative were evaluated for their tensile strength, elongation, compression set, and permeability. Results showed that the test/comparative had tensile strength of 6.37/0.565 MPa, elongation of 343/656%, compression set of 23.53/83.19%, and permeability of 3.5x10-8/2.5x10-8 cm2/atm.sec respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inner core is spherical silica particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The resin molding material further contains filler and hardener. The total content of component and filler is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material. The content of filler is 15 volume% or less with respect to resin molding material. The content of inorganic base material containing component is 20-88 volume% with respect to resin molding material.Preferred Filler: The filler is a fiber base material.Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the component is 20 m2/g or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin and/or phenol resin. The thermosetting resin is tris (hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin. The hardener is novolak-type phenol resin and resol type phenol resin. EXAMPLE - EPPN-502H (RTM: tris(hydroxyphenyl) methane type epoxy resin having number average molecular weight of 680 and epoxy equivalent of 160) (in volume %) (29), resol type phenol resin (20), PT-301 (RTM: titanium oxide having average particle diameter of 0.3 microns) (48), PP-360 (RTM: triphenylphosphine) (1), additive (1) and pigment (1) were mixed with a heating roll, cooling and ground to obtain resin molding material. The obtained resin molding material had charpy impact strength of 24 kJ/m2 based on JIS K 6911, bending strength of 125 MPa, bending elastic modulus of 15.5 GPa, thermal-time bending strength of 120 MPa and thermal bending elastic modulus of 13 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbonaceous base material is graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of component (A) and component (B) is 20:80-80:20. The resol type phenol resin is benzylic-ether type resole resin. EXAMPLE - Benzylic-ether type resole resin (in mass%) (10) having weight average molecular weight of 3100 and Bell pearl S890 (RTM: thermosetting property phenol resin having weight average molecular weight of 10000 and solubility in boiling methanol of 95%) (10) were blended to obtain thermosetting-resin composition. LB-CG (RTM: nodular graphite) was stirred-mixed. Further, methanol was added and granulated. A molding material in granular form was then obtained by drying at 50degreesC. The molding material had normal-state strength of 77 MPa, hot strength of 68 MPa, and excellent moldability all based on JIS-K-6911, resistivity of 154 mOmega.cm based on JISK7194, and excellent gas-barrier property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The secondary activation is performed after carrying out primary activation of the carbonaceous material at the activation temperature of 900degreesC or less. Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material is coconut husk or its carbide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: A cathode material of lithium ion secondary cell is formed using the composite material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous material of electroconductive substance is a phenol resin. The silicon dioxide is a silica sol. Preferred Property: The silicon oxide and electroconductive substance contained in precursor of composite material are substantially homogeneous. Preferred Composition: The composite material further contains an electrically-conductive material such as graphite (1-70 mass%). The silicon dioxide derivative is tetraalkoxy silane (Si(OR)4).R=H, optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl or arryl, and/or its oligomer.Preferred Condition: The carbonization process and heat-reduction process are performed at 900-1400degreesC in an inert gas atmosphere. EXAMPLE - M-silicate 51 (RTM: tetramethoxy silane oligomer) (in g) (36.3) and PSM-6200 (RTM: novolak-type phenol resin) (6.2) were reacted in a flask under nitrogen substitution to obtain uniform liquid mixture. Graphite particles (5) and fumaric acid (0.5) were added and heated at 180degreesC for 1 hour to obtain compound precursor. The obtained compound precursor was carbonized at 900degreesC and heat reduced at 1200degreesC, to obtain a composite material. A lithium ion secondary cell formed using cathode material (the obtained composite material) had high discharge capacitance and favorable cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte liquid further contains non-aqueous solvent chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, gamma-butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The electrolyte salt (A) is preferably of formulae (2-5). Preferred Definitions:    Q=(un)saturated bivalent hydrocarbon group;    R1=methyl;    X-=phosphorus hexafluoride ion (PF6-), boron tetrafluoride (BF4-), arsenic hexafluoride (AsF6-), antimony hexafluoride (SbF6-), or fluoroalkyl group-having ions (N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3- and RfSO3-);and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass concentration of organic solid of municipal sludge best for producing acid is 100-120 g of volatile solids (gVS)/L. The anaerobic granular sludge in UASB has 68.18 g/L total suspended solid and 59.09 g/L volatile suspended solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anodes and cathodes comprise different materials comprising steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, metal hydrides and alloys of steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, or metal hydrides. Preferred Component: The electrolysis tank comprises a cooling mechanism comprising a conduit with a heat transfer medium (particularly water); and a liquid comprising water, deuterated water, tritiated water, semiheavy water, heavy oxygen water, water containing an isotope of hydrogen, and/or water containing an isotope of oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymerizable groups each comprise an ethylenically unsaturated group; and are selected from acrylate groups, methacrylate groups, acrylamide groups, vinyl ether groups, vinyl ester groups, vinyl amide groups, allyl ether groups, allyl ester groups, allyl amine groups, allyl amide groups, and/or styryl groups. The oxyethylene groups are polyethylene oxide chains interrupted by non-oxyethylene group(s). Preferred Composition: The compound is present at 3-80, preferably 5-60 wt.% of the composition to be polymerized. The non-porous layer comprises greater than or equal to 60 wt.% of oxyethylene groups. Preferred Properties: The water permeability of the membrane at 20 degrees C is less than 6.10-8 m3/m2-sec-kPa. Preferred Process: The coating step is continuous and the polymerization step comprises exposure of the applied layer to radiation, where preferably the duration of the exposure is less than 1 second. EXAMPLE - Polyethylene glycol 4000 diacrylate (PEG4000DA, 50 pts.wt.) with average molecular weight of 4126 was mixed with Zonyl FSN100(RTM: fluorosurfactant) (0.09 pts.wt.), Additol HDMAP(RTM: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone) (0.5 pts.wt.), and water (49.4 pts.wt.). The mixture was coated on a glass plate and cured three times by exposure to UV light. The cured membrane was removed from the glass plate and dried at 40 degrees C for 30 minutes. Oxyethylene content (EO) of PEG4000DA was 96.9%, and the EO content of the membrane was 95.9%. The water permeability at 20 degrees C of the membrane was lower than 1.4x 10-9 m3/m2-sec-kPa. Observation of the membrane surface and cross-section showed that no pores were visible indicating that the pore size was smaller than 10 nm. The membrane was also bendable without breaking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The trunk is preferably a portion of a mature tree rising 5-12 m from the ground of the oil palm tree for ethanol production, and trunk is preferably a portion of a mature tree rising 0-5 m from the ground of the oil palm tree for diesel fuel production. The extract is preferably hot-water extract.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: The photoelectrochemical cell is semiconductor nanoparticulate, preferably silicon or titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The feedstock is water. The flexible housing is a polymeric bag having a resealable closure. The system comprises several flexible housings. The system further comprises a leveling chamber (30) intermediate between a bottom surface of the housing and a surface on which the housing rests, a check valve intermediate between the conduit and vessel, a compressor (38) which functions to increase the pressure of hydrogen entering a hydrogen storage (52), an electric generator (54) of a fuel cell, turbine, or piston-driven device powered by hydrogen from the collection vessel or hydrogen storage, and a plug to selectively transfer electricity to portable electronics or vehicle. The generator is coupled to portable electronics or a vehicle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolysis system further comprises liquid within electrolysis tank, liquid having water, deuterated water, tritiated water, semi heavy water, heavy oxygen water, water containing an isotope of hydrogen, and/or water containing an isotope of oxygen. Voltage electrode, first and second material is steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, metal hydrides, or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid catalyst is a solid oxide in a pure state or supported on another solid. The solid oxide is a clay from montmorillonite family including vermiculite, smectite, or attapulgite; or from group V chemical elements, preferably niobium pentoxide. The support for the solid oxide is alumina. The catalyst is in a powder form which is obtained by calcining niobic acid, or in an extruded form which is obtained by extruding and calcining a mixture of niobic acid and a solution of phosphoric acid. The extruded form is obtained by impregnating extruded alumina with a solution of niobium oxalate, and optionally with a solution of phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The vegetable oil or fat comprises soybean oil, cotton-seed oil, canola oil, castor oil, or peanut oil. EXAMPLE - About 100.08 g canola oil, 100.07 g of methanol, and 1.0008 g niobium pentoxide, were reacted at 225 degrees C for 2 hours at 50-60 kg/cm2. About 97.80% oil was converted to methyl esters, and 2.20% was converted to mono- and diglycerides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The active ingredient is a botanical insecticide subject to biodegradation after a preselected period of time following delivery to a soil area, where the botanical insecticide is rotenone (preferred), pyrethrum, sabadilla (varatrine), neem (azadirachtin) and/or ryania (ryanodine). The botanical insecticide is present at 0.5-1 (preferably 0.60-0.62) wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises sulfur, which is present at 1-10 (preferably 3.3-3.7) wt.%. Preferred Process: The process further comprises the step of adding sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is a nonionic surfactant, which is present at 7-10 (preferably 8-9) wt.%. The solvent is an alcohol, which is present at 1.5-3.5 wt.%. The fatty acid is oleic acid, which is present at 0.5-2 wt.%. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode is a carbon electrode, which comprises a carbon material comprising carbon cloth, carbon paper, carbon felt, carbon wool, carbon foam, graphite, porous graphite, graphite powder, graphite granules, graphite fiber, or reticulated vitreous carbon; or a graphite fiber brush electrode. Preferred Parameter: The electrode has a specific surface area greater than 100 m2/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The members of a thermophilic methanogenic genera can be genus Methanosarcina barkeri fusaro, or genus Methanosaeta.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pH of the composition is at least 7 and not more than the maximum pH to produce methane from the composition. It is preferably 7-7.5. The temperature of the composition is 120 degrees C to not more than the maximum temperature to produce methane from the composition. It is 20-150 (preferably 135) degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises less than 5 wt.% cellulosic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The ester hydrolyzing enzyme comprises lipase. The composition further comprises lipoxygenase. The ester hydrolyzing enzyme comprises esterase, lipase, and/or cutinase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic contaminants are at least controlled by reducing the amount of organic contaminants present in the fiber; by reducing the size of the organic contaminants present in the fibers; or by reducing the tackiness of the organic contaminants present in the fibers. The composition is introduced prior to or during a pulping stage or during or right before a stock preparation stage. The composition is introduced after a flotation or a de-inking stage, in an amount of 0.002 to 2 lbs water-soluble cellulose derivative per ton of dry fiber, and 0.005 to 4 lbs ester hydrolyzing enzyme per ton dry fiber treated. The composition is in contact with the fibers for 1 minute to 8 hours. The method further involves forming the fibers into paper or paperboard products. The composition is introduced prior to the paper machine headbox and is introduced in the paper machine white water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water-soluble cellulose derivative is methyl cellulose, hydroxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydropropyl methyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethylcellulose and/or hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose (preferably methyl ether cellulose derivative). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is zeolite (preferably), activated alumina, heteropoly acid (preferably 12-tungstophosphoric acid), silica alumina, or sulfated zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ethanol fuel is gasoline containing ethanol or an ethanol-water mixture separated by mixing water with gasoline containing ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The catalyst can be ion-exchange resin. The heating medium is perfluoropolyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid comprises water and borohydride compound. The first substance comprises borohydride or metal hydride compounds, which is sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, zinc borohydride, aluminum borohydride, polyborohydrides, trimethylamine borane, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, potassium aluminum hydride, beryllium hydride, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride, strontium hydride or barium hydride. The transition metal is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, gold, cobalt, nickel or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The saprophytic fungus is selected from the Pleurotus, Piptoporus, Fomitopsis, Trametes, Hypsizygus, Ganoderma, Inonotus, and polypore mushrooms (preferably Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus dryinus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, Pleurotus tuberregium, Fomitopsis officinalis, Trametes versicolor, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma curtisii, Ganoderma oregonense, and Ganoderma tsugae). In the method (P2) plant seeds are selected from grass seeds, and/or tree seeds. The grass seeds are selected from seeds of native grasses, and/or erosion-control grasses. The tree seeds are selected from seeds of poplars, hybrid poplars, cottonwoods, and/or hyperaccumulator trees.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The mycobag additionally comprises seeds selected from seeds of grasses, bushes, trees, and/or hyperaccumulator plants. The biodegradable material is selected from woodchips, sawdust, straw, paper, cardboard, agricultural waste products, wood wastes, and/or composts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ionic liquid comprising the organic cation is selected from triazolium, pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, thiazolium or oxazolium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The metal catalyst is a compound having a metal component selected from cobalt, iron, manganese, zinc, titanium, antimony, germanium, zirconium or lead. The metal catalyst is selected from cobalt acetate, manganese acetate, zinc acetate, iron acetate, germanium dioxide or tetrabutyl titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The culture medium also includes yeast extract.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The culture medium is the phosphate buffer solution and includes diammonium hydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, iron trichloride hexahydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, cobalt chloride hexahydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, zinc chloride, sodium molybdate dihydrate, manganese chloride dihydrate, copper chloride dihydrate, iron (II) chloride dihydrate and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The inorganic carbon source is bicarbonate ion or carbon dioxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polyhydric alcohol is polyglycerol. 50 mol% or more of hydroxyl group of polyhydric alcohol having ester compound is esterified with long chain fatty acid. The ester compound has 100 mol% of long-chain-hydrocarbon group whose number of carbon atom is 15 or more, and 20-80 mol% of long-chain-hydrocarbon group which do not have unsaturated bond. Preferred Property: The ester compound has weight average molecular weight of 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The five-coordination metal ion is chosen from zinc ion, cadmium ion and copper ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene can be replaced by trans-4,4'-azopyridine, 4,4'-azopyridine, bis(pyridyl)acetylene, 1,2-bis(4-pyridinyl)ethane, 4,4'-bipyridine, 1,4-bis(4-pyridinyl)benzene, 4,2',5',4"-terpyridine, 2,5-di-4-pyridinyl pyrimidine, 3,6-di-4-pyridinyl pyridazine, 2,5-di-(4-pyridinyl) pyrazine and/or 3,6-di-4-pyridyl-1, 2,4,5-tetrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The continuous solid liquid separation process includes crude solid-liquid separation process and clarification solid-liquid separation process. Preferred Device: The continuous centrifugal separator of the rough solid-liquid-separation process is a screw decanter type centrifuge. The continuous centrifugal separator is an automatic discharge type centrifuge. The sterilizer used for clear separated liquid sterilization process is an ultraviolet-rays continuous sterilization water purification system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The thermophilic bacteria belong to Pyrococcus genus, Staphyrothermus genus or preferably Thermococcus genus, particularly Thermococcus sp. strain CMI (acceptance number NITE P-261). Preferred Condition: Processing of organic waste is performed at 60-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The bubble contains carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sum total concentration of first prepolymer and second prepolymer is 1-9% of whole liquid mixture. Preferred Parameter: The stress of fixed microorganism support after manufacture is not less than 1 kgf/cm2 at the time of rupture, and stress required to compress support height into half is not less than 0.2 kgf/cm2. Preferred Method: The first prepolymer and second prepolymer are mixed, and microorganisms are mixed with mixed prepolymer liquid mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The holding unit carries out application of pressure on substrate along thickness direction, with respect to outer peripheral portion of substrate. Preferred Apparatus: The film-forming apparatus further has unit for heating the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The rice bran is reacted with the alcohol at 200-350 degrees C (preferably 150-200 degrees C) and pressure nearer to atmospheric pressure. The fatty acid ester is obtained from the oil component in the rice bran by esterification and/or transesterification, where the reaction is non-catalytic esterification and/or transesterification, or is carried out in presence of catalyst chosen from alkali, acid, transition metal, zeolite and ion exchange resin. The method is performed using gaseous phase extractor, hot air type drying machine and airflow type grinder. The apparatus is batch type apparatus. The rice bran is ground and mixed with alcohol in a container provided with stirring apparatus. The alcohol is introduced as a microbubble. The fatty acid ester and glycerin are separated based on the difference in boiling point or specific gravity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: carrying out a preculture followed by washing, before seeding the saline medium containing 2-EHN as single substrate for growth; enriching the substrate with Tween 80 (RTM: Polysorbate 80); developing the bacteria on a system of biofilter, introducing the effluent into the biofilter and tapping the clear effluent; and developing the bacteria on a solid spot at inner perpendicular trench at path of polluted effluent containing biobarrier, introducing oxygen by injecting air into the trench and degrading the pollutant during its passage through the biobarrier. The 2-EHN is degraded in the presence of a non-biodegradable liquid used as reservoir for the substrate. The bacteria are fixed on a mineral or organic support, or added as inoculum at sludge treatment plant. Preferred Components: The bacterium is present in formerly polluted groundwater by essence before seeded in the presence of effluent. The substrate comprises the effluent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises hydrocarbons of 5-16 carbon atoms, alcohols, mono or di-carboxylic acid and/or alkali metal salts. The substrate is Tween 80 (RTM: Polysorbate 80), isooctane, alkali metal acetate or succinate, glycerol and/or ethanol. The concentration of 2-EHN in the liquid effluent is equal to 12 mg/L, preferably 6-10 mg/L. The non-biodegradable liquid phase is 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and silicon oil. The 2-EHN is used as source of nitrogen. The effluents contain a cut diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Mutants: (I) are Sulfolobus solfataricus phosphotriesterase mutants with SEQ ID NO:3 (defined sequence of 314 amino acids given in the specification) with the four amino acid substitutions Y97W, Y99F, R223H and C258L and optionally one or more of the amino acid substitutions V27A, P67V, T68S, L72I, D141T, G225P, L226H, F229S, W263A, W278I. (I) are Sulfolobus acidocaldarius phosphotriesterase mutants with SEQ ID NO:5 (defined sequence of 315 amino acids given in the specification) with the four amino acid substitutions Y98W, Y100F, R224H and C259L and optionally one or more of the amino acid substitutions V28A, P68V, T69S, L73I, D142T, G226P, L227H, F230S, W264A, W279I. Preparation: Nucleic acids coding for Sulfolobus solfataricus phosphotriesterase with the indicated mutations are produced using 7 pairs of sense and antisense oligonucleotides, each comprising about 90 nucleotides. Each successive pair is subjected to PCR using DeepVent polymerase and then resulting fragments are mixed, treated with DnaseI and assembled by PCR. The entire gene is then amplified by PCR using ssopox external oligonucleotides (5' sense and 3' antisense; Extremophiles, 9, 297, 2005). ACTIVITY - Antidote.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - Phosphotiesterase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid has an acid dissociation constant of 0-10. The organic acid is an aromatic organic acid and a multivalent organic acid. The organic acid is at least one member is orthophthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid and trimesic acid. The diazabicyclo compound is a cyclic diazabicyclo compound, preferably 1,8-diazabicyclo (5,4,0)undecene-7 or 1,5-diazabicyclo(4,3,0)nonene-5. The curing agent has two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups in its molecule. The epoxy resin is a multifunctional epoxy resin. The high crystalline artificial graphite is obtained by burning needle coke, which has a crystal plane distance of 0.3354-0.3365 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The biologic deodorant equipment is added in (a), (e), (f) to deodorize. The water with 50% weight of sewage sludge is injected in the sewage sludge pre-storing tank before (a). Preferred Condition: The control temperature in (b) is 26-32 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: Filtering and dehydrating is carried out at normal temperature. Alcoholizing is carried out at 30-50 degrees C. In distilling, temperature is controlled at 80-90 degrees C and the time is 1-1.5 hours. The synthesized coarse fat is cooled for 6-8 hours at 30 degrees C. Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: The dosage for methanol is 0.5-1.5 times of the quantity of animal fat and vegetable oil. Preferred Process: Distilling is carried out when 1-2% of sodium hydroxide solution is added into coarse fat washed by water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The flammable gas generated from the flammable granules in the cavity of the furnace body (4) enters the furnace end (8) to burn after eliminating ash by a centrifugal cyclone ash expeller. The flammable granular materials are continuously conveyed to the cavity of the furnace body (4) through a feeding pipe (15) in the action of the electrical packing auger (2) and the feeding wind locker (3). Preferred Components: The lighter under the furnace body (4) is a miniature kerosene burner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation: The preparation method of the biomass molded coal comprises evenly mixing raw materials according to weight ratio except cement (if the raw materials include cement), crushing, adding water while stirring, adding cement after some time passes (if the raw materials include cement), molding, covering, and decelerating moisture evaporation. Preferred Composition: Preferably, the biomass molded coal comprises (weight ratio) soft coal 15 parts, anthracite 25-30 parts, low-quality anthracite 42-46 or 52-57 parts, biomass 15-20 parts, sulfur fixing agent 2 parts, adhesive is 7-10 parts, and waterproof agent 7-10 parts. The biomass molded coal further comprises (weight ratio) silicate cement 8 parts; anti-freezing agent 1-2% relative to the total amount of the raw material; salt 1-2%; less than 15 parts, preferably 5-10 parts, of non-toxic and harmless industrial waste with heat value; additive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lignin precipitate is separated by centrifuging or suction filtering after being washed twice using de-ionized water then drying in vacuum to obtain lignin powders. The raw glycerine may be used as the solvent and heat transfer medium circularly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The solid super acid is sulfate (SO42-)/titanium dioxide (TiO2), SO42-/iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), SO42-/zirconium oxide (ZrO2), SO42-/aluminum oxide (Al2O3), or ZrO2/silicon dioxide (SiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Acer truncatum oil is fined oil with a nervonic acid mass ratio of more than 3% through dehydrating and removing acid. Preferred Composition: The mixed weight ratio of Acer truncatum oil, methanol or ethanol with the catalyst is 80-100:20-40:1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The parameters for oil hydrolysis reaction step comprises concentration of water in the oil being 0.01-0.05 wt.%; the general enzyme activity of the added immobilized lipase being controlled at 40-160 IU/g of oil, reaction temperature of 25-55 degrees C, and reaction time of 4-12 hours. The parameters for fatty acid esterification comprises concentration of water in the oil being 0.01-0.05 wt.%; adding water absorbent during the esterifying process where the mass of the water absorbent is determined according to the change of the water content in the reactant in real time, ensuring the concentration of the water is kept at 0.01-0.06 wt.%; controlling the general enzyme activity of the added immobilized lipase at 40-200IU/g of oil, concentration of the 1-4C alcohol being 0.1-2.0 wt.%, reaction temperature of 20-60 degrees C, and reaction time of 8-36 hours. Preferred Components: The water absorbent is silica gel, 3A, 4A, or 5A molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-4C alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butyl alcohol, or iso-butyl alcohol which are fed-batch continuously. The oil is tung oil, coptis teeta, jatrophacurcas, castor oil, colza oil, palm oil, corn oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, wenkou oil, waste oil in restaurant industry, waste oil in industry, waste oil, or industrial oil residue. The lipase in immobilized lipase is from the Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, Rhizomucor miehei, Aspergillus niger, Thermonyces lanuginosus, Pseudomonas cepacia, and Penicillium camemberti; and the lipase are always used in immobilized form; it is from the Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus chinensis cells having the cell lipase; or the commercial enzyme preparation on sale; or lipase mixed for use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The block biomass material is broken wood, corn cob, or blocks produced by biomass forming machine. Preferred Process: Specifically, charging is charging the biomass fuel gas making furnace (3) by a mono-rail electric hoist (1) using automatic discharge hopper (23). Cyclone dust removal is using a cyclone dust remover (5), where 60-70% of ash in the mixed fuel gas is removed. Preferred Composition: The dedusting amount of the fuel gas that is purified by the purification tower continuously is more than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed refrigerant further comprises perfluoroethane. Preferred Composition: The mole concentration of ethane is 50-75%, preferably 60-68%, and the rest is monofluoro-methane. The mole concentration of ethane is 40-70%, preferably 55-65%; mole concentration of monofluoro-methane is 5-40%, preferably 10-30%; and the rest is perfluoroethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of ball to material when ball milling is 15-50:1. Preferred Method: The ball milling step comprises vacuum extraction, argon aeration on the ball miller, another vacuum extraction, and aeration of 0.1-1 MPa hydrogen as reaction gas for ball milling. Hydrogen is supplied into the pot every 1-3 hours during ball milling in hydrogen atmosphere until it reaches initial hydrogen pressure value of 0.1-1 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The ball is made of stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation method of SAPO-34 molecular sieve membrane for selectively separating methane gas uses hydrochloric acid to adjust the pH value of inoculating crystal reaction solution. The cleaning of carrier refers to putting the carrier in ultrasonic cleaner, cleaning 3-5 times with de-ion water, each time lasts 5-10 minutes, marinating for 10-20 hours with 30-50% of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and putting in oven of 75-85 degrees C to drying. Preferred Composition: The carrier is single monocrystal silicon sheet, sheet glass, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, metal sheet or 100-500 pts.wt. stainless steel metal mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic absorbent is MSI (ZSM-5) type hydrophobic silicon zeolite absorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Purifying furnace gas in calcium carbide furnace comprises using cyclone separating device for removing coarse granule before mixing calcium carbide furnace gas with combustion-supporting oxygen. Few of purified gas circularly enters in the combustion section at the bottom of the purifying tower to react after entering in the upper activation section of purifying tower from bottom to top. Process further involves reclaiming waste heat of the heat in cooling down process, the reclaimed waste heat can produce steam to be byproduct, and heat combustion-supporting oxygen firstly preheats by the waste heat. Preferred Components: Activation medium used in activation section is heat-storage reduction filler. Heat-storage reduction filler is a ball of 25-75 mm diameter processed by 60-75% of blue powdered carbon, 10-25% of lime hydrate and 15-20% of coal tar. Preferred Parameters: Intensity demand of heat storage reduction filler comprises: cold strength is not less than 60 kg each, and heat strength is not less than 25 kg each.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The performance reaches GB/T 14732-2006 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The liquefying temperature is 50-20 degrees C. The dosage for sulfuric acid is 0.5-6%. The dosage for phenol/lignocellulose (w/w) is 3-5. The reaction time is 10-90 minutes. More than 50% cellulose remains in the liquefied residue, and more than 70% hemicellulose and lignin are transformed to be liquid product. The liquefied residue biological conversion rate is more than 60%. The lignocellulose liquefied product is transformed to phenolic resin by crosslinker.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst SO42-/ZrO2, SO42-/titanium oxide (TiO2) or SO42-/xZrO2-yTiO2, where x and y of zirconium and titanium is 1:2-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the vehicle series methanol petrol comprises: (a) placing the anhydrous fusel oil in a mixing tank based on proportion, orderly adding in ethanol, low-polymerized active polyisobutenyl succinimide, ethyl hexa-nitroaniline acid and methanol, mixing evenly to acquire the modified methanol; and (b) placing the modified methanol in the mixing tank based on the proportion, respectively adding in the environment-friendly benzene-free 120 solvent oil and the catalytic cracking petrol for mixing evenly.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cyclodextrin is ( alpha )-cyclodextrin, ( beta )-cyclodextrin or ( beta )-cyclodextrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode and cathode and the barrier metal structures are made of metals selected from any one of steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, metal hydride and alloys of steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, metal hydride.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A lubricating oil is obtained using a base oil and the additive. The lubricating base oil is straight mineral oil, poly-alpha-olefin, fatty-acid ester, polyalkyleneglycol, phosphate ester, silicone, silicate ester, polyphenyl ether, alkylbenzene, synthetic naphthene, gas to liquid (GTL), and/or vegetable oil. Preferred Definitions:    a=1;    n,m+n=2-4, with n preferably being 2 and m+n preferably being 3;    m=0-2, preferably 0;    W'=(m+n)-valent group obtained by removing (m+n) hydrogen atom on carbon atom from 2-10C alkane, -CH 2CH 2-(-E-CH 2CH 2-) f-, -(CH 2) q-G-(CH 2) r-, or group chosen from groups of formulae (d-l);    D'=oxygen, sulfur, methylene, or dimethylmethylene;    R 9-R 12=H, methyl or ethyl;    f=1-4;    E=oxygen or -N(-R 13)-;    R 13=R 9;    G=-S- or -S-S-;    q,r=2 or 3, preferably 2;and    R 14=H, 1-6C alkyl, or 1-6C alkenyl, preferably ethyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is Tween-20 (RTM: Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate), Tween-80 (RTM: Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), polyethylene glycol, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, glusopone/215, glusopone/225 and glusopone/625. The surfactant is ionic or non-ionic. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: treating the lignocellulosic biomass with an acid or base while treating the lignocellulosic biomass with a surfactant; adding bovine serum albumin to the lignocellulosic biomass while incubating the surfactant treated lignocellulosic biomass with an enzyme. In the method, treating the lignocellulosic biomass with a surfactant is a batch process or flow through process. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The agent promoting microbial cell respiration and redox activity is an iron compound, such as ferrous sulfate; and/or manganese compound, such as manganese dioxide or manganese sulfate. The mineral carrier substance is natural or synthetic silicate, such as silica, feldspar, zeolite, bentonite, or kaolin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The trace element is zinc, copper, cobalt, and/or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound for adjusting and/or buffering the pH value is a buffering agent, preferably sodium gluconate and acidic metallurgical by-product, sodium gluconate and glucono- delta -lactone, sodium gluconate and sulfur-acidic ferrous sulfate, lactose and lactic acid, and sodium gluconate and citric acid. The carbohydrate or its derivative is lactose, glucono- delta -lactone, and/or sodium gluconate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The combination of enzymes further includes beta -glucanase, and secondary enzyme. The secondary enzyme is another glycoamylase, another alpha -amylase, cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase, protease, pullulanase, lipase, cutinase, pectinase, beta -glucanase, cyclodextrin transglycosyl transferase, and/or beta -amylase. The enzyme combination may be blend. Preferred Method: The contacting step is carried for 2-240 hours. The fermenting step is carried out at 30-45 degrees C and pH value of 3.5-5.5 for 48-90 hours, where greater than or equal to 50% of the starch is solubilized. The fermenting step produces ethanol as end product at greater than 8% yield. Preferred Parameters: The temperature below the initial gelatinization of the granular starch is 25-77 degrees C. The slurry has pH value of 3-7. Preferred Materials: The milled plant material is barley, wheat or rye. EXAMPLE - Ground hulled barley was slurried, added with hemicellulase (0.2 kg/ton of grain) and acid stable alpha -amylase (0.13 kg/ton of grain), placed in 57 degrees C water bath for 1.5 hours, and incubated with gentle stirring. Barley starch was not gelatinized at 57 degrees C. There was no viscosity problem observed in the process. The formed composition was found to contain glucose, carbohydrates such as DP2 and DP3, and higher sugars. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was carried out with addition of urea and enzymes. After the fermentation, the beer was dried in a forced air oven to obtain DDGS containing reduced beta -glucan and no phytic acid
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adsorbent material is made of a structured microporous adsorbent from zeolites or molecular sieves from carbon molecular sieves, aluminophosphate molecular sieves or silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves. Preferred Property: The structured microporous adsorbent is a zeolite having a pore size of 5-20 Angstrom . The second adsorbent material has a selectivity for a third gas component from carbon dioxide, nitrogen or hydrogen sulfide over methane greater than 5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adsorbent contactor is made of adsorbent material from polymers or structured microporous adsorbents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The additive is added to the biodiesel fuel at least equivalent to 0.01 mg potassium hydroxide(KOH)/g of the biodiesel fuel. The additive is added to the biodiesel fuel at 20-10000 ppm. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor further comprises a pyrolyzer (14) that is operable to create an additional one of an alcohol stream and a methane stream from the undigested biomass. In (I), at least a portion of the heat generated by the reactor comprises waste heat that is used by the biomass conversion system. The reactor is operable to generate the heat by creating hydrogen and carbon monoxide and burning the hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The synthetic fuel creation system comprises a Fischer-Tropsch process. In (I), less than 70% of the biomass feed (18) is converted to low molecular weight hydrocarbons (20) in the biomass conversion system. The biomass conversion system is operable to: receive hydrogen from the reactor; create the one of an alcohol stream and a methane stream comprising secondary alcohols using a hydrogenation process; and create the one of an alcohol stream and a methane stream comprising primary alcohols by esterifying the biomass and hydrogenating the esterified biomass to the primary alcohols. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The contaminated medium contains microorganism(s) indigenous or non-indigenous to it. The microorganism includes mineral reducing microbe and/or metal metabolizing microbe, or Thiobacillus ferroxidans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The contaminated medium has pH lower than 3.5 before addition of chitin complex-containing material. The chitin complex-containing material decreases reductive-oxidation potential of medium by greater than or equal to 50 millivolts, inhibits resolubilization of metal(s) in contaminated medium, or promotes sorption of contaminant. The alkalinity of medium is increased by greater than or equal to 10 mg/L. Preferred Process: The material is added in situ; by directly injecting into subsurface of medium; into space (where medium is held) below ground surface through conduit including boring, hole, trench and/or excavation; ex situ by placing it into engineered system including anaerobic or aerobic wetland and/or subsurface or water treatment system bioreactor. The method comprises adding nutrient comprising yeast metabolite(s) for increasing metabolic kinetics of microorganism. The remediation process is abiotic remediation. Preferred Component: The material comprises crustacean shell, arthropods, fungi, yeast cells and/or fungal or yeast fermentation broth. The contaminated medium is aqueous medium other than ground water. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali catalyst is selected form potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or iron hydroxide. The inorganic salt catalyst is selected from sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride or sodium nitrate. The metal is selected from aluminum, magnesium, silicon or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflection magnetic field device has samarium cobalt material or ferromagnetic substance. Preferred Gas: The gas is hydrogen gas or argon gas.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The osmoprotectant is glycine betaine, choline, carnitine and/or trehalose. Preferred Property: The osmoprotectant has a concentration of 0.5-5 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ceiling of the apparatus is made of Teflon (RTM: a fluoropolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Bacillus mojavensis, Paenibacillus polymixa, Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus pumilus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quaternary ammonium salt type cationic surfactant is tetraethylammonium salt, tetrapropyl ammonium salt, and/or tri-ethyl-methyl ammonium salt. The anionic surfactant is ROPO3X2, ROSO3X and/or RSO3X.R=5-18C alkyl; andX=H, Na and/or K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The plant is a seaweed which belongs to Fucales Sargasso family.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacture of ethanol involves useful substance collection process which useful substance is chosen from heavy metal, natural uranium, alginic acid, fucoidan, vegetable protein and fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ruthenium is supported by activated carbon. Preferred Properties: The glycerin is reduced at 393-473K. The ratio of ruthenium and ion exchange resin is 0.75 mg:100x 10-6-300x 10-6 eq. The ratio of ruthenium and glycerin is 0.4-1.6 mg:4-5 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plant substrate contains palm fiber and biodegradable polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Aspergillus terreus is Aspergillus terreus ATCC 10020. The Aspergillus thomii is Aspergillus thomii ATCC 16859.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A standard potential of the reduction potential difference between the different metals is hydrogen or calomel. The electrolyte is sodium chloride solution, normal saline, or potassium chloride solution. Preferred Method: The two different metals are combined by crushing and extruding the anode metal to a certain form, and rolling the cathode metal not crushed to be tightly attach on the crushed anode metal, where the anode metal is melted to be liquid status, and one surface of the cathode metal is immersed in the melting anode metal to shorten a path of electron transport between the anode and the cathode metals during the reaction of electrochemistry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode metal is magnesium alloy scrap or aluminum alloy scrap. The cathode metal is stainless steel or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The bitumen- and wood-waste are simultaneously minced and mixed. The bitumen- and wood-waste is minced in a shredder. The bitumen- and wood-waste is minced to a size of 10 mu m to 6 cm. The press bodies are formed by a hydraulic press. The bitumen- and wood-waste are obtained from building demolition. Preferred Components: The pressed body contains 30-70% of bitumen- or wood-waste (preferably 50-60% of bitumen-waste and 40-50% of wood). The press body has a weight of 0.5-4.5 kg. The bitumen-waste is AS 170301 or 170302. The fuel contains 50-60 (preferably 55)% of bitumen and 40-60 (preferably 45)% of wood. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bio-diesel is greater than 99% fatty acid methyl ester. The mixing fuel is 26 or 21 vol.% of 99.7% alcohol, 51, preferably vol.% 49 0# diesel, and 23 or 30 vol.% bio-diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biodiesel oil comprises 40-60 vol.% diesel oil, 20-40 vol.% colza oil, and 20-40 vol.% cotton seed oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction process is carried out in the presence of catalyst for 0.1-1 hours at 40-240 degrees C. Preferred Component: The low-carbon alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The animal and vegetable fat is suet, soybean oil, cotton seed oil, palm oil, sunflower seed oil, rice oil, transgenic soybean oil, kiriko oil and/or nut oil. The mole ratio of low-carbon alcohol and animal and vegetable fat is 5:1-60:1. The catalyst is organic or inorganic acid and alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The extracting agent is ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The tuber vegetables and fruits include pineapple, cassava peel or bagasse. The marine organism powder is algae powder, fishbone dust or shrimp powder. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The method for preparing composite refrigerating fluid comprises preparation by physically mixing three substances such as 1%-15% 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, dimethyl ether and propane at normal temperature. Preferred Composition: The %mol concentration of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane is 1%-15%, preferably 1%-10%, %mol concentration of dimethyl ether is 5%-30%, preferably 10%-25%, and %mol concentration of propane is 55%-80%, preferably 65%-80%. Preferred Process: The components of refrigerating fluid are prepared by physically mixing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode material is titanium plating rare metal, stainless steel or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon feedstock comprises natural gas, preferably methane. The electrolysis is carried out in aqueous media or gas phase. The higher hydrocarbons comprise fuel grade hydrocarbons and/or aromatic hydrocarbons. The aromatic hydrocarbons comprise benzene, toluene, and xylenes. The higher hydrocarbon is methanol or alkyl amine. The alkaline amine comprises sodamide. The alkyl halides comprise ethyl bromide. The alkaline halide comprises sodium bromide. The alkaline hydroxide comprises sodium hydroxide. The hydrocarbon feedstock is coal. The higher hydrocarbon is coke, hydrogen, or polyols. EXAMPLE - Methane (11 sccm) was combined with nitrogen (15 sccm) at room temperature via a mixing tee and passed through an 18 degrees C bubbler full of bromine. The methane/nitrogen/bromine mixture was passed into a preheated glass tube at 500 degrees C, where bromination of methane took place with a residence time of 60 seconds to give primarily bromomethane, dibromomethane and hydrogen bromide. Then the products left the reactor, were collected by a series of traps containing 4M sodium hydroxide, which neutralized the hydrogen bromide and hexadecane to dissolve to give hydrocarbon products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal additive is not ruthenium. The metal additive is rhenium, vanadium, rhodium, platinum, iridium, palladium, iron, lanthanum, cobalt, manganese, osmium, strontium, cerium, tantalum, molybdenum, chromium, samarium, niobium, copper, tungsten, tin, gold and/or silver. The weight ratio of nickel to metal additive is greater than 5:1 (preferably greater than 10:1, especially greater than 25:1, particularly greater than 50:1, more particularly greater than 100:1. The nickel aluminate material has a nickel to aluminum molar ratio of greater than 0.96:1 (preferably greater than 1:1, especially greater than 1.2:1, particularly greater than 1.4:1, more particularly greater than 2:1. The reactant gas is a hydrocarbon, methane or propane. Preferred Process: In the process (P1), at least 80% (preferably at least 90%, especially at least 90%, particularly at least 95%, more particularly at least 97%) of the reactant gas undergoes the chemical reaction. The contacting step is carried out at less than 480 (preferably less than 460, especially less than 440, particularly less than 420, more particularly at least 400) degrees C. EXAMPLE - Nickel aluminates were calcined at 700 degrees C in air, and reduced in hydrogen in helium for 12 hours for complete reduction. The catalysts were then tested for propane steam reforming at water/carbon molar ratio of 2:1. It was observed that nickel aluminate with nickel to aluminum ratio of 1:10 exhibited high catalytic activity, lowest light-off temperature and full propane conversion at 430 degrees C. Pure nickel oxide was also examined for the steam reforming of propane. The nickel oxide was mixed with alumina to obtain a mixture (S1). The mixture (S1) showed very low activity. Also, pure nickel oxide possessed higher reducibility, and its low nickel surface area and lower coke resistance conducted to low catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises separating loose oil palm fruitlets from the FFB before treatment process, adding water, steam or sunlight to increase humidity and temperature, and covering the oil palm FFB for the duration of treatment process. Preferred Component: The smoke is formed by burning empty oil palm fruit bunches or oil palm leaves and by-products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polypeptide: Alternatively, the polypeptide comprises any of fully defined 356-357 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 3-5) given in the specification. The polypeptide is preferably isolated. Preferred Method: The non-cellulosic material comprises pectin. The fiber plant is hemp, jute, flax, ramie, or cotton. Contact is done in aqueous medium at pH 4-10, preferably pH 8-9, and at 30-55 degrees C, preferably 40-50 degrees C. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed are Xanthomonas campestris pectate lyase II (XcPL) comprising 353 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2); and its variants comprising 356-357 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 3-5). All sequences are fully defined in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) is employed as the a fuel component in a standard non-modified gasoline or diesel engine, and in engines manufactured or modified to function with alcohols and/or fuels with a high alcohol content. The composition (C1) further comprises meta-nitrobenzoctadecylamide (0.3-11 wt.%) and/or nitrobenzoctadecylamide. Preferred Components: The component (A) is normal propyl nitrate and/or di-tert-butyl peroxide; component (B) is propylene glycol monoalkyl ether and/or butylene glycol monomethyl ether; and component (C) is methyl carbonate, mixed with methylal (dimethoxymethane) or ethylal (diethoxymethane). The component (B) has a boiling point of 39-190 degrees C when used with gasoline and 39-350 degrees C when used with diesel or oil. The proportion of component (A) is 0.001-99.998 (preferably 2-16, especially 2-14) vol./vol.%; the proportion of component (B) is 0.001-99.98 (preferably 2-16, especially 2-36) vol./vol.%; and the proportion of component (C) is 0.001-99.998 (preferably 68-96, especially 50-96) vol./vol.%. The propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide is released during a combustion process within an engine employing the composition for providing a maximum pressure near an expansion start cycle in the engine. The high percentage of normal-propyl nitrate and/or di-tert-butyl peroxide is employed for component (A) for the purpose of increasing engine power output. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The lipolytic enzyme is phospholipase, lyso-phospholipase, or lipase. The fermenting organism is yeast. The fermentation media can be gelatinized or ungelatinized starch. Preferred Process: The fermentation is carried out in the presence of glucoamylase and/or amylase. The fermenting microorganism or media is contacted with an enzyme from protease, phytase, or cellulase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal salt is calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, sodium chloride, or potassium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fermentation product is fuel ethanol or potable ethanol. The fermentation media can comprise starch material derived from corn, wheat, barley, or milo. EXAMPLE - A slurry was obtained by adding milled wheat or barley (140 kg) to 60 degrees C water (360 L) under stirring. When temperature was 55 degrees C enzymes for liquefaction and saccharification was added comprising Aspergillus niger, A. niger alpha -amylase, A. oryzae alpha -amylase, Bacillus licheniformis alpha -amylase. The lipolytic enzyme was added in 10 KLU/kg DS milled grain and calcium chloride dihydrate was added in 1.73 g/kg DS milled grain. Mashing-in was carried out for 30 minutes under stirring at 55 degrees C where after the tank content was cooled to 30-32 degrees C before yeast pitching. Dry yeast (500 g) that had been rehydrated in water (2500 ml) at 30 degrees C. stirred, and allowed to stand for 15-30 minutes was pitched into the fermentor. Fermentation was performed with stirring at 32 degrees C. Ethanol was 10.3% w/w after approximately 50 hours and 11.1% w/w after approximately 70 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterium: The bacterium is Thermincola ferriacetica. Preferred Process: In the process for generating electricity or hydrogen, the fuel source is acetate or cellulose. The microbial catalyst is resistant to autoclaving. The microbial catalyst comprises Thermincola or Deferribacteres. The microbial catalyst comprises more than one bacteria, where the microbial catalyst comprises Thermincola and Deferribacteres. In the process of generating ethanol and electricity, or ethanol and hydrogen, the fuel source is cellulose, hemicellulose or chitin, where the cellulose is con stover, peach waste, wood chips, forest litter, or switchgrass. The fermentation vessel is maintained under thermophilic conditions, where the microbial catalyst comprises two or more bacteria selected from Clostridium thermocellum, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum or Thermincola. The first and second fermentation vessels are maintained under thermophilic conditions, where the microbial catalyst having an ethanologenic activity is Zymomonas mobilis and the fuel source contains both sugar and cellulose. Preferred Apparatus: The microbial fuel cell comprises an anode and at least two cathodes, where the microbial fuel cell comprises at least two anodes and a cathode. The apparatus further comprises an inflow line and a return line, where the inflow line and the return line communicate between the fermentation vessel and the microbial fuel cell. The apparatus further comprises a microbial catalyst. The power source is a second microbial fuel cell. The system further comprises a membrane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal hydrogenated compound is sodium borohydride. The powdery compound which catalyzes hydrolysis reaction is transition metal compound such as cobalt compound and nickel compound. Preferred Shape: The hydrogen-producing agent is in powder form and pellet form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves reusing carbon dioxide and water from step (3) in step (1). The crop is sugar beet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The enzyme (lipase) is a liquid, microbial enzyme (preferably Candida antarctica type B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Emulsifiers are added to the reaction mixture in step (a). The enzyme is recuperated from the alcohol phase arising in step (c) by a process of membrane filtration or by a process of centrifugation. The enzyme is re-used by recycling the alcoholic phase arising in step (c) to step (a). The temperature of the reaction mixture in step (b) is kept between 40-90 degrees C (preferably 60-80 degrees C). A vacuum is applied to the reaction mixture while it reacts in step (b). The reaction mixture is subjected to a stripping treatment by passing a stream of inert gas through the mixture while it reacts in step (b). The inert stripping gas (where the stripping gas is contained in a closed loop comprising an air dryer) is dispersed in the reaction mixture by a rotary jet head. Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is glycerol. The emulsifiers are mono-acyl glycerol and/or di-acyl glycerol. EXAMPLE - A palm oil fatty acid distillate with an FFA (free fatty acid) content of 90% was mixed with pure glycerol in a molar ratio of 1:1. The mixture was introduced into a stirred reactor held at a pressure of 5 mbar absolute, and kept at 68 degrees C. CALB L lipase (liquid enzyme from Candida antarctica lipase B) was added in a concentration of 175 LU per g FFA. After 8 hours reaction, the FFA content had been reduced to 7% due to the formation of mono-, di- and triacylglycerides.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Plant: The plant is more receptive to liquid penetration than the wild type. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a polymer, where the polymer is incorporated into the cellulose in the plant cell wall. The cell wall of the plant is more water-soluble than the cell wall of the wild type. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a first polysaccharide that will melt or dissolve upon alkaline or acidic treatment. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a first polysaccharide that is converted into a second polysaccharide that will melt or dissolve upon alkaline or acidic treatment. The enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a saccharide of one or more units that is incorporated into the cellulose in the plant cell wall. The enzyme is glutaminefructose-6-phosphate transaminase (GFAT). The enzyme is over-expressed with chitin deacetylase. The enzyme makes the cellulose in the plant more water soluble, where the enzyme is cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH). The enzyme is a fructan synthase and the polysaccharide is fructan, where the fructan synthase is levansucrase. The enzyme is curdlan synthase and the polysaccharide is curdlan. The enzyme is chitin deacetylase and the polysaccharide is chitosan. The enzyme is over-expressed using a promoter, where the promoter is 35S, 4C1 or Cell. Preferred Product: The bio-fuel is ethanol or butanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): DNA encoding xylitol dehydrogenase is isolated from Candida shehatae CBS5813 (NBRC1983) by standard recombinant methods. Preferred DNA: The DNA has base sequence of SEQ ID No. 2 (not defined). The DNA originates in yeast, preferably C.shehatae CBS5813 (NBRC1983). Preferred Construct: The regulatory sequence originates in a host cell. The regulatory sequence is a promoter, preferably constitutive or inducible promoter chosen from ADH1, ADH2, PDC, GAL1/10, TDH3 and PGK1 promoter. Preferred Vector: The vector is a plasmid. Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is yeast or bacteria chosen from Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Schwanniomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Candida, Debaryomyces, Metschnikowia, Pachysolen, Paecilomyces and Zymomonas genus. The microorganism is preferably S.cerevisiae or S.pombe. The DNA or the nucleic acid construct is built into the genome of the microorganism. Preferred Method: The xylitol dehydrogenase production method further involves selecting microorganisms suitable for fermenting xylulose. EXAMPLE - Candida shehatae CBS5813 (NBRC1983) was cultured in medium containing peptone (2%), yeast extract (1%) and glucose (2%) at 25 degrees C, and chromosomal DNA was isolated. The obtained chromosomal DNA was subjected to PCR and PCR product was electrophoresed using 1% agarose gel. A 900 base pair fragment was found to be amplified. The amplified fragment was cloned into suitable plasmid and sequenced. Results showed that the isolated DNA had the base sequence of SEQ ID No. 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst support system comprises anatase form of titanium dioxide, silica, zeolite, alumina, magnesium oxide and/or carbon. The catalytic materials further include platinum, palladium, cobalt, silver, gold, indium, cerium, tungsten, molybdenum, iron and/or their salts. The catalytic materials are doped by potassium, sodium and/or cerium. The catalytic materials are present at 1-25 wt.%. The catalytic materials are in the form of powder, discs or pallets. The catalytic materials have the particle size of 10-100 nm. The catalyst support system has a surface area of 10-1200 m2g-1. The catalyst support system has the particle size of 10-200 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalytic materials are heated at 50-1000 degrees C, preferably 400-800 degrees C, prior to contacting them with wet carbon dioxide. The wet carbon dioxide is contacted with catalytic materials at a flow rate of 60-60000 ml/minutes. The wet carbon dioxide has the temperature of 80-90 degrees C prior to contacting with the catalytic materials. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluororubber component comprises a peroxide cured fluoroelastomer having copolymerized units of vinylidene fluoride, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) and tetrafluoroethylene and other fluoromonomer. The fatty acid alkyl ester of biological origin consists of rapeseed oil methyl ester, soybean oil methyl ester and palm kernel oil methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen storage compound is lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride or sodium tetrahydridoborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The mixing unit (a) has an agitating vane (71) installed within the reactor main component. The mixing unit (b) is installed to rotate within the reactor main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The feammox bacteria are contained in anaerobic digested sludge. The method further involves immobilizing feammox bacteria on a support. The method further involves performing denitrification using denitrifying bacteria and anammox bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The bicarbonate and/or carbonate ion is supplied using sources such as carbon dioxide gas, hydrogen carbonate or carbonate. The method further involves supplying complex iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further involves preparing the bacterial group, before the culturing step, in which neither a formic acid nor its salt is added. The method further involves filtering Bacillus from the bacteria group during the preparation procedure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The ethanol productive yeast is greater than or equal to 1 type chosen from yeast belonging to Saccharomyces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The rubber quantity in natural rubber latex or its serum is less than or equal to 35 wt.%. Preferred Process: The natural rubber latex or its serum is diluted or concentration processed with water, and dry solids (0.1-50 wt.%) are fermented. Fermentation is carried out in anaerobic condition at pH of 6.5-9 and temperature of 15-40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Impurity gas containing hydrogen sulfide contained in biogas is dissolved in liquid along with carbon dioxide. The bubbles formation of biogas produces microbubbles (6) or nanobubbles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The primary adsorption material layer and secondary adsorption material layer are touches each other. Preferred Property: The volume ratio of adsorption material layer is 35-70%, preferably 45-60%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The resin activated carbon is phenol-type resin activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The slag and/or fly-ash are mixed to the waste before beginning the fermentation and the fermenter is heated by the cooling water of the power plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process comprises a first step, where a hydrocarbon (methane) is decomposed into carbon and hydrogen; a second step, where carbon dioxide is extracted from the air; and a third step, where hydrogen and carbon dioxide are reacted to produce methane and water. The third step includes reacting hydrogen from the first step with the carbon dioxide from the second step. The products of the third step are carbon and water. The methane is fed back into the first step and carbon is extracted as a product of the resultant reaction. The heat energy is derived from anthropogenic sources, solar energy collection devices or geothermal sources, exothermic reactions. The carbon extracted through this process is sequestrated so as to form Terra preta. The second step includes extraction of carbon dioxide from air utilizing calcium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preparing catalyst of step (B) is preparing potassium carbonate to water solution with its concentration lower than its saturation concentration to serve as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hybrid refrigerant preferably comprises (mass%) 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (5); 1,1-difluoroethane (25), and propane (70).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dispersant is propylene oxide, normal heptane, liquid paraffin or kerosene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is Span 60(RTM: sorbitan monostearate), Span 80(RTM: sorbitan monooleate), Span 85(RTM: sorbitan trioleate), oleic acid, alcohol polyethylene ether, carboxymethylcellulose ether, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tea saponin and/or cocamidopropyl betaine. The antisetting agent is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, sodium silicate and/or sodium tripolyphosphate. Preferred Process: The method involves emulsification for 10-30 minutes at 13000 rpm, ultrasonic dispersing and monitoring viscosity coefficient at room temperature, or separately placing emulsified paste at room temperature and 50 degrees C for 7-15 days and observing sedimentation condition of paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Binder, gas containing carbon, match material, iron powder and iron oxide sheet are used in the manufacture of modified globose sponge iron. The binder is kieselguhr and/or bentonite. The carbon-containing gas is carbon dioxide, methane and/or high-temperature carbon-containing cracking gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent in (a) is dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfone or sulfolane. Also, the solvent in (c) is toluene, di-methylbenzene, chlorobenzene or phenylethane. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst in (b) is 5% or 10% of palladium/carbon catalyst, the reaction pressure of catalytic hydrogenation ranges from 1.0-1.5 MPa. Preferred Components: The C1-C4 low degree fatty alcohol in (b) is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol or 2- butanol. The proton alkali in (d) is sodium methoxide, sodium alcoholate or sodium isopropoxide. The alcohol solvent used by recrystallization in (d) is methanol, ethanol, propanol or isobutyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The ion exchange column is formed by mixing and filling with macroporous acid resin and macroporous alkali resin with quality ratio of 1:1-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is metal simple substance having reducibility such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), tin (Sn) or FexNi1-x alloy;x=0.7-0.9, ZnxCuyNi1-y alloyx=0.1-0.4;y=0.5-0.7. The reducing agent can be waste iron of mechanical processing. The CO2 input into reactor is pure CO2 or CO2 in exhaust gas; harmful component SOx, and NOX in exhaust gas do not produce obviously effect to CO2 hydrothermal reaction. Preferred Parameters: The pH is 8-14 which is adjusted through alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The zeolite used for composting is obtained by reacting epidesmine and sodium hydroxide; performing inorganic acid treatment; and filtering, washing, solidifying bacteria, and drying. Preferred Component: The dominant microbe adhered to microspores on surface of the zeolite adsorption material is capable of being reused as material for composting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The waste molasses is thinned 10-15 times and treated for 40-60 minutes by ozone whose concentration is 20000-30000 thousand ppm before using, and adding hydrogen peroxide solution which is 0.005-0.01 wt.% and concentration is 2-3% to carry out de-color treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solution for decolorization is 9.8-10.2% diluted alcohol solution of rough Panax notoginsengnoside (10 pts.wt.) which includes (pts.wt.) industrial ethanol (20) and pure water (80); concentrated eluate formed by saturated resin of steam and leave of Panax pseudoginseng var. notoginseng. The anion exchange resin is macroporous anion exchange resin with strong weak alkali functional group of formula (I). Preferred Method: The decolorizing method includes sending solution into D-72 cation exchange resin column by flow rate 1 BV/hour, directly sending solution to anion resin column with strong weak alkali functional group, neutralizing solution, and keeping until color value of eluate from anion resin column is 15% higher than color value or former solution. The elution of water includes sending pure water into D-72 cation exchange resin column, and serial anion resin column, which elutes Panax notoginsengnoside absorbed on surface of resin. The drying of residue is vacuum drying or spraying drying.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The three-phase separating machine monomer is made of corrosion resistant unplasticized PVC material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biodiesel contains fats and oil containing 10 weight% or more of fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas generator comprises gas holding units (a,b) through which inert gas such as argon or nitrogen is introduced. The carbon electrodes (A,B) consist of carbon material comprising amorphous carbon and glassy-carbon material. The electrolyte solution is molten salt containing hydrogen fluoride. Fluorine gas is generated with the carbon electrode (A). Hydrogen gas is generated with the carbon electrode (B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The carbon material is obtained by baking organic resin which contains aromatic resin containing a nitrogen atom, preferably aromatic polyimide resin or aramid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further comprises bringing sludge to treatment during treatment with superheated steam in a continuous-type process, and removing sludge from the treatment with superheated steam; and monitoring during bioredegradation of the sludge, the maturity degree of the biodegradation of the sludge by measuring carbon dioxide gas emissions of the sludge. The sludge is heated to 60-90 degrees C for 20-60, preferably 20-30 minutes. The moisture of the sludge is monitored and controlled during treatment with superheated steam such that moisture of the material changes in the treatment by plus minus 2 % to prevent substantial drying of the sludge, and that the amount of water to be mixed into combustion gas is changed in generating superheated steam. The evaporation of nitrogen-containing ammonia or another nitrogen compound generated by the sludge is minimized by maintaining a moisture level and/or a temperature during treatment with superheated steam. Preferred Condition: The superheated steam preferably has a temperature of 300-600 degrees C. The sludge treatment with superheated steam is performed at normal atmospheric pressure in a steam-treatment apparatus comprising unpressurized steam-treatment unit(s) arranged to use superheated steam and into which the material to be treated is brought. Duration of the bioredegradation is 1-3 months. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: For two stage separation: Stage 1 is carried out at 75 degrees C, stage 2 is conducted at 22 degrees C, and both GHSV of feed gas and first effluent is 486/hour, where the sorbent comprises PEI and aluminosilicate, the first impurity removed is CO2 and the second impurity removed is H2S. Stage 1 is carried out at 75 degrees C, stage 2 is conducted at 25 degrees C, GHSV of feed gas is 1263/hour, and GHSV of first effluent is 3797/hour, where the sorbent comprises PEI and fumed silica, the first impurity removed is CO2, and the second impurity removed is H2S. For single stage separation, the process is carried out at 22 degrees C, and the GHSV of feed gas is 674/hour, where the feed gas is dry coal/biomass gas, the impurity is H2S, and the support is aluminosilicate. The process is carried out at 75 degrees C, and the GHSV of feed gas is 337/hour, where the feed gas is dry flue gas, the impurity is CO2, and the support is aluminosilicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Sorbent: The sorbent comprises PEG and aluminosilicate, PEI and fumed silica, or PEG/PEI and aluminosilicate. EXAMPLE - Polyethylenimine (PEI 4 g) having 423 molecular weight was dissolved at room temperature in methanol (32 g). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes to obtain an alcoholic solution. SBA-15(RTM: mesoporous silica) having an average particle size of 1 mu m was added to the solution and stirred for 8 hours to obtain slurry. The slurry was predried in air for 10 hours. The predried sorbent was placed into a glass column and dried at 100 degrees C for 12 hours under nitrogen gas (N2, 99.999 % purity) at 100 mL/minute flow rate. The resulting sorbent has a Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area of 80 m2/g and pore volume of 0.20 cm3/g. The sorbent was utilized for separating impurities from feed gas stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carrier gas is argon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen or ammonia (preferably hydrogen). The transition metal compound is added to the carbonaceous material and is titanamide (Ti(NH2)4), titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)6), tungsten hexacarbonyl (W(CO)6) or chromium carbonyl (Cr(CO)6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal substrate is stainless steel, nickel alloy, plain carbon steel, aluminum alloy, copper alloy or titanium alloy substrates. The material of the catalytic layer is nickel, cobalt, iron, platinum, palladium, silver, gold or alloys of at least two of the metal. The metal substrate is stainless steel substrate. The material of the catalytic layer is nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonaceous material is methane, acetylene, ethylene, methanol, ethanol, olefin or camphor (preferably methane or acetylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The binder or matrix material may ceramic, glass, and/or asphalt; inorganic vitreous glass-forming material containing boric oxide, silica, phosphorus pentoxide, germanium oxide, vanadium pentoxide, and/or beryllium fluoride; or glass-forming composition containing at least two of silica, aluminum oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, magnesium oxide, cuprous oxide, barium oxide, lead oxide and boric oxide. The isotropy-promoting agent may be glass fibers or ceramic fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder or matrix material may be metal and/or carbon. The isotropy-promoting agent may be non-expandable graphite particles, carbon black, graphite or carbon (nano)fibers, nanotube, metal fibers or particles, and/or inorganic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder or matrix material may be tar, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, and/or mesophase pitch. The isotropy-promoting agent may comprise organic particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder or matrix material is polymeric carbon and/or polymer, preferably polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyester, PTFE, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluoropolymer, polyacrylonitrile, acrylic resin, epoxide, polyimide, bismaleimide, phenol formaldehyde, vinyl ester, and/or isocyanate resin. The non-expandable powder further comprises isotropy-promoting agent comprising polymer fibers and/or particles. Preferred Method: When the binder or matrix material comprises char-yielding material, e.g. asphalt, tar, sugar, phenolic resin, coal tar pitch, petroleum pitch, mesophase pitch, saccharides, and/or organic polymer, the method includes baking or pyrolyzing the composite to convert char-yielding material into carbon or graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric layer is treated with a plasma precursor containing silane, ammonia, nitrogen/hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, helium, nitrogen, oxygen and argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dielectric layer is treated with solution containing 3-(2-(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl)pyridine, 2-(trimethoxysilyl)ethyl benzene, n-propyl trimethoxysilane and phenyl trimethoxysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Molecule: In the isolated nucleic acid molecule, the nucleic acid also comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. Preferred Vector: The vector also comprises a secretor signal and 6xHis tag, where the secretor signal is alpha factor. Preferred Host Cell: The cell is a Pichia cell. Preferred Composition: The sun screen composition also includes compounds necessary for a spray formulation. The triglycerides are selected from glycerin, coconut oil, olive oil, and rapeseed oil. Moreover, the antioxidant compound is selected from cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, quinic acid, and shikimic acid. The antioxidant is an antioxidant from Deschampsia antarctica. Preferred Method: In cleaning waste water, the appropriate period in (c) is 1-3 hours and the appropriate period in (d) is 2-48 hours. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed are plant lipase nucleic acids comprising 291 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1), and its encoded polypeptides comprising 97 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2). All sequences are fully defined in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus additionally comprises a first reactor for fermentation, in fluid communication with the first compartment of the cell, and a second reactor for photoheterotrophy, in communication with the second compartment of the cell. Preferred Method: The electric current flowing through the cell is varied between a maximum level at which substantially no ammonium is transferred from the first cell compartment to the second cell compartment across the anion-selective membrane, and a minimum level at which ammonium is so transferred. The bacterial fermentation culture also produces hydrogen. The use of the electrical current, involves varying the magnitude of the electric current. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An aluminum hydroxide is recovered from the reaction product obtained by reacting aqueous alkali solution and aluminum. Then, metal aluminum is recovered from the aluminum hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The calcium compound is calcium hydroxide and/or calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid alkali catalyst is chosen from alkali metal ion, alkaline earth metal ion, yttrium, rare-earth element ion, yttrium oxide, rare earth oxide and alkaline earth metal carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lower alcohol is chosen from methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol. The fatty acid ester is formed by mixing different virgin oil and waste oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises at least domestic fuel. Preferred Components: The content of water in oil is less than 0.1%. The vegetable oil has a maximum acid index of potassium hydroxide (0.5 mg/g). The vegetable oil comprises domestic fuel-vegetable oil mixture (5-50 wt.%, preferably 20 wt.%). The vegetable oil is colza oil, and purified oil. The vegetable oil is purified by a process comprising: adsorptions of peroxidized molecules, phospholipids and plant oil water molecules on solid aluminosilicate; washing to eliminate the free fatty acid in basic medium; rinsing with water; and drying the oil at 80 degrees C under vacuum. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent material comprises adsorbents such as alumina, CaA, NaX, CaX or LiX zeolite. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The free fatty acid content of the glyceride oil is below 0.5 (preferably below 0.1, especially 0.01-0.05) wt.% expressed as oleic acid. The glyceride oil provided in step (A) has been obtained by chemical neutralization of crude glyceride oil, or physical refining of crude or degummed glyceride oil. The amount of the heavy, alcoholic phase originating from an alkaline transesterification reaction that is added in step (B), is equivalent to the amount liberated by the alkaline transesterification reaction. Anhydrous methanol is also added to the mixture resulting from step (B), where the amount of the anhydrous methanol is less than 30 mol.% of the fatty acid moieties present in the glyceride oil provided in step (A). A mechanical mixer is used in step (B). The temperature of the reaction mixture arrived at in step (B) is 40-90 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises Radix stemonae (75-80), prickly ash (145-150), castor bean (120-125), Fructus viticis (145-150), humic acid (450-460), and bacterium (1). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The frame of particle packed bed electrode is titanium, titanium with lead dioxide coat, or titanium with noble metal compound coat of ruthenium titanium oxide or iridium titanium oxide. The stuff material of particle packed bed electrode is graphite particle, particle active carbon, graphite loaded with lead dioxide coat or particle active carbon loaded with lead dioxide coat. The cathode uses copper electrode, lead alloy electrode, stainless steel electrode or graphite electrode. Preferred Composition: The number of unit electrolysis bath is 1-200.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Sodium chloride has density of 0-50 mg/L when nitrobenzene is used as carbon and nitrogen source. The total removing rate of total organic carbon is 98.26%. The nitrobenzene can be used as hardening agent to degrade wastewater with salinity of less than or equal to 50 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The reflowing ratio of mud to anaerobic pond and aerobic pond are 0.4-0.9:0.1-0.6. Preferred Method: Wastewater is passed through floatation pond before entering the anaerobic pond to remove petroleum and suspending substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The return ratio of mud to the anaerobic tank, compatible oxygen tank and aerobic tank are 0.1-0.7:0.1-0.7:0.1-0.7. Preferred Method: Wastewater is passed through an air-floated tank before entering the anaerobic tank to remove oil and suspended substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The culture comprises Krebs bacilli, Escherichia coli, or Enterococcus faecalis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Methods: The ethanol high yield yeast is activated for 24 hours in inclined test tube before inoculating. Preferred Materials: A culture medium for activation comprises 10 g wort, 1 g peptone, and 50 ml water. A culture medium in a primary seed culture comprises 5 g corn powder, 100 g kitchen waste, 1 g peptone, and 900 ml water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The isoelectronic crystallization is fitful batching crystallization or continuous crystallization. The bacterium separation can use the method of adding flocculant to flocculate and then filtering, or directly heating up to solidify the bacterium and then filtering, or using film filtering and separating. Heating up solidifies the bacterium, and temperature of heating is 50-145 degrees C. The evaporation is single-effect evaporation or multiple-effect evaporation. When putting secondary crystallized glutaric acid crystal to the dissolving pot to dissolve, and the dilute sulfuric acid solution has not reached to the pH value that adjusts the zymotic fluid, directly add sulfuric acid to the zymotic fluid till the pH value of the zymotic fluid is 3.0-3.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flocculant is polyacrylamide, sodium polyacrylic acid, polyaluminum salts or polymeric ferric salt Preferred Composition: The dosage of the flocculant is 10-300 ppm. Preferred Condition: Temperature of the flocculant is 50-145 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves, mixing each ton of waste water with calcium chloride (0-500 g), adding un-dried micro-organism flocculating agent (0.1-1 kg) or spray dried micro-organism flocculating agent (20-200 g) to the mixture, adjusting the pH of solution between 4.0 and 8.0 using sodium hydroxide, and finally stewing and sedimenting the mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The organic solid waste material is chosen from aquatic organism, straw, grass, food waste (wastes after human beings having meals), active mud or excrements.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The reaction chamber is constructed primarily from quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reaction chamber is constructed primarily from metal. The first electrode or the second electrode are constructed primarily from stainless steel or inconel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous silica is crystalline meso-porous silica, silica gel or amorphous silica. The gaseous phase containing oxygen is air, hydrogen or nitrogen containing oxygen or reformed gas containing oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filter elements comprise a porous support element comprising a catalyst material comprising a basic metal oxide material or a mixed metal oxide material. The metal material comprises nickel, iron, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and/or rhenium in elemental or oxide form. The gasifying medium comprises oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and/or water vapor. The catalytically active metal material promotes decomposition of ammonia. The sorbent material binding hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid, heavy metals and/or alkaline compounds includes dolomite, lime and/or trona. Preferred Component: The method further comprises feeding a sorbent material to the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reactor includes a fluidized bed comprising a particulate matter from sand, olivine and/or dolomite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The hydrogen producing microorganism is Thermoanaerobacterium PEH8 strain (FERM BP-10804). Preferred Apparatus: The methane fermentation tank is provided in the later stage of hydrogen fermenter, for performing methane fermentation of waste liquid that flows out of the hydrogen fermenter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The production of hydrogen by the microorganism from 1 g of saccharide is 270 ml or more, when cultured at a pH of 4.5-6.5, preferably 5.0-6.0. The production of hydrogen by the microorganism using xylose as glycogen is at molar ratio of 2.1 or more, when cultured at a pH of 4.5-6.5, preferably 4.8-5.5. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) is in the form of pellets. The pellet has a length longer than its diameter and circular cross section less than 1/2 inch in diameter, where the any cross section of the pellet is less than 1 inch in length. The pellets are configured for use in residential pellet stoves. The wet-processed biomass comprises: extracted mint leaves; mint slug; fruit pomace; grape pomace; spent hops; barley waste; and beet tailings. (I) further comprises less than or equal to 50 wt.% of unprocessed biomass; glycerin; less than or equal to 50 wt.% of digestion waste; and less than or equal to 50 wt.% of animal waste. The unprocessed biomass comprises wood cuttings. The digestion waste comprises sludge, where the sludge is sewage sludge. The material further comprises unprocessed biomass material. The wet-processed biomass material comprises mint slug and the unprocessed biomass material comprising straw. The weight of the wet processed biomass material is at least equal to or greater than a weight of the unprocessed biomass material. The biomass pellet comprises biomass slug. The gasifying creates a carbon waste product, where the carbon waste product is utilized as filtration media. The unprocessed biomass is one or more of straw, stover, and vegetable husks, preferably switch grass, where the straw is one or more of wheat, rice, and flax straw. The animal waste comprises cow manure. Preferred Process: The wet-processed biomass material is extracted soy beans. The process further comprises storing (I) in a container, where the container is configured for distribution of the solid fuel pellet for residential use. The providing step further comprises metering in an amount of (I) at predetermined rates. The combustion process further comprises utilizing the heat from the combustion as an energy source, where the combustion is initiated and continued within a residential pellet stove. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic waste is food waste, sewage sludge and/or livestock waste water. Preferred Process: The pretreatment is a heat treatment, acid treatment, and/or an alkali treatment. The heat treatment is for 10-30 minutes at 80-100 degrees C. The acid treatment is for 12-36 hours at pH of 0.1-2. The alkali treatment is for 12-14 hours at pH of 12-14. The anaerobic fermentation is operated by batch process. The anaerobic fermentation has a concentration of an initial substrate of 25-35 g Carbo. Chemical oxygen demand/l. The anaerobic fermentation has an initial pH of 7.5-8.5. The anaerobic fermentation occurs at a cultivation pH of 5.6-6.4. The anaerobic fermentation occurs at a cultivation temperature of 33-37 degrees C. The process further comprises adding heat-treated sewage sludge to the pretreated organic waste as a supplemental substrate. The heat-treated sewage sludge is 1-20%(v/v) of the volume of the entire reactor. The heat-treated sewage sludge is heated for 10-30 minutes at 80-100 degrees C. EXAMPLE - The food waste was grinded into less than 5 mm by a crusher. Then the food waste (30 g chemical oxygen demand/l) was pretreated by heat treatment at 90 degrees C for 20 minutes. After adjusting the pH, pretreated substrate (7200 ml) was injected into an anaerobic batch bottle (635 ml) and fermented at 35 plus minus 1 degrees C. Then the pH was maintained to 5 plus minus 0.2 by injecting 3N potassium hydroxide to give hydrogen (888.84 ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The bacteria for oxidizing a biodegradable organic fuel in the housing comprise exoelectrogenic bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The biodegradable organic fuel is wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The energy source is a renewable energy source including wind, solar, hydroelectric, geothermal, oceanic, wave or tidal; or biomass or biofuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide is converted to a value-added product including carbon monoxide, supercritical carbon dioxide, bicarbonate salt or carbonate salt. The value-added product is carbon dioxide neutral fuel, stored source of carbon dioxide, agricultural lime, baking soda or baking powder. The carbon dioxide is captured from the atmosphere or a gas stream, where the gas stream is flue gas, fermenter gas effluent, air, biogas, or carbon dioxide contaminated natural gas. Preferred Composition: The system produces less than 10, preferably less than 1 mg chlorine/L of electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide is converted to a value-added product including methane, methanol, formic acid, urea, formaldehyde, formamide, acetone, acetic acid, limestone, acetaldehyde, ethylene glycol, or ethanol. The value-added product is building material, fertilizer, antifreeze, lubricant, buffer, pesticide, paint, solvent, paving material, or filler for plastics. The carbon dioxide is captured from the gas stream including landfill methane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The value-added product is plastic, polymer, resin, fiber, foam, or film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Component: The value-added product is fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The higher alkyl esters of triglyceride oils can be glycol esters of a triglyceride. The biodiesel comprises at least one molecule of formula (I).R1-R4=alkyl, aryl amino, hetero, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, optionally saturated, branched, glycol-ether, and/or polyheteroalkane; andR5= heteroatom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition:. The chamber is heated at 132-170 degrees C, preferably 150 degrees C. The chamber is maintained at pressure of 50-4000 psi during introduction of fuel gas. The pellets containing fuel gas is stored at ambient temperature and pressure. Preferred Properties: The polyethylene pellets have initial diameter of 1/16-3/16 inch, density of 0.95-0.97 g/cm3 and melt index of 0.2-2. Preferred Process: The lightly crosslinked high density polyethylene pellets is crosslinked by chemical grafting, ( gamma ) irradiation or electron bombardment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst use in the decarboxylation and dehydration or hydro-thermolysis is salts, oxides, hydroxides, clays, minerals, or acids where the salt has a melting point lower than the operating temperature of catalytic hydro-thermolysis process. The salt is zinc chloride (preferably), sodium carbonate, cuprous chloride and cuprous bromide. The oxide is zirconium oxide, titanium dioxide or aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkene comprises at least one double bond of H2C=CHX. The alkene and hydrogen is from fermentable feed-stocks from vegetable oil or other wastes. The volatile acid is lactic acid, propionic acid, malonic acid, butyric acid or valeric acid. The weight ratio of water to modified triglycerides is 10-1:1-100. The hydroxide is alkali or alkali earth metal hydroxides. The catalyst is silicates, carbonates, molybdates, borates, bentonite or montmorillonite. The acid is mineral or boric acids.X=hydrocarbon or H.Preferred Method: The post refining comprises at least a step of hydro-treatment using hydrogen. The alkene is derived from anaerobically fermenting the feed-stocks to produce hydrogen, volatile acids, and alcohols; converting the volatile acids and alcohols to alkenes by decarboxylation and dehydration at 300-500?oC with a pressure of 50-300 bar in the presence of a catalyst; feeding the alkenes to cyclization process; and feeding the hydrogen to post refining process. The catalytic hydro-thermolysis that causes cracking, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and dehydration of modified triglycerides is carried out at 240-500?oC with a pressure 50-250 bar. The rate of heating the triglycerides that is contacted with water is less than 10?oC per second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode component is of formula LaSrCoO3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an alcoholic organic solvent which is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The chemical reaction is carried out on the surface of raw material to generate temperature control reaction field by the exposure of microwave and generates composite. The wavelength of the microwave is irradiated to metal oxide and subjected to wavelength conversion with infrared wavelength. The solvent and by products excluding synthetic substance generated in the chemical reaction or decomposed and transpired by improving the output of the microwave without changing the irradiation in the chemical reaction tank such that synthetic substance is refined. Preferred Components: The microwave ultra-high absorption exothermic raw materials are carbon raw materials as activated carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, fullerene, Vulcan and methane. The magnetic nanoparticles are iron, platinum-iron (PtFe), samarium pentacobalt (SmCo5) which are the metal salts for the precursor. The nanoparticles which are the metal salt for the precursor are platinum, platinum-iron and platinum-ruthenium (PtRu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressure of modification reaction portion is reduced when hydrogen purity of separation portion is decreased. The temperature of modification reaction portion is raised during reduction of pressure of modification reaction portion. The modification of source gas is carried out when pressure is fluctuated periodically.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The heat remaining in the large-sized carbonization apparatus is used for drying the moist pellet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sludge is methane-fermented sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The eukaryotic microorganism metabolism of the organic compound is performed in presence of phosphate ion (10 mM or more). The superoxide dismutase is allowed to exist on electrode other than fat-soluble mediator of oxidation type, and the hydrophilic mediator of an oxidation type. The eukaryotic microorganism is yeast. The fat soluble mediator is used after dissolving in dimethyl sulfoxide. The fat soluble mediators of an oxidation type are quinones or benzo amines. The quinones are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, benzoquinone, or 1,2-naphthoquinone. The benzo amines are 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine or N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The hydrophilic mediator of an oxidation type is hexa-cyano iron (III) potassium, hexamethylenetetramine ruthenium, or the carboxymethylation ferrocene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The liner lower alcohol is methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: The waste glycerin for pre-processing contains an alkali catalyst. Preferred Process: The transesterification process is performed in two-stage reaction. The glycerin phase separated at transesterification process is used as waste glycerin for pre-process. The crude bio-diesel fuel obtained by separating glycerin phase at transesterification process and glycerin are mixed, and then glycerin phase is separated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ogalite has circular or polygonal cross-section. A groove has rectangular, semi-circular or triangular cross-section. Preferred Process: Sawdust charcoal is obtained by carbonizing ogalite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The first chamber (3) has a first (storage and moisturization) compartment (3-1), in which the introduced waste is moistened, and a second (storage and fermentation) compartment (3-2), in which the compressed air blowing system (9, 10) and air suction device (11) are located. The air blowing system comprises an air compressor and longitudinal compressed air conduits (10) in the base of the first chamber, opening at the internal surface of the base wall in the form of a (preferably continuous) longitudinal slot, from which the compressed air is released. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction temperature is obtained by the ignition of a mixture of combustion gases containing hydrogen and air flames, which burns in the reactor and spraying the aerosol. EXAMPLE - A first solution (1188 g/hour) (containing cerium ethylhexanoate (50 wt.%), 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (35 wt.%), methyl-2,4-pentanediol (5 wt.%) and naphthol (10 wt.%)), and a second solution (312 g/hour) (containing gadolinium ethylhexanoate (50 wt.%), 2-ethylhexanoic acid (25 wt.%) and toluene (25 wt.%)) were introduced in a reaction room using atomized air (2 Nm3/hour) through a binary nozzle under the formation of aerosols. Detonating gas from hydrogen (2.6 Nm3/hour) and air flame (28 Nm3/hour) was introduced into the reactor at 1019 degrees C. The obtained reaction mixture was cooled and the solid products were removed to obtain cerium-zirconium-gadolinium mixed oxide powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The dispersing agent is selected from alkyl resin polyethyleneoxy ether, agricultural emulsion 0201B, calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, triphenyl ethylphenol polyoxy propene polyoxy ethylene block polymer, sodium lignosulfonate, methylene bi-naphthalenesulfenesulfonate, methylene bi-methyl sodium alpha -naphthylamine sulfonate and dispersant HY-1. The thickener is selected from xanthan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and aluminum-magnesium silicate. The anti-freezing agent is selected from glycol, propanediol, glycerin and carbamide. The antiseptic is selected from formaldehyde, sodium benzoate, hydroxymethyl sodium glycine and anti-foaming agent is organic silicon or n-octanol. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Condition: Chemical oxygen demand of the waste liquor material is 43000 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Preparing waste beer yeast adsorbent comprises adding waste beer yeast in clean water with 2.5-5% of total water amount, stirring for 10 minutes at 600 revolutions/minute, making centrifugal separation for 8 minutes at 5000 revolutions/minute; and the solid phase after centrifugal separation is used as waste beer yeast adsorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The raw materials are cut into 2-8 (preferably 4-6) cm. The soaking step takes 20-50 minutes. The materials are filled in net cage and laid in three lines. The water from steaming and cooking is discharged and introduced in marsh gas pool to be fermented. The sugar content reaches 15-40 mg/ml. Preferred Condition: The steaming and boiling steps are performed at low-pressure and 130-150 degrees C for 180-240 minutes. Preferred Components: The raw material comprises fresh corn, ginger and strawberry leaves and stems.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive preferably comprises (wt.%) cleaning agent (40), tert-butyl alcohol (45), catalyst (5), and antiseptic (10). The cooking fuel preferably comprises additive (5), methanol (65) and water (30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modifying agent comprises (wt.%) modifying agent A (0.1-0.5), modifying agent B (0.2-0.6), modifying agent C (0.1-0.3), modifying agent D (0.4-0.6), modifying agent E (0.3-0.6), modifying agent F (0.4-0.8), modifying agent G (0.2-0.3), and modifying agent H (0.3-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The reflowing ratio of sludge to anaerobic pool is 0.3-0.9 and to facultative pool is 0.1-0.7. Preferred Method: The method further involves, allowing the waste water to flow through floatation tank before entering the anaerobic pool to pre-process a mass of petroleum and suspended substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method carrying out anaerobic fermentation is carried out by mixing the blue algae with livestock feces or sludge in anaerobic reactor to generate methane, and mixing the blue algae with livestock feces or sludge in the reactor. The anaerobic step is carried out in the presence of nitrogen gas. The fermentation is carried out at 33-37 degrees C in the reactor. The raw materials are discontinuously and regularly added. Preferred Components: The ratio of blue algae to the livestock' feces or sludge is 2-3:1. The water ratio in blue algae is controlled at 3-6%. The water ratio in livestock feces is controlled at 20-30%. The water ratio in sludge is controlled at 10-20%.
ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The furnace comprises spiral steel portions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fraxinellone is the organic solvent extraction of the dittany root skin. Preferred Composition: The pesticide comprises (wt.%) fraxinellone (7-8), emulsifying agent (10-13), phenethyl phenol formaldehyde resin polyethenoxy ether (5-6), alkyl aromatic polypropylene oxide polyethenoxy ether (2-3), special phenethyl phenol formaldehyde resin polyethenoxy ether (3-4), solvent, e.g. methanol (15-20), and the balance being water. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal utilized in the method is selected from a group consisting of stainless steel, titanium and alloy of aluminum or copper. The conductive corrosion layer is made gold, silver, platinum, titanium nitride and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Parameters: During acidification, pH of the rough glycerine is adjusted to 5-6 and done for 30-40 minutes at 50-60 degrees C; during neutralization, the pH is adjusted to 7.5-8.0 with barium hydroxide; staying and layering; the produced barium sulfate deposition is exhausted from the bottom of the reactor; and then the obtained watery glycerine solution is cleaned of its impurity via first and second level ion exchange column, and negative and positive ion mixed exchange column.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves using a carrier and a co-solvent. Preferred Component: The carrier is chosen from active floridin, grain floridin, alumina, molecular sieve, magnetism iron oxide (Fe2O3), magnetism iron oxide (Fe3O4), cobalt oxide or nickel oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low carbon alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The raw oil is oil or acidified acid comprising monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride and/or dissociated fatty acid. The co-solvent is chosen from tetrahydrofuran, tert-butyl alcohol, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, diiso-propyl ether, petroleum ether or dioxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The arrack generated at the rough distilling process goes through precipitation and cooling, and then the pulverization material is added to it and reused. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Neutralizing filtering after pre-esterifying to make pH if reaction system equals to 6.0-7.5, go on stirring for 5-90 minutes. Degumming the waste oil in (a) comprises removing impurities by machine, heating to 60-90 degrees C, adding phosphoric acid having 2-5% of weight of material, mixing to react for 20-40 minutes, adding water that amount is 3-4 times of the generated phospholipids, water temperature is 60-70 degrees C, stirring for 0.5-1 hours, thermal insulating 50-60 degrees C and standing, discharging subjacent water and gum. The acidic catalyst used for pre-esterifying in (b) is acid which can esterify fatty acid, reaction temperature is 35-75/oC, stirring to react for 1-4 hours. Standing the alcoholysis product for 8-24 hours, steaming unreacted methanol and sending to glaciating boiler to glaciate till - 10 degrees C to 10 degrees C. Standing the reactant after pre-esterifying or neutralizing filtering for 8-10 hours. Preferred Condition: Dehydration condition in (a) is at 0.08-0.095 Mpa, and at 70-90 degrees C. In (c) alcoholysis reaction is heated at 60-70 degrees C, refluxing and reacting for 2-6 hours. Preferred Catalyst: Acidic catalyst is sulfate or boric acid or solid acid. Organic base catalyst is alcohol amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The B. thuringiensis may be replaced with Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, or Bacillus coagulans. The Actinomycetes can be replaced with Micromonospora, Streptomyces, or Nocardia. The yeast is Candida tropicalis, Candida lipolytica, Candida utilis, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Lactobacillus is Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, or Pediococcus acidilactici. The Trichoderma is Trichoderma viridae or Trichoderma reesei. The Aspergillus is Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger, or Aspergillus strain which culture temperature is 30-50 degrees C. The Penicillium is Penicillium notatum. The white rot is Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The photosynthetic bacterium is Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, or Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The Azotobacter is Azotobacter chrococcum. The phosphobacteria is Bacillus cereus or Bacillus megaterium. The silicate bacterium is Bacillus mucilaginosus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The carbohydrate degradation bacterial liquid comprises pseudomonad liquid, Bacillus liquid, and flavobacterium liquid. The pseudomonad liquid is Pseudomonas fluorescence liquid, Rhodopseudomonas liquid and saccharophilous Pseudomonas liquid. The Bacillus liquid is potato or starch Bacillus liquid. The flavobacterium liquid is aquatic, orange or chitinase flavobacterium liquid. The protein degradation bacterial liquid comprises antarctic micrococcus liquid, cold-resistant reactive coccus liquid and polyphagous flavobacterium liquid. The grease degradation bacterial liquid comprises Bacillus liquid, e.g. wax Bacillus or macro-Bacillus liquid and micrococcus liquid, e.g. gamboges or rose micrococcus liquid. The denitrogenation bacterial liquid comprises denitrogenation pseudomonad and Bacillus liquids. The denitrogenation pseudomonad liquid is verdigris pseudomonad liquid. The denitrogenation Bacillus liquid is Bacillus subtilis liquid or Bacillus mycobiont liquid. The dephosphorization bacterial liquid is dephosphorization pseudomonad liquid, or pseudomonad foetida liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Composition: (II) comprises (I) and Bacillus species comprising B. megaterium (BC1-1 KCCM 10856P), B. megaterium (BC1-2 KCCM 10857P), B. megaterium (BC2-1 KCCM 10858P), Bacillus cereus (BC3 KCCM 10859P), B. licheniformis (BC4 KCCM 10860P), B. cereus (BC5 KCCM 10861P), B. clausii (BC7 KCCM 10863P), B. licheniformis (BC8 KCCM 10864P), B. firmus (BC9 KCCM 10865P) and/or B. cereus (BC10 KCCM 10866P). EXAMPLE - The mushrooms and hyphae that were grown on the fallen leaves in a forest were taken and immersed in a culture medium comprising black sugar (5 g) and water (300 ml) before incubation at 28-30 degrees C to produce strainBacillus sphaericus BC6 KCCM 10862P.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The slurry is introduced into the formation at 35-60 degrees C. Microbes are added to the slurry. The carbon dioxide contained in or produced by digestion of the slurry is sequestered into the underground geologic formation. The collected methane is stored and used as fuel for processing sewage sludge. The solid to water content viscosity, particles or temperature is measured at wellhead at location where the slurry is introduced into the formation. Preferred Parameters: The solid to water content of the slurry introduced into the formation is 20-30%. The introduced slurry has a viscosity of 30-2600 cP and greater than or equal to 50% of the particles present in the introduced slurry are less than 30 mu m. The slurry obtained from such processing has a viscosity of 30-2600 cP and greater than or equal to 50% of the particles present in such slurry is less than 150 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst substantially consists of oxides of manganeses and lanthanum. The catalyst further comprises at least one member selected from chromium, nickel, cerium, tungsten, and platinum; at least one alkali metal or alkaline earth metal; and support. The metal is selected from lithium, potassium, cesium and strontium. The support is selected from aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silica, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide. The feed mixture contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide in a ratio of 1-5; and further comprises an alkane (preferably methane).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In process (P1), the contacting step is carried out at 300-900 degrees C, at a pressure of 0.1-6 MPa, and with a contact time of 0.5-6 seconds. The process (P1) for making syngas involves a methane reforming step and a carbon dioxide hydrogenation step (S1). In process (P2), the chemical product is obtained by process e.g. methanol production, olefin synthesis, aromatics production, hydroformylation of olefins, carbonylation of methanol, or carbonylation of olefins. EXAMPLE - A mixed oxide catalyst composition (C1) 1%lithium-10%chromium-8%manganese-O/aluminum oxide was made by impregnating alumina support with aqueous solutions of nitrate salts of the indicated metals, precipitating the metals on the support and isolating the solids, followed by drying at 120 degrees C and calcining at 500 degrees C during 4 hours. A glass tube was filled with the catalyst composition (C1) (1 ml) to make a fixed bed type of reactor, and placed vertically inside a temperature controlled oven. A gaseous feed mixture was made by mixing carbon dioxide (52 volume.%) and hydrogen (49 volume.%), and was passed through the reactor tube with an inlet flow rate of 52 ml/minute (controlled with a mass flow controller) to form a syngas mixture. In the syngas mixture carbon monoxide selectivity was found to be 99.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The modified UASB reactor produces a biogas comprising methane. The digestion of organic solids comprises use of the anaerobic reactor. Preferred Components: The organic solids comprises any of fish feed and fish fecal material. The anaerobic reactor is a modified UASB reactor. The UASB reactor has a high surface area to volume ratio. EXAMPLE - A modified upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was integrated into a marine recirculating aquaculture system as part of its anaerobic water and solids treatment loop. The modified UASB reactor demonstrated a stable production of biogas during 130 days of the fish growth life cycle. The biogas composition analysis showed high concentration of methane (more than 50%) indicating very efficient methanogenic activity in the reactor. Sludge digestibility parameters showed more than 80% digestion of the organic solids fed to the UASB reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of copper component, iron component and aluminum component is 1/0.02-2.5/0.5-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyhydric alcohol is a compound having 2-6 hydroxy groups. The polyhydric alcohol is glycerin. The hydrocracking component is a 1,2-propanediol.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The Bacillus sp. is chosen from B.lentus, B.megaterium, B.pumilus, B.cereus, B.subtilis, B.sphaericus, and B.licheniformis. The Acinetobacter sp. is chosen from A.haemolyticus and A.baumannii. The Brevibacillus sp. is B.brevis. The biofilm further comprises microorganisms chosen from Pseudomonas sp., Listeria sp., Arthrobacter sp., and Alcaligenes sp. microorganisms, preferably P.aeruginosa, P.stutzeri, L.seeligeri or A.faecalis type II. The method involves, before the exposing step, providing several support substrates within the treatment zone for growing the biofilm on it. The support substrates are chosen from ceramic, plastic, cloth, fiber, metalloid, crystal, polymer, clay, sepiolite, silica, feldspar, sericite, alumina, zeolite, glass, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicone carbide and their combinations. The support substrates comprise 15-55 volume% of the treatment zone. The exposing step is performed for 12-168 hours. The method further involves recycling the aqueous solution into the treatment zone for further exposing the aqueous solution to the biofilm to thus further reduce the amount of the hydrocarbons in the aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The yeast comprises Dekkera bruxellensis. The lactic acid bacteria comprises Lactobacillus vini and/or Lactobacillus mobilis. The cell number ratio of the yeast to the bacteria is 1:3-15:1, preferably 1:3-5:1. The substrate comprises molasses and/or wheat starch. Preferred Process: The fermentation is conducted in a medium comprising less than 1 g/1 (preferably 0.1g/l) of glucose. The fermentation is conducted at 35 degrees C and a pH of less than 4 and with sugar and oxygen limitation. The fermentation is a continuous process. The ethanol and yeast-containing stream is continuously removed from a fermentor in which the fermentation is conducted, ethanol is separated from the removed stream, and the remaining yeast is recycled to the fermentor. The addition stabilizes the running fermentation against infection and process condition stress. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biofuel comprises ethanol. The biofuel source comprises corn or cellulose source. The solid ash comprises pelletized ash. Preferred Method: In the process (P1) and (P2), the heating step involves burning with fluidized bed of sand. In the process (P1), the binding involves pelletizing or extruding. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel reactant mixture further comprises alkali base, preferably sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The animal waste is manure, mortalities, municipal waste, and/or chicken litter. The petroleum-based solvent is diesel. The water/alcohol solution is 25% alcohol. The alcohol is n-propyl alcohol. The animal waste, petroleum-based solvent and water/alcohol solution are mixed into a fluid solution, and the mixture is heated to produce multi-phase fuel comprising aqueous phase fuel, liquid solvent phase fuel, solid fuel and gas. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen producing fuel comprises a chemical hydride, or intermetallic compound selected from Li3Al2, CaAl19, and Mg2Al3. The hydrogen storage element comprises a porous metal hydride hydrogen storage element. The hydrogen storage element comprises a metal hydride including ab5 compound, ab2 compound, ab compound, complex alloys, intermetallic compounds and/or solid solution alloys (preferably LaNi5, LaNi4.6Mn0.4, MnNi3.5Co0.7Al0.8, MnNi4.2Co0.2Mn0.3Al0.3, TiFe0.8Ni0.2, CaNi5, (V0.9Ti0.1)0.95Fe0.05,(V0.9Ti0.1)0.95Fe0.05, and LaNi4.7Al0.3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The unreacted gas comprises unreacted carbon dioxide or unreacted hydrogen. The methane is processed in the gasification assembly to produce the hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises reducing substantially all of the carbon dioxide to methanol. The method comprises introducing third methane into the gasification assembly based on the amount of unreacted gas that is transferred from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method further comprises transferring an unreacted gas from the catalytic methanol synthesis assembly to the gasification assembly. The method of producing electricity, further comprises: introducing water produced in the hydrogen fuel cell assembly into a harvesting and infusing assembly; introducing an algae lipid from the algae into a refining assembly and producing biodiesel from the algae lipid; producing ethanol from at least a portion of the syngas; and supporting cultivation of the algae with carbon dioxide obtained from the hydrogen fuel cell assembly. The method of cultivating algae further comprises: processing the oxygen and the methanol in the fuel cell assembly to produce electricity; producing biodiesel from an algae lipid obtained from the algae; and obtaining a syngas from the gasification of the algae pulp and processing the syngas to produce ethanol. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-rich gas comprises hydrogen (68-72% vol.%), hydrocarbon (less than 20 vol.%), methane (4-6 vol.%), carbon monoxide (0.1-0.3 vol.%), carbon dioxide (9-11 vol.%), non-methane hydrocarbons (1-3 vol.%) and nitrous oxide (1-3 vol.%). The hydrogen-enriched fuel comprises hydrogen (10-25 vol.%), methane (62-88 vol.%), carbon monoxide (1-7 vol.%) and carbon dioxide (1-5 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The boron-containing group is selected from boronic ester of formula -B(OR)2, boronic acid or trifluoroboronate. The catalyst for attaching the boron group is of formula IrABn. Borane is used as a source of the boron group.R=alkyl;Ir=iridium cation;A=anion;B=alkene;n=1 or 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic group of the polymer chain is selected from phenyl groups and naphthyl groups as main chain, side chain or pendant aromatic groups (preferably pendant phenyl groups and pendant naphthyl groups). The arene group has a functional group selected from silane, siloxy, halide, hydroxy, amine, carbonyl, nitrile, sulfonyl, phosphine, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, ethylenically unsaturated groups, acryloyl and epoxy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The boron-containing group is subsequently reacted to form hydroxyl or phenoxy groups and boron removed from at least some links to the aromatic groups. The polymer comprises linkages derived from functionalized arene compounds(preferably styrene). The boron-containing group is attached by catalyzed reaction of at least one pinacolborane or bis(pinacolato)diboron compound with at least one aromatic group on the polymer. The polymer comprises a polyarene polymer having aromatic groups on at least a main chain of the polymer or a polystyrene polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic material is selected from silicates (preferably a hydrous silicate based on a metal selected from aluminum, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, and/or iron; especially clay); zirconates (preferably barium zirconate); titanates (preferably barium titanate, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, sodium titanate, magnesium titanate, and/or hydro-titanate); and/or phosphates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from sulfonated polyether ketones, dimethyl acetonate, dimethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile, and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton-conducting polymer is selected from aromatic amines, fluorinated silicones, or sulfonated polymers (preferably sulfonated poly(phenylene ether ether ketone), sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polyethylene, sulfonated polyethylene oxide, sulfonated polypropylene oxide, sulfonated polytetramethylene oxide, and/or sulfonated polyetherimides).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method (P1) further involves cooling the liquid portion before adding the yeast. The cooking takes place at 140 degrees F for 16-24 hours. The fermenting takes place for 48 hours. Preferred Components: The selected waste paper process effluent stream comprises a de-inking system effluent, and further comprises whitewater from a paper machine process and starch losses. The selected waste paper process effluent stream has a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 500 mg/liter and 1100 part per million (ppm). The separator is a molecular sieve. The system further comprises a second source of cellulose added to the reactor; at least one other selected effluent stream containing dissolved solids added to the selected paper mill effluent stream; and at least one other selected effluent steam has a BOD of between about 100 ppm and 1500 ppm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The naturally occurring bacteria within the oily sludge degrade the hydrocarbons in homogeneous slurry while the homogeneous slurry is circulating through sequencing batch reactor tank. The concentrated solution of nutrients provides growth for naturally occurring bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentrated solution of nutrients includes nitrogen, phosphorus, and commercial products that provide the organic and inorganic nutrients to homogeneous slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The reaction cycle time period is 5-10 days. Preferred Methods: The method includes providing holding tank connected to the opposite end of the discharge line to receive the clean effluent from ultrafiltration unit, and controlling foaming of homogeneous slurry within sequencing batch reactor tank by providing spray head connected to the opposite end of the first recirculation line. Preferred Properties: The holding tank has capacity of 20000 galloons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The proton electrolyte layer is made of barium cerium oxide or strontium cerium oxide, which is doped with yttrium, gadolinium, tin, europium or ytterbium. The carbon dioxide-methane reactive layer has barium carbonate or strontium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The oil is selected from soybean oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, jatropha oil, coconut oil, caster oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, linseed oil, mustard seed oil, lard, tallow, whale oil, oil wasted after cooking or oil collected to purify waste water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The heterogeneous group dehydrating agent is sodium sulfate, ferric sulfate, zeolite, silica gel, bentonite, alumina, silicalite, fly ash, high carbon fly-ash, molecular sieve, molecular sieving carbon and/or magnesium sulfate. The content of heterogeneous group dehydrating agent is 0.1-20 wt.%. The content of catalyst in esterification reaction is 0.1-20 wt.%. The content of homogeneous catalyst is 0.1-2 wt.%. The content of heterogeneous catalyst is 1-20%. Preferred Property: The alcohol fat and oils are reacted at 30-120 degrees C for 0.1-10 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of alcohol in catalyst solution containing alcohol and catalyst is 1-90 wt.%. The alcohol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and/or 2-ethylhexanol. The fat and oils are chosen from rape seed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, palm oil, coconut oil, Jatropha oil, lard oil, colza oil, linseed oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, rice oil, castor oil, olive oil, tallow, lard, mutton, fish tallow, light oil and/or disposable edible oil. The molar ratio of alcohol, and fat and oils is 1:3-1:30. Preferred Components: The catalyst solution is taken in batch reactor, tubular reactor or continuous batch reactor. EXAMPLE - Pre-processed rape seed oil (400 g), methanol and water were added, stirred, and transesterification reaction was performed at 60 degrees C for half an hour using potassium hydroxide as alkali catalyst under rotational speed of 1000 rpm to obtain fatty acid methyl ester. The alkylester of fatty acid had high purity, and productivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Equipment: The fuel cell system is further provided with a heat supplying unit for supplying the heat which is emitted from fuel cell to the hydrogenation catalyst. The fuel cell is a fuel cell stack on which several electrode assemblies are laminated on both sides of separator. The gas flow path contains manifold which is extended to connect the inside of fuel cell stack to each catalyst layer of membrane electrode assemblies. The exterior of fuel cell stack is equipped with pipelines for connecting manifold and fuel tank. The hydrogenation catalyst is equipped inside a hydrogenation cell which is integrated with fuel cell stack and interposed between the manifold and pipeline. The manifold is equipped with the hydrogenation catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is laminated on the surface of gas diffusion layer and thus touches the gas diffusion layer including plate material having groove. A gas distribution component is accumulated and provided in catalyst such that gas diffusion layer faces the catalyst layer. The gas flow path is connected to the groove which is interposed between the gas flow path and catalyst layer, and the inner surface of groove is equipped with the hydrogenation catalyst. The catalyst present in the region (A) of catalyst layer includes nickel-molybdenum-type catalyst or cobalt-molybdenum-type catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The raw material oil is oil derived from Jatropha.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Property: The woody biomass has particle size of several dozen to several hundred mu m. Preferred Process: The woody biomass is subjected to coarse pulverization process before pulverizing. Preferred Apparatus: The fine ground material is classified using sieve having opening of 45-200 mu m, and pneumatic classifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The membrane area of the separation membrane (b) is 2-4 times of film membrane area of the separation membrane (a).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The methane concentration apparatus has a recycle gas path for returning permeated gas which permeated the separation membrane (b) to the flow path (i).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterium: The culture for fermentation comprises at least one Lactobacillus selected from Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus sakei. Preferred Method: In manufacturing the fermentation medium, the raw materials include rice bran, rice flour, wheat flour, buckwheat flour, soybean meal, cow's milk, and skim milk powder. The excess acidity of the medium is inhibited by adjusting the fermentation temperature of the lactic acid bacterium. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The Lactobacillus is selected from Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus helveticus, or Lactobacillus sakei (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: Steam supplied from the boiler is superheated steam extracted from superheater (6) of stage (I). A cooler (19) cooled by high-pressure low-temperature condensate obtained by discharging aqueous slurry after hydrolysis from the low-temperature condensate or feed water pump (13) of the thermal-power generation apparatus, is provided. The supply fuel for boiler is coal. The internal pressure of the reactor is controlled below the pressure of steam or condensate supplied from the thermal-power generation apparatus. The reactor consists of several reactors having differing temperatures. One reactor is heated by steam of boiler, and another reactor is heated by superheated steam extracted from superheater of stage (I). The apparatus is provided with a solid-liquid separator (21), and a flow-rate regulator for adjusting the flow rate of steam or cooling water used for heating or cooling of the reactor. Separated lignin is used as fuel for the boiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The composition contains sap. Preferred Method: The method involves Performing hydrolyzing and sap collection step, simultaneously. The free saccharide is obtained by isolating the composition or sap, followed by fermentation. The microorganism is bacteria or yeast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbon dioxide is diffused.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The deodorized organic fertilizer is obtained without performing a plowing into the fermentation. The fermentation is performed for 20-50 days. EXAMPLE - Microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis 21332 strain (microorganisms/g, in dry weight) (2.9x 107), B.licheniformis 39307 strain (7.2x 107), B.subtilis 6051 strain (1.4x 107), B.licheniformis 14580 strain (3.6x 105),B.circulans 9500 strain (1.8x 105), B.polymyxa 842 strain (7.6x 105), B.azotofixans 35681 strain (1.1x 105), B.macerans 8244 strain (1.4x 105), Clostridium cellulolyticum 35319 strain (4.2x 105), C.aerotolerans 43524 strain (1.3x 105), C.acetobutylicum 824 strain (2.3x 105) and C.pasteurianum 6013 strain (4.2x 105) were mixed to obtain drying mixing microorganisms. About 0.3 g of drying mixing microorganisms were added to culture solution, cultivated at 18-23 degrees C, and shirasu (0-5% of moisture content, 20 mu m-3 mm of particle size) (10 kg) was mixed to obtain mixed microorganism preparation. In the farmland of Kanoya-shi, Kagoshima Aira-cho, the cattle feces (10 kg), waste culture soil of a hackberry (10 kg), shirasu, and mixed microorganism preparation (200 g) were mixed, was put on soil, and was fermented for 30 days. Then the production of the bad smell was tested. Results indicated that the production of bad smell such as ammonia was found to be suppressed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide is sequestered from the atmosphere using absorbent or adsorbent materials. Hydrogen is derived from water using electrolysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide is supplied form a store of carbon dioxide, previously derived from the atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first fluid comprises a liquid, which comprises a by-product or leachate of the organic material; and the second fluid comprises a gas including oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The device is fed by ammonia and aqueous solution of ammonia gas. In the device, the heat required to maintain room temperature of the dissociation chamber at a suitable value is assured partially by the energy loss of the machine fed by hydrogen which is produced by the device and not by the combustion of a portion of the hydrogen. In the device: a filter allowing to pass only the nitrogen and hydrogen is installed at the outlet of the separation chamber; and a product able to adsorb or absorb the ammonia is laid in the separation chamber. Preferred Components: The heat source is combustion of gas, a petroleum derivative, wood or coal, or direct combustion of ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The binder is flour. The combustion controller is sodium chloride. The obtained bricks are in parallelepipedic form. Preferred Composition: (I) comprises flour (0.5-15 kg), water (0.25-0.75 l), sodium chloride (200-600 g) and straw (10 kg). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the all or part of SnO2 formed in the hydrolysis step is recycled in thermal reduction step, by which the hydrolysis, reducing and cooling steps are carried out in the form of a cycle implementing thermo-chemical cycle comprising reacting SnO2 to give SnO and 1/2 O2, and reacting SnO and water to give tin oxide and H2. The heat reducing step is conducted at a temperature of 1530-2500 degrees C, preferably less than 600 degrees C, at atmospheric pressure. The heat-reducing step is carried out using heat energy obtained from solar origin source. The cooling step is quenching, leading to the solid SnO particle size of 1-100 nm. In the process, the water is implemented in hydrolysis step in the form of water vapor. The water vapor used in hydrolysis step is provided by a heat exchanger, where the coolant is water, and the heat exchanger is partly recovering the heat obtained from cooling step. The hydrolysis reactor is equipped with heating unit. The reduction reactor is further equipped with heating unit using a source of solar heat energy. The unit for cooling of SnO gas comprises heat exchanger, where the coolant comprises water, and where the unit for supplying water comprises unit for supplying heated water in the heat exchanger (48) to the second inlet of the hydrolysis reactor. The recovering and/or evaluating unit of formed hydrogen further comprises a unit for separating hydrogen and excess water vapor introduced in the hydrolysis reactor. The installation further comprises recycling unit of tin oxide allowing to convey the SnO2 from the hydrolysis reactor outlet to the inlet of reduction reactor; unit for extracting oxygen gas adapted for the extraction of oxygen gas and laid between the SnO gas cooling units and the hydrolysis reactor inlet. The installation is an industrial hydrogen production unit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The transesterification of vegetable or animal oils with an alcohol and methyl or ethyl acetate is carried out in the presence of inert solvents. The composition is further mixed with diesel fuel from petroleum distillation. Preferred Component: The inert solvent is an ether, preferably tetrahydrofuran or methyl tert-butyl ether. The composition contains 0.5-20 wt.% glycerine acetates. EXAMPLE - A mixture of (g) sunflower oil (75), methanol (30), methyl acetate (37), and sodium hydroxide (0.75), was heated. The reaction product was distilled. The residue was composed of methyl esters of sunflower and glycerine acetate. This residue was washed with water to eliminate the catalyst and traces of glycerine. The residue has a freezing point of - 17 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The former composition has a compound, which is selected from lithium amide, sodium amide, magnesium amide, lithium nitride, magnesium imide, borazine, lithium azide or their mixture, preferably lithium amide. Another composition has a compound selected from lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium tetrahydroborate, lithium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, sodium aluminum hydride or their mixture, preferably lithium borohydride. The third composition has a compound, which is selected from lithium hydride, sodium hydride, magnesium hydride, beryllium hydride or their mixture, preferably lithium hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer membrane is made of a polymer material such as polyazole, polyphosphazene, polybenzimidazole, polypyridine, polypyrimidine, polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polychinoxaline, polythiadiazole, polytetrazapyrene, polyvinylpyridine, polyvinylimidazole and polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Pentanedial is used as the crosslinking agent to process the amination gel carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material for coating the carrier is polytetrafluoroethylene tube or other fluorine-containing plastic. Preferred Method: The gel carrier is washed using toluene solution of 3-amino propyl-triethoxysilicane, and amination modification is processed to the surface of the gel carrier, where the flow is 0.1-1 ml/minute and the reaction is carried out at 50-100 degrees C. The method comprises washing the gel carrier by using phosphate buffer solution of horseradish peroxidase to realize the immobilization of the horseradish peroxidase on the double-hole gel carrier, where the flow is 0.1-1.0 ml/minute and the reaction is at 50-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The esterification reacting catalyst is strong acid and strong alkali. The strong acid comprises 98% concentrated sulfuric acid, anhydrous phosphoric acid, or solid super-strong acid. The strong alkali comprises potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and solid alkali. The acid catalyst comprises active clay, sulfate type ion exchange resin, p-toluene sulfonic acid, aluminum chloride, or solid acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Esterification of animal and vegetable oils comprises dehydrating the animal and vegetable oils by reducing pressure; adding lower alcohol and catalyst; controlling reacting pressure and temperature for 0.1-8 hours; distilling methanol; cooling; and dividing layers to separate out lower layer glycerol to prepare the mixed fatty acid ester. A solvent is added in urea. Preferred Compounds: The solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Active carbon microsphere absorbent comprises (weight parts) powder active carbon microsphere (100-150) and caking agent (8-15). Preferred Parameters: Specific surface of powder active carbon microsphere is 2500-2800 m2/g while the pore volume is 2.0-2.6 cm3/g. The content of the middle hole is 60-70%. Absorbing pressure is 1-5.0 MPa. Temperature is negative 10 degrees C to room temperature. The flow speed of said gas is 0.6-0.8 m/second. Preferred Components: Inert gas is nitrogen and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Caking agent is asphalt, mesophase asphalt, phenolic resin, polyvinyl alcohol and/or polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lipase is from the lipase of Candida antarctiaca, Rhizomucor miehei, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Burkholderia acepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus niger, Mucor miehei, or Candida rugosa. The alcohol-penetrating membrane is the silicon rubber membrane that can selective penetrate methanol or ethanol, chitosan membrane or their composite membrane. The silicon rubber membrane is polydimethylsiloxane and poly(trimethylsilylpropyne) (PTMSP). The base film of composite film is the hollow fiber membrane of the polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyether sulfone, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, or polyimide. The fat is fish fat, pig fat, castor oil, colza oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, maze oil, cottonseed oil, rice oil, algae fat, waste edible oil, or refining residues. The low-carbon alcohol is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass is hyacinth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation: The preparation method of the biomass type coal by hyacinth and smoke free dust coal comprises filtering the smoke free dust coal and mixing evenly according to ratio, breaking the picked fresh hyacinth below 3 mm, mixing hyacinth with cementing medium evenly according to ratio, mixing the mixed raw coal with the mixture evenly, using mold for cold compacting and molding, and naturally curing at room temperature. Preferred Composition: The smoke free dust coal, biomass, and cementing medium are prepared as following weight percent: smoke free dust coal 65-80 parts, biomass 5-30 parts, and cementing medium 5-10 parts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cementing medium is industrial magnesia, calcium oxide, and/or bentonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixed negative-positive ions switching device adopts 909 gel-type nuclear grade resin. The filter membrane is polytetrafluoroethylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Micro-cleaning agent is calcium alkyl sulfonate, magnesium resinate, and/or magnesium naphthenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Optimal formulations of high clean alcohol ether fuel comprises alcohol ether main agent 15-75 wt.% (20-70 wt.%), compound modifying agent 2.5-25 wt.% (3-15 wt.%), light oil 15-50 wt.% (15-40 wt.%), labeling gasoline 10-45 wt.% (10-40 wt.%), and micro-cleaning agent 0.1-1 wt.% (0.3-1 wt.%).Preferred Components: High clean alcohol ether fuel is absolute ethyl alcohol, methanol, and/or dimethyl ether. Compound modifying agent is (weight parts) poly(methyl amine) (3-20), absolute ethyl alcohol (50-70), isobutyl alcohol (5-25), pentanol (5-20), octanol (3-10), poly-ether (60-90), di-methylbenzene (15-20), multi-methyl branched aldehyde (15-40), light oleic acid with proportion less than or equal to 0.8 (10-25), and nitrobenzene (5-15). Light oil is virgin oil or naphtha with 0.63-0.68 ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plant including oil can be the seeds or stems of plants including oil, e.g. soybean and vegetable seed. Preferred Method: The plant including oil is soaked at 20-60 degrees C by the mixed solution of 20-50% tetrahydrofuran and 80-50% methanol. Acid (pH of 3-6) is added into the oil contained solution soaked by the mixed solution for the esterification reaction. Alkali is added for ester exchange reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The effective element is potassium chloride or calcium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The effective element is carbamide peroxide, or organic compost. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The waste is treated by acid (alkali), the pre-stage mixes material and agent; and the middle stage uses acid or alkali of minimal concentration of 0.05-0.1% at 105-110 degrees C for 1 hour. The post treatment uses acid with concentration of 0.8-1% and alkali concentration of 1-5% at 105-125 degrees C for 2-4 hours. The solution treated by acid and alkali are neutralized, and is used for separating low polymerized xylose or xylose. The fermentation is carried out during saccharifying.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide containing copper is chosen from copper-iron type spinel, copper-manganese type spinel, or copper-manganese-iron type spinel. Preferred Process: The metal oxide containing copper is obtained by baking copper-iron type spinel at 500-1000 degrees C. The solid acid is obtained by baking ( gamma )-alumina at 300-750 degrees C. The baking process is performed in presence of oxygen-containing atmosphere. The catalyst is formed by reduction process. Preferred Properties: The X-ray diffraction is measured using copper-potassium ( alpha ) rays. The catalyst has diffraction line 2( theta ) at 24.1( degrees ), 33.2( degrees ), or 49.6( degrees ). The ratio of diffraction line intensity 2( theta ) of copper-iron oxide type spinel at 33.2( degrees ) with respect to diffraction line intensity 2( theta ) of copper-iron oxide type spinel at 36.1( degrees ) is 0.1-0.9. Preferred Components: The metal oxide further contains elements chosen from nickel, cobalt and platinum group element. The solid acid is alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In producing hydrogen by steam reforming oxidative water and oxygen for fuel with sulfur diesel, the catalytic system presents a molar lanthanum/aluminum greater than 0.04 and a percentage of cerium/lanthanum/aluminum that varies between 10-20/16-50/30-74wt.%. The aluminum oxide is amorphous or crystalline form, where the crystalline form is alpha or gamma delta. The aluminum oxide is preferably in crystalline form alpha or delta. The asset is the metal platinum. Platinum is at 0.1-3%, preferably 0.5-1.5wt.%. The diesel fuel comprises up to 100 ppm sulfur, preferably 10-50 ppm sulfur. In obtaining a catalytic system, the lanthanum in (a) and the deposit of cerium in (b) is carried out by precipitation or impregnation. The deposit is preferably carried out through impregnation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The enclosure or its portions are fabricated from a ceramic, a glass, or a vermiculite coated fiberglass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The enclosure or its portions are fabricated from a metal. The fuel comprises boron hydrides, ionic hydride salts, and/or aluminum hydrides. Preferred Component: The fuel may comprise hydrated salts, bicarbonate salts, hydroxide compounds including lithium hydroxide, boron hydroxide, and/or aluminum hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel may comprise carbohydrates, or allylic alcohols.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The enclosure or its portions are fabricated from a polymer, or a plastic. Preferred Component: The fuel comprises polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer material is poly(imide sulfone); polyphenyl sulfone; polyarylene (polyphenylene); or polyether sulfone, preferably poly(biphenyl ether sulfone). About 50 wt.% of the poly(imide sulfone) has structural units of Formula (R8) and more than 50 wt.% of poly(biphenyl ether sulfone) has recurring units of formula -O-Ben-S(O)2-Ben-O-Ben-S(O)2-Ben-Ben-S(O)2-Ben-. The polyphenylene is a linked rigid-rod polyphenylene which is a polyphenylene copolymer, all the recurring units of which having a mix of p-phenylene substituted by phenylketone with unsubstituted m-phenylene in a mole ratio p-phenylene:m-phenylene of 70:30-30:70.V=tetravalent linker, preferably compound of Formula (I);R=-Ben-Q-Ben-;Ben=benzene ring;andQ=-SO2-.W=-O- or -O-D-O-;D=-Ben-Q-Ben-;Q==CyH2y-;andy=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal is cobalt (III) cation, iron (III) cation, chromium (VI) cation, chromium (III) cation, nickel (III) cation, copper (II) and/or cerium (III) cation or cerium (IV) cation. Preferred Composition: The metal in hydrocarbon is 0.1-5 wt.% of the additive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive in the hydrocarbon fluid is 20-10000 ppm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The anode bleed gas from the fuel cell is combusted with high purity oxygen to produce heat. Both electricity and gas are exported, where a portion of the electricity is utilized for liquefaction of produced natural gas. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is recovered from the fuel cell and is fed to an oil deposit to enhance oil recovery. Preferred Component: The system further comprises a separate bleed gas heat exchanger to condense bleed gas water prior to CO2 recovery; an oxygen plant to provide oxygen for the fuel cell system; and a compressor for compressing bleed gas CO2 for injection downhole for gas and or oil production. Preferred Condition: The injection well is thermally insulated and has branches to distribute the heated water to the hydrate deposit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic nitrogen component comprises succinimide detergent. The basic nitrogen comprises succinimide detergent. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier of hydrogen is an organic liquid carrier of hydrogen, preferably saturated cyclic hydrocarbon. The liquid carrier of hydrogen is a partially or fully hydrogenated nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle including 2-aminopyridine, 4-methylpyrimidine, dipyrimidinemethane, dimethyltetrazine, dipyrimidine, diazacarbazole, alkylcarbazole, 4-aminopyridine, dipyrazinemethane, tripyrazinemethane, tripyrazineamine, dipyrazine, tetrazacarbazole, isoquinoline, di(2-pyridyl)amine, and/or quinazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triarylmethane dye molecule (0.05-2 (preferably 0.075-1) wt.%) is an oligomeric triarylmethane, basic violet acetate and/or basic blue acetate. The film forming agent (1-20 wt.%) is anionic, non-ionic, cationic, amphoteric agents, di-block, tri-block, multi-block, radial copolymer imide based copolymer or sulfonate based copolymer where the imide based copolymer is polyimide-1 or isobutylene/ethylmaleimide/hydroxyethylmaleimide copolymer and the sulfonate based copolymer is acrylamide/sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate/acrylic acid polymer, sodium polystyrene sulfonate or polyester-5. The solvent (75-99 wt.%) is an organic solvent and/or water or ethanol. The process further comprises: a surfactant (0.05-5 wt.%), where the surfactant is magnesium laureth sulfate and/or sodium laureth sulfate; and a propellant (0.01-6 wt.%), where the propellant is an isobutane/propane mixture. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: About 1-10 parts by weight metallic catalyst is dissolved in solvent. Preferred Materials: The solvent may be water. The inert gas comprises nitrogen, argon, helium, and hydrogen. In the oxidation step, an oxidizer including air, oxygen or hydrogen peroxide is used. Preferred Method: The oxidation step is carried out for 5-120 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent may be ethanol or ethylene glycol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The solvent may be polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Properties: The carbon nanofiber has a length of 5-300 nm and an aspect ratio of 10-10000. The carbon nanofiber has a thickness of 5-1000 nm on the natural graphite surface. The interplanar distance (d002) of the carbon nanofiber is 3.36-3.49 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is dye sensitized solar cell, silicon solar cell, compound semiconductor solar cell or stack solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Butyl isocyanide is added to the odorant in a state dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is n-hexane. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The butyl isocyanide is n-butyl isocyanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carrier is a spherical body made of expanded polystyrene, or a cylindrical body made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The kneaded material used for formation of composite material contains industrial-waste-incinerated ashes and/or coal incinerated ash, carbon and/or activated carbon, and organic fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer. The volcanic ejecta material is shirasu-balloon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenated silicon is porous and constituted of mesoporous and/or microporous silicon. The porosity of hydrogenated silicon is 10-70 vol.%. The hydrogenated silicon has a specific surface of 200, preferably 900 m2cm-3. The hydrogenated silicon is obtained by an electrochemical treatment of a silicon substrate with an acid. The acid is fluorohydric acid. The alkaline solution is an aqueous alkaline solution with a pH of 9-14. The aqueous alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises a reservoir for feeding anode, comprising a first compartment partly or completely filled by hydrogenated silicon, and a second compartment partly or completely filled by the alkaline solution, alkaline solution contacted with hydrogenated silicon through the first and second compartments. The dihydrogen supply device comprises a loading system of hydrogenated silicon associated with a loading system of the alkaline solution. The loading system of hydrogenated silicon and the alkaline solution are in the form of a reservoir for feeding the anode, where the reservoir is preferably interchangeable. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glycerol concentration in the crude glycerol is at least 40 (preferably 60) wt.%. The resin has monomer units (4-6.5 wt.%) derived from cross linker. The resin has an average particle size of 250-400 Pm. Preferred method: The crude glycerol passes through the bed at a flow rate of at least 0.3 bed volumes per hour. The crude glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production. The crude glycerol contains a total cation concentration of at least 1 wt.%. The bed is maintained at not greater than 70 degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further comprises heating the solvent at 50 degrees C or above and with a pH of 7 or less during the hydrolysis process. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (3 g) was dissolved in an aqueous solution (10 wt.%) of polyvinyl alcohol with a polymerization degree of 3100-3900 and a saponification degree of 86-90% to produce a raw material solution. The raw material solution was heated at 50 degrees C for an hour and with a pH of 1 to give a hybrid compound. After a polyester film was added on a flat and smooth carrier of a coating device, the degassed solution of the hybrid compound was poured on the polyester film. The solution of the hybrid compound was heated further at 50-60 degrees C and water was removed. The solution of the hybrid compound was again poured with a constant thickness. The hardened hybrid compound in the form of membrane was obtained by removing water and heated at 110-120 degrees C for one and half an hour. Subsequently, the membrane formed on the carrier was removed and washed, after contacted with an alkali by submersed into aqueous ammonia solution (1.7 wt.%) for two hours at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fungus is basidiomycetes or ascomycetes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Species: The edible fungi waste material is prepared by cultivating Lentinus edodes and/or P. ostreatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lignin degradation initiator is prepared from (wt.%): edible fungi waste material (60-100), industrial sugar (0.5-2), bean dregs (20-50) and lactoflavin (0.005-0.02). Preferred Properties: The particle size of wood dregs is less than 3 cm. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The metallic nanoparticles and steam can be brought into the rotating flow field reactor by the noble gas at the same time along the clockwise direction and the anticlockwise direction of the rotating flow field reactor at different speeds and at different positions so as make two bundles of the flow carriers produced with accelerating speed and make then collide and mix with each other sufficiently with the aim of making the metal undergo hydrolysis reaction. Produced hydrogen can form the central gas pole in the reactor. Isolation layer can be formed between the noble gas and metal oxide particles. Hydrogen is output by the double-layer tube inner tube at top part of pole and it can enter the condenser and the hydrogen collector in turn through pipeline by valve. Noble gas and metallic nanoparticles can be output by the outer tube of the double-layer tube at top of the reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic nanoparticles are zinc, iron, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, or zirconium, preferably zinc. The noble gas is argon. Preferred Parameters: The particle diameter of zinc is 3-5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The flow-field of the rotating flow field reactor is rotary multi-phase turbulent flow-field. Inner part of field is set with many whirlpools.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation of rare earth element modified catalyst for synthesizing methanol at low temperature comprises weighing 6.10g cupric nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O), 7.51g zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O), 2.32g lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (La(NO3)3.6H2O) and 0.14 g palladium nitrate dihydrate (Pd(NO3)2.2H2O); dissolving into 300 ml de-ionized water A; weighing 12.52 g sodium carbonate; dissolving into 300 ml de-ionized water B; reacting at 60 degrees C; whipping fast; dropping two solution into 300 ml de-ionized water C; adjusting the dropping speed of the two solution to make the pH of the system to be 8.5; finishing dropping in 2 hours; whipping continuously for 30 minutes at 60 degrees C; over night; pelletizing the obtained precursor; deoxidizing by hydrogen; carrying surface passivation by oxygen; obtaining Cu-Pd/Zno/La2O3 containing 1% Pd, 10% La; and the other catalysts can also be prepared by the same method. Preferred Conditions: When preparing the rare earth element modified catalyst by co-precipitation, the drying temperature of the deposits is 120 degrees C; the baking temperature is 350 degrees C; the catalyst precursor is deoxidized by 5% hydrogen gas (H2); the deoxidizing time is 10 hours; 1% oxygen (O2) is used for passivation; and the passivation time is 4 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Material of latent solvent is made by mixing and fully agitating (volume parts) high-octane gasoline (5), methyl tert-butyl ether (5), methyl carbonate (3), and low-boiling point methyl ester (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Material of latent solvent comprises high-octane gasoline, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl carbonate, and low-boiling point methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Methanol is added by weight being 15-20% of that of base oils; sodium formate by weight being 0.5-1% of that of base oils; and boric acid by weight being 0.8-1%o of that of coarse methyl ester. Preferred Process: Base oils are pre-processed. Process for pre-processing comprises: heating base oils at 60-70 degrees C, adding aluminum sulfate with 30-35% content and 0.5-1% of the weight of base oils, stirring for 30-40 minutes, laying aside for depositing 18-30 hours, and collecting supernatant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Condition: When mixing the straw and dejecta, the straw is 30-50 wt.%, and the C/N ratio of raw material after mixing is 15-25. The stacking and retting of the dejecta is carried out for 20-30 days. Preferred Component: The straw is cornstalk, corn-stock, straw, sorghum stalk or cord-grass. The dejecta is dairy manure, pig manure, chicken manure, goat manure or rabbit manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The refrigerant comprises first constituent, difluoromethane (HFC-32), pentafluoromethane (HFC-125), and hydrocarbon. Preferred Composition: The refrigerant comprises 5-98 (preferably 5-97)% first constituent, 1-60% difluoromethane (HFC-32), 0-30% pentafluoromethane (HFC-125), and 1-94 (preferably 1-3)% hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The landfill gas is compressed to 0.4-1.2 MPa. Preferred Components: The desulfurization agent is activated carbon and ferric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The benzene-free latent solvent is ketones, esters, alcohols, ether alcohol or azululanone solvents, which are safe to human, except benzene, toluol or mixed dimethylbenzene. Preferred Composition: The pesticide comprises (in weight %): imidacloprid (1-20), abamectin or ivermectin or abamectin benzoate (0.1-10), acetamiprid (1-20), benzene-free solvent (0-30), emulsifier (1-35), osmotic agent (0-15), synergistic agent (0-5) and chemical inhibitor (0.1-1). ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Compositions: The manure contains greater than or equal to 6% nutrients including sodium, phosphorus pentaoxide, and potassium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The microelement-containing material is zinc sulfate, borax, magnesium sulfate, or ferric sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The deposit of liquid waste is from production of amino acid in monosodium glutamate plant or lysine plant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of carbon nano tubes and ruthenium is 1:0.04-0.12. The carbon nano tubes are dispersed in aqueous solution of ruthenium trichloride at preferably 90-130 degrees C for 1-2.5 hours. The weight ratio of ruthenium and platinum is 1:1-1.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel additive concentrate further comprises additives, which are cold flow improver, paraffin dispersion agent, conductivity improver, corrosion protector, lubricator, anti oxidant, metal deactivator, anti foaming agent, demulsifier, detergent, cetane number improver, solution or diluent-, dying and/or odoriferous agent. Preferred Components: The organic compound is: a copolymer of 2-40C-olefins with at least a further ethylenically unsaturated monomer, at least ethylene vinylacetate copolymer, at least a ter-polymer of 2-40 C- alpha -olefin, 1-20C-alkyl ester of ethylenically unsaturated 3-15C monocarboxylic acid or 2-14C-alkenyl ester of saturated 2-21C mono carboxylic acid, preferably at least a mono-10-22C-alkyl- or alkenylamine or di-10-22C-alkyl or alkenylamine; a comb polymer; polyoxyalkylene; polar nitrogen compound; sulfo carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid or its derivatives; or poly(meth)acrylic acid ester. The additive comprises: at least a biofuel oil (0.1-100 wt.%), based on fatty acid ester, preferably alkyl ester of fatty acid from vegetable- and/or animal oil- and/or derived fatty acid origin; and distillation agent (0-99.9 wt.%) from fossilized source and/or vegetable- and/or animal origin, which represents essentially hydrocarbon mixtures and are free of fattyacid ester. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dehydrating element includes a material selected from drierite, A-type zeolite, silica gel, molecular sieve 3A, molecular sieve 4A, and/or molecular sieve 5A. The desulfurizing element comprises a material selected from silver (Ag) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, copper (Cu) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, zinc (Zn) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, iron (Fe) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, cobalt (Co) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, nickel (Ni) supported in hydrophobic zeolite, Ag supported in Y-type zeolite, Ag supported in beta -type zeolite, Ag supported in X-type zeolite, Cu supported in Y-type zeolite, Cu supported in beta -type zeolite, Cu supported in X-type zeolite, a molecular sieve 13X, and/or copper-zinc-based desulfurizing material. The noble metal includes a metal selected from Ag, platinum (Pt) and/or palladium (Pd). The transition element includes a material selected from Co, Ni and/or Fe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The flame-retardant material comprises quartz wools or glass wools. The reactant further contains water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The apparatus further comprises a coating layer on an outer circumferential surface of the heat-insulating unit; a packing unit comprising a flame-retardant material between an inner circumferential surface of the reactor main body and an outer circumferential surface of the heat-insulating unit; and a carbon monoxide reducing region (290) inside the reactor main body for reducing a concentration of carbon monoxide in the reforming gas. The carbon monoxide reducing region includes a second catalyst reaction region for promoting a water gas shift reaction of the reforming gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The coating layer comprises a metal material, preferably gold. The catalyst layer includes a catalyst material selected from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium, and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electrolytic material comprises tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt, or triethymethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic material comprises a salt in an organic solvent selected from at least one of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt or triethymethylammonium tetrafluoroborate salt; and aqueous material. The electrolyte is an ionic liquid; and further comprises an organic solvent with a salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is palladium. The oxidant comprises oxygen gas or air, and water vapor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid carrier of hydrogen is a partially or fully hydrogenated nitrogen-containing aromatic compound of 2-aminopyridine, 4-methylpyrimidine, dipyrimidinemethane, dimethyltetrazine, dipirimidine, diazacarbazole, alkylcarbazole, 4-aminopyridine, dipyrazinemethane, tripyrazinemethane, tripyrazineamine, dipyrazine, tetrazacarbazole, isoquinoline, di(2-pyridyl)amine and/or quinazoline, or is a partially or fully hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid electrolyte is Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer), and composites of protonconductive ceramics and high-heat polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The application step is conducted at an ambient temperature of 0-50 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) comprises 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane or cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 5-70 wt.% of methyl iodide; and 30-95 wt.% of (B). ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Animal Repellent; Herbicide; Nematocide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The fumigant is applied to soil, wood or a building surface in the form of gas (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): methyl iodide (47.10); and HFG-245fa (1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane) (52.90).
EXAMPLE - The output of a manufactured cell was measured. Sulfonic acid group and the electrode substrate reformed to fluoroethylene were compared with the cell used and cell was known for generating high power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The adhesion solution is selected from Youngia sonchifolia, milkweed, dandelion, sowthistle, lettuce, fig, Scorzonera austriaca ,platycodon grandiflorum, rice starch, wheat flour or kelp liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclodextrin and its derivative or the polymer are selected from beta cyclodextrin, hydroxy propyl beta cyclodextrin or carboxy methyl beta cyclodextrin. The squalene or squalene is selected from organic acids. INORGANIC CHEMISRTY - Preferred Components: The squalene or squalene is selected from calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate or inorganic acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The dry sterilization of crushed material is carried out by using far-infrared radiation panel heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The methane fermentation treatment apparatus further has a fat content processing apparatus for cutting or crushing of fat content extracted from fermentor. The oil component processing apparatus dissolves oil component extracted from fermentor at 80 degrees C or more, irradiates microwave to oil component, solubilizes oil component by hydrothermal reaction, or ultrasonically disperses oil component. The oil component processing path is connected to heating apparatus (7) provided in circulation path, and exit of heating apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-hexane extract concentration of organic waste is 2 g/L or more. The content of palmitic acid and stearic acid in organic waste is 40% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The excrements of livestock is provided with unit for drying the produced pellet. The apparatus control unit for utilizing the pellet as fuel. Preferred Microorganisms: The deodorizing liquid contains proof photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas and alkali-proof cyanobacteria Synechococcus, alkali resistance, bacteria chlorophylla, neurosporene, photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomos which has R10 kopin, Rhodopseudomos B strain which has the chlorophyll and neurosporene- alkali resistance, cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) C strain with beta carotene by alkali resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anaerobic microbe is Clostridium KD13 (FERM P-21115).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mold and/or yeast is a spore enclosed in a gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A bivalent metal salt is added to suspension liquid after immersion to accelerate crosslinking.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The water absorbing resin can absorb water in pH 3-10, and until appearance volume is greater than or equal to 40 times. The water absorbing resin swells and has average particle diameter of 50 mu m to 3 mm when swelling. The self granulation procedure is performed at pH 5-6.5.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Nematocide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Equipments: Safe gas fuel and gas tank comprises a gas tank one-way valve (2) and discharging one-way valve (3) is set on the high pressure gas tank (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The distillation range of the light hydrocarbon is 30-205 degrees C. Preferred Components: The high carbon alcohol is C4-C8 aliphatic alcohol, the methanol modifier is prepared by sodium perchlorate, potassium permanganate with the weight rate of 1:2, the accelerant is prepared by naphthenic acid lead, hydrogen peroxide and methyl ethyl ketone with the rate of 2:3:5, the clean dispersing agent is polyisobutylene succinic acid imine; the anti-corrosion inhibitor is alkyl phosphorus acid amine salt, the anti-oxidant is zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate, the anti-wear agent is N,N-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2-diaminocyclohexane. Preparation: The methanol clean fuel for vehicle is prepared by adding the methanol into reaction container at room temperature, and adding methanol modifier, stirring equably, and adding light hydrocarbon, petrol or petrol component oil, high carbon alcohol one by one, and adding accelerant, clean dispersing agent, anti-corrosion inhibitor, anti-oxidant, anti-wear agent one by one at last, spraying, circulating and stirring to obtain the product
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant comprises ethane 20-80% and ethylene 20-80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The azeotropic or approximately azeotropic mixed refrigerating medium also comprises ternary mixture of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, and propane. The mole density sum of each component of refrigerating medium is 100%, Where mole density of 1,1-difluoro-ethane is 10-40%, of propane is 55-85%, and of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is 2-20%.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Bacteria removal is carried out using air-floatation, or heating the isoelectric mother liquor to 80-132?oC. Preferred Parameter: The filtration is carried out at 1400-6000 rpm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lye comprises sodium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The crushed plant material further contains plant powder grain which is processed for 1-60 days, preferably 60-200 days, especially 1-200 days using machine.Preferred Plant: The plant contains corn stalk, wheat stalk, paddy stalk, broom corn stalk, bean stalk, earthnut tendril, corn core, plant caudex and plant leaves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst-precursor substance has X-ray diffraction pattern which shows rod peak to lattice space d( Angstrom )8.4 plus minus 0.6( Angstrom ) and 4.2 plus minus 0.3( Angstrom ). Preferred Composition: The catalyst-precursor substance further contains elements from group (II-XIV). A solution containing alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide containing copper salt, zinc salt and aluminum are used during manufacture of catalyst-precursor substance. The alkali metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon fuel is liquid petroleum gas, town gas, natural gas, naphtha, kerosene or light oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The detergent is a polyetheramine of formula (RO(AO)mR1NR2R3). The antioxidant is hindered phenol, aromatic amines and/or their derivatives. The friction modifier is glycerol monooleate. The fuel is a nonhydrocarbonaceous fuel, which is methanol, ethanol and/or butanol.R = 8-30C hydrocarbyl, preferably CH3CH(CH3)(CH2CH(CH3))2CH(CH3)CH2CH2;A = 2-6C alkylene, preferably CH2CH(CH2CH3);R1 = 2-6C alkylene, preferably CH2CH2CH2;R2, R3 = H (preferred), hydrocarbyl or nitrogen moiety of formula ((R4N(R5))nR6);R4 = 2-6C alkylene;R5, R6 = H or hydrocarbyl;m = 1-50, preferably 16-28; andn = 1-7. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A potassium carbonate is added in the polymerization process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyelectrolyte material is dissolved in N,N-dimethyl formamide or N-methylpyrolidone. The crown ether is chosen from 18-crown-6, 12-crown-4, and 15-crown-5. A liquid fuel such as methanol, and oxidant are supplied to a fuel cell. The fuel cell further comprises one or more binder of catalyst. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of polyelectrolyte material further involves precipitating the polymerized product in acetone, rinsing with pure water and drying in a vacuum after the polymerization.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polyelectrolyte material is a sulfonated polyetherketone having a structural unit of formula (I).n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The steam is applied to achieve temperature of 60-200 degrees C as the steam mixes with the biomass. The biomass is contacted with the swelling agent at a ratio of swelling agent to biomass of 0.1:1 to 2.5:1 dry weigh basis. The steam is applied by way of a mixing device to mix the steam with the biomass and/or transport device to transport the biomass. The biomass is contacted with the swelling agent for at least one minute to swell the biomass. The swelled biomass is dried to provide vapor stream & dried biomass stream such that the vapor stream contains at least a portion of the swelling agent and moisture from the biomass. The process additionally involves fermenting at least a portion of the biomass that has been contacted with the swelling agent. $ EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (disclosed): The strains are isolated by standard biotechnology methods. Preferred Strain: The B.alkalophilus and Bacillus sp. produces acid from glucose, sucrose, glycerol, lactose, mannose, salicin and sorbitol. The B.alkalophilus strain is CBTCC/Micro/8 MTCC 5092. The Bacillus sp. strain is CBTCC/Micro/9 MTCC 5093. Preferred Method: The neutralization method involves reconstituting lyophilized bacterial powder by adding distilled water, adding reconstituted bacterial strain solution in alkaline medium and alkaline waste-water containing phenol red indicator, observing acid production by the change in color of phenol red in modified nutrient broth medium and in the alkaline waste-waters from red to orange, orange to yellow, and measuring the decrease in pH of the medium as well as of alkaline waste-waters for a period of two days. EXAMPLE - Two loops from agar plates of Bacillus alkalophilus and Bacillus sp. were inoculated separately in 500 ml of modified tryptone soy broth (TSB) medium having original pH of 7.0 which is adjusted to different pH values ranging from 8.0-11.0. Different pH values of modified TSB medium were adjusted using Tris-hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide-sodium bicarbonate buffers under sterile conditions. Both the bacterial cultures inoculated at different pH values were incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Growth of individual bacterial cultures in terms of optical density in modified TSB medium was observed at different pH values. Results showed that both the alkalophilic cultures showed optimum growth at pH 9.0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Ph is maintained by acetic acid, propionic acid, methanol, propanol, alcohols, ketones or aldehydes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method, the lead, hexavalent chromium, or selenium exceeding the environmental standard value included in the hen-droppings incinerated ash is improved to a safe value within an environmental standard value. Preferably, the strong alkali water of the hen-droppings incinerated ash is improved to neutral value. Recycling of the hen-droppings incinerated ash can be carried out by improving the hen-droppings incinerated ash. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism group comprises anaerobic and halophilic Clostridium sp. Tateyama-Ryuo FERM BP-10694, alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Tateyama-Ken FERM BP-10691, alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. Tateyama-Yakushi FERM BP-10692, halophilic Bacillus sp. Tateyama-Jodo FERM BP-10693, and anaerobic Atopostipes sp. Tateyama-Nyojo FERM BP-10690 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The branched terminal group of fluorocarbon polymer is a sulfo group (-SO3H), sulfuryl fluoride group (-SO2F), sulfuryl chloride group (-SO2Cl) or sulfuryl bromide group (-SO2Br). Preferred Process: Alkali cleaning is done by immersing and washing with solution containing alkali metal hydroxide or inorganic strong acid solution containing sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. Preferred Parameter: The total amount of irradiation of free radiation is less than or equal to 50 KGy. The exposure rate of free radiation is below 5 KGy/hour. The free radiation utilizes X-ray or cobalt 60 gamma ray.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton exchange film is a fluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The Pseudomonas strain secretes the enzyme outside the cell. Preferred Method: In processing the wastewater, the wastewater also contains lard. A surface active agent is also used in the method. The Pseudomonas WU-LM1 strain is diluted and used 10-20000 times. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Wastewater treatment also comprises contacting other microorganisms with wastewater containing fat and oil. Preferred System: The system also comprises a lipolysis tank, where other microorganisms are contacted with the wastewater. EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reforming catalyst support further comprises powder of zirconia-calcia solid solution in the coating, and a noble metal supported on the surface of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder and/or on the surface of the coating. Preferred Process: The zirconia-titania solid solution powder and the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder are sealed in the matrix, and are supported on the surface of the substrate. Preferred Properties: The content of zirconia in the zirconia-calcia solid solution is 80-98 mass%. The average particle size of the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder is 0.01-50 m. The content of the zirconia-calcia solid solution powder is 10-60 mass%. The shear rate of reforming catalyst support is 10000 sec-1 or more. The matrix is a nano-porous metal oxide material with nano-pores of 10 nm or less diameter. The content of zirconia in the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 50-90 mass%. The average particle size of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 0.01-50 m. The content of the zirconia-titania solid solution powder is 10-60 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The composite nitrogenous fertilizer comprises (wt.%): ammonium sulfate (0.8-1.0), zinc sulfate (0.2-0.4), attapulgite (5.0-8.0), intelligent peptide (0.1-0.3), and surfactant (0.1-0.2). It comprises dilute sulfuric acid (55-65 mass%). Preferred Parameter: The composite nitrogenous fertilizer is a spherical granule having diameter of 2.5-5.0 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surfactant is paste comprising lubricant, microcrystal wax, octadecylamine, and stearamide; or powder comprising water retention agent, anionic surfactant, and high molecular polymer. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 1-16C saturated fatty acid is lauric acid, myristic acid or hexadecanoic acid. ACTIVITY - Insect Attractant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: Hydrogen storage alloy is loaded in solid hydrogen storage tank. The hydrogen storage alloy is cerium-rich lanthanum series rare earth alloy MLNi4.15Fe0.85 or MmNi4.15Fe0.85, titanium-iron series alloy, AB2 type Laves phase Ti1-xZrxMn2-yMy, or high capacity titanium-vanadium based BCC phase hydrogen storage alloy.x=0-0.3;y=1-2; andM=V, Fe, or Cr.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode is platinum or titanium metal plate or a platinum or lead or titanium metal wire. The cathode is a platinum or titanium metal plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The shell of the electrochemistry hydride generator is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or corrosion-proof plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature of the eight prescriptions is 1-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The microorganism fertilizer comprises (pts.wt.) Azotobacter (35), phosphorus releasing germ (20), potassium releasing germ (20), and Rhizobium (35). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves, adjusting the aeration amount by monitoring the oxidation reduction potential in the reactor to control the amount of oxygen passing through the reactor and micro-oxygen state in the reactor. The oxidation reduction potential in the reactor is -180 to -200 mV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The environment-protecting and energy-saving methanol/ethanol gasoline modifier also comprises 70-75 wt.% NPEO, 17-21 wt.% methyl carbonate, 6.5-8 wt.% ethyl oleate and 1.5-3.5 wt.% butyl cresol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lignin is extracted lignin, or from natural biologic matter comprising abundant lignin; extracted lignin is alkali lignin, enzyme lignin, organic solvent lignin or milled-wood lignin; natural biologic matter comprising abundant lignin is wood flour, grass meal or straw. The carrier of carrying metallic catalyst is active carbon, silicon dioxide, alumina, titanium oxide or molecular sieve. The acid is liquid acid or solid acid; the liquid acid is sulfuric acid or acetic acid; the solid acid is alumina or zeolite. The hydrocarbon fuel is alkane of which carbon containing amount is 7-9 or 14-18. The hydrocarbon fuel is C7-methylcyclohexane, C8-ethylcyclohexane, C9-propylcyclohexane or C14-C18 naphthenic hydrocarbon derivatives. Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenation catalyst comprises metallic catalyst and metal oxide catalyst; metallic catalyst is non-carrying metallic catalyst or carrying metallic catalyst; metallic catalyst is Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, Fe, Co or Ni, or ally metallic catalyst formed by any two or three kinds of the metal. Metal oxide catalyst is chrome-copper oxide. Preferred Composition: The carrying quantity of metal on carrier is 0.1-15% of weight of the carrier. Diluted acid solution of which volume percentage concentration is 0.5-2% is used to adjust the pH value. Preferred Parameters: The pH value of the reaction system is 2; using acid to adjust pH value of the reaction system. The rotating speed is 100-1000 revolutions/minute. Preferred Condition: The preparation is heated up to 40-350 degrees C within 1-1.5 hours; during reaction, reaction pressure of high pressure kettle is kept in 150 bar; reaction time is 1-2 hours; stirring material during reaction. Preferred Process: The reaction is done with one or two steps.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyrolusite is manganese dioxide with 40-70% manganese content. The rare-earth metal oxide is yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, erbium oxide, samarium oxide, europium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, gadolinium oxide or the single or mixed rare-earth oxide or the rare-earth precision mine produced through the rare-earth mine and the smelting enterprise or the rare-earth precision mine that is obtained through being selected from the rare slime and the quality content of the rare-earth oxide is over 20%. Limestone is light, heavy or active calcium carbonate and it is crumbled to the grains not greater than 80 items before used. Preparation: Preparing the catalytic combustion improver comprises crumbling separately the raw materials of pyrolusite, fluorite powder, magnesium carbonate, rare-earth metal oxide and limestone to the grains not greater than 80 items, mixing evenly and adding to the bunker coal with quality proportion of 0.2-5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohols modified composite agent is mixture of tert-butyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol with weight content ratio of 1:3-3:1. Preferred Composition: The gasoline is greater than or equal to 22 wt.% but less than or equal to 30 wt.%. The methanol is greater than or equal to 70 wt.% but less than or equal to 75 wt.%. Preparation: Preparing methanol gasoline fuel comprises mixing the chemical auxiliary agents, gasoline and methanol into synthesis tank by proportioning at the same time, injecting into finished product tank and selecting hand sample to test and the eligible is the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid alkaline catalyst is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide. Preferred Components: The latent solvent is methyl acetate.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Acaricide; Nematocide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: Fermenting tank (II) is connected with fermenting tank (I), the barm growing tank is connected with fermenting-tank pipeline, the molasses-substrate supplying portion is connected to the tanks and barm growing tank, and the water-supplying portion is connected to tank (I) and barm growing tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alcohol is fermented in two stages. Fermenting tank (II) uses the molasses substrate, the fermenting solution obtained in fermenting tank (I), and grown flocculable barm. A subset is provided between the two fermenting tanks to separate the flocculable barm in fermentation solution (I) and partially returned to one fermenting tank. The molasses substrate is continuously supplied with different concentrations to fermenting tank (I), fermenting tank (II), and barm growing tank during fermentation. The diluting time of supplying molasses substrate is less than 1.4 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The lipase is isolated from Candida or Pseudomonas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heat shock protein is of low molecular weight heat shock protein. The cleansing agent is purified water. The mixture of lipase and heat shock protein is fully dissolved in buffer for 1 hour and then the surplus liquid is removed before mixing with carrier. The lipase and heat shock protein are mixed with carrier by stirring for 1 hour. The biological diesel fuel is produced by adding oleic alcohol mixture into enzyme immobilized substrate for half an hour in the presence of stirring. The buffer is phosphate buffer of pH 7.8 or acetic acid buffer of pH 5.0. POLYMERS: Preferred Component: The carrier is polyethylene anion exchange resin or polyethylene cation resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amounts: Each of liquid and solid treatment agents is used at 4-15 wt.%, based on weight of waste drilling liquid drill chip.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The nozzle is made from metal including platinum and/or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): The protein having endoglucanase activity is produced by culturing the host cell, and extracting the protein from the host cell or the culture. Preferred Protein: The protein has molecular weight of 25-27 kDa by measuring using sodium dodeceyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The protein having endoglucanase activity is chosen from protein having amino acid residue at position 16-236 of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4, protein including amino acid residue at position 1-236 of amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4, protein comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 30, protein comprising amino acid residue at position 16-216 or 1-216 of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4 in which one or more amino acid residue are deleted, substituted, added and/or modified, and protein exhibiting 90% or more homology to protein including amino acid residue at position 1-236 of amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4. Preferred Cell: The host cell is yeast or filamentous fungi. The microorganism belonging to filamentous fungi includes Trichoderma, Humicola, Aspergillus, Acremonium or Pencillium, preferably Trichoderma such as T.viride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic waste water processing apparatus contains sponge filter medium comprising polyether type foam. The organic waste water processing apparatus further contains water flow pipe containing foam of synthetic rubber or synthetic resin, and air dispersion device formed with polyurethane porous component, mineral salt substance which is sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The support is of sintered ceramic powder and of pore size 0.1-20 mu m. The monolith is of sintered alpha -alumina. The membranes are of zeolite 4A. The pre-treatment liquid comprises suspended zeolite particles comprising a mixture of unground particles and micronized particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The membrane comprises a surface modifying agent crosslinked with zeolite to form a membrane with no defects. The surface modifying agent is crosslinked and is silicic acid or an alkyl silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Vector: The vector further comprises a selection marker or a marker for selective induction, where the selection marker is an antibiotic resistance marker. The promoter is a T7 RNA polymerase or a ribosomal RNA promoter. The non-coding nucleic acid is selected from rRNA, tRNA, RNAase P, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), efference RNA (eRNA) and tmRNA. Additionally, the target molecule is a waste fluid contaminant. Alternatively, the target molecule is hormones, antibodies, proteins, enzymes, pharmaceuticals or metals. Preferred Cell: In the cell above, the nucleic acid ligand sequence is incorporated into the non-coding nucleic acid by homologous recombination. Preferred Method: Sequestering within a cell of target molecules also comprises recovering the target molecule from the cell population, where the target molecules are inorganic molecule, organic molecule, toxin, peptide, viral particle, hormone, antibody, protein, enzyme, pharmaceutical, or a metal. Separation is accomplished by a method selected from t filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, adsorption, membrane filtration, biofilm formation and membrane bioreactor interaction. Incorporation of the nucleic acid ligand sequence is into the genomic DNA encoding the non-coding nucleic acid. In bioremediation of waste fluid contaminant present in a bulk volume, the bulk volume is bodily waste fluid, municipal waste water or effluent from an industrial process. The nucleic acid sequence is an aptamer; a ribozyme, an aptazyme or a riboswitch. The cell is a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell. The waste fluid contaminant is an inorganic molecule, an organic molecule, a toxin, a protein, a peptide, or a viral particle. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The conversion reaction of biomass to synthetic gas further involves removing sulfhydryl from the biogas. The manufacture of alcohol further involves separating a portion of carbon dioxide in the biogas from the biogas and recycling the separated portion of carbon dioxide into the fermentation mixture to stimulate methane production in the fermentation mixture. The contacting process of synthesis gas with catalyst is carried out by contacting the methanol and unreacted synthesis gas with catalyst to form 2C or more alcohol. The purification of alcohol is carried out by fractionating the alcohol product mixture into a purified alcohol fraction, water-enriched fraction, synthesis gas-enriched fraction optionally containing carbon dioxide, and optionally separate carbon dioxide-enriched fraction. The partial oxidation reaction is catalyzed by partial oxidation catalyst. The carbon dioxide reforming reaction is catalyzed by carbon dioxide reforming catalyst distinct from the partial oxidation catalyst. Preferred Composition: The yield of 2C or more alcohol is 6 gallons per 1000 cubic feet of methane in the biogas. The conversion of volatile organic in the fermentation mixture to biogas is 65% efficient. The catalyst is sulfur-free and alcohol comprises less than 10 ppm of sulfur atom, preferably less than 1 ppm of sulfur atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The further carbonaceous material is coal. Preferred Property: The coal has a particle size distribution such that greater than or equal to 80 wt.% of the coal particles is less than 200 mu m, based upon the total weight of the coal particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The particle size distribution is such that greater than or equal to 60 wt.% of the particles in the mixture are less than 1 mm and greater than or equal to 95 wt,% of the particles in the mixture are less than 2.0 mm, based upon the total dry weight of the cellulose/plastic mixture, and the mode of the particle size distribution is 0.3-1.8 mm. Preferred Composition: The dry weight ratio of the cellulose component to the plastic component is greater than 1:1 and less than 19:1. The dry weight ratio of the mixture to the further carbonaceous material is greater than or equal to 1:50. Preferred Method: The processing step comprises removing at least part of the particles made of a chlorine-containing plastic material and/or plastic particles having an ignition temperature above 400 degrees C from a coarse particulate cellulose/plastic mixture. At least part of the particles are first identified by non-contact scanning method and then removed. EXAMPLE - A low plastic fraction composition comprising 40 wt.% plastic and 60 wt.% cellulose-based material had burn-out time of 4.41 seconds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The red algae is Gelidium amansii, laver, Cottonii, Grateloupia lanceolata, Porphyra suborbiculata, Pterocladia tenuis, Acanthopeltis japonica, Gloiopeltis tenax, Gracilaria verrucosa, Irish moss, Pachymeniopsis elliptica, Hypnea charoides, Ceramium kondoi, Ceramium boydenii, Gigartina tenella, Campylaephora hypnaeoides and Grateloupia filicina. The brown algae is Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Analipus japonicus, Chordaria flagelliformis, Ishige okamurai, Scytosiphon lomentaria, Endarachne binghamiae, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis, Costaria costata, Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum horneri, Sargassum thunbergii and Hitzikia fusiformis. The green algae is Ulva lactuca, Spirogyra spp., Enteromorpha, Codiurn fragile, Codium minus, Caulerpa okamurai and Nostoc commune. The hydrolytic enzyme is beta -agarase, beta -galactosidase, beta -glucosidase, endo-1,4- beta -glucanase, alpha -amylase, beta -amylase, glucoamylase and cellulase. The microorganism for the fermentation is Saccharomyces serevisiae, Sarcina ventriculi, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Zygomomonas mobilis, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3, Brettanomyces custersii, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostriduim aurantibutylicum and Clostridium tetanomorphum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biofuel is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and acetone. The polysaccharide is agar, starch, carrageenan, alginic acid and fibrin. The extraction solvent and hydrolytic catalyst are sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen bromide, nitric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, para-toluene sulfonic acid and commonly used solid acid (0.05-50%). The monosugar is galactose, galactose derivative, 3,6-anhydrogalactose, glucose, fucose, rhamnose, xylose and mannose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive tape contains platinum, copper, or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), all water for the reaction is obtained by dehumidifying of the air. The carbon dioxide is separated from the air after the water is removed. The carbon dioxide is obtained by capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide on a sorbent that is subsequently desorbed by treating the sorbent to release the captured carbon dioxide. The sorbent is treated with heating, reduced pressure, vacuum, and/or gas purge to release the captured carbon dioxide; or membrane separation after the water is removed from the air. The hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis or catalytic or thermal cleavage of the removed water. The method (M1) further involves reducing the carbon dioxide under conditions to form carbon monoxide, reacting the carbon monoxide with methanol under conditions to obtain methyl formate, and catalytically hydrogenating the methyl formate under conditions to produce exclusively methanol; converting methanol under conditions to produce dimethyl ether; reacting the dimethyl ether in the presence of an acidic-basic or zeolitic catalyst under conditions to form ethylene and/or propylene; converting ethylene or propylene under conditions to produce various synthetic hydrocarbons, chemicals, or polymers, or products produced from them; and reacting methanol with nitrogen to produce ammonia or ammonia salts. The nitrogen is separated from the atmospheric air and used for the reaction, and the ammonia or ammonium salts are used for microbiological production of proteins. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The enzymes consist of pectinase, hemicellulase, cellulase, and/or beta -glucosidase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The heating utilizes a jet cooker and done at 80-240 (preferably 100-160) degrees C. The hydrolysis comprises adding enzymes to the cooled citrus waste. Water (less than 0.3, preferably 0.1 lbs/lb of solid citrus waste) is added is during production in the form of a steam. Preferred Components: The citrus waste has limonene having a concentration of 3000 (preferably 1500) ppm. The solid citrus waste has a particle size of less than 1 (preferably less than 0.5) inch. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Composition: The biomass production system further comprises a biomixer; a hydropulper; a recirculation system configured to recirculate at least some of the liquid including soluble compounds back into the hydrolysis reactor; and a composting facility. Preferred Process: The process further comprises producing a compost from the residual solid. The solid organic waste is processed in the biomixer or hydropulper. The residual solid and liquid including soluble compounds are produced by recirculating at least some of the liquid including soluble compounds through a hydrolysis reactor. The production of the biogas from the mixture of sewage and the liquid including soluble compounds comprises hydrolyzing and volatile acid fermentation of the sewage in a first stage of a two-stage anaerobic digester, generating the biogas from the liquid including soluble compounds in a second stage of the two-stage anaerobic digester, recirculating the liquid from the second stage of the two-stage anaerobic digester to the first stage of the two-stage anaerobic digester. Preferred Components: The hydrolysis reactor comprises several tanks operating in parallel. The anaerobic digester comprises a one-stage digester, or two-stage digester, where the second stage receives the liquid containing soluble compounds from the hydrolysis reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The digester feed product is recycled by composting the feed product and by using the feed product as fertilizer. Concentrating includes growing algae in a storage tank or precipitating ammonia, phosphorus, and magnesium in the form of struvite. Algae can be used as source of biomass. Struvite is used as a slow release organic fertilizer. At least some of the residual stream is digested to produce biogas and digester discharge. Fuel is derived from the biogas and used to power recovering ethanol from the beer products. The biomass is obtained by planting and harvesting an annual or perennial crop. Preferred Component: The crop comprises corn, wheat, milo, oats, soybeans, hay, alfalfa, timber, and/or sugar cane algae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The heterogeneous catalyst is optionally selected from diatomaceous earth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The heterogeneous catalyst is selected from montomorillonite, zeolite, bentonite, alumina, silicalite, fly ash, vermiculite, perlite, pi -complex adsorbent, potassium silicate or calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heterogeneous catalyst is optionally selected from polymer resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The paste composition is applied on a release layer on the base material. Preferred Component: The release layer consists of a wax with melting point of 60-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst material is made of platinum type noble alloy, platinum oxide, gold oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains catalyst and carrier with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the catalyst and the carrier is 100:50-150. The catalyst contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold, zirconium, iron, nickel and/or potassium, and substance with temperature control effect. The mass ratio of the substance with temperature control effect and the catalyst component is 100:1-20. The catalyst is of copper oxide-zinc oxide type or copper oxide-zinc oxide-chromium oxide type. The molar ratio of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is 50/50-5/95.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst layer arranged in the microwave applicator is circulated and the mixed gas is contacted with the catalyst. The reaction is performed at 120-200 degrees C and pressure of 0.1-3 MPa at microwave frequency of 1-300 GHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The organic resin is cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zeolite type desulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion exchange process of copper or silver and zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature of hydrocarbon type fuel is 100 degrees C or less. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon type fuel is liquefied petroleum gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: By the composting processing method, the compost sediment of the composting processing-completed which became high to desired height are removed. Then, the compost sediment which stirred the whole with the agitator and made height low in the height of 1M again at least are prepared as the base layer. The high water content organic waste is dispersed with the spreading machine on the upper surface of the compost sediment in the fermentation. The compost sediment and the high water content organic waste are stir-mixed with the agitator. The fermentable compost is thrown in the open type fermenter. The sediment deposited on the height of 1M at least are prepared as the base layer, and the high water content organic waste is dispersed with the spreading machine on the upper surface of the base layer in the fermentation, and is stir-mixed with the agitator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The decomposition process is performed using an activated sludge method. The decomposition process is performed after the irradiation process which radiates gamma ray and/or electron beam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The decomposition process further contains peroxidation compound which is added to the waste water. The peroxidation compound is chosen from calcium peroxide, barium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide. The waste water contains substance chosen from flame retardant, ultraviolet absorber and trihalomethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bioliquid contains bacteria chosen from Pseudomonas fluorescence, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas vesicularis or Pseudomonas chlororaphis and another bacteria chosen from Agrobacterium radiobacter or Aeromonas hydrophila.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The monitoring method involves investigating the dominant condition in anaerobic methane fermentation microorganism group of the microorganisms mentioned in (a)-(c), and monitoring temporally the amount of the microorganisms. The method involves evaluating that the methane fermentation efficiency is favorable when the microorganisms mentioned (a)-(c) is 70% or more dominant in the anaerobic methane fermentation microorganism group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): The fermentative microorganism Zymomonas mobilis ZM mx42 (FERM P-21342) is prepared by standard recombinant methods. Preferred Method: The biomass resources are wood-type biomass resources. The method involves continuously introducing the saccharified liquid into the reactor immobilized with fermentative microorganism, and contacting with fermentative microorganism, continuously fermented liquor and recovering the ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises an intermetallic compound of lanthanum penta-nickel, laves phases such as zirconium manganese or titanium manganese, magnesium, titanium iron and magnesium nickel, cubic solid solution centered to a base of vanadium, barium rhenium hydride, magnesium iron hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, and/or lithium boron hydride. The electrical non-conducting material comprises an amorphous or crystalline ceramic, hexagonal born nitride activated by an acid solution under the electric field, and lithium nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrical non-conducting material comprises Nafion (RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluorethylene copolymer) and an ion conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a mixture of copper oxide/chromium oxide, zinc oxide/chromium oxide and/or copper oxide/zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Product: Bioethanol. Preferred Apparatus: Plate columns, filled columns and/or structured packing colmns, preferably with heat pipes as heat exchangers between stripper and booster sections. Several columns in series may be used, with an intermediate distillate from the booster section of one column being fed into the stripper section of the next. There may also be pressure-swing adsorber(s) downstream from the distillation column(s). Preferred distillation units comprise heat pipes as above, at least two HIDiC columns and at least one pressure-swing adsorber, and are used for the distillation of bioethanol. Preferred Method: The mash undergoes a predistillation stage before distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of tap water and crushed sweet potato is 1:1-1:6. The ratio of alpha -amylase and potato is 5-15 U:1 g. The ratio of saccharifying enzyme and potato is 120-200 U: 1 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of ammonium sulfate and potato is 0.10-0.15 g: 100 g. The ratio of monopotassium phosphate and potato is 0.10-0.2 g:100 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of activated leaven and potato is 2-5 ml:100 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Composition: The carrot safflower soy sauce comprises (in g) the black bean (100), soybean (600), bran (200), carrot (100-500), saffron seeds (100-600) and saffron tomenta (10-60).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid that the industry grade concentration is more than 98%. The alkali for neutralizing is sodium hydroxide that the industrial purity reaches more than 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is N,N-dimethyl acetamide, triethyl phosphate or vinylpyrrolidone. The other solvent is normal hexane, normal heptane, normal octane, benzene, toluene or dimethyl benzene. The cross-linking agent is tetraethoxy-silane, vinyl-trimethyl-silane, benethyl-triethyl-silane or gamma -amino-propyl-trimethyl-silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The dimethyl silicone rubber has a viscosity of 5000-50000 Pa.s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Dewatering process in (c) is vacuum distilling dewatering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the mixed refrigerant applied to ozone with temperature of negative 105 to negative 125 degrees C comprises mixing one or two of the ethane or the ethylene in the carbon tetrafluoride; namely, mixing these components physically based upon the corresponding proportion at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent used by hydrophobic adsorption bed is MFI hydrophobic zeolite adsorbent or FAU type hydrophobic zeolite adsorbent. The desorption gas is carbon dioxide, air and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The crop stalk is stalk of sweet sorghum. The fermentation strain is highly active dry yeast and is inoculated at 1:1000 wt.%. Culture medium for fermentation strain is wort agar medium comprising malt dipping powder (2 g) and water (100 mL) with pH value of 5. Preferred Parameter: Steaming of stalks is at 20 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The crop straw is corn straw, wheat straw, or straw. Preferred Compounds: The absorbent is a mixed aqueous solution of diethanolamine and triethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dense tea is obtained from the Litsea coreana which is dipped by boiling water and filtered according to the weight ratio of water to L. coreana being 100 to 1.0-1.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preparation: The liquid fuel used in boiler is prepared by mixing the 40-50% of furfural extract oil or cracking tar and 10-20% of alcohol with purity above 98% under ambient temperature of 0-20 degrees C, mixed liquid A is obtained after stirring 40 minutes, then mixing 20-40% of coal tar and 5-10% of industrial water, mixed liquid B is obtained after stirring 40 minutes, then mixing the mixed liquids A and B together, adding 0.5-1% of functional additive, after stirring 40 minutes, and the product is prepared. Preferred Method: The method also comprises mixing the 40-45% of furfural extract oil or cracking tar and 15-20% of alcohol with purity above 98% under ambient temperature of 0-10 degrees C, mixed liquid A is obtained after stirring 40 minutes, then mixing 33-34% of coal tar and 5-5.5% of industrial water, mixed liquid B is obtained after stirring 40 minutes, then mixing the mixed liquids A and B together, adding 1.0% of OP-10 activator and 0.5% of preservative petroleum sodium sulfonate, after stirring 40 minutes, the product is prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The temperature is controlled at 210-230 degrees C at 40-50 kPa, using vacuum to extract and separate the water produced in the reaction and the gas phase mixture, increasing vacuum degree at a same temperature, extracting the unsaponifiable substance and the un-reacted free fatty acid; to cool the obtained glyceride and react with methanol to generate crude methyl ester using sodium methoxide as crude methyl ester. Preferred Composition: The methyl ester is greater than 98%, and the unsaponifiable substance content is lower than 0.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The fuel for internal combustion engine is biological butanol (25-99%, preferably 5-50%) and gasoline (0-99%, preferably 50-95%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred equipment: Product fractionator is precise rectification fractionator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: Ratio of 1-amylene content and isopentane content is less than or equal to 0.000425.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method of producing fuel ethanol, involves (a) subjecting whey to fermentation using K.marxianus for 0-12 hours and then performing fermentation for further 88 hours by the addition of S.cerevisiae, until the alcohol degree reaches 4.6% (V/V), where the ratio of the two yeast strains is 3:1-1:3, or (b) performing fermentation utilizing immobilized yeasts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preferably, the process also adding methanol solution containing sulfuric acid whose mass percent concentration is 0.5%-2% to the centrifugated methanol and sulfuric acid mixing liquid; the added weight of the methanol solution is the loss weight of the preceding primary mixing liquid to compensate the weight loss of primary mixing liquid after esterifying reaction. Preferred Composition: Preferably, the weight of concentrated sulfuric acid in the primary mixing liquid is 1.0-1.5 wt.% of raw material oil. The mol ratio of free fat acid contained by methanol and raw material oil in the primary mixing liquid is 150-270.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The main constituent of the petro-chemical is calcium carbonate. The petro-chemical gas in the borderline product comprises nitrogen which is collected and used as raw material of urea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crude oil is non-food oil of yellow horn crude oil or David peach core crude oil
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The bentonite is natural bentonite comprising montmorillonite as main component, and is present in white to olive green. The metamorphic aged grain is one or more of corn, broomcorn, wheat, and paddy which are polluted in a storing process. The chemical fertilizer is one or more of carbamide, phosphorite powder, potassium sulfate, potassium chloride, ammonium phosphate, nitric phosphate, monopotassium phosphate, potassium nitrate, and potassium nitrate fertilizer. Preferred Properties: The bentonite has a density of 2.4-2.8, and a melting point of 1330-1430 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil is one or more of soybean, sunflower seed, rape seed, cottonseed and sesame, in leaching or pressing technology, outgrowth of water scrubbing and refining. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anaerobic digestion of waste water or water biomass has sulfate ion concentration of 5000 mg/L or less. The ratio of chemical oxygen demand and sulfate ion is 0.9 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The active film material is chosen from silicon rubber, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP), polypropylene, polybutadiene, kynoar polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene or its ramification, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, or molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Cunninghamella echinulate, Phanerochaete, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Micrococcus, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium and Bacillus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The adsorbents is wooden carbon, cellulose and activated charcoal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxide or complex oxide is zirconium oxide, alumina, titania, silica, iron oxide, zinc oxide and/or copper oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method for preparing compound of microbial liquid enzyme-bacteria involves pulverizing fresh straw (10 kg) to 1-5 cm, collecting 1 kg live flour weevil, mixing the flour weevil with pulverized straw in a container, placing the mixture at 15-30 degrees C for 5-10 days in still condition, adding 50 kg of mineral water to mixture, culturing the above mixture for 30 days to obtain the original microbial strain, mixing 100 kg of corn straw pulverized to less than 40 mu m powder after sterilization, 1000 kg mineral water and 50 kg of original microbial strain to prepare microbial enrichment culture, culturing the strain at 25-35 degrees C in the pH of 5.5-6.5 for 5-10 days to obtain liquid having proliferated microbial strain, mixing the liquid having microbial strain and SHENLONG Wet Straw Hametz (1:0.005-0.01 wt. ratio), and finally placing the mixture in still condition at 25-35 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain the compound of microbial liquid enzyme-bacteria. The method for producing fuel alcohol involves pulverizing the corn straw to 20-40 mu m powders, mixing the straw powder, microbial liquid enzyme-bacteria and water (1:0.01-0.05:0.001-0.002 wt. ratio), performing the fermentation process after stirring the inoculated corn straw powder in the fermentation container at 25-35 degrees C for 10-15 days, performing the alcohol distillation process thrice to obtain more than 95-99.5% fuel alcohol and finally collecting the fuel alcohol at 78-170 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The methane reactor is connected in outer side of gas flowmeter and collecting-bag. Preferred Layer: The bio reactor has detritus layer and sand layer on sanitary land field.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The colored humic acid salt substance is ammonium salt, sodium salt, sylvine and/or calcium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer coloring agent further contains an auxiliary agent, a dispersing agent (0-20 weight parts) and solubilizer (0-20 weight parts). Preferred Compound: The colored humic acids are yellow, black or brown colored humic acids. The toner is natural coffee, yellow, brown, red or black pigment toner. The dispersing agent is polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether non-ionic surfactant. The solubilizer is naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensed surfactant. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the cathode is selected from oxygen activation catalysts (preferably platinum). The anode is selected from hydrocarbon activation catalysts (preferably platinum, mixtures of copper and copper chromite, and mixtures of iron, platinum and chromia). The feed to the cathode compartment is lightly humidified. The fuel cell (C1) is at a temperature of 600-800 degrees C. The feed to the anode comprises alkanes (80 wt.%) selected from ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane or octane (preferably ethane). Preferred Definitions:    e=0.25-0.35;    f=0.15-2;and    L=Pr.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The transesterification is carried out using 1-4C alkoxide catalyst or solid catalyst with acidic and basic sites. The triglyceride comprises animal fat or used cooking oil. The crude glycerol comprises glycerol, excess alcohol, and an alkoxide salt and the alkoxide salt is neutralized using an acid (preferably hydrogen chloride gas or sulfuric acid) to form an alcohol and a salt. The method further involves separating the alcohol from glycerol by distillation. The portion of the salt is removed from the glycerol by filtration or decantation. The portion of the glycerol is subjected to etherification using isobutylene comprising isobutane impurity. The ratio of glycerol to isobutylene is 1:1.5-1:2.5. The isobutylene is used to convert the glycerol to its tri-t-butyl ether. The method additionally involves washing the tri-t-butyl ether with water to remove any salts. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The second gaseous stream comprises compressed boil-off gas. The second gaseous stream has a temperature of less than or equal to - 25 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The second gaseous stream comprises greater than or equal to 70 mol% methane. Preferred Method: The mixed phase hydrocarbon feed stream is provided from liquid hydrocarbon storage tank(s) located in sea-going transporter. The second gaseous stream is drawn from the liquid hydrocarbon storage tank(s) in gaseous form. Both the second gaseous stream and the mixed phase hydrocarbon feed stream are provided from the same liquid hydrocarbon storage tank(s). The second gaseous stream is added to the first gaseous stream, the compressed stream, and the partly condensed hydrocarbon product stream downstream of the first outlet. The second gaseous stream is combined with the first gaseous stream prior to step (C). The first gaseous stream is passed into a second gas/liquid separator to provide a separated gaseous stream prior to step (C). The second gaseous stream is also passed into the second gas/liquid separator. The compressed stream is cooled in step (D) against a liquid hydrocarbon source stream to provide the mixed phase hydrocarbon feed stream and the partly condensed hydrocarbon product stream. The partly condensed hydrocarbon product stream is subsequently vaporized and sent to gas network. The method includes dividing the partly condensed hydrocarbon product stream into two liquid streams, in which the second stream is passed into the first gas/liquid separator. The first partly liquid stream is subsequently vaporized in a vaporizer, and sent to a gas network.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The biodiesel consists of crude biodiesel and/or distilled biodiesel. The mono- or bis-hindered phenolic derived from 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol comprises o-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylhydrocinnamicacid, methyl ester, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylhydrocinnamicacid, 7-9C branched alkyl esters, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-( alpha )-dimethylamino-p-cresol or butylated hydroxytoluene. The N,N'-di-substituted para-phenylene diamine comprises N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N'- diisopropyi-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-bis-(1 ,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine. The crude biodiesel or distilled biodiesel is derived from soybean oil, canola oil, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil or used vegetable oil. The crude biodiesel is a fatty acid methyl ester. Preferred Composition: The combined amount of mono- or bis- hindered phenolic and N,N'-di-substituted para-phenylene diamine is 100-2500 ppm. The weight ratio of 2,4,6-tri-tert- butylphenol with respect to N,N'-di-substituted p-phenylene diamine is more than 1, preferably more than 1.5, more preferably 10:1-1:10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Seed: The seeds are inedible oilseeds such as seeds of Jatropha curcas. The seeds are chosen from soybean, canola, castor, coconut, corn, cotton, flax, hemp, Jatropha, jajoba, mustard, sunflower, pongamia, copaiba, safflower, sesame, candlenut, petroleum nut, and neem. The solvent used during extraction from residual seed cake is hexane. Preferred Conditions: The seeds are softened by steaming for 90 minutes or more. Then, the steaming process heats the seeds to temperature of 70 degrees C or more. The extraction process is carried out under high shear pressure. Preferred Component: The oil-extracted from the seeds is extracted in an oil expander. Preferred Processes: The oil-extraction method further involves separating extracted oil from the solvent in flasher separator, degumming and bleaching the collected oil with bleaching earth, recovering oil from the bleaching earth, deaerating, deodorizing, refining collected oil by distillation of fatty acids, and producing oil such as fatty acid alkyl esters from the collected oil by trans-esterification process. During production of fatty acid alkyl esters, the bleached oil is refined by distillation, and free fatty acid is removed from oil. Further, glycerolysis of the free fatty acids is removed from the oil and produces monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. The refined oil, and monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides of glycerolysis is subjected to trans-esterification process to produce fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin, and separated. The trans-esterification further involves contacting the refined oil and monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides with base and alcohol such as methanol. The base is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methoxide, preferably sodium methoxide. The triglycerides are obtained from vegetable oil, and animal fats.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas stream has less than 30% water. The ammonia or hydrazine in the gas stream is ammonia dry only or greater than or equal to 30 (preferably 99)% ammonia. The gas stream is free of oxidizing and sulfiding agents. Preferred Method: The treatment is done for 10-1000 (preferably 50-200) hours. The gas stream has 1-5 bar pressure. The porous surface is generated by decomposing nickel nitride, or gaseous nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate is a nickel alloy or in the form of a nickel surface coating having a purity of greater than 98.5 (preferably 99)%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material has a basic skeleton of formula (-O-Si(O)((CH2)p-SO3H)-O)m(-O-Si(O)(O)-O-)n. The mercaptoalkyl trialkoxysilane is 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane. The tetraalkoxysilane is tetramethoxysilane.p=1-10 (preferably 1-5); andm:n=100:0 to 80:20. EXAMPLE - A 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MePTMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) were used as the starting material, and the proton source was densified using the sol-gel method. A proton conductive material having an equivalent weight of 175 was synthesized. Solution A was prepared by mixing mePTMS and butyl alcohol. Solution B was prepared by mixing oxygenated water and butyl alcohol. It was dripped while stirring the solution A, and subjected to 70 degrees C heat stirring for 1 hour. The solution was put in a petri dish and dried, where electrolyte was obtained. The cluster-to-cluster distance of the proton-conductive material in a humidity range of less than or equal to 30% was 18-19 Angstrom , and its proton conductivity was 10-2 S/cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixing step is done at 20-50 degrees C at atmospheric pressure. Preferred Components: The silicates are clays which are montmorillonite, laumonite, bentonite, mica, vermiculite and kaolinite, and from silica gels, natural and synthetic molecular sieves, zeolites, and activated alumina. The silicates have a particle size of 10-100 micrometers. The sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates are iron(II) or (III), zinc(II), cadmium(II) or mercury(II) nitrate. The powdered sorbent composition has the sulfur-affinitive metal nitrates (5-35%). The powdered sorbent composition has an average surface area of 50-350 m2/g. The sulfur compounds comprise sulfur-containing aromatic compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The sulfur compounds are in a batch reactor, slurry reactor, packed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor, or a fixed bed reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur-containing aromatic compounds are thiophene, benzothiophene or dibenzothiophene and their alkylated derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Product: Crude product also comprises (g) diesel (0.001), vaccum gas oil (VGO) (0.001). The diesel has aromatics (0.3 g) as determined by ASTM Method D5186, VGO has aromatics (0.3 g) as determined by IP Method 368/90 and naphtha has benzene (0.01 g) as determined by ASTM Method D6730. The naphtha further comprises iso-paraffins and n-paraffins in weight ratio of 1.4 as determined by ASTM Method D6730. The crude product also has atomic hydrogen (0.09-0.13 g), where the weight ratio of atomic hydrogen to atomic carbon is at most 1.75. Preferred Method: The processing involves distilling the crude product into at least one distillate fraction, preferably involves hydrotreating. EXAMPLE - A crude feed (bitumen) having sulfur (0.02 g) and residue (0.40 g) was heated to 150 degrees C. The methane/steam/crude feed was contacted with the catalyst potassium carbonate/rubidium carbonate/cesium carbonate (K2CO3/Rb2CO3/Cs2CO3) at 456 degrees C to produce crude feed product (0.93 g). Gas includes hydrogen (0.014 g), carbon monoxide (0.018 g), carbon dioxide (0.08 g), hydrogen sulfide (0.13 g) and non-condensable hydrocarbons (0.68 g) were produced. The molar ratio of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide was 0.4. The 2-5C hydrocarbons included (g), C2 compounds (0.30), C3 compounds (0.32), C4 compounds (0.26) and C5 compounds (0.10). The weight ratio of iso-pentane to n-pentane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons was 0.3. The weight ratio of isobutane to n-butane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons was 0.189. A weight ratio of alpha C4 olefins to internal C4 olefins was 0.75 and of alpha C5 olefins to internal C5 olefins was 1.08. Hence, demonstrated that continuous processing of high sulfur crude feed with the same catalyst in the presence of coke did not diminish inorganic salt catalyst and produced crude product suitable for transportation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The controlling electric circuit further has unit to selectively change cathode to anode and vice versa, and an on-off switch (22). An electrical insulating layer is provided between the electrodes to form a sandwich. The sandwich is rolled to cylindrical shape. A power source (24) is connected in series with the anode and cathode. Preferred Properties: The water based electrolyte, anode and cathode are arranged with space of 6 mm, preferably 3-6 mm with respect to water based electrolyte in the container. The electrolytic cell with a power source connected in series with anode and cathode, supplies applied current of 20-80 mA for electrode surface area of 13 cm2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode and cathode contain aluminum or aluminum alloy. The electrolyte is aqueous solution of sodium chloride or seawater. Preferred Properties: The aqueous solution of sodium chloride has concentration of 0.5-2 M. The anode and cathode is formed from aluminum or aluminum alloy containing aluminum (98-99 weight%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The removal rate of carbon dioxide gas from excessive gas is 10-100 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of platinum is 1.5-5 mass% with respect to titanium oxide. The mass ratio of platinum and iridium is 0.5-4. Preferred Property: The catalyst has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 25-50 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The decomposition treatment equipment of organic material has a collection-terms data entry unit to input the collection-terms data showing the relationship between displacement to recover low molecular weight alcohol in the exhaust gas path having alcohol recovery portion, above a predetermined yield and tank internal temperature of the decomposition process tank, and an alcohol recovery judgment unit to judge the collection of low molecular weight alcohol in gas above a predetermined yield in the exhaust gas path having alcohol recovery portion. When a displacement control unit judges that the low molecular weight alcohol in gas is unrecoverable above a predetermined yield in the exhaust gas path having alcohol recovery judgment unit. The decomposition treatment equipment of organic material has a structure which does not perform exhaustion by displacement adjustment unit. The displacement control unit controls displacement by displacement adjustment unit with respect to tank internal temperature detected by the tank internal temperature detection unit and the collection-terms data of low molecular weight alcohol inputted by collection-terms data entry unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline storage battery material further contains lithium carbonate, and hydrogen storage alloy which has crystal structure of cerium nickel alloy (e.g. Ce2Ni5 type or CeNi3 type) or calcium copper alloy (e.g. CaCu5 type) consists of rare earth elements of magnesium (0.01-6 wt.%) and nickel, and cobalt (0.5-6 wt.%) and nickel. The lithium imide is of formula LiNHR.R=constituent element (preferably nickel).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel used with anode side is liquid fuel containing methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The activity of slag is increased by high-temperature processing in presence of inert gas or dry-type cooling without using water. Therefore, the reaction efficiency of catalyst during production of fatty-acid methyl ester is improved. EXAMPLE - Steelmaking slag lump (50 g) was ground and heat-processed at 1000 degrees C for 24 hours. The ester interchange reaction of fats and oils (100 g) with methanol (40 g) was carried out at 60 degrees C for 3 hours, in presence of slag, to obtain fatty-acid methyl ester (96%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additive: The additive is an organic salt, preferably sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: During methyl acetate synthetic process, the gas phase reaction of dimethyl ether and carbon monoxide is carried out in presence of catalyst such as hydrogen-mordenite (H-MOR) zeolite at reaction temperature of 423-523K and reaction pressure of 10-20 bar. The raw material contains carbon monoxide and dimethyl ether in ratio of 49:1-10:1. During ethanol-containing gas synthesis process, the gas phase reaction of methyl acetate and hydrogen is carried out in presence of catalyst at 523-573K. Preferred Component: The mixed gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is synthesized by using timber pitch, coal, natural gas, petroleum residue, heavy oil and biomass as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: In modification reaction apparatus, the catalyst layer has the surface parallel to the predetermined direction through which the hydrocarbon-type raw material and mineral fuel flows. The water vapor flow path pours the water vapor along the parallel surface and thus the water vapor is introduced from the parallel surface into the catalyst layer. The catalyst layer and the water vapor flow path are isolated by division wall in which through-holes (42) are provided as flow path for water vapor. In upstream of predetermined direction through which hydrocarbon-type raw material and mineral fuel flows into through hole having hole area ratio larger from downstream. Preferred Layer: The catalyst layer is formed of porous component in which a hole is formed, and the water vapor is introduced into the hole of porous component. The water vapor flow path and raw-materials-and-mineral-fuel flow path has a coronal section, and the catalyst layer is positioned inside the coronal section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Device: The caps provided in upper surface of laminated reactor units of the reactor is made of stainless steel conforming to SUS316L standard.A catalyst for reformation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a first reactor,A catalyst for selective oxidation is supported on the surface of each perforated panel of a second reactor,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The milled product is dehydrogenated by heating under vacuum, exposed to hydrogen-gas atmosphere and re-hydrogenated under pressurized hydrogen-gas atmosphere, to obtain hydrogen storage material containing nano-composite complexed magnesium hydride and niobium oxide. Preferred Condition: The mechanical milling process is performed under pressurized hydrogen-gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The hydrocarbon type fuel is kerosene oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The upper cover material and lower cover material are made of stainless steel that conforms to SUS304,SUS316Lstandards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Hydrogen-permeation metal film is formed by laminating films made of palladium or its alloy or hydrogen-absorbing alloy and non-palladium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The electricity-supply process is performed by contacting electrodes (A and B) arranged in a distance of 300 mm or less, with the liquid (a) containing an acid (proton donor), such that electricity is supplied through the liquid (a). An acid-treatment process which performs substitution of proton to the film is performed before carrying out the electricity supply process. The acid-treatment process is performed through liquid (b) containing acid. The method further involves performing spread film formation process and tearing-off process. The spread film formation process is performed by flow-spreading a dope containing a polymer (A) having cationic species and an organic solvent (B), from spread die and forming a spread film on the support. The formed spread film is peeled off from the support, by the tearing-off process. Preferred Properties: The liquid (b) has proton concentration of 0.05 mol/l or more. The content of anion contained in the liquid (a or b) is 40-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Indirect heating of organic matter is carried out by heat medium, and the organic matter is dry-processed. Using the heat obtained by burning pyrolysis gas emitted during carbonization, or combustion-aid charge, steam drain produced during drying is heated and saturated steam is produced. The saturated steam is used as heat medium. According to the heat requirement of drying process, the amount of steam supplied is adjusted by drawing-out portion(s) of saturated steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: A bacteria for fermentation is added to a stirring apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The fermented material is further mixed with gypsum, blast furnace slag and/or incinerated ash.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The adsorption material is paper type waste material and fiber type waste material. Preferred Process: The fermentation extract is mixed with water and compost.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the above method, the Bacillus genus microorganisms comprising Bacillus hormesis No. 3 strain (FERM AP-21208), Bacillus subtilis No. 132 strain (FERM AP 21210), and Bacillus hormesis No. 146 strain (FERM AP- 21209), or 2 or more strains are used. The organic wastes containing much protein and many fats are meat and a processed-meat-products residue. Continuous decomposition is carried out over the long period of time of the sixtieth day or more. Preferred Microorganisms: The Bacillus genus microorganisms can grow on 0.5% of a salt density or concentration, with pH of 7.3, and at 50 degrees C conditions. The Bacillus genus microorganisms is a Bacillus hormesis or a Bacillus subtilis. Preferably, the Bacillus genus microorganisms is a Bacillus hormesis No. 3 strain (FERM AP-21208), a Bacillus subtilis No. 132 strain (FERM AP-21210), or a Bacillus hormesis No. 146 strain (FERM AP-21209). EXAMPLE - No example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer further contains a platinum-type catalyst supported with lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide. The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is of formula: LaaSrbGacMgdCoeOx.a+b,c+d+e=1;a,c=0.6-0.9;andx=(total valance of lanthanum, strontium, gallium, magnesium and cobalt)/2.The lanthanum-gallate type complex oxide is preferably of formula: La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.1Co0.1O3. The platinum type catalyst is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen permeable material is palladium. The porous material is alpha -aluminum trioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen liberating material is chosen from lithium and lithium-aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The polyetheramine has a molecular weight of 700-3000. The alcohol is ethanol. The corrosion inhibitor is an alkylenediamine derivative of formula (I) or (II), or is a product of a combination of an organic acid or diacid and an amine, diamine or polyamine, or is a mono-, di-, tri- or polyamine, ether amine, imine, imidazoline, thiadiazole, mono- or dicarboxylic acid, p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or alkylsuccinic acid or anhydride. H2N(CH2)nNH(CH2)mOR (I) H2N(CH2)nNHR (II)m, n = 1-10;R = an 8-10C group. EXAMPLE - Adding HiTec 6400 (1.42 kg/m3) to an ethanol/gasoline (84/16) fuel containing DCI-11 corrosion inhibitor (0.09 kg/m3) reduced intake valve deposits from 227 to 4 mg/valve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The thermochemical system generates hydrogen using copper chloride thermochemical cycle. It also produces oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The molten salt heat transfer medium comprises 60% sodium nitrate and 40% potassium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The captation of glycerin comprises the use of the raw glycerin fraction for hydrogenation of the glycerin. Preferred Components: The alcohol stream comprises a mixture of methanol and ethanol, and its composition in a combination that includes any reciprocal proportion of 0-100%. The triglyceride raw material of vegetable origin is made up of a composition of vegetable oils. EXAMPLE - Glycerin was hydrogenated in the presence of a noble metal catalyst (10 ml) containing palladium (0.48%) and platinum (0.15%) supported in alumina. The system was evacuated and purged with hydrogen three times to remove any air existing in the interior. Then, the catalyst went a 4 hour pretreatment with hydrogen (99.999%), at 35 kgf/cm2 and at 300 degrees C, for the purpose of reducing the metal deposited. And the reactor was cooled to 100 degrees C and glycerin (200 ml) was introduced, through a pressurized stainless steel cylinder. Finally, the system was heated to 240 degrees C and pressurized with hydrogen up to 35 kgf/cm2. The reaction time was 12 hours under agitation of 1000 rpm. The reactor was cooled, depressurized and opened to give a glycerol conversion on the order of 89.32%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum-based metal is made of platinum, palladium, ruthenium and/or rhodium. The inorganic oxide comprises an oxide of zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium and/or zinc. The strong acid ion comprises sulfate ion and/or phosphate ion. The carrier comprises aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, magnesium oxide, and/or cordierite. The oxidizing catalyst comprises more than 0.5 parts by weight and less than or equal to 50 parts by weight of the platinum-based metal of platinum, 10-70 parts by weight of the solid acid of sulfated zirconium oxide, and less than 89.5 parts by weight of the carrier of aluminum oxide. The non-platinum-based catalyst includes 10-30 parts by weight of cerium oxide, 0.1-5 parts by weight of oxide of nickel, cobalt and/or iron, 1-10 parts by weight of cupric oxide, less than or equal to 88.9 parts by weight of a carrier supporting the non-platinum-based catalyst, and 5-20 parts by weight of zirconium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell (2) is of high temperature type. The controller (27) is operated so that the lambda -value during the regeneration phase is more than 0.40 (specifically less than 0.50). A heat exchanger (31) is located in a cathode air supply line (4) of the fuel cell. The recirculation line (17) leads from an anode exhaust gas line (18) via the heat exchanger to the gas mixer (10) in the reformer (3). A temperature sensor (33) is located between the gas mixer and the catalyst (11) and/or downstream of the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The C3-refrigerating circuit (V4, 20-27) is single-stage formed. The heat exchange takes place between the refrigerant of the C3-refrigerating circuit and the sump heating-, and the head cooling medium in separate heat exchanger (E2, E3). A partial flow (17, 18) is emptied in the rectifying carbon dimer anions, 2 carbon molecule/carbon dioxide anion, carbon ions (C2+) or (C3+) separation (E) obtained liquid fraction (16) of the rectifying methane-separation as return pipe. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method further comprises adding carbon bisulfide, dimethyl sulfide, or sulfur powder (50-2000 mu g/g); and adding sulfurated hydrogen gas containing hydrogen (1-10 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Conditions: The culture condition of Alcaligenes faecalis is beef extract peptone culture fluid; oscillation speed is 100-400 rotations/minute; temperature is 25-35 degrees C; pH value is 6-8; time is 12-36 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid base is houghite, layered double hydroxides, nano-calcium carbonate and/or gamma -aluminum oxide (Al2O3); and the supported solid base is houghite, layered double hydroxides, nano-calcium carbonate and gamma -Al2O3 of supported potassium fluoride (KF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), zinc fluoride (ZnF2) or potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The strain composing proportion of Desulfovibrio CB1.268 (Desulfovibrio sp.):Desulfotomaculum CB1.139 (Desulfotomaculum sp.):Desulfobacter CB1.168 (Desulfobacter sp.) is 1:1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The process for treating waste water containing heavy metal comprises adding culture medium containing lact-protein salt, ferrite and sulfate and K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Mn, B, Si, Mo, under alkalescence condition in bacterium culturing instrument, adjusting pH from 7-7.4, adding composite microbial inoculum, controlling the temperature ranging at 30-39 degrees C, culturing for 36-72 hours without oxygen or with oxygen; transferring the zymotic fluid of the generated nano-FeSx to reactor, adjusting pH from 3 to 4, after the reaction of nano-FeSx and waste water containing heavy metal, adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH), adjusting pH from 6 to 8, the heavy metal ion in waste water generates indissolvable deposition, separating and depositing, achieving the aim of removing the metal ion in waste water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight percentage of nutritive salt in culture medium is that 0.5-5% lact-protein salt, 1-10% ferrite and 1-10% sulfate. Preferred Conditions: The alkalescence condition is that pH is 7-7.4, and the acidity condition is that pH is 3 to 4. Preferred Parameters: In nano-FeSx generated, x is equal to 1.1-1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: Environmental-friendly icy and snowy road skid-proof snow melt agent comprises 2.5-10% carbamide in the slack. It is skid-proof promote melting snow.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The product comprises 47% of chloro difluoro methane; 50% of 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane and 3% of iso-butane. The content of chloro difluoro methane, 1,1,1,2 tetrafluoroethane and iso-butane is 85%, 50% and 30%, preferably 30%, 5% and 3%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A catalyst carrier is prepared by compounding precursor zirconium oxychloride of inorganic zirconium salt into aqueous solution and added into template agent solution at normal temperature, and mole ratio between zirconium salt and template agent is 1:0.2-0.4, adding alkali substance to resulting mixture to regulate the pH of 9-12 to obtain salt and crystallizing at 70-90 degrees C for 48 hours and baking at 400-600 degrees C for 3-5 hours, washing, filtering and drying. The zirconium oxide catalyst carrier is dipped in salt solution having nickel for 24 hours. Preferred Property: The concentration of aqueous solution of zirconium oxychloride is 0.3-0.6. Preferred Components: The template agent is hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide or hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride in deionized water having concentration of 0.5-0.6 M. The alkali substance is ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The complexing agent is sodium citrate or ethylene diamine tetracetic acid-ammonium citrate. Preferred Method: The gelatin is dried at 100-150 degrees C for 10-36 hours in air or in microwave for 5-120 minutes. The dried gelatin is burned at 200-600 degrees C for 1-4 hours and 600-900 degrees C for 2-6 hours. The catalyst powder and nitrate solution are mixed with ball mill. The resulting material is applied on ceramic honeycomb carrier, dried and burned to obtain ceramic honeycomb carrier catalyst. The ceramic carrier is immersed in serum, after burning process. A transition metal is applied to honeycomb ceramic catalyst. Preferred Composition: The weight of serum is 30-50% weight of ceramatics. The amount of aluminum colloidal sol used in ball milling process is 5-30% of total weight of ball milling material. Preferred Condition: The burning process is carried out at 300-1000 degrees C, preferably 500-700 degrees C. Preferred Property: The pH of nitrate solution is 1.4. Preferred Definition:    x,y=0.2-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The pesticide is alkaloid, phenol, limonenes and margosine. Preferred Composition: The eliminating agent comprises (wt.%): halobios (10) consisting of algae, seaweed and kelp; biological sorbent (30), plant coexisting and dieing substance (12), and inorganic nutritive material (33). ACTIVITY - Antidote; Plant Growth Stimulant; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The long chain organic primary amine is n-octylamine, lauryl amine or hexadecyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The boron hydride solid compound is lithium borate, sodium borate or potassium borate. The boron hydride solid mixture is mixture of lithium borate, sodium borate, potassium borate and stabilizer. The boron hydride solid mixture aqueous solution is aqueous solution of lithium borate, sodium borate, potassium borate and stabilizer. The hydrogen generating activator is transition metal element chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, palladium, platinum, ruthenium and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material of soft packaging bag is composite membrane or aluminum plastic composite membrane of polyethylene, polypropylene, polypropylene ethylene, polystyrene, polyvinylidine chloride, polyamide and/or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fusel alcohol is crude methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol or butyl alcohol obtained from fermentation, distillation and dehydration of biomass from corn, wheat, potato or plant fiber. The catalyst is gas or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The additive comprises methanol modifier and methanol gasoline compound additive. The methanol modifier comprises 45-55% normal butanol; 5-10% UOP4; 7-15% chloroparaffin; 10-15% ethylene glycol; 10-15% polypropylene glycol; and 5-12% propargyl alcohol. The methanol gasoline compound additive comprises 35-50% methanol or dimethylbenzene (including o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene); 2-10% hydroxydiphenylamine; 5-15% phenyl triazole ammonium soap; 0.01-0.1% N,N1-di-salicylidene propylene diamine; 3-8% dimeric dibasic acid; 0.05-0.1% alkyl salicyl chromium; 0.05-0.1% calcium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; and 25-45% isobutyl alcohol.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The culture fluid contains (in wt.%) grape sugar (0.05-0.2), peptone (0.02-0.05), beef paste (0.03-0.05), sodium chloride (NaCl) (0.3-0.6), sodium phosphate (Na2HPO40) (0.3-0.5), monopotassium phosphate anhydrous (KH2PO4) (0.1-0.4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O) (0.02-0.06) at pH 7.2-7.5. The initial concentration of the nitrobenzene in the culture fluid is 30-80 ml/l, and the amount of nitrobenzene in the total volume of the culture fluid is 1/5-1/3. Preferred Microorganism: The Bacillus is Bacillus megaterium, Arthrobacter is Arthrobacter simplex, Aeromonas is Aeromonas hydrophila, Alealigenes is Alealigenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas is Pseudomonas fluorescens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components; The waste animal and vegetable oil and fat comprise swill oil, waste oil, restaurant oil, fried oil, the tailings, animal oil, and/or acidified oil produced in the refining process. The low-carbon alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol or propanol propyl alcohol. The organic base comprises carbamidine guanidine, guanyl guanidine, tetra-methyl guanidine, tetra-methyl-ammonium hydroxide, ammonium salt, amine derivatives, and/or alkylol amine. Preferred Properties: The molecular sieve is 3A-5A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises providing catalysts a and b comprising (mass%): alumina or titania (50-70) as carrier; nanogold (1-20) as active ingredient; element or oxide (1-40) of nickel, zinc, iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, or vanadium transition metal as secondary active ingredient; oxide of lanthanum, cerium, or zirconium (0.5-25) as additional secondary active ingredient; and sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonia, or urea as precipitator, where catalyst a is for alcohol reforming unit A having reaction temperature of 180-700 degrees C, and catalyst b is for carbon monoxide preferential oxidization unit B having reaction temperature from normal temperature to 350 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The nanometer compound alcohol group fuel comprises (pts. wt.): methanol (90), acetone (3), gasoline or petroleum ether (6), ferrocene (0.03), and camphor extract (0.4); or methanol (95), acetone (4), gasoline or petroleum ether (7), ferrocene (0.03), and ethanethiol (0.0001).
ACTIVITY - Antialgal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high-water absorption resin conditioner is polyacrylic acid. The carbonaceous conditioner is slash, sawdust, bamboo filament, paddy shell or bagasse. The mixture is mixed for 10 minutes for every 24 hours using electromortor and ventilated by blasting for 10 minutes for every 12 hours using fan with flux of 15-50 L/minute. Preferred Composition: The additional amount of resin conditioner is 0.1-2.5 weight% and the additional amount of carbonaceous conditioner is 3-10 weight% with respect to weight of sludge. Preferred Process: The sludge is subjected to primary dehydration treatment using common city sewage processing factory and the water content is controlled to 75-95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Composition: The antitussive in the form of cough syrup comprises (in weight %): choline (0.01-30), Japanese ardisia (10-20), Houttuynia cordata (15-20), Arctium lappa (20-10), balloon-flower (10-20), Stemona (20-10), banlangen (20-10) and Fritillaria cirrhosa (5-10) as main raw materials and supplementary materials such as condensed honey or white sugar (30-40), pennyroyal (0.1), ethyl nipagin ester (0.1) and water (68.19-9.8). The antitussive formulated as tablets comprises the above-cited main raw materials and magnesium stearate and officinal amylum as supplementary materials. The antitussive formulated as capsules comprises the above-cited main raw materials and officinal amylum as supplementary material. Preferred Method: Method for preparing choline, involves (a) removing the impurities from fresh pig bile and ox bile by incubating the bile in ethanol (75%) for 5 minutes and performing ethanol extraction, adding the bile to a fermentor (10 ton) and subjecting the bile to fermentation using Qian penicillin 2000-1 bacterial culture for 5-8 days to obtain pig choline or ox choline fermented broth, (b) adding organic solution to the fermented broth, and extracting the mixture for 5 times, and (c) combining and concentrating the extracts, drying and pulverizing the product to 80 mesh size to obtain powdery choline, where the Qian penicillin 2000-1 bacteria is cultured in culture medium at 35 degrees C plus minus 2 degrees C for 6 or 8 days, then in primary grade seed tank for forty hours and in secondary grade seed tank for forty hours to obtain bacterial culture that can be used for fermentation. ACTIVITY - Antitussive; Antiinflammatory; Antimicrobial.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solubilizer is petroleum ether, ortho-xylene, butanone, cyclohexanone, acetylacetone, ethyl isobutyrate, and/or diethyl carbonate. The demulsifying agent is n-butylalcohol and/or sec-butyl alcohol. The heat value improving agent is enanthol, isopropyl ether, dodecane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and/or 1,2-dibromoethane. The plasticizer is oleic acid and di-n-butyl amine, glycerol tri-acetic ester, and/or dimethyl phenol. The antioxidant is methoxyphenol and/or dimethyl phenol. The preservative is nitrous acid bicyclohexane, isopropyl alcohol, di-n-butyl amine, and/or glycerol tri-acetic ester.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The drafting humectant is carboxyl methyl starch (50-70), polyacrylic calcium (45-60), N,N'-methylene-di propylene amide (0.005-0.002), or ammonium persulfate (0.1-0.5). The bacterial-containing antagonist is 2-amino-2-deoxidation-D glucan, o-nitrophenol sodium (15-25), nitrophenol sodium (20-35) or 5-nitroguaiacol sodium (25-40). The nitrogen synergist is 2-chlorine-6(trichloromethyl) pyridine (25-35), 1-guanyl-2-thiourea (15-25) or hydroquinone (25-35). The nutrient activator is citric acid (35-45), oxalic acid (30-40) or polyasparaginic acid (25-35). The humic acid is plant ash or weathered coal. The trace element is calcium sulfate (16-24), bitter salt (20-32), blue stone (2.4-4), sulfuric acid (4-6), zinc sulfate (20-36), magnesium sulfate (1.6-2.4), borax (8-12), baking soda (3.2-4.8) or molybdate amine (0.8-1.6). Preferred Composition: The antidotal plant fosterage protector contains drafting humectant (20), bacteria-containing antagonist (4), growth promoter (5), nitrogen synergist (4), nutrient activator (2), humic acid (30), nitric acid (5) and trace element (30). ACTIVITY - Plant growth regulant; Insecticide; Antidote; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The sterilizing algaecide comprises triazine, phenols, oxidizer, vaporizing alkylating agent type, or oxygenation type bactericide type sterilizing algaecide. The triazine comprises propyloic sym-triazine sterilizing algaecide. The non-oxygenation type bactericide comprises hyamine, isothiazolone, glutaric dialdehyde, or chlorophenols sterilizing algaecide. The hyamine comprises chlorinated dodecyl zephirol benzyl amine. The chelating agent comprises disodium edetate ketogluconate, tetraacetyl tetrahydroxyethylethyleneamine ketogluconate, or chelating agent with more than 13 chelate rings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The pH conditioning agent is organic alkali type comprising polyhydric polyamine, amine alkali, azanol, or hydramine. The surface active agents comprise polyoxyethylene ether type non-ion surface active agents, polybasic alcohol ester type non-ion surface active agents, or macromolecular and organic line non-ion surface active agents. The polyoxyethylene ether type non-ion surface active agent is polyoxyethylene alkylphenol, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene amine, or polyoxyethylene polyamide. The polybasic alcohol ester type non-ion surface active agent is glycol ester, glyceride, or polyoxyethylene polybasic alcohol ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Biodiesel is used for producing fuel mixture. Mixture of refined swill oil, methanol and catalyst potassium hydroxide in mass ratio of 350-400:75-85:2-4 is obtained using swill oil. The mixture is heated at 50-55 degrees C and reacted for 0.5-6 hours, preferably 3 hours. Then, delamination is carried out by maintaining for 2-10 hours. Supernatant liquid phase is heated at 75-100 degrees C to recover methanol, and washed with 50-80 degrees C hot water for 2 times. Aqueous phase is removed and dehydration distilling or reduced pressure distilling is carried out to obtain biodiesel. Preferred Component: The adhesive is obtained by grinding mixture of remaining swill residue, benzalkonium bromide and water after extracting swill oil. A molded coal contains adhesive (30-80 parts, preferably 50 parts), coal dust (100 parts) and lime powder (2-10 parts, preferably 5 parts). A mixed fuel comprises biodiesel (100 wt.pts) and asphalt powder (10-150 wt.pts, preferably 120-125 wt.pts). The mixed fuel contains biodiesel (30-70, preferably 40-50 wt.pts), coal dust (20-60 wt.pts, preferably 35-45 wt.pts), water (10-20 wt.pts, preferably 10-15 wt.pts) and emulsifying agent (1-5 wt.pts, preferably 1-2 wt.pts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Compost Pool: The ventilation channels are set in the compost pool and are distributed on two layers (upper, middle and lower layers) such that each layer has three ventilation channels. The space between the upper and lower layer is 1-1.30 m and the space between the channels is 0.6-0.8 m, and diameter of vent hole is 3-4 m. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The optional metal salt is dissolvable metal salt including chloride, sulfate, oxalate, acetate, carbonate and/or phosphate where metal salt mixture does not generate sediment at mixing. The metal salt is prepared by using solvents consisting of water, acetone, isopropyl ketone, N, N-dimethyl formamide, N-methyl- ketopyrrolidine and tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The solid-liquid separation is carried out by setting leakage vent under baluster between two livestock below the drinking spigot, and at the lowest point of the ground and cleaning dry dejecta manually. The disposal step comprises insufflating animal preparation for every 3-5 days at a proportion of 3-5%, adding sewage gross, accelerating deposition of larger dejecta, degrading sewage and reducing chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand value in the sewage. The animal preparation is fermented using bacteria. The sewage is treated using collagenolytic enzyme and many other enzymes. The preparation is produced using microreactor, where the process comprises adding fostering alimentation package and fungi and fermenting automatically through the controlled programme. The deposit separated is mixed with the dejecta solid matter to be disposed. Preferred Component: The sNSP includes xylanase, beta -glucanase, mannanase, pectase and cellulose. Preferred Reactor: The microreactor comprises jar body having whole cubage of 300 to 1000 l, made from stainless steel 304 or 316 l, jacket or coil pipe as heating source, pipe for circulating hot water, cooling source controlling temperature to 25-100 degrees C, controlled temperature precision 0.1, rotating controlling scope (50-200 rpm), controlled precision 10 rpm, pH controlling scope (2-12) with controlling precision of 0.2, DO scope, 50-100% with controlling precision of 1%, illumination source, inner or outer simulating apparatus, setting protection device to prevent explosion, line jar pressure measuring unit, air flow measuring unit, fermenting process controlling software, high reliability lower computer controlling software realizing automatically controlling during fermenting process, equipping all kinds of standard data communication interface according to the requirements of the customers and realizing the data communication controlling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The The source of amino acids is chosen from amino acids, peptides, polypeptides or proteins, or their derivatised or protected forms. The source of amino acids is an ester of carboxylic acid, Shiff's base or derivative of the amino group. The amino acid source is a glycoprotein or an amine, including arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, tyrosine and/or casein.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sugar source is an individual sugar or carbohydrate, or their derivative in which the aldehyde or keto group of the sugar is present in derivatised form, preferably hydroxylated carbonyl compound, including glucose, fructose, xylose and/or ribose, or related polyhydroxy compound. The seed germination stimulant is formed from an amino-carbonyl reaction of the amino containing compound. The solvent is water, methanol, ethanol diethyl ether, halogenated solvent or their combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The hydrothermal reaction is performed preferably at 160-200 degrees C for 30 seconds to 30 minutes. The method involves performing liquefaction-reaction process by adding liquefying enzyme to aqueous slurry, and heating at 80-110 degrees C before performing hydrothermal reaction or after completion, for 0.2-2 hours. The method further involves subjecting the water-soluble polysaccharide in to enzymatic reaction to convert polysaccharide into monosaccharide such as glucose, fructose, and xylose. The aqueous solution collected at the solid-liquid-separation process contains the monosaccharide at a concentration of 10 g/dl or more. The quantity of solid content collected at solid-liquid-separation process, is 1/10 or less of the plant raw material. The aqueous slurry includes the plant raw material of 10-50 wt.% of a slurry concentration. The hydrothermal reaction is performed under the saturated vapor pressure of the heating temperature. The aqueous solution collected at solid-liquid-separation contains fermentation inhibitor, at a concentration of 0.1 wt.% or less. The fermentation inhibitor includes one or more chosen from formic acid, furfural, or hydroxymethyl furfural. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid alkali comprises potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal or alloy comprises aluminum, zinc or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The low concentration low hydrocarbon is removed by contacting the source gas and an absorption liquid or absorption agent, and absorbing low concentration low hydrocarbon. The source gas is subjected to cooling and/or pressure rising process, and the low concentration low hydrocarbon is removed by condensation. The hydrogen is added to the source gas, and the source gas has hydrogen concentration of 60% or more. Preferred Properties: The concentration of low hydrocarbon is 1.5 volume% or less. The desulfurization process is performed at 350 degrees C or less and the flow rate of source gas is 1 m/second or more.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal dioxide is zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 solid solution. The adopted cupric salt is bluestone. The adopted carrier is ZrO2 and Ce0.5Zr0.5O2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation method for synthesizing low-carbon mixed alcohol catalyst by carbon monoxide hydrogenation comprises depositing micro-volume copper acetate on carrier, using potassium borohydride (KBH4) to activate, loading the cupric salt in plating solution to carrier under effect of complexing agent and reducing agent, and obtaining the copper base catalyst. Chemical plating comprises (1) adding absolute ethyl alcohol into copper acetate, heating to 80 degrees C and shaping gel-shaped solution, dripping the material to ZrO2 and Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 carrier, and evaporating to dryness to obtain the solid powder; (2) adding KBH4 water solution (0.4 mol/L) to the solid powder, reacting and activating until there is no bubble; (3) below 50 degrees C, adding the activated carrier into plating solution, reacting, filtering, using water to wash until it is neutral, and drying it under 110 degrees C to obtain the loaded Cu catalyst. Preferred Components: The copper plating solution comprises cupric salt, complexing agent, and reducing agent; where formaldehyde is reducing agent, the soluble salt is main salt, and dicarboxyl tetraethylammonium is complexing agent; sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used to regulate pH value. The synthesis gas is mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) with purity of 99.99% and molecular hydrogen (H2) with purity of 99.999%. The ratio of CO/H2 is 1/2. Preferred Composition: The formulation of plating solution comprises main salt: cupric salt 2.5 g/L, dicarboxyl tetraethylammonium 7.4 g/L, and formaldehyde 3.0 g/L, pH value is 12. Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature is 300 degrees C. The pressure of synthesis gas is 6 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the oil, low carbon alcohol and solid alkali catalyst is 1:0.1-0.5:0.04-0.1. Preferred Components: The oil is vegetable oil, animal oil and fat or waste oil and hogwash oil in production process; and the low carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio among added oil, lower alcohol and solid base catalyst is 1:0.1-0.5:0.01-0.05. Preferred Components: The oil is plant oil, animal oil or waste oil, eatery offal during production process; and the lower alcohol is methanol, alcohol, propanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the oil, low carbon alcohol and solid alkali catalyst is 1:0.1-0.5:0.04-0.1. Preferred Components: The oil is vegetable oil, animal oil and fat or waste oil and hogwash oil in production process. The low carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The preparatory agent is chosen from Lewis base, monoxides and hydroxides of group-Il element and calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ester compound is triacylglyceride, and contains alcohol chosen from methanol and ethanol and fatty acid. The triacylglyceride is chosen from vegetable oils and animal fats. Preferred Process: The re-esterification of ester compound is processed with alcohol in a reactor (3) having an area to volume ratio of 1 or more, preferably 2 or more, at 10-60 degrees C, preferably 20-50 degrees C. Then, the reactor is turned around an axis and the reaction products are decanted. The alcohol is chosen from methanol and ethanol. Preferred Condition: The mixture is pre-treated using preparatory agent for 15 minutes, preferably 90 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The fluororesin is ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves carrying out hydrolysis in presence of a catalyst selected from acidic catalysts (preferably hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, acidic alumina, silica-alumina, sulfated zirconia and acidic ion exchange resins)and basic catalysts (preferably sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and hydrotalcite). The oxidation conditions comprise a temperature of 80-200 degrees C., a pressure of 103-6867 kPa, contact time of 1 minute to 24 hrs and an oxidizing agent concentration 1-100 mol%. The hydrolysis conditions include a temperature of 20-200 degrees C. and a pressure of 103-1030 kPa and at least a stoichiometric amount of water. The oxidizing agent is intermittently added. The process is a batch process or continuous process. The oxidizing agent is air. Preferred Components: The transition metal component comprises a compound selected from metal oxides, metal salts and/or organometallic compounds. The transition metal compounds are selected from K2Mn4P3O16, MnPO4. H2O, Na2Mn2P2O9.H2O, KMn8O16, Mn(II)trifluoroacetate, Mn(II) acetate, Mn(III)acetate, Co2O3, Co(II) Acetate, AgO, Ag(I)trifluoroacetate, Fe2O3 and/or (FeMn)PO4. The transition metal component is deposited onto the inorganic oxide selected from silica, aluminas, aluminum phosphate, ceria, magnesium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or molecular sieves. The solvent is selected from trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic anhydride, pentafluoropropionic acid, acetic acid, super critical carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, sulfur trioxide, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and/or methanesulfonic acid. EXAMPLE - Trifluoroacetic acid (10 ml), magania (22 mg), and S11254 (RTM: ) (285 mg) were added to the reactor. The reactor was assembled and pressurized first with methane to 600 psig and 8% oxygen was added. The reactor was heated to 180 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain a methanol (2.95%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is ethanol, preferably anhydrous ethanol. The ether is diethyl ether and/or dimethyl ether. The organic oil is an oil distilled from a source of a plant, seed, bean, fruit or a vegetable, or an oil distilled from used cooking oil. (I) comprises alcohol (80 wt.%), dimethyl ether and diethyl ether (1-10%), and distilled organic oil (0.008-0.02%). (I) comprises the organic oil, which is the hydrocarbon lubricant. The alcohol content of the homogeneous liquid phase is 25-75 volume percent. Preferred Method: The method of producing hydrocarbon fuel additive, further comprises: capturing natural gas emitted from the heated alcohol-oil mixture; and heating the liquid hydrocarbon lubricant to distill off additional alcohol. The method of producing ether, further comprises: capturing natural gas emitted from the heated alcohol-oil mixture. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst comprises iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, and/or their oxides and/or derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction is endothermic and heat from the exhaust gas is used to provide heat to the reaction. It can be exothermic and the exhaust gas removes the heat of reaction. The syngas is combusted in a combustion turbine. Two or more reaction zones are at least partially disposed within the channel, and are arranged in parallel fluid communication and/or serial fluid communication. At least one of the catalyst-containing tubes comprises straight tubes, U-tubes, coiled tubes, bayonet tubes, and/or surface enhanced tubes. The fluidized reaction zone is operated at 550-1050 degrees C. Preferred Component: At least a portion of the syngas is introduced to at least one of the reaction zones to provide methanol, alkyl formates, dimethyl ether, ammonia, Fischer-Tropsch products, methane, and/or their derivatives. The feedstock comprises biomass, coal, oil shale, coke, tar, asphaltenes, biomass derived material, by-product derived material from manufacturing operations, and/or derivatives. The reactant comprises hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and/or aromatics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The feedstock comprises low ash polymers, no ash polymers, and/or hydrocarbon-based polymeric materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating material contains calcined lime (5 mass% or more) and slaked lime (2 mass% or more) by solid content conversion with respect to carbonization product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plant-derived oil is palm oil. The fuel further contains alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol, and kerosene. Preferred Composition: The fuel contains (in weight%) palm oil (45), kerosene (25), isopropyl alcohol (10) and waste edible oil (20). Preferred Property: The plant-derived oil is solid at room temperature, and has content of 60 weight% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon compound is ether compound, aliphatic alcohol and fatty acid ester having methyl and/or ethyl group. Preferred Gas: The fuel is compressed natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas. Preferred Component: The lubricating oil composition further contains ash-free dispersant having weight average molecular weight of 5000-20000. Preferred Agent: The metal-type cleaning agent is phenate cleaning agent or salicylate cleaning agent. Preferred Acid: The combustion product is formic acid or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: During blending the concentration of moisture is adjusted. During fermentation process, air is ventilated from downward direction and exhausted from upper direction. Negative pressure is applied inside the fermentor. The fibrous biomass is chosen from rice-plant straw, wheat straw, reed, maize stalk and leaves, sugarcane stalk and leaves and kenaf.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The succinic acid production is inactivated in the microorganism. The inactivation of lactic acid production route is performed by inactivating lactate dehydrogenase gene. The inactivation of succinic acid production is performed by inactivating a fragment of fumarate reductase gene. The microorganisms are facultative anaerobic bacteria. The facultative anaerobic bacterium is a transformant of Escherichia coli. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism is E.coli SR13( delta )ldhA( delta )frdBC strain (FERM P-20774 or P-20773) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Genomic DNA was isolated from Escherichia coli W3110 (ATCC 27325), and subjected to PCR using the primers having base sequence of cctgtttcgcttcaccggtcag and tctttggttctgtccagtaccg to amplify ldhA region. The amplified product was cleaved using the restriction enzyme BamHI and PstI, and the obtained DNA fragment was inserted into pTrc99A plasmid to obtain ldhA-pTrc99A vector. The vector was taken as template and PCR was performed using the primers having the base sequence of ggactagtctggcgttcgatccgtatcc and gctctagaccaaaacctttcagaatgcgca, to amplify region in which ldhA partial deletion was carried out. The plasmid pHSG398 was taken as template and PCR was performed using the primer having a base sequence of gctctagaacggaagatcacttcgcagaat and ggactagtttaagggcaccaataactgcct, to amplify chloramphenicol resistant gene. The obtained two DNA fragments were cleaved using the restriction enzyme Spel and XbaI and introduced into ldhA( delta )(CmR)-pTrc99A vector. The obtained vector was cleaved using the restriction enzyme BamHI and PstI, and the DNA of ( delta )ldhA(CmR) was inserted into vector sacB-pTH18ks1 to obtain ( delta )ldhA(CmR)-pTrc99A. The obtained vector was introduced into Escherichia coli SR, and cultured at 30 degrees C, to obtain E.coli ST13( delta )ldhA having hydrogen production ability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: In the process, two proteases or lactic acid bacteria are used. The pH value is lowered when the lactose is converted to lactic acid. The protease is present as a microorganism, preferably Enterobacteraceae/protease. In (I), the whey and whey derivatives as well as permeate of the milk of the solution are also added or alone used. The developed amino acids are present nearly completely as mono amino acids and oligopeptide with 2-9 amino acid units. Preferred Process: The protease contained in suspended in vitro cells, that these are inoculated into a growth medium and cultivated for the formation of a culture medium. The process is kept anaerobically at 20-40 degrees C, preferably 30-36 degrees C and/or agitated. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preparation: The preparation method of the sludge waste pellet fuel comprises (a) sampling the moist sludge to count the water content; (b) mixing the moist sludge and thermal value additive or moist sludge, thermal value additive and the sludge dehydrating agent evenly to obtain mixture; (c) adding waste argil and wood granule in mixture obtained in step (b) to mix equally and obtain the mixture; (d) adding desulfurizer or sulfur fixing agents in mixture obtained in step (c) to mix evenly and obtain mixture; (e) forming mixture obtained in step (d) to obtain the slug flow which has fixing shape; (f) drying slug flow obtained in step (e) to control the water content of the slug flow within 5-15% to obtain the sludge waste pellet fuel. Preferred Process: The block obtained in step (e) is carried out airing in the sun and drying the block.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The sludge is produced by processing printing and dyeing waste water and/or produced by processing metallic surface sewage and/or produced by processing paper mill sewage. The waste argil is produced by grease mill or absorbed and de-colored or filtered by each petrifaction industry with argil. The wood particle is wood chip, wooden shavings produced in woodwork process or the crashed particle of waste woodwork.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The desulfurizer or sulfur fixing agents is the mixture of calcium oxide and quality calcium carbonate. The thermal value additive is the mixture of glycerol bitumen leftovers and refinery coke which is produced in refined glycerol extracting factory. The particle fuel contains sludge dehydrating agent which has 1-5 wt.%. Preferred Composition: The proportioning by weight of calcium oxide and quality calcium carbonate is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Grease raw material is plant oil, animal oil, swill oil, pit oil or acidified oil. Low alcohol is fatty alcohol with one to five carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the step of ramming down the soil, if sand soil, the time increasing for 3-5 days. In the step of taking out the soil, the diameter of soil is within 1 cm. The disinfection comprises physical and chemical disinfection. The physical disinfection of the cover-soil materials comprising sun light disinfection, in which transferring the cover-soil under strong sun light to dry for 2-3 days, disinfecting the cover-soil by ultraviolet ray to prevent brown rot. The chemical disinfection is formaldehyde disinfection, 7-10 days before covering soil, thinning formaldehyde for 50 times, spraying on cover-soil, covering for 24 hours by thin film, and used till the order has been over. The total spraying water amount of fermentation soil is 9 kg/sq.m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The method involves preparing feed for earthworm fermenting mixture comprising (in kg) fresh dairy manure (100), wine (2-5), crop stalk powder (10-20), husk powder (20-10), sawdust powder, or mixture of husk powder (20-10) and sawdust powder under anaerobic condition at 40-60 degrees C, obtaining earthworm feed after 20-40 days, placing the earthworm feed in culture pond or tank, and placing parent earthworm in culture pond or tank, feeding 40-50 days under 8-30 degrees C and obtaining earthworm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The rapid growing and oil-rich chlorella is selected such that Chlorella protothecoides fat contents is 61% of dry weight of cells is used. The oil-rich chlorella suspends on the clean liquid after being centrifuged, while in the flat plate, the single colony with large volume has rapid growing ratio, thus the selected chlorellas are obtained by taking the upper part of the clean liquid and selecting large single colony, which is named Chlorella protothecoides sp 0710. Preferred Component: The original nutrient solution or added carbohydrate comprises glucose or other monosaccharides, disaccharide or polysaccharide. The source of carbohydrate comprises glucose, fructose, amylolysis substance of corns, amylolysis substance of cassavas, amylolysis substance of wheats and durra juice. The nutrient solution or added organic nitrogen comprises glycine, yeast powder, extinction of germs or corn slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The waste from agriculture and forestry is corn straw, wheat straw, kaoliang straw, cottonseed hulls, birch sheet and bagasse. The acid solution is 0.5-2.0% of sulfuric acid. The weight ratio of the corn cob and waste from agriculture and forestry to the sulfuric acid is 1:4-10. The fermentation is pure breed fermentation by single strain. The single strain is normal wine yeast, self-flocculating yeast or Candida tropicalis. The strain for fermentation is two or more of Enterobacter liquefaciens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Corynebacterium sp., Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Zoogloea sp., Byssochlamys, Neurospora sp., Pichia, Candida, C.guilliermondii, C.tropicalis, C.mogii and C. parapsilosis. Preferred Method: The method involves sterilizing the concentrated fermentation liquor, separating the xylitol by chromatogram, decoloring, deliming, concentrating, crystallizing, and drying the separated xylitol liquid to form solid xylitol. The method involves treating corn cob or straw using sulfuric acid. The method involves cleaning the corn cob and waste from agriculture and forestry by rinsing with water, and boiling the waste and corn cob before acid treatment. The method involves cleaning the solid formed after acid treatment using water preparing slurry using the solid, filtering the zymohydrolysed mixture, and performing ethanol fermentation using the sugar source. The method involves using lignin dreg formed by filtering zymohydrolysed product, as fuel or for developing product by further processing, where the enzyme is cellulase and cellobiose enzyme.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: Increment cultivation technique of nitrococcus comprises adding with depressor and the other is not. When temperature is 20-25 degrees C, depressor hypochlorite needs adding with concentration being that content of effective chlorine is 3-5 mg/l. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria group is obtained by 60-day domestication cultivation with biologic bacteria group mixing cultivation method. Ammonium salt and nitrite are used as growing matrix during cultivation process. Bacteria are centrifugally separated and substrate is changed every 20 days and measurements as photophygous, deoxygenizing and oxygen separating are adopted. In anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria immobilizing technology, immobilizing way adopts embedding method. Preferred Parameters: Concentration of dissolved oxygen is 0.5 mg/l; when temperature is greater than or equal to 25 degrees C, depressor is not needed. Preferred Components: In nitrococcus immobilizing technology, macromolecule as immobilizing carrier is full fillet clamp vinylon hydroformylation thread. Macromolecule material or inorganic salt selected to be carrier in anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria immobilizing technology is sodium alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, diatomite, glutin, agar, active carbon and/or furnace ashes. Preferred Composition: The crosslinking agent used for immobilizing in embedding method is diatomic soluble metal salt type except magnesium salt, boride and mixture with (wt.%) 42.3-47.2% carrier; 3.0-12% bacteria after being separated centrifugally; 0.45-0.9% crosslinking agent and the rest is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Parameters: Structure of anaerobic baffle board reactor is combining unit type. Number of combining units can be adjusted according to need of sewage treatment technology.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The thermophilic microorganism composition comprises (in wt. pts) thermophilic shuttle-shaped Geobacillus (1-2), thermophilic soil Geobacillus (1-1.5), and thermophilic fatty Geobacillus (1-2). The thermophilic shuttle-shaped Geobacillus is taching shuttle bacillus-WL, the thermophilic soil Geobacillus is thermophilic soil Geobacillus SY-9, and the thermophilic fatty Geobacillus is thermophilic fatty Geobacillus TH-10. Preferred Method: The method involves acclimatizing thermophilic shuttle-shaped Geobacillus, thermophilic soil Geobacillus and thermophilic fatty Geobacillus within respective specific culture medium for culturing for 10-15 days at 50-55 degrees C, combining thermophilic shuttle-shaped Geobacillus (1-2 wt. pts), thermophilic soil Geobacillus (1-1.5 wt. pts), and thermophilic fatty Geobacillus (1-2 wt. pts) to prepare the thermophilic microorganism composition. The culture medium uses water as substrate, pH value is 7-8, and the composition further comprises (in wt.%) town planning crude sludge (2-4), peptone (1-1.5), beef powder (0.5-1), potassium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (1-1.5), and sodium chloride (1.0-1.5). The culture medium uses water as substrate, pH value is 6.5-7, and the composition further comprises town planning crude sludge (1.5-2), peptone (1-1.5), beef powder (1-1.5), potassium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (1-1.5), magnesium sulfate (0.05-0.1), and sodium chloride (1.0-1.5). The culture medium uses water as substrate, pH value is 6.5-7.5, and the composition further comprises electroplating crude sludge (1-2), peptone (1-1.5), beef grease (0.5-1), potassium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (1-1.5), copper sulfate (0.5-10), and sodium chloride (0.5-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Protein: The amino acid sequence encoded by the common proteus lipase mutant comprises a fully defined 287-amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2), given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves separating the collected vegetable waste, washing separated vegetable waste, cutting and pelletizing into particles by tissue triturator with the particle diameter of 1-2 cm and then pulverizing the particles, regulating the ratio of carbon and nitrogen to 20:1-30:1 by adding the matter with nitrogen element such as urea, ammonium hydrogen carbonate or animal manure in a volume ratio of 0.03-0.10 % and 0.10-0.30 % to the total fermentation fluid, adding the insition is the zymolyte of marsh gas tank with normal production, adding water and carbon powder (1 g) in fermentation fluid (1000 g), adjusting the pH value by adding alkaline substance such as sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, mixing and vibration requires twice mixing per day, half an hour every time at a vibration speed of 70 times/minute, total mixing single-order wet fermentation reaction comprises mixing directly the raw material and insition ( greater than or equal to 20%), placing in the fermentation reactor, stirring the anaerobic fermentation reaction material by exogenetic process for full contact between microorganism and raw material when reaction begins, removing the residue inside the reactor for a further feeding and inoculating when the reaction is finished and collecting gas, the reaction gas amount in the fermentation device is 5 %/day less than the average amount of gas production.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water soluble tungstate is ammonium m-tungstate, ammonium p-tungstate, ammonium tungsten oxide sulfide, and/or tungsten hexa-hydroxyl. The water soluble cobalt salt is cobalt nitrate, cobalt oxalate, cobalt acetate, and/or cobalt chloride. The water soluble nickel salt is nickel acetate, nickel chloride, and/or nickel nitrate. Preferred Methods: The mixed water solution is oscillated for 10-60 minutes with ultrasonic. The method of calcining temperature is at 400-550 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours. The volume ratio of the methane and hydrogen is 1:5-15, the mixed gas flow-speed is 0.25-0.55 m/s; the deoxidization-carbonization reaction temperature is 600-900 degrees C for 0.5-4 hours. The temperature of treatment for removing off free carbon in the impact of hydrogen is 900-1000 degrees C for 60-120 minutes. In spray drying process, the flow-speed of the mixed water solution of water soluble salt of WC, Co and Ni at entrance is 5-40 mL/minutes, the air flow-speed at entrance is 400-800 L/hour, the entrance nozzle temperature of the hot-air nozzle is 160-250 degrees C, and the exhaust-gas exit temperature is 80-120 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The platinum ion is platinum complex anion, where the precursor is soluble salt with platinum complex anion. The soluble salt with platinum complex anion is platinic chloride, potassium chloroplatinite, ammonium chloroplatinite, and sodium chloroplatinite or sodium chloroplatinate. Preferred Composition: The platinum ion concentration in the soluble salt solution is 0.01-1 mol/L. The reducing agent is hydroboron or hydrazine hydrate, where concentration of reducing agent has excess metal ion for full reduction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: In fluidized bed reactor, the prismatical reaction chamber has a separated hollow cylinder capable to lift up. In cylinder, an asbestos isolated layer divides cylinder into catalysis dehydrated layer and beading zeolite layer, and the lower back surface of moveable upper cover is directly connected to cylinder. The center of upper cover of the prismatical reaction chamber is equipped with small hole, heat electric couple which passes through the small hole to extend the catalyst, and also provided with another small hole for installing air outlet pipe. The annular heating chamber comprises heating cord and heating cord fixed sleeve made of refractory insulation material whose inner diameter is more than the outer diameter of separable hollow cylinder. The outer wall of heating cord fixed sleeve is equipped with spiral groove of fixed heating cord. The annular heat insulation chamber includes asbestos and refractory insulation material. The annular sleeve lies between the outer wall of the reactor and annular heating chamber, and the asbestos is filled between outer wall of reactor and the annular sleeve. The ethanol aerifying chamber is equipped with electric heating plate, electric heating plate fixed mount and ethanol conveying pipe. The internal transverse clapboard of the reactor lies at lower middle portion of the reactor is provided with an annular rack of inner wall of the reactor. The upper surface of internal transverse clapboard is equipped with annular groove used for mixing separated hollow cylinder, heating cord fixed sleeve and heat insulation chamber, and the groove corresponds to the groove of upper cover of the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of petroleum ether is 1-5 weight%. The content of solvent is 10-20 weight%. Preferred Property: The boiling range of the petroleum ether is 30-60 degrees C, 60-90 degrees C or 90-120 degrees C. Preferred Component: The aerosol is carbon oxide, difluorodichloromethane, propane, butane, liquefied petroleum gas or difluorochloromethane. Preferred Process: The tackless solution from one container is transfer to another container made of high hardness steel, by piercing the metal cover of the on top of the container. The container containing tackless solution is disposable and is replaced by small liquefied petroleum gas container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The crop straw is wheat straw or maize straw. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of straw and water is 1:8-12. The weight ratio of slaked lime and weighed straw is 1:3.1-3.2. The amount of calcium hydroxide of slaked lime is 90% or more. The Preferred Process: The crop straw is dried in air for 5-15 days and crashed into grains having grain diameter of 3 mm or less. The straw is steeped for 1-3 days at room temperature, heated, stewed and blended for 2.5-3.5 hours, to form light-yellow dope. The light-yellow dope is stewed to obtain adhesive. The obtained adhesive is mixed with coal powder in the weight ratio of 2.5-3.5:6.5-7.5, blended and dried such that the water content is 10-20%. Then, the mixture is molded using molding machine in molding pressure of 20-30 Mpa and dried, to obtain bio-briquette.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The glow discharge electrolysis reactor is tungsten, tungsten-cerium alloy, platinum and/or platinum alloy. Preferred Condition: The power supply is high voltage direct-current supply or high voltage direct-impulse supply, whose output voltage is 100V or more. Preferred Composition: The ratio of cathode area and anode area while discharging of anode glow in the electrolysis reactor, is 1:0.8-10000. The ratio of cathode area and anode area while discharging of cathode glow in electrolysis reactor, is 1:1-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gelatinize agent is agar powder. The humectant is glycerin. The preservative is nipagin ester. The pesticide is imidacloprid, sulfluramid, fipronil and hydramethylnon. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Arthropodicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of promoter in finished medicine is 5-40 wt.%. The content of solvent in finished medicine is 5-93 wt.%. The form of finished drug is miscible oil or water suspending agent. ACTIVITY - Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The anti-explosion agent is catalytic inhibitor or mixture of catalytic inhibitor (60-80, preferably 65-80, more preferably 60-70) containing co-solvent and co-flux (15-30, preferably 15-25, alternately 50-80), lubricant (5-10, preferably 5-8), grain energy strengthening agent (20-30) and tightening agent (20-30). Preferred Compounds: The catalytic inhibitor is phosphate, sulfate or organochlorine heterocyclic compound. The co-solvent and co-flux is uric acid and/or nitrate. The lubricant is sulfate, nitrate and/or chloride of nitrate. Preferred Process: The ammonium nitrate solution is passed into a prilling tower to obtain granular agricultural safety ammonium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The raw material of biomass is chosen from farming forestry waste biomass such as straw, bagasse, beet residues, rice husk and sawdust. The Trichoderma fungi is chosen from Trichoderma viride, T.harziamum, and T.koningii. The treatment process is performed based on nature of biomass of different sources. The solid state fermentation culture medium comprising waste biomass (in %), (30-50) and activated sludge (20-70) is sterilized at 110-121 degrees C for 10-30 minutes, inoculating Trichoderma to solid state fermentation culture medium, where the inoculation includes inoculating 106-107 spores/g culture medium at 20-35 degrees C under static condition for 3-15 days, drying, culturing, adding stabilizer and auxiliary agent, crushing and packaging, to obtain the agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic salt comprises sulfate of iron, aluminum, magnesium, copper, zinc, sodium, or potassium; nitrate of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, or silver; phosphate of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, or lithium; carbonate of calcium, magnesium, zinc, sodium, potassium, or lithium; or muriate of iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The L-glutamic acid is fermented by a bacteria comprising Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum, Corynebacterium acetoglutomicum, Corynebacterium alkanolyticum, Corynebacterium callunae, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium lilium, Corynebacterium melassecola, Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes, Corynebacterium herculis, Brevibacterium divaricatum, Brevibacterium flavum, Brevibacterium immariophilum, Brevibacterium roseum, Brevibacterium sacchorolyticum, Brevibacterium thiogenitalis, Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, Brevibacterium album, Brevibacterium cerinum, Microbacterium ammoniaphilum, Brevibacterium cerinum, or Microbacterium ammoniaphilium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The secondary by-product is precipitated into a solid phase. The monosodium glutamate enriched solution is extracted by siphoning off or passing through a filter, leaving the precipitate behind. The reactor vessel is maintained at a temperature above ambient temperature, preferably 95 degrees C. The monosodium glutamate enriched solution is concentrated prior to utilizing an evaporator or dryer to recover a dry monosodium glutamate powder. The monosodium glutamate enriched solution is concentrated by heating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The L-glutamic acid is provided by the fermentation of glucose. The glucose is in the form of cassava starch or sweet corn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - A powder of composition La1.8Zr2.2O7.1 was prepared. Aqueous solutions of lanthanum and zirconium metal nitrates were mixed to form a single solution with lanthanum and zirconium metal content of 1.8:2.2 molar ratio. A second solution containing citric acid and ethylene glycol in 1:1 molar ratio was added to the solution with stirring. The solution was heated slowly to remove water at approximately 100 degrees C and the solution gelled. Temperature was maintained until the gel became a fine powder. The powder was homogenized by placement into a high temperature furnace where heating occurred at 900 degrees C in air for 2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles having an acid absorption function are zeolite, hydrotalcite, calcined hydrotalcite or hydrotalcite oxide. The inorganic particles having a water absorption function are zeolite, calcined hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite oxide or magnesium sulfate hydrated with 0-3 water molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The absorption sheet has resin layers containing no inorganic particles, with which resin layers both surfaces of the absorption layer are laminated. The resin in the absorption layer comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes. The resin in the resin layer containing no inorganic particles comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polymethylpentene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, ionomers, modified polyethylenes or modified polypropylenes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is polymethyl methacrylate or polymer including chain of N-isopropyl acrylamide and N-isopropyl acrylamide copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel oxidizing catalyst has oxides of zirconium, cerium and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel oxidizing catalyst has platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium and osmium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: 10-1000 mg/kg of sodium polyacrylate is added during primary and tertiary treatment process. 10-1000 mg/kg of chitosan is added during secondary treatment process. The treating process further carries out solid-liquid separation after the addition of sodium polyacrylate in the tertiary treatment process, to obtain a liquid material separated by the solid-liquid separation into contact with a reverse osmosis membrane. Preferred Properties: The sodium polyacrylate and chitosan have weight average molecular weight of 1,000,000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of triglyceride and fatty acid in the composition is 90/10-10/90. The content of the fatty acid derivative(s) in the composition is 3-99 weight% with respect to total weight of triglyceride(s), fatty acid(s) and fatty acid derivative(s). Preferred Components: The fatty acid derivative(s) is chosen from metal salts of fatty acids, fatty acid amides, fatty acid bisamides, and their mixtures. The fatty acid derivatives are chosen from calcium stearate, sodium stearate, N,N'-ethylene bisstearamide, and their mixtures. The composition further comprises additive(s) chosen from fillers, extenders, modifiers, binders, flame and article colorants, and perfumes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The filler is chosen from cellulose fiber, cellulose derivatives, wood chips, wood fibers, wood flour, flax, kenaf, sisal, jute, rice hulls, cotton, and hemp.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The saturated aliphatic alcohol is 1-5C monovalent saturated aliphatic alcohol. ACTIVITY - Molluscicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The thermophilic bacteria are Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1 (FERM P-15007).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: High effect compound flocculating agent in (1) uses a compound flocculating degreasing agent for oil sewage processing published by China Patent Application with application number of 200710098747.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The denatured soil manure comprises (wt.%) mud (5-20, preferably 5-10), straw (20-60, preferably 20-40), feces (10-40), bagasse (5-10, preferably 5-10), hogwash (5-10, preferably 5-10), and water retaining agent (5-40, preferably 5-10). The manure further comprises fly ash (5-10 wt.%). Preferred Component: The feces comprises (wt.%) human feces (10-20), and poultry feces (10-20). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The processing method involves adding culture solution each time, when concentration of ammonia-nitrogen lowers to below 10 mg/l, improving concentration of pre-added culture solution by 50-200 mg/l. The method involves culturing the nitrobacteria at 20-30 degrees C, at pH of 6.5-8.0, sludge volume index of 15-20% and dissolved oxygen of 2-10 mg/l. The method involves gradually improving concentration of culture solution ammonia-nitrogen by adding culture solution each time, when concentration of ammonia-nitrogen lowers below 10 mg/l, improving concentration of pre-added culture solution ammonia-nitrogen by 50-200 mg/l. The concentration of ammonia nitrogen is 500-1200, preferably 600-1000 mg/l, volume loading rate of ammonia-nitrogen is 375-850, 450-800 g/m3.d, COD is not greater than 200 mg/l, preferably not greater than 100 mg/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The accumulation culture solution further contains (in mg/l) calcium as calcium chloride (0.01-0.05). The culture solution comprises (in mg/l) iron as ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (2-14, preferably 3-11), magnesium as magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (10-20), sodium as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate (200-1000), potassium as potassium dihydrogen phosphate and/or dipotassium phosphate (20-70) and the buffer solution is potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium bicarbonate or their combination (50-300).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Claimed): Sinorhizobium borbori DN316 (CCTCC M207212) is prepared by separating and purifying sludge of petrochemical factory. By observing through physical biochemical property identification method and electric microscope, cell of Sinorhizobium borbori is gram negative and bacilliform, size of strain body is 0.7-0.8x 1.8-2.5 mu m, and there is flagellum on the body. After cultivating for 24 hours on LB solid cultivation flat plate, form of colony is circular and colorless and has mucilage, and diameter of colony is 1.5-2.4 mm. Main physical biochemical property of Sinorhizobium borbori is aerobiosis, and oxidase and contact enzyme are negative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The product surface active agent drain in (a) is Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the crude oil degrading bacteria in (b) is Arthrobacter, Shigelloides strain, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Xanthomonas. Preferred Composition: The proportion between the Arthrobacter crude oil degrading drain and P. aeruginosa is 1:1; the proportion between the Shigelloides strain crude oil degrading drain and P. aeruginosa is 1:0.8; the proportion between the Pseudomonas crude oil degrading drain and P. aeruginosa is 1:0.6; the proportion between the Bacillus crude oil degrading drain and P. aeruginosa is 1:0.4; the proportion between the Xanthomonas crude oil degrading drain and P. aeruginosa is 1: 0.6. The pH value of the crude oil culture medium in (a) and (b) is 7.5, containing 10g crude oil, 3g ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), 0.5g potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), 0.5g potassium biphosphate (K2HPO4), 2ml trace element solution and 1000ml water. The pH value of the liquid culture medium in (a) is 7.5, containing 10g glucose, 5g urea, 1g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 2ml trace element solution and 1000ml water. Trace element solution contains 0.4% magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), 0.1% copper sulfate (CuSO4), 0.1% manganese sulfate (MnSO4), 0.1% ferrous sulfate (FeSO4.7H2O), and 0.1% calcium chloride (CaCl2) by mass percentage. Preferred Parameters: The culture time in (a) and (b) is 3-5 days. The acclimation times in (b) are 3-4 times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The methane generating device has cone-shaped sedimentary filler B of residue excluding valve B is placed on lower part of the flow-down anaerobic colander. The methane generating device has cone-shaped sedimentary filler A of residue excluding valve A is placed on exterior of the bottom of the flow-up anaerobic fermenting pot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The sewage sludge is present at 72.42-74.74 wt.%, and volatile solid at 62.557-64.88 wt.%. The nourishing liquid comprises (g) ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) (70-80), potassium biphosphate (KH2PO4) (12.4-13.5), magnesium sulfate-hydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) (0.1-0.3), sodium chloride (NaCl) (0.01-0.03), sodium molybdate hydrate (Na2MoO4.2H2O) (0.01-0.03), calcium chloride-hydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) (0.01-0.03), manganese sulfate-hydrate (MnSO4.7H2O) (0.015-0.03), and ferric chloride (FeCl2) (0.0278-0.05).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The Pseudomonas is P. fluorescens and/or P. aeruginosa. The Alcaligenes is A. eutrophus and/or A. faecalis. The Zoogloea is Z. ramigera. The Aeromonas is A. hydrophila. The Arthrobacter is A. simplex. The Bacillus is B. megaterium. Preferred Composition: The culture solution comprises (wt.%) glucose (0.05-0.2), peptone (0.02-0.06), yeast extract paste (0.03-0.06), sodium chloride (0.3-0.6), dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (0.4-0.5), monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) (0.1-0.4), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) (0.02-0.06). It has a pH of 7.2-7.5. The initial concentration of the aniline in the culture solution is 30-80 mg/L. Preferred Method: The bacterial agents (5-10 wt.%) is added into the polluted objects, and cultivated at 2-5 days in normal temperature, in which the polluted objects are the water body with aniline prepared by human.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of active ingredient in catalyst is 0.01-5 wt.%, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%. Preferred Solution: The metal salt solution is hydrochloric acid solution, nitric acid solution or sulfuric acid solution of palladium, rhodium, platinum, nickel or chromium, such as rhodium chloride, chromium nitrate, chromium sulfate, platinum chloride and palladium chloride. The concentration of metal salt solution is 0.005-3 mol/L. Preferred Conditions: The active ingredient is heated at 60-180 degrees C for 2-6 hours, and baked at 200-1000 degrees C for 2-5 hours. The catalyst is produced by colloid and precipitation method using precipitating agent (0.05-5 mol/L) chosen from sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. Preferred Property: The metal salt has pH of 5-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The paste is coated on pre-treated honeycomb ceramic carrier by dipping method. The ceramic carrier is dried, pre-roasted and roasted at high temperature. The paste contains ceramics (10-60 wt.%). The pH of nitric acid aqueous solution is 1-2. Preferred Agent: The complex agent is citric acid solution or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid citric acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal (A) is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, gadolinium or samarium. The metal (B) is chromium, zirconium, zinc, nickel, cobalt or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst is complex oxide of gadolinium-samarium-chromium (Gd0.2Sm0.8CrO3), complex oxide of praseodymium-samarium-chromium (Pr0.2Sm0.8CrO3), complex oxide of samarium-cerium-chromium (Sm0.2Ce0.8CrO3), complex oxide of praseodymium-cerium-chromium (Pr0.2Ce0.8CrO3), complex oxide of lanthanum-cerium-zinc-chromium (La0.2Ce0.8Zn0.8CrO3), complex oxide of lanthanum-cerium-zinc-chromium (La0.2Ce0.8Zn0.8Cr0.2O3) or complex oxide of zinc/lanthanum-cerium-chromium (Zn/La0.2Ce0.8CrO3). The catalyst support is cell ceramic carrier. The compositing agent is ammonium citrate solution or solution of ethylene diamine and tetraethyl ammonium citrate. Preferred Properties: The content of slurry is 10-60 weight% with respect to ceramic carrier. The pH of the aqueous nitric acid is 1-2. Preferred Definitions:    x,y=0.2-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcoholic fuel contains (in weight%) ethanol (5-15), isopropyl alcohol (0.5-4.5), isobutyl alcohol (0.5-4.5), 7C-aromatics (7-20), 8C-aromatics (10-20), 9C-aromatics (3-7), isopentane (3-7) and non-aromatic raffinate (42-52).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The biologic enzyme is Novozym435 (RTM: Not defined).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The heating is performed at 20-60 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The catalyst support of perovskite honeycomb ceramic catalyst is honeycomb ceramics carrier. Preferred Properties: The weight of ground paste is 10-60 weight% of the blank ceramics. The pH of salpeter aqueous solution is 1-2. Preferred Process: The ground paste of oxide is dipped on surface of honeycomb ceramics carrier which is pre-processed by impregnation method, the ceramics carrier is dried, pre-baked, and baked at high temperature to obtain perovskite honeycomb ceramic catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The perovskite honeycomb ceramic catalyst is gadolinium-samarium-chromium oxide (Gd0.2Sm0.8CrO3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst, samarium-cerium-chromium oxide (Sm0.2Ce0.8CrO3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst, praseodymium-samarium-chromium oxide (Pr0.2Sm0.8CrO3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst, praseodymium-cerium-chromium oxide (Pr0.2Ce0.8CrO3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst, lanthanum-cerium-zinc-chromium oxide (La0.2Ce0.8Zn0.8Cr0.2O3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst, or zinc/lanthanum-cerium-chromium oxide (Zn/La0.2Ce0.8CrO3) honeycomb ceramic catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The complex agent is ammonium citrate or quadrol tetra-acetyl-ammonium citrate. Preferred Definitions:    x,y=0.2-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The heating apparatus is a plastic or metal tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: If the target reaction is a steam reforming reaction, the catalyst comprises nickel/aluminum oxide, ruthenium/zirconium oxide, ruthenium/aluminum oxide, and/or ruthenium/cerium oxide-aluminum oxide. If the target reaction is an exothermic oxidation reaction, the catalyst comprises palladium aluminum oxide, nickel oxide, cupric oxide, cerium oxide, aluminum oxide, rhodium, palladium, and/or platinum. If the target reaction is a water gas shift reaction, the catalyst comprises copper, zinc, iron, chromium, chromium oxide/iron oxide (Fe3O4), platinum/cerium oxide, and/or copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide. If the target reaction is a selective oxidation reaction, the catalyst comprises ruthenium, rhodium, platinum/aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, and/or gold/ferric oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal catalyst comprises Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Fe, Ru, Os, Cu, Ag, Au, and/or Re; and optionally comprises cerium, and/or lanthanum (preferably rhodium, optionally in combination with cerium, and/or lanthanum; especially a rhodium-cerium catalyst). The catalyst is supported by a ceramic or metal support. The ceramic optionally comprises alumina, silica, zirconia, or ceria. The support is in the form of pellets, spheres, grains, mesh, gauze, or foam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid fuel is in the form of a slurry, suspension, gel, or emulsion; and comprises plant biomass, municipal waste biomass, animal biomass, or biodiesel-formation byproduct; and includes a liquid solution comprising an alkyl alcohol, alkyl acid, alkyl ether, alkyl ester, aldehyde, ketone, polyol optionally comprising ethylene glycol or glycerol, vegetable oil, lignin, and/or carbohydrate (preferably a carbohydrate-based fluid fuel comprising starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, monosaccharides, and/or disaccharides); or soybean oil, glycerol, or 8-18C fatty acid or its ester (preferably glycerol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves separating the fatty acid ester product stream in a settling tank to yield fatty acid ester and glycerin; and pre-esterification of the fatty acid feedstream prior to introduction of the fatty acid feedstream into the reaction vessel. Preferred Components: The fatty acid ester comprises fatty acid methyl ester. The fatty acid ester product stream is processed to meet biodiesel standard according to ASTM D 6751; and contains glycerin (0-0.25 wt.%) and sulfur (0-500 parts per million). The fatty acid feedstream is the product of introducing a triglyceride feedstock into a fat splitter to produce a fatty-acid rich feedstream; and contains glycerin (2-10 wt.%). The reaction zone includes an ion exchange resin catalyst with sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid functional groups. The heterogeneous catalyst is present in structured packing. The alcohol is methanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The conductive material is selected from a group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite or carbon black. The reinforcing agent is a carbon fiber or a carbon nanotube. The release agent is a metal stearate. The membranous polymers resin hardening agent is selected from a group consisting of an amines, phenolic or acid anhydride class hardener.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active medium includes 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and/or trifluoroethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average particle diameter of metallic nickel fine particles is 1-20 nm. Preferred Compositions: The content of metallic nickel is 0.1-20 wt.% with respect to catalyst. The metal carbonyl inhibitor catalyst contains 1-50% of clay mineral. Preferred Components: The element of the clay mineral is chosen from ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, vanadium, manganese whose average particle diameter is less than or equal to 50 nm. EXAMPLE - The metal carbonyl inhibitor catalyst was prepared by dissolving ruthenium chloride solutions (1.151 ml) containing magnesium chloride hexahydrate (147.6 g), aluminum chloride hexahydrate (35.06 g), nickel chloride hexahydrate (42.57 g) and ruthenium metal (51 g/L) in metal dissolution solutions (800 ml), preparing alkali mixed solution (1200 ml) in which sodium hydroxide (335 ml) and sodium carbonate (21.54 g) were dissolved, adding mixed solution with magnesium salt, aluminum salt, nickel salt and ruthenium salt to alkali mixed solution, ageing at 95 degrees C for 8 hours which obtained water containing double hydroxide, filter separating, drying which obtained a powder, molding, heating and reducing the powder and nickel catalyst (19.57 wt.%) was acquired.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Units: The column bottom portion has inlet of the mixture of the oil/fat and alcohol, and a column upper portion has a recovery opening of fatty acid ester. The column is expanded bed column-type reactor. Preferred Condition: the reaction pressure is normal pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic compound is nickel compound (preferably nickel nitrate), cerium compound (preferably cerium nitrate) and samarium compound (preferably nitric acid samarium).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound is citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No suitable preparation given. Preferred Definitions:    R2=O, halogen atom or 1-16C aliphatic hydrocarbon group.    ACTIVITY - Insect Repellent; Acaricide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ester compound is chosen from 10 disclosed compounds such as O-cyclopropane carboxylate ester of formula (I), O-isovaleryl acid ester, O-isobutyric acid ester, O-2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)cyclopropane carboxylate ester, and O-1-(4-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-butene-1-one.    EXAMPLE - Cyclopropane carboxylic acid chloride (in mM) (63.9) was added to 1-phenyl-4-hydroxy-2-butene-1-one (61.7), and toluene (200 ml) suspension liquid of triethylamine (64.6) was added under ice-cooling. After 2 hours, distilled water (50 ml) was added at room temperature and the reaction was stopped. The organic layer was fractionated and washed one by one by saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution (50 ml) and saturated salt solution (50 ml). The solvent was distilled off and the organic layer was pressure reduced after drying with anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The obtained residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography to obtain O-cyclopropane carboxylate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst contains calcium methoxide with surface area more than 40 m2/g obtained by reacting the raw material in methanol and refluxing. The catalyst is a composite material which consists of calcium methoxide or calcium diglyceroxide covered by a carrier substance. The carrier substance is a carbonaceous material. Calcium acetate, calcium nitrate, or calcium hydroxide is fixed into the carrier substance by impregnating with aqueous solution or alcohol solution. Preferred Method: Before reacting the calcium oxide with the methanol solution it is first hydrated with water. The raw material is reacted with methanol instead of the methanol solution. The composite body is formed by preparing a water slurry of the carrier substance and calcium hydroxide, blowing in carbon dioxide gas into the slurry which precipitates calcium carbonate in thickness of 2.5 mu m on the carrier substance surface, removing from the slurry the composite material covered with calcium carbonate, baking the composite material in inert gas atmosphere forming composite material covered with calcium oxide and forming composite material covered with calcium methoxide or calcium diglyceroxide by reacting under methanol, vegetable oil and methanol, or methanol solution of glycerin and refluxing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The solid fuel is manufactured using a solid microbe containing enzyme chosen from alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose 6 phosphoric-acid dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate beta -semialdehyde and NADP oxide reductase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, aspartic acid semialdehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione dehydrogenase, ethanolamine phosphate cytidylyltransferase, trehalose phosphatase, metal thio phospho glycerate phosphatase, inulase, beta -mannosidase, uridine nucleosidase, cytosine deaminase, methylcysteine synthetase, aspartic acid synthetase, succinic-acid dehydrogenase, aconitine acid hydrogenase, fumarate hydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, citric-acid synthetase, isocitric-acid dehydrogenase, monoamine oxyductase, histaminase, pyruvate decarboxylase, nucleotide pyro phosphatase, end poly phosphatase, ATP phosphor hydrolase and orotidine 5 decarboxylase phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of low heat component, high heating value bond component and quantity increase component is 30-40%, 15-20% and 40-60%, respectively. Preferred Method: The organic waste is subjected to deodorizing drying, compression molding and solidification. The calorie and moisture content are adjusted to 3300-3800 kcal/kg and 15% or less, respectively. The organic waste contains excrements of livestock farming, agricultural waste, fisheries waste material and foodstuff industry waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal cation which forms metal tropolene complex is chosen from copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum or transition metal group. The interlayer support of metal tropolene complex is swelling mica of nature or synthetic layered clay mineral chosen from montmorillonite, beidillite, nontronite, saponite, hectorite, smectite group mineral clay of stevensite, vermiculite, mica clay mineral or fluorinated mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic ligand which forms metal tropolene complex is chosen from hinokitiol, beta -dolabrin, alpha -thujaplicin, gamma -thujaplicin, or 4-acetyltropolene. ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - The antimicrobial antimold material was manufactured by preparing montmorillonite sol (1-2 wt.%), mixing hinokitiol ethanol solution with copper chloride dihydrate aqueous solution which obtains yellow green copper hinokitiol complex, stirring the mixture for 48 hours at 40 degrees C, washing the obtained product by deionized water and drying by electrodessication at 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Moisture content is replenished. The heated container is cooled using a cooling medium ejected from a circulation pipe in a cooling chamber divided with stainless-steel plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The vegetable materials are renewable raw materials in the form of hard fiber, sisal, henequen, manila, Phormium, esparto or fruit fiber, cocos, kapok or fique, preferably 95-99 wt.% of coconut fruit and coconut peat. The animal materials are preferably animal flour (1-5 wt.%). (I) contains additional functional materials. The solid material component completely or partially comprises vegetable and animal waste products. The material components are arranged in a random or specific order. The vegetable waste products are coconut fruit and coconut peat (95-99 wt.%). EXAMPLE - Typical biogenous energy source comprised of (in %): coconut fiber peat (95); gelatin meal (5); ash content (less than 1.5); and water (less than 10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell membrane electrode unit either comprises the electrode of the ionic liquid and/or the membrane, optionally in combination with the protonic acid, preferably phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid contains at least a perfluoroalkyl group of formula (CnF2n+1), preferably a trifluoromethyl or pentafluoroethyl group. The ionic liquid comprises compounds from (I)-(V).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The porous membrane matrices of the fuel cell membrane are directly treated with electrolytes or in a solution containing an organic solvent, and the solvent is subsequently evaporated to form self-bearing film. The porous membrane matrices are polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene and/or polyethyleneterephthalate based system or oxide, preferably nanoparticular systems. The above compounds are contained in the porous carrier by evacuation/ventilation cycle, where the membrane sample is evacuated repeatedly and alternatively and with a solution containing the compounds, such that all the gas residues in the pores are removed. The framework of the porous matrix is charged with the above compounds in a concentrated solution and in a high pressure autoclave. Preferred Components: The above compounds are impregnated preferably in basic polymer or polymer matrix, optionally with other liquid electrolyte, preferably phosphoric acid. The basic polymer is polybenzimidazole, poly(pyridine), poly(pyrimidine), polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polyquinoxaline, polythiadiazole or poly(tetrazapyrene). A porous fleece functions as a porous carrier, whose lower portion contains an evacuated filter frit, where above compounds are applied on the filter frit. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The corrosion propelling and degrading microbial inoculums are Pseudomonas hydrolyzed fat bacterium, Actinomycetales or Bacillus hydrolyzed amylomyces, Bacillus hydrolyzed stravidin, Candida hydrolyzed hemi-cellulose, Aspergillus hydrolyzed pectin bacterium or Lactobacillus. The fire-resistant corrosion propelling and degrading microbial inoculums are Bacillus fire-resistant albumen degrading bacterium, Aspergillus fire-resistant hemi-cellulose degrading bacterium, penicillium or Trichoderma fire-resistant hemi-cellulose degrading bacterium. The hemi-cellulose, cellulose and Trichoderma corrosion propelling and degrading microbial inoculums are Aspergillus hemi-cellulose degrading bacterium, penicillium or Trichoderma cellulose degrading bacterium, lignin degrading bacterium of white rot bacterium or brown rot bacterium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Weed: The weed propagulum soil is soil with dicotyledonous weed. The dicotyledonous weed is Amaranth, purslane, Chenopodium album, Calystegia hederacea or Amaranth with narrow leaf. Preferred Composition: The weed propagulum and dunghill ground substance is in weight ratio of 0.5-1:1000, preferably 0.7-1:1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The multihole draining vertical current artificial wet land bed also comprises stroma lamella. The grown aquatic or terrestrial plant is floral leaf canna, hyacinth, cress, Iris pseudacaorus, Pontederia cordata, Lythrum, grass-leaved sweetflag, common rush, common rush, Typha, Scirpus, bulrush, paddy, Scirpus tabernaemontani, Nymphoides peltatum, or sedge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multihole draining vertical current artificial wet land bed comprises layer of gravel and sandy soil. The level undercurrent artificial wet land bed is filled with zeolite, limestone, quartz sand, blast furnace slag, steel Slag, cinder, glass carbon, fly ash, and/or shale.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Bed body of assembled wet land unit is made of glass fiber reinforced plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The high silicon zeolite comprises ZSM-5(RTM: aluminosilicate zeolite). Preferred Concentration: The mole ratio of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide of high silicon zeolite is 50-500 (preferably 180-300).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of methanol and tert-butyl alcohol is 1:1-0.25 and weight ratio methyl tert-butyl ether ether and isopropyl ether is 3:1-0.5.The additive comprises (wt.%): isobutyl alcohol (2-5); lacquer solvent mixed with dimethylbenzene (1-2.5); and burning-rate accelerator carbonic acid dipropionic acid silicon (0.01).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The manganese catalyst is manganese metal, manganous oxide, manganese dioxide, manganous-manganic oxide, manganous nitrate, manganese sulfate, manganese carbonate, manganese chloride, and/or ammonium manganous sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The rhizomatic turf is Poa pratensis or Zoysia japonica. Preferred Method: The fertilizer contains rice hull, deciduous leaf of plant, straw fertilizer and feces of livestock and poultry, where the fertilizer is used at a rate of 1-1.5 kg/m2, or applying agricultural triple compound fertilizer consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, with nutrient content greater than or equal to 45% with fertilizer rate from 50-100 g/m2. The covering soil is yellow sand, boiler ash, sludge or processed domestic garbage dust. The method involves shoveling the uneven rest bank after the taking the turf. The zero tillage regenerative turf is bare land or greenhouse cultivation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alcohol ether fuel is made by mixing 80 parts methanol and 20 parts ethanol: methanol (0.12, preferably 0.1); ethanol (0.4, preferably 0.2); isopropyl alcohol (0.31, preferably 0.1); isobutyl alcohol (2, preferably 1.2); dimethyl ketone (1, preferably 0.2); n-pentane (0.2, preferably 0.1); dimepropyl (0.1); cyclopentane (0.1); 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (0.1, preferably 0.02); nitromethane (0.1 or 0.34); terebinth (0.1 or 1.6); cyclopentadiene (0.03, preferably 0.02); polyisobutylene (0.02 or 0.03); propylene diamine (0.04 or 0.06); formic ether methyl formate (0.02 or 0.1); carbonic acid dimethyl ester (0.02 or 0.1); condensate oil (9.6, preferably 0.12); naphtha (0.12 or 7.3); diiso-propyl ether (1.2 or 1.6) dimethoxy methane (1.2 or 3); petroleum ether (1.3, preferably 1.2); tert-amyl methyl ether (1.6 or 2); lauryl phenol polyoxide divinylether (0.06); antistatic agent SN (0.02); coconut oil alkyl amide (0.06); metal corrosion inhibitor (0.06), rubberplastic rubber swelling inhibitor (0.06, preferably 0.02); and antioxidant NS-Q1 (0.06).
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid component of the 2-ethylhexyl esters (b) consists mainly of saturated fatty acids, preferably approximately half 16C acids and half 18C acids, especially 47 vol. % palmitic acid (16C saturated), 6 vol. % octadecanoic acid (18C saturated) and 44 vol. % oleic acid (18C mono-unsaturated). The acids are specifically derived from palm oil. The alkanes (a) have 10-13C. (I) contains 20-30 (especially 27) vol. % water (c). The water is emulsified using ionic and/or nonionic surfactants, and is preferably present in microemulsion and/or colloidal dispersion form. EXAMPLE - A fuel comprising 18 vol. % emulsified water, 15 vol. % fatty acid 2-ethylhexyl esters and 67 vol. % 10-16C alkane had density and 845 kg/m3, and on combustion showed a 50% reduction in soot emission and a 10-20% reduction in nitrogen oxide emission compared with conventional fuels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The livestock excrement is cattle feces, pig feces or hen droppings. The anti-microbial agent is in form of liquid, fine particle or gel obtained using agent in liquid form and water absorption gelatinizer, gelatin or agar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is gel-form resin such as silicon gel with 1/4 concentration of 10-200 at 25 degrees C, hardenable silicon with liquid viscosity of 500-10000 MPa.seconds at 25 degrees C, preferably 800-3000 MPa.seconds. Preferred Properties: The content of resin is 0.1-50 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of resin and a hydrogen-absorbing alloy powder. The volume ratio of hydrogen-adsorbing alloy powder to the inner volume of the container (D) is preferably 50-70%. The ratio of the strain ( alpha (200)) generated on the surface of the wall of the hydrogen storage container (E) and the strain ( alpha (50)) generated on the surface of the wall of the hydrogen storage container (E) is 1.4 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is a hypercrosslinked microporous styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer resin. Preferred Process: The fermentative production of butanol involves fermenting a microorganism that is capable of producing butanol in a fermentation medium. The hypercrosslinked microporous resin is separated from the aqueous medium, and the butanol is desorbed from the hypercrosslinked microporous resin by heating at boiling point of butanol. Preferred Medium: The aqueous medium is fermentation medium. Preferred Property: The hypercrosslinked resin has an inner surface area of 700 m2/g or more, a pore size of 10-50A, and pore volume of 0.4-1 cm3/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The ultraviolet ray is emitted from an irradiation source that is positioned at a distance from the mixture. The decomposition of organic pollutant further involves measuring concentration of the organic pollutant in the mixture, before and after exposing to ultraviolet ray, and soaking the membrane or sheet in magnesium nitrate solution at room temperature for 0.1-15 hours, drying the membrane or sheet at room temperature, and heating the dried membrane or sheet in air at 25-300 degrees C for 0.5-5 hours. The plurality of titanium oxide-containing macro-sized nanostructure is provided in the form of a membrane or a sheet. The exposure of ultraviolet ray is carried out for 1-60 minutes. Preferred Properties: The amount of organic pollutant decomposed (R) is 0-1, calculated using formula R=(1-Ct/Co) measured by ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, where Co and Ct are the measured concentration of the organic pollutant in the mixture before and after ultraviolet exposition. The ultraviolet ray has wavelength of 250-400 nm. Preferred Composition: The organic pollutant comprises a plurality of nerve agent or nerve agent stimulant comprising diethyl phenylthiomethylphosphonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The separator is a settling tank or centrifugal separator. The mixer is high shear mixer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is alkali catalyst, preferably sodium methylate, potassium methylate, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The crude transestesterified product is mixed with an additionally lower alkyl alcohol in the presence of an additional catalyst in mixer (24) under high shear condition to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture formed is heated in heater (26) at 50-70 degrees C and transesterified to form a crude transestesterified product and glycerol with overall conversion rate of at least 99%. The obtained crude product is neutralized and heated with water to remove the impurities. The crude product is further subjected to phase separation and dried to obtain the biodiesel. The neutralization is performed in a mixer (34) under high shear condition by mixing the crude product intensively with strong acid or strong acid complex chosen from phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and citric acid. The separation of glycerol is carried out in a separator (30) which allows continuous removal of glycerol. Preferred Composition: The triglyceride is naturally occurring vegetable oil or animal fats, palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, rapeseed oil, canola, Jatropha oil or soybean oil. The lower alkyl alcohol is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fatty acid derivative is soap. The monohydric alcohol is 1-6C monohydric alcohol. The homogeneous catalyst is a basic homogeneous catalyst or acidic homogeneous catalyst. Preferred Composition: The feed comprises an ester of fatty acid and glycerin, and at least one free fatty acid. The stream depleted in homogeneous catalyst and monohydric alcohol comprises glycerol and monoalkyl ester. The purified stream contains monoalkyl ester (in weight%) (98). The purified stream comprises monoalkyl ester containing glycerol (1) and sulfated ash (0.5) based on ASTM D874. Preferred Process: A portion of monohydric alcohol is removed from the stream depleted in the homogeneous catalyst, when weight ratio of homogeneous catalyst in stream depleted in the homogeneous catalyst to homogeneous catalyst in the reaction mixture is less than or equal to 30 weight%. A portion of alcohol is removed by evaporation. The stream depleted in homogeneous catalyst and monohydric alcohol is separated into a phase rich in glycerol and a phase depleted in glycerol. The phase depleted in glycerol is subjected to purification to obtain a purified stream comprising monoalkyl ester. The purification process is carried out by electrodialysis process (e2), ionic exchange resin treatment process, alcohol removal process and water-wash process. The ionic exchange resin treatment process is conducted in an ionic exchange resin bed. The stream depleted in the homogeneous catalyst is separated into a phase rich in glycerol and a phase depleted in glycerol, when weight ratio of homogeneous catalyst in the stream depleted in the homogeneous catalyst to homogeneous catalyst in the reaction mixture is 10 weight%. The separation process is performed with respect to density.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ion exchange resin contains hydrogen-form cationic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The salt comprises ammonium and potassium salts in a nitrogen to potassium weight ratio of 1:20-20:1. The antimicrobial agent is potassium sorbate. The performance-enhancing additive is ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride or magnesium nitrate. The color-stabilizing additive is a sodium or potassium salt of citric acid or sodium or potassium sulfite, bisulfite or metabisulfite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the salt of abscisic acid analog comprises reacting the abscisic acid analog with a base e.g. ammonia, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide, in aqueous solution. Preferred Components: The salt is ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium or an organic amine salt containing one or two nitrogen atoms. The organic amine salt is the triethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine or ethanolamine salt. The composition comprises (S)-(+)-abscisic acid (at least 2 wt.%, or 5-45 wt.%) as the ammonium salt, and potassium sorbate (0.1-0.5 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The method further involves using microorganism such as salt-tolerant yeast, salt-tolerant lactic acid bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, sulfur bacteria, methane-oxidizing bacteria, sulfur reduction bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. The Bacillus is preferably B.subtilis, B.natto and B.megaterium. The Lactobacillus is preferably L.acidophillus, L.plantarum, L.brevis and L.casei. The Streptococcus is preferably S.faecalis, S.lactis and S.thermophillus. The Saccharomyces is preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Candida is preferably C.utilis. The Pichia is preferably P.membranaefacience. The fermentation substrate further contains calcium salt, starch and mineral. The fermentation substrate contains (in weight%) rice bran (20-50), palm oil residue (20-50), diatomaceous earth (10-20), starch (2-5) and calcium or mineral (20-50). The biomass is palm oil residue, sugarcane residue, residue after grain harvesting, waste material, excrement of livestock and residue of fruit, fibers and grain. The method involves adding microorganism containing composition for biomass saccharification during the preparation or preservation of biomass. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Additives: (I) are as defined for (I'), and are used in (A) in amounts of 10-10000 ppm by weight. Preferred Definitions:    R1 - R6 = H, 1-22C alkyl, 5-6C cycloalkyl or 1-21C alkylcarbonyl, at least one is 5-30C (sic) alkyl, 5-6C cycloalkyl or 4-29C (sic) alkylcarbonyl or (ii) all are H;    A1 - A3 = 2-3C alkylene;    n = 0 or 1.    Alternatively:    R1 - R6 = H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 44 amines (I) is disclosed, e.g. tetraethylene pentamine (NH2(CH2CH2NH)4H) (Ia), N-(aminopropyl)-N'-methyl-piperazine, N-aminopropyl-coconut amine, N-oleyl-1,3-propylene diamine and 4-(2-aminoethyl)-imidazole.    EXAMPLE - In rancidity tests (Euro-Norm 14 112), the induction time for commercial biodiesel comprising rape oil methyl ester was 13.3 hours in presence of 200 ppm (by weight) of tetraethylene pentamine (Ia), compared with 6.3 hours in the absence of antioxidants and 7.5 hours in presence of 200 ppm (by weight) of the prior art antioxidant butyl hydroxytoluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Producing isoprene hydrocarbons in a microorganism comprising microalgae, cyanobacteria or photosynthetic bacteria comprises: (1) introducing an expression cassette that comprises a nucleic acid encoding isoprene synthase into the microorganism; and (2) culturing the microorganism under conditions in which the nucleic acid encoding isoprene synthase is expressed. The microorganism is a microalga that is a green alga. The green alga is Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella vulgaris or Dunaliella salina. The microorganism is a cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterium is Synechocystis sp. The microorganism is a photosynthetic bacterium. The photosynthetic bacterium is Rhodospirillum rubrum. The nucleic acid encodes an isoprene synthase that comprises amino acid residues 53-595 of SEQ ID NO: 2. Producing isoprene hydrocarbons in a microorganism that comprises a heterologous nucleic acid that encodes isoprene synthase and that is microalgae, cyanobacteria, photosynthetic bacteria or non-photosynthetic bacteria comprises mass-culturing the microorganism in an enclosed bioreactor under conditions in which the isoprene synthase gene is expressed; and harvesting volatile isoprene hydrocarbons produced by the microorganism. The microorganism is a cyanobacterium. The cyanobacterium is Synechocystis sp. The microorganism is a photosynthetic bacterium. The photosynthetic bacterium is Rhodospirillum rubrum. The microorganism is a non-photosynthetic bacterium. The non-photosynthetic bacterium is Escherichia coli. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen adsorption layer comprises an oxide containing element(s) selected from tantalum, niobium, titanium, nickel, zirconium, or lanthanum series metals; and further comprises carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triglycerides of a vegetable oil are rapeseed oil, soybean oil (preferred), peanut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, tall oil, canola oil, linseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, jatropha oil, crab oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower, or triolein. The oxygenate has a flashpoint of more than 38 degrees C. The oxygenate is n-butanol, n-octanol (both preferred), n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-nonanol or n-decanol, a ketone such as 2-ocatanone or long chain fatty acid ester such as methyl cis-9-octadecenoate. The terpenoid is limonene. The sulfur content of the diesel fuel is less than 50 ppm by weight. Preferred Process: (I) further comprises 0-7 wt.% with respect to the total weight concentration of the triglycerides of a vegetable oil of a terpenoid. EXAMPLE - D-2 grade diesel fuel (80 wt.%) was added to a vegetable oil (soybean oil) (16 wt.%) and an oxygenate material (n-octanol) (4 wt.%) with respect to the weight of the soybean oil. The fuel composition was mixed and stirred to give the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first gas component is carbon dioxide. Preferred Property: The characteristic size of the SAPO-34 crystals is greater than or equal to the average pore size of the support, and is 0.25-5 (preferably 0.5-1) mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first templating agent is a quaternary organic ammonium templating agent, preferably tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). The second templating agent is an amine, preferably dipropylamine (DPA). The second gas component is methane. The gel composition comprises 1.0Al2O3:aP2O5:bSiO2:cR1:dR2:eH2O.R1=quaternary organic ammonium templating agent;R2=small amine;a=0.6-1.4, preferably 0.6-1;b=0.2-0.8, preferably 0.2-0.6;c, d=1-4, preferably 1-2; ande=50-100, preferably 70-80.Preferred Property: The CO2/CH4 separation selectivity is greater than 130 for an equimolar CO2/CH4 mixture at 295 degrees K with a feed pressure of 222 kPa and with a pressure differential across the membrane of 138 kPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: The current density is 0.60-1.25 amps/square foot. The temperature is 80-130 degrees F, preferably 90-120 degrees F. The electrodes are separated by a distance of 0.6-1.4 inches, preferably 0.75-1.25 inches. The voltage across electrodes is 2-5 volts. The volume of electrodes is 0.5-10 vol.%, preferably 1-5 vol.%, of the interior of digester. The ratio of total effective surface area of the electrodes to the total volume of the digester is 3-30, preferably 5-20. The ratio is 7.5-12.5. The space velocity of sewage sludge is 0.05-0.2/day, preferably 0.09-0.13/day. Preferred Process: Sludge within the digester is recycled within digester to prevent settling. The temperature of sewage sludge within the digester is sensed and steps are taken to maintain that temperature within the desired range. A portion of fresh sewage sludge is introduced into the digester intermittently or continuously, and a portion of processed sewage sludge is removed from the digester from time to time, intermittently or continuously. Hydrogen is purified and distributed as an end product. Preferred Arrangement: The cathodes and anodes are disposed in rows spaced equidistant from one another, both surfaces of each cathode and electrode facing an electrode of the opposite polarity, except for the outside rows of cathodes. The digester is a batch digester.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises aluminum, and the anode comprises graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction mixture also comprises source of fluoride ions. The trivalent element X is boron, iron, indium, gallium, and/or aluminum. The tetravalent element Y is tin, titanium, or preferably silicon or silicon and germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic directing agent is 1,2,4,6-tetramethylpyridinium compound, preferably 1,2,4,6-tetramethylpyridinium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 1,2,4,6-tetramethylpyridinium hydroxide (TMPy) solution and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) was shaken at room temperature for 3 days to allow hydrolysis of TEOS. Hydrofluoric acid (HF) (48%) was added to the mixture. The mixture was shaken vigorously and evaporation of solvents (ethanol and water) resulted. Evaporation was stopped when the final mixture composition was 0.86TMPy:0.5HF:1SiO2:5H2O. The mixture (10 g) was sealed in Teflon(RTM: PTFE)-lined autoclave, and heated in oven at 170 degrees C while tumbling at 40 rpm. The autoclave was cooled after 14 days. The solid product was centrifuged, washed with deionized water five times, and dried in vacuum oven at 60 degrees C. The product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction indicating that it was ITQ-12. The product was calcined in air at 650 degrees C for 20 hours to obtain white product. The XRD patterns of as-produced and calcined products showed good agreement with the peak positions and intensities reported for ITQ-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves cooling the smoke ejected from oven with and collecting the condensed liquid. The occlusion water is chosen from timber, chaff, zone information protocol, sawdust, excelsior and/or their mixtures. The timber is pulverized into 1-5 cm size. The method further involves adding soil (30-100 weight parts).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The smoke ejected from the smoke exhaust pipe is condensed in the condenser and the lipid is stored in the reservoir. The apparatus comprises thermometer for measuring the inner temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The humic acid potassium (water-soluble) (in weight%) (35-55), elvan (10-15), yellow soil (10-15), rice bran (10-15), calcium hydroxide (10-15) and vermiculite (5-10) are blended and provided in the form of powder or particle. ACTIVITY - Herbicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - 100-150 kg/300 acre of weed control agent is dispersed on paddy.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous material has pore diameter of 2 nm or less and pore volume of less than 0.3 cm3/g. The hydrogen absorbent contains carbon material obtained by removing the porous material. The carbon material has pore diameter of 1 plus minus 0.5 nm and pore volume of more than 0.8 cm3/g. The hydrogen absorbent is further pulverized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The control unit controls the temperature of the modifier to 350-375 degrees C, supplies fuel or water to the modifier, and reduces the flow rate of air supply to the combustor. Preferred Layer: The fuel reformer further has a porous layer formed of alumina on surface of the channel, and radiation suppression layer provided between interval portion and the combustor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal catalyst contains palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride contains magnesium, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, aluminum, stainless steel and/or carbon system material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The refiner has two or more towers of adsorption agent filling tank (37) filled with adsorption agent (38). The sewage gas and ozone gas are mixed and supplied to upstream of adsorption agent by a spraying sprinkler. Ozone water is sprinkled from upper direction, and sewage gas is introduced from downward direction. The refiner further has an ozone treatment tank having a water supply port, a water absorption tank having water supply port, and water regeneration processing tank linked to absorption tank and having ozone gas supply port. A fixed quantity of water is stored in ozone treatment tank, and sewage gas and ozone gas are introduced. The hydrogen sulfide and organosilicon compound are removed in liquid phase. Water from water regeneration processing tank is sent to water absorption tank, and water is absorbed with generated gas. The absorption water is reacted with ozone gas. The adsorption agent is provided in liquid phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: Organic matter in the compost fermentation tank is divided into high-temperature zone (h), medium-temperature zone (m), and low-temperature zone (l).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: Spore forming bacteria is clostridium sp.KD13 (FERM P-21115). Substance to be cleaned is volatile organic compound. Spore is contained in powder, suspension liquid, pellet or gel. The nutrient contains germination inducer which may be L- alanine, asparagine, glucose and/or fructose. Preferred Process: Spore which reached the contaminated region is added with nutrient then heated. Oxygen amount in gaseous phase or liquid phase is reduced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The waste disposal system is provided with a heat exchanger (90) which heats the non-liquefied gas which recovers heat of waste gas coming out from the catalytic converter. The heat exchanger has a casing (91) which guides waste gas, an energy-storage rotor (92) stored and rotated in the casing, and holes which allow the non-liquefied gas and waste gas to pass on energy-storage rotor. A heater layer for pre-heating gas which heats the non-liquefied gas introduced into the catalytic converter is provided. When the temperature of the non-liquefied gas coming out of the heat exchanger is lower than preset value, the heater layer heats the non-liquefied gas. A gas backflow-prevention device (80) for non-liquefied gas coming out of the thermal decomposition apparatus is provided. A blower (51) for gas suction which sends the non-liquefied gas coming out of the gas backflow-prevention device to the catalytic converter is provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The elution is carried out using solvent containing 50% 2-propanol and 2% ammonium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The synthetic adsorbent material is an aromatic resin of formula (I). The synthetic adsorbent material is preferably DIAION HP20 (RTM: Not defined). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst composite component has linear expansion coefficient of (-)50-50 mu mx m-1 degrees C-1. Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst layer is coated with catalyst slurry. The catalyst slurry contains platinum carrying carbon powder, ionomer, and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: the thermal decomposition apparatus is a tank type thermal decomposition apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The acid-producing microbe is a bacteria from a bacteria group which produces substance which is lactic acid, acetic acid or butyric acid. The bacteria group is acetic acid bacteria, butyric acid bacteria or lactic acid bacteria from Leuconostoc genus, Pediococcus genus, Streptococcusgenus, Lactobacillus genus, Melisscoccus genus, Enterococcus genus, Lactococcus genus, Carnobacterium genus, Vagococcus genus, Tetragenococcus genus, Atopobium genus, Weissella genus, Lactosphaera genus, Oenococcus genus, Abiotrophia genus, Paralactobacillus genus, Granulicatella genus, Atopobactor genus, Alkalibacterium genus, Olsenella genus, Acetobacter genus or Clostridium genus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - preferred Components: The bio-oil is marine oil contains heavy metals. The bio-oil forms up to 10 wt.% of components added to FCC unit. The marine oil is used without pretreatment. The bio-naphtha fraction forms at least 40 wt.% of cracked material. The bio-LPG fraction forms at least 10 wt% of the cracked material. The bio-LPG fiaction is alkylated. At least 50 wt.% of bio-oil containing feed is converted to biogasoline components. Use of marine oil to form biogasoline. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The calcium oxide is used immediately or separately for absorbing and chemically setting in the form of calcium carbonate, the carbon dioxide resulting from the utilization of carbohydrogenated products. The absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by calcium oxide is done by a natural hydration or artificial hydration of calcium oxide into calcium hydroxide. The artificial hydration is implemented with excess water with respect to the stoichiometry leading to the calcium hydroxide, the quantity of water is further sufficient to ensure the runnability of the hydrated mixture. The hydrated calcium oxide is subjected, either naturally by spreading, or in a contactor device by using the action of air containing carbon dioxide of which the whole or fraction is transformed into calcium carbonate. The pH of the liquid solution in the contactor device, is maintained at a value greater than 9 (preferably 9.5-11), by adjusting the atmospheric air flow, hydrated calcium oxide and water. The obtained calcium carbonate is recycled for being partially or totally thermal decomposed carbonate at the starting of the process. A fraction of the carbon dioxide derived from the thermal decomposition of the calcium carbonate, is electrically heated to ensure the supply of thermal energy for the decomposition. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The transporting screws are endless screws, mounted in parallel in the converter and driven by a reducing motor. The support has a gas space (4), formed by the support walls (1a, 1b) and converter walls, for movement of the combustion gas. The gas space has baffles (preferably of heat-resistant steel), fixed alternately to upper frame wall (1a), converter walls, lower frame wall (1b) and converter walls. The parts (2a, 2b) of the converter are interconnected by a removable conduit. The biomass in the converter and the gas in the gas space flow in countercurrent. The support (or its internal wall) is of refractory insulating bricks. The pyrolysis gas is recycled using a gas collector in the converter, and the combustion gas is circulated via an inlet (6) in the lower support wall and an outlet in the upper support wall. The biomass supply system comprises a funnel upstream of a feed conduction containing at least one endless screw, optionally connected to a mill. Combustion of the pyrolysis gas is carried out in a burner. The combustion gas is evacuated via a flue, optionally having a heat exchanger. A cooler for the carbonized product is optionally included.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide is removed from (I) before it is used in the WGS reaction, or carbon monoxide may be removed from (I) and used in the WGS reaction, or hydrogen or both CO and H2 may be removed from (I) before (I) is used in the WGS reaction. Hydrogen is separated from the products of the WGS reaction and used as feed material in a process for consumption of hydrogen within the plant, as feed material in the inlet zone of the steam dealkylation unit and/or as a pure product for use outside the plant. Carbon dioxide is separated from the products of the WGS reaction and used as a pure product outside the plant. Methane and other lower alkanes are separated from the WGS products and used for combustion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves culturing S.cerevisiae strain DX213 in culture medium, where the culture medium is potato culture medium for 1-3 days at 25-45 degrees C. The solid alkali is chosen from hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite-like, nanometer calcium carbonate, and gamma -aluminum oxide, and the loaded type of solid alkali is hydrotalcite, hydrotalcite-like, nanometer calcium carbonate, and gamma -aluminum oxide loaded with potassium fluoride, calcium fluoride, zinc fluoride and sodium fluoride. The ultrasonic wave radiant power of the ultrasonic reactor is 50-1000 W, ratio is 0.4-1.0, ultrasonic frequency is 15-40 kHz and stirring speed is 200-1000 rpm. The method involves reacting conditions of ester condition at 35-55 degrees C for 0.5-3 hours and dosage of immobilized S.cerevisiae cell catalyst is 0.8-2% of the net weight of plant oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Device: The hydrolysis acidification pool or cess-pool is equipped before the system as pre-treatment unit. The wind-draught thick pipe and thin pipe whose upper openings are connected with outside air are further equipped in the system, lower opening of the wind-draught thick pipe is connected with through-hole aeration pipe being buried in bottom of the sandy clay layer, while lower opening of the wind-draught thin pipe is connected with through-hole aeration pipe being buried on the water conductive layer, the through hole aeration pipes are wrapped by gravels for avoiding blockage and geotextiles. The reinforced water distribution materials are displaced at lower side and two lateral sides of the deep level water distributor. The impervious layer is equipped at underneath of the water conductive layer. Preferred Components: The plants are vegetables or cash crops with development of root lines. The artificial soil layer is made up of Doras, sands and carbon-rich organic matters. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the surface layer soil layer is 20-40 cm, artificial soil layer is 30-50 cm, sandy clay layer is 15-25 cm and water conductive layer is 5-15 cm. The volume ratio of Doras, carbon-rich organic matters and sands in the artificial soil layer is (3:3:1)-(10:4:1), organic matter content in the artificial soil layer is 2-4%, carbon/nitrogen ratio is 14-35. The depth of the surface layer water distributor is 20-35 cm, while depth of the deep level water distributor is 55-75 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameters: Air used as aeration is sent to the aerobic jar and membrane bioreactor through a fan. Treatment mode to the biogas after deodorization is to be collected as the fuel or is directly burned and discharged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The beef extract-peptone culture medium comprises (g/L) beef extract (1-10), peptone (5-20), sodium chloride (1-10), agar (10-30) and water; or beef extract (1-10), peptone (5-20), sodium chloride (1-10) and water. The solid culture medium comprises solid base material (30-50%) and water (balance). Preferred Properties: The beef extract-peptone culture medium has a pH of 7.2-7.4. Preferred Components: The solid base material is bran, rice bran, bean cake powder, wheat flour, barley flour, Indian meal, rice meal, or a mixture of any two of these materials at a ratio of 1:2-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method preferably involves using waste water with balanced nutritional ingredients, as culture medium and carrying out seed culture, using organic waste water of high concentration, as main culture medium and carrying out liquid culture, mixing waste water which is cultured by liquid and waste biological medium and carrying out solid fermentation, drying fermented products, adding stabilizer and auxiliary agents, and packing or using for farm soil directly. ACTIVITY - Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: Low concentration heavy metal sulfate solution treatment through microbial method comprises: (a) adding nutrient material from industrial waste water as nutrient substrate; (b) decomposing macro-molecular organic substance into its subunits consumable by sulfate reducing bacteria using combined anaerobic bacteria with acid-producing bacteria; (c) generating sulfurated hydrogen from sulfate reducing bacteria involving combined bacteria with sulfate reducing bacteria as the main microbes assisted by facultative anaerobe; and (d) selective deposition of copper ion; and (e) selective deposition of metallic sulfide as nickel, cobalt etc., after enrichment separation of the metallic sulfide, utilizing traditional methods for extracting the valent metal, putting the upper layer clear liquid rich in sulfate radical into the sulfurated hydrogen generator. Alternatively, the process may also comprise: (a) placing the sulfurated hydrogen gas and exit liquid in sulfurated hydrogen reactor into the deposition reactor when the total sulfide concentration produced in the second part is higher than 300 mg/L; (b) controlling flow speed; (c) adjusting pH level; (d) performing the selective deposition of metallic sulfide; and (e) controlling the pH level of the whole process at 1-9. Preferred Conditions: The raw material liquid in the liquid storing jar needs magnetic stirring, controlling the temperature at 25-40 centigrade, controlling the flow speed at 0.2-2ml/min, putting it into the acid-producing ferment generator through the peristaltic pump. Preferred Device: Generating sulfurated hydrogen from sulfate reducing bacteria is performed in a reactor filled with porous materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The low concentration heavy metal sulfate solution is from waste water produced in chemical environment fields such as acidic mine, galvanization, and tannery etc.
ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Fungicide; Nematocide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves reducing the oil content in the sludge to less than 3000 mg/kg according to national standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substrate powder is wooden cellulose powder comprising sugarcane, rice hull and/or straw. Preferred Property: The substrate powder is 80-100 meshes, preferably 90 meshes. Preferred Composition: The solid-to-liquid ratio of the substrate powder and water is 1:35-45, preferably 1:40. Preferred Condition: The microwave power using during treating process is 700-900 W, preferably 800 W. The heating time of the microwave processor is 35-50 minutes, preferably 40 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Condition: The pH value of the water during microbiological aerobic treatment is maintained within 6.5-8. The microbiological aerobic treatment is carried out in microbiological reaction tank comprising activated sludge or aerobic fluidized bed. The water is subjected to microbiological aerobic treatment, sterilization and then filtered using a membrane. The microbiological aerobic treatment further includes microorganisms such as Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bacillus licheniformis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas and liquid compound produced in the diaphragm electrolytic tank are separated by oxygen separator and deuterium gas separator, and the separated electrolyte is sent into diaphragm electrolytic tank for reuse. When the electrolyte concentration reaches 35-45%, electrolyzing is stopped and the electrolyte is sent into no-diaphragm electrolytic tank for re-use.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The absorbing temperature and pressure of initial stage and secondary stage absorption tower is 0-60 degrees C and 0.01-1 MPa, respectively. The temperature and pressure of absorption stripping process is 0-200 degrees C and 0.01-1 MPa, respectively. The absorption stripping time is 1-6 hours. Preferred Composition: The ratio of silicon and aluminum in Y-shaped molecular sieve is 1:0.1-9. The modified molecular sieve of secondary stage absorption tower has aperture of 3-5 A. The butane isomer contains 40-90% of isobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The animal oil or vegetable oil is purified using aluminum sulfate. The purified animal oil or vegetable oil is esterified using methanol and sodium methoxide, to obtain rough monoester, and the obtained rough monoester is fractionated. The fractionation of rough monoester is carried out by adding rough monoester to fractionating tower at 170-360 degrees C, discharging heavy constituent at the bottom of tower, and cooling resultant mixture using cooler. The esterification reaction of fine monoester prepared using animal oil is carried out by adding purified animal oil, methanol and sodium methoxide in weight ratio of 785:250:4 to reaction kettle. The feeding mouth of reaction kettle is sealed, and the reaction mixture is stirred and heated at 70 degrees C. The resulting mixture is condensed for 2 hours in condenser, and superfluous methanol is extracted, and allowed to stand for 2 hours, and separated, to obtain glycerin on bottom layer of the reaction kettle. The esterification reaction of fine monoester prepared using vegetable oil is carried out by adding purified vegetable oil, butanol and sulfuric acid in weight ratio of 1:1.2:0.01 to reaction kettle, esterified at 120-130 degrees C. The resultant mixture is stirred, condensed, dehydrated and neutralized. The neutralized mixture is washed using water, and superfluous butanol is extracted and allowed to stand for 4 hours, and separated, to obtain glycerin on bottom layer of the reaction kettle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen halogen-substituted hydrocarbon is 1,1-bichloro-1-fluoroethane, pentafluoropane, and/or bichloro-fluoroethane. The alkyl modifier comprises normal hexane, cyclohexane, or butane. The alcohol auxiliary agent is anhydrous alcohol, o-octyl alcohol, and/or propyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The basic metal compound comprises alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal, preferably sodium, potassium and/or calcium. The basic metal compound alternately comprises basic metal oxide, basic metal carbonate, basic metal bicarbonate and/or basic metal hydroxide. Preferred Property: The base catalyst contains 0.2 mole or less of water per mole of glycerin salt. Preferred Process: The method further involves separating monoalkyl ester and glycerol to obtain a monoalkyl ester fraction and a glycerin fraction, contacting a portion of glycerin fraction with basic metal compound with glycerin and removing by vaporization water, to obtain a basic metal salt of glycerin, and using a portion of basic metal salt of glycerin, to obtain a portion of the base catalyst used for forming monoalkyl ester and glycerin. The vaporization of water occurs during the reaction to form the basic metal salt of glycerin. Preferred Compound: The basic metal compound comprises alkali and alkaline earth metal compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The glycerin salt is contacted with lower alkanol, to form basic metal lower alkoxide. Preferred Compound: The lower alkanol is chosen from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol and 2-butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains n-propanol and less than 10% of alcohols with molecular weight greater than butanol. The composition contains 15 volume% or more, preferably 25 volume% or more of secondary butanol and/or t-butanol, and is devoid of n-butanol and methanol. The composition contains less than 5% of n-butanol. The olefin hydrolysis is performed on composition containing 2-4C alkane and 2-4C olefin. Preferred Property: The energy content of the fuel composition meets or exceeds that of ASTM D5798-99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biosoluble fiber contains silica (60-95 mass%). The content of alkali metal oxide in biosoluble fiber is 2 mass% or less. The coating material contains inorganic particles and/or colloid-like oxide. The inorganic particles are silicon carbide. The coating material further contains inorganic binder and organic binder. Preferred Properties: The slurry of coating material has pH of 0.5-10, bending strength of 100-3000 kPa, heat conductivity of 0.1-10 W(mK)-1, thermal expansion coefficient of 1-8x 10-6K-1, thermal capacity of 400-4500 Jx m-3x K-1, porosity of 17-70%, volume density of 0.5-3 gx cm-3, and thickness of 0.01-5 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A cell-structure component (1) has cell(s) (3) from which the honeycomb structural component becomes the flow path of fluid which is divided by porous partition (4). The honeycomb structural component has honey-comb segments with outer wall which is integrated with a binding material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The biosoluble fiber has heat resistance at 1200 degrees C or more, average length of 10-600 mu m and mean diameter of 0.1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charged moieties are selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, and ammonium moieties (preferably sulfonic acids).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous support matrix is a non-woven made of a material selected glass, silica, polyolefins, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polystyrene, polybutylene and/or their copolymers (preferably polypropylene, polyethylene). The functionalized polymer is sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) functionalized polymer. The non-functionalized polymer is poly(ethersulfon) non-functionalized polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reactant used in step (A) is obtained from an ethanol-containing fermentation broth by a process involving distilling the fermentation broth to obtain a distillate that comprises ethanol and water, and optionally reducing the water in the distillate to achieve an ethanol concentration in the distillate of 50-95 wt.% relative to the weight of the remaining water and ethanol combined. EXAMPLE - Sulfuric acid (50 mg) catalyst was added to 1-butanol (1 ml) in a 2 ml vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was sealed with a serum cap perforated with a needle to facilitate gas exchange. The vial was placed in a block heater enclosed in a pressure vessel. The vessel was purged with nitrogen at pressure of 6.9 Mpa, and heated at 200 degrees C for 2 hours, butene was obtained with a selectivity of 24.1% and 1-butanol conversion of 93.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid having boiling point of less than 60 degrees C in normal pressure, is preferably isobutane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: In the process, covering material based on micro-hollow ball polymer or copolymer from vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile and/or (meth)acrylic monomers is used. Preferred Process: The step (a) is carried out in the presence of chrome tanning agent and/or synthetic retanning agent. The expansion step (c1) or (c2) is carried out before or after the steps (b1) and/or (b2). EXAMPLE - Chromium sulfate based tanning agent (50 parts by weight) with approximately 17% of chromium oxide content and micro hollow balls (50 parts by weight) based on polyvinylidene chloride copolymer was added to leather and expanded at 75-90 degrees C for 90 minutes. Then the leather was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate (0.4-0.7 wt.%) for 30 minutes, followed by washing, retanning and coloring. The obtained leather was dried at 40-70 degrees C for 2-8 hours under introduction of low pressure steam, milled, and treated with hot water steam at 95 degrees C to give retanned leather.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyhydric-alcohol-fatty-acid ester contains sucrose fatty-acid ester and/or polyglyceryl fatty-acid ester. The fatty-acid alkylester is manufactured using palm oil or palm kernel oil. The fatty-acid alkylester consists of a mixture of fatty-acid alkylester manufactured using palm oil or palm kernel oil, and fatty-acid alkylester having an iodine number of 110 or more. Preferred Composition: The ratio of fatty-acid alkylester having 16C or less fatty-acid portion in the alkylester is 30 mass% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Oxime derivative is Ar-(C(Y1)-N-O-Y2)n, Ar-(CO-C(Y1)-N-O-Y2)n or a compound of formula (VI). Binder contains acidic high molecular weight compound, aromatic group with heterocyclic ring and ethylenically unsaturated bond in the side chain.Y1=H or monovalent substituent;Y2=aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic, COY3, CO2Y3 or CONY4Y5;Y3, Y4, Y5=aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic;n=integer greater than or equal to 1;R1=acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy carbonyl;p=integer greater than or equal to 0;R2=substituent;Ar=(complex) aromatic ring; andA=4, 5, 6 or 7 membered ring with optional atom.Provided that when p is greater than or equal to 2, R2 may be same or different. Preferred Definitions:    X=-C(=O)-(CH2)m-O-.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The method of planned cultivation of large natural areas of open water, comprises: the conditioning of the surface of the plantations by the application of nutrient enriched biodegradable films to reduce the disruptive effects of surface chaos within the area of the plantation; the principle of deploying the specialist equipment required to sow, nurture and harvest the algal crop grown in the plantations; and the concept of the dynamic farming environment where technology predicts periods/areas offering stable conditions for optimizing algal crop production within the plantations. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: A metal forming the first electrode has a high ionization tendency than a metal forming the second electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The porous fire resistant medium is porous ceramic micro-ball, porous glass globe, sand, ceramic rasching ring and/or glass rasching ring.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soluble sugar or starch is glucose, cane sugar, fructose, lactose, xylose, amylose, glutinous rice flour, wheat starch, maize starch, potato starch, rice flour, tapioca flour and/or sweet potato powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hole-forming agent of additives of air filter is ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, lithium carbonate, oxalic amine, chloride amine, or carbamide. Preferred Composition: The air filter comprises (%) desulfurization active carbon (65-70), organic silicon resin (24-26), hole-forming agent (4-5), magnesia (2-4) and ferric oxide powder, where ratio of magnesia to ferric oxide powder is 1:1. Preferred Method: The heating solidification forming process is mixing active carbon particle, organic silicon resin, hole-forming agent, magnesia, and ferric oxide powder, and stirring uniformly; pouring into tire mold; and solidifying for 2-3 hours at 230-250 degrees C until molded; and removing molded air filter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the main component, the composite hydrocarbon fuel oil is gasoline, kerosene, 120# solvent naphtha, and/or the mixture of C5 and isopentane. The C1-C4 mixed lower alcohol is mixtures of methanol and fuel ethanol or mixture of isopropanol or isobutyl alcohol. The assistive solvent is toluene or dimethylbenzene or their mixture mixed with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The assistive solvent is toluene or dimethylbenzene or their mixture mixed with MTBE. The inhibition antiscaling agent better uses maleic anhydride-acrylic acid multipolymer; surfactant is OP-10; dispersing agent is silicon oil. Preferred Composition: The preferential use range of the composite hydrocarbon fuel is gasoline 10-20, kerosene 5-20, 120# solvent naphtha 10-20, mixture C5 2-8 and isopentane 3-10. The preferential use range of the assistive solvent is MTBE 5-10; toluene 5-10; dimethylbenzene 10-15. Preparation: Preparing composite fuel of combustion engine comprises: (a) adding the measured composite hydrocarbon fuel oil and assistive solvent in the main component into hydrocarbon mixing pot under the normal temperature and pressure, stirring for 0.5-1 hour and mixing evenly for use; (b) adding the measured C1-C4 mixed lower alcohol in the main component into alcohols mixing pot, stirring for 10-30 minutes and mixing evenly; adding stable assistant and stirring for another 0.5-1 hour and mixing evenly for use; (c) adding the mixture from (a) and (b) into mixing pot; mixing quickly and dispersing for 0.5-1 hour; filtering and placing for 2 hours; notifying the inspection department to sample; and (d) inspecting and packing for storing if it is up to the standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The pre-treating of domestic waste compost comprises manually picking up miscellaneous materials such as wood, plastics, glass, and metal in waste compost. The organic phosphorus in the compost is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm and 1.6-0.8 mm; potassium in the compost is concentrated in size less than 0.8 mm and nitrogen is concentrated in size more than 0.8 mm. The calcium is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm and 1.6-0.8 mm; iron is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm and 0.2-0.1 mm, magnesium is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm and 0.2-0.1 mm, and manganese is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm, 1.6-0.8 mm and 0.2-0.1 mm. The heavy metal lead deposits in size less than 0.8 mm; copper is concentrated in size 0.4-0.8 mm; zinc is concentrated in size more than 1.6 mm and cadmium and nickel are concentrated in size less than 0.8 mm. Preferred Components: The heavy metal is lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, manganese, nickel, chromium, mercury or arsenic. The organic matter is nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. The microelements are calcium, iron, magnesium or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparing anti-vapor catalyst for selecting oxidation of carbon monoxide comprises preparing the supported platinum catalyst, and processing hydrophobic treatment to the supported platinum catalyst by dipping the supported platinum catalyst in the vessel filled with polytetrafluoroethylene latex and stirring, until the latex is stirred as the gel state, after drying at 100-150 degrees C, adding in the roasting furnace to roast at 330-380 degrees C for 30-60 minutes, and then cooling at room temperature, thus the anti-vapor catalyst for selecting oxidation of carbon monoxide is obtained. Preferred Composition: The content range of the noble metal platinum in the catalyst is 0.2-10 wt.% and the content range of the hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene is 5-50 wt.%. Preferred Components: The carrier of the supported platinum catalyst is one of carbon black, alumina, and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst contains calcium carbonate powder (in wt.%) (1-3), epoxy resin powder (3-5), organic bentonite powder (2-4), magnesium powder (1-3), phenol formaldehyde resin (1-2) and titanium white powder (0.2-0.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The algae growing time is selected as non-growing time of algae. The water surface fixing framework is an umbrella-shaped metal framework, set with iron anchor fixed at the lower portion, and fixed with steel wire in surroundings. The plastic film covered on the framework is light-proof and water-proof plastic film. The covering area is 1/3 of the water surface area. The measurement result is obtained at different fixed points: point at diagonal water sample surface, and point at the depth of 0.5 m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A solvent used in absorption method comprises propylene carbonate (PC) or alcohol amine solvent. The alcohol amine solvent comprises N-methyl ethyl glycol amine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: About 0.1-10% morpholinyl hydroxyethyl polyethylether and/or dimorpholinopolyethylether is added in PC.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The partial oxidation of step (B) is performed by contacting an oxygen containing gas with the liquid or solid biomass feed in a burner of a pressurized and entrained gasification reactor and where the second mixture thus obtained in the burner having 1000-1800?C is reduced in temperature to 160-330 degrees C by direct contacting the second mixture with liquid water thereby obtaining a second mixture having a content of water and a stream of used liquid water. The content of hydrogen in step (C) is increased by performing at least one water gas shift reaction steps. The content of hydrogen in the hydrogen rich mixture is further increased in a pressure swing absorber, membrane separation or combinations of such processes. In step (B), a solid biomass is used as feed which biomass is obtained by torrefaction of a biomass source. In step (B), a liquid biomass is used as feed which biomass is obtained by flash pyrolysis of a biomass source. The minerals as present in the used liquid water are isolated and used as fertilizer or soil improver when growing a biomass source from which the biomass feed is obtained. In process (P1), a solid biomass is used as feed which biomass is obtained by torrefaction of a biomass source; and a liquid biomass feed is used as feed which biomass feed is a biomass slurry comprising flash pyrolysis oil and flash pyrolysis char as obtained when performing a flash pyrolysis process on a biomass source. Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon product is a naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, and/or base oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst further comprises an inorganic support material having a specific surface area of more than 20 m2/g; and inorganic oxide comprising boron oxide, bismuth oxide, gallium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, oxides of the alkali metals, or oxides of alkaline earth metals (up to 20 wt.%, based on the amount of metal-doped nickel oxide). The inorganic support material comprises aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, rare earth oxides or their mixed oxides, and zeolites. Preferred Composition: The inorganic support material is 1-99, preferably 10-95 wt.%, based on the amount of metal-doped nickel oxide. Preferred Process: The inorganic support material is added before gel formation. The gel is dried at 20-150 degrees C and calcined at 200-500 degrees C. Preferred Definitions:    M1=Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Pt, Ru, Pd, Ag, Au, Rh, Os, Ir, and/or their alloys;    M2=Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, and/or their alloys;    a=0.2-3 mol.%;and    b=5-15 mol.%.    EXAMPLE - Isopropanol (6.94 ml) and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (2.229 ml) were placed in a 20 ml glass vessel while stirring. 1 M Ni(C2H5COO)2 solution (5.28 ml) in methanol, 0.3 M zirconyl nitrate (ZrO(NO3)2) solution (2 ml) in methanol, and 0.1 M rhenium pentachloride (ReCl5) solution (1.2 ml) in methanol were subsequently pipetted in. The brown-green solution was then stirred closed for 1 hour and subsequently aged open in a fume hood. This resulted in formation of a deep greenish brown, highly viscous, clear gel, which was subsequently dried at 40 degrees C. Calcination of the clear, vitreous gel obtained was carried out at 350 degrees C in air. This gave a deep green to black powder. Test result showed 90% carbon monoxide conversion at 220 degrees C while the reference catalyst (4 wt.% ruthenium on titanium dioxide, based on support material) had virtually no activity (carbon monoxide=less than 5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The hydrotalcite is a compound of formula: ((M12+)1-x(M3+)x(OH)2)(x+)((A)(n-)x/n.mH2O)(x-).M12+ = bivalent metal ion, preferably magnesium ion (Mg2+) and/or zinc ion (Zn2+);M3+ = trivalent metal ion, preferably aluminum ion (Al3+),A(n-) = n valent anion, preferably carbonate ion (CO32-);x = (0-0.5) (excluding 0 and 0.5) andm = 0 or more.Preferred Composition: The fluorine-containing elastomer composition does not contain a peroxide-type crosslinking agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is stainless, alkaline-earth metal compound, alumina, resin, zeolites, silicone or active carbon. The additive is alkali metal compound or inorganic acid. The alkali metal compound is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium methoxide. The inorganic acid is sulfuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil is animal oil, vegetable oil and/or organic acid. The animal oil and the vegetable oil are substances having triglyceride. The substance having triglyceride is selected from tung oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil, Chinese tallow tree seed oil, tea oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, ricinus oil, corn oil, rice bran oil, palm oil, coconut oil, kardiseed oil, beef tallow oil, lard oil or sunflower oil. The organic acid comprises a hydrocarbon having carboxyl group (preferably oleic acid). The additive is alcohol or lipase. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol or butanol. The reaction gas is ozone. Preferred Method: In the method, a reaction gas is added to the rotating packed bed reactor through the gas inlet in the step of transesterification. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The fungi are Aspergillus, Geotrichum, and/or preferably Rhizopus and/or Mucor. They are Mucor indicus rouxii, and/or Rhizopus microsporus oligosporus    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The wastewater stream is stillage left over from distillation of ethanol. The stillage is centrifuged to form thin stillage and thick stillage. The thin stillage is treated in the fungal bioreactor. The wastewater is treated to form treated water and fungal protein. The method includes disinfecting the treated water to remove unwanted opportunistic bacteria; heat pasteurizing the treated water to remove unwanted opportunistic bacteria; recycling the treated water for ethanol fermentation, fire extinguishing, or floor washing; and using the fungal protein in the manufacture of animal feed, in which the fungal protein comprises a nutrient of lysine and/or chitosan. The treated water is disinfected using an agent of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, chlorine, and/or immobilized quaternary ammonium compound. The fungal bioreactor is operated in pH 3-6 (preferably 4), at 20-50 (preferably 37) degrees C, at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6-96 hours, with solid retention time (SRT) of 12-48 hours and with air supply rate of above 0.2 L/Lreactor-minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon compounds are present in the vicinity of the surface of the catalyst layer. The silicon compounds are of formulae (F(CF(CF3)-CF2O)n-CF(CF3))-X-Si(OR1)3, (F(CF2CF2CF2O)n)-X-Si(OR2)3, (H(CF2)n)-Y-Si(OR3)3, or (F(CF2)n)-Y-Si(OR4)3. The fuel is methanol aqueous solution; or hydrogen, which is supplied from a hydrogen storage-supply system that performs hydrogenation reaction by a hydrogen storage of an aromatic compound and de-hydrogenation reaction of a hydrogen storage material of hydrogenated derivatives of the aromatic compound.X=connecting group between perfluoropolyether chain and alkoxysilane residue;Y=connecting group between perfluoroalkyl chain and alkoxysilane residue;R1-R4=alkyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is organic ion chosen from imidazolium salt, pyridinium salt, alicyclic quat, ammonium salt and/or aliphatic quat. The ionic liquid contains dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. Nitrogen containing compounds from ammonium sulfate and phosphorus containing compounds from phosphoric acid, are supplied as hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or oxycarbide, and a nutrition salt as an alkali is included.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid comprises acetic acid. EXAMPLE - The waste water which washed biodiesel-fuel (BDF) which manufactured sodium hydroxide from the waste edible oil of rapaseed oil was used. It was 39600 mg/L when biological oxygen demand (BOD) during process waste water was measured. pH was 11.1. It became 24100 mg/L, when pH was maintained to 3 at the first and second process exit liquid conducted the BOD analysis of this. The water phase of the second process exit became transparent, and solid content in the liquid by which first process inlet port observation was carried out was lose. Further, a sodium hydroxide solution was added at a third process, BOD became 150 mg/L when the waste water which adjusted pH to 6-8, and passed through the processing of a fourth and fifth process was analyzed. pH was 6.7. Liquid mean residence time of the fourth process was made into 5.2 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Plate: The metal plate is wave-type metal plate. The metal is aluminum. Preferred Catalyst: The metal plate of methanol steam modification catalyst is further laminated by a gasket and a spacer layer to circulate methanol, and the metal plate is fixed to the reaction container. The plating layers are formed in inner wall of honeycomb or lattice-shaped metal plate, or inner surface, outer surface or both surfaces of the metal pipe. The metal pipe is a multi-pipe with varying diameters, arranged with space to circulate methanol. A concave groove or wave is provided on the surface of the metal plate or metal pipe in the same direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Biologically removing nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds is adsorbing and/or degrading nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds from waste water involving directly inoculating (pseudomonas sp.) BC001 CGMCC NO.2223 on waste water of pyridine, quinoline, or their derivatives, culturing under 20-35 degrees C, adding usable carbon in waste water and keeping weight ratio of carbon and nitrogen element usable for microbe at 18-22. Preferred Composition: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound is pyridine, quinoline, or their derivatives with concentration of less than 1000 mg/L, in waste water the concentration is less than 600 mg/L
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The algae plant nutrient fluid is prepared according to National Agricultural Department 2001 year GB/T 17419-1999 foliar fertilizer aqua standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Components: The microelement mixing powder comprises (pbw): magnesium (13-16), zinc (0.5-1.2), iron (3.5-5), copper (0.003-0.01), manganese (1.8-5), molybdenum (0.05-0.1) and boron (1.5-3.2). ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Ratios: The volume ratio of Bacillus megatherium, thermophilic bacteria, providence bacteria and autotrophic Pseudonocardia bacteria in the amplified culture fluid is 10-15:1-10:3-6:1-30. The volume ratio of xylose oxidization alcaligenes denitrification subspecies, starch-splitting Bacillus, Johnson Bali leaven mutation, rhombus yeast leaven, keratin powder enzyme and Pawlowsky's Nocardia in the amplified culture fluid is 10-15:5-10:10-20:1-30:5-15:10-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Conditions: The fermentation processing is conducted at 30-50 degrees C and pH 5-7 for 15-20 days. The method includes adding mixed bacteria comprising xylose oxidization alcaligenes denitrification subspecies (CGMCC 1.768), starch-splitting Bacillus (CGMCC 1.1177), Johnson Bali leaven mutation (CMGCC 2.1831), rhombus yeast leaven (CGMCC 2.1592), keratin powder enzyme (CMGCC 3.3544) and Pawlowsky's Nocardia (CGMCC 4.1128) to the protogenesis waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises ferric trichloride and aluminum chloride present at 0.50-2 wt.% (based on weight of plastic waste).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: The volume ratio of enlarged culture solution of China Bullera sinensis (CGMCC No. 2.1614), Rhodotorula minuta (CGMCC No. 2.277), Candida tropicalis (CGMCC No. 2.1387), and myces kurssanovii (CGMCC No. 4.509), is 1-5:1-10:3-15:1-5. The volume ratio of mixed deodorizing bacteria as manure fiber single-cell bacteria (CGMCC No. 1.1900), dinitrogen fiber single-cell bacteria (CGMCC No. 1.1899), heterogeneous fiber cell bacterial (CGMCC No. 1.1487), Geotrichum Candidium (CGMCC No. 2.1035), trichoderma (CGMCC No. 3.3029), and humus streptomycete (CGMCC No. 4.1070) is 6-20:1-10:10-15:15-30:5-10:3-10. Preferred Method: The refermented organic fertilizer is added with gushi streptomycete (CGMCC No. 4.28) to the mixed deodorization bacteria and enlarged culture solutions of gushi streptomycete (CGMCC No. 4.28) and China Bullera sinensis (CGMCC No. 2.1614) at 1:1-5 vol.%. The organism pre-treatment process involves adding mixed bacteria to organic fertilizer by oxidizing xylose bacteria, alkali anti-nitration subspecies (CGMCC No. 1.768), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (CGMCC No. 1.1177), yeast subspecies (CGMCC 2.1831), issatchenkia yeast (CGMCC No. 2.1592), keratin powder enzyme (CGMCC No. 3.35440), and Nocardia (CGMCC No. 4.11280) at volume ratio 10-15:5-10:10-20:1-30:5-15:10-20. A pink single-end spore (CGMCC No. 3.3745) is added to the mixed deodorizing bacteria with mixing volume ratio of enlarged culture solution and manure fiber single-cell bacteria (CGMCC No. 1.1900) at 1:1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The nonmetal material is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyolefin, porcelain, or glass material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: A light oil containing biodiesel fuel is prepared by hydrogenating mixture of fatty-acid alkyl ester (A), fatty-acid alkyl ester (B) and light oil, in presence of the hydrogenation catalyst. Alternatively, the light oil containing biodiesel fuel is prepared by hydrogenating mixture of fatty-acid alkyl ester (A) and fatty-acid alkyl ester (B), and mixing obtained hydrogenated material with the light oil. The pressure of hydrogen atmosphere is maintained at 250 kPa or less. A light-oil mixture is prepared by mixing the biodiesel fuel with light oil. Preferred Composition: A biodiesel fuel composition contains a fatty acid composition. Preferred Properties: The light oil mixture has acid-value increase amount of 0, or 12 mgKOH/g or less. The fatty acid composition contains 2.5 mass% or less of 14C or less fatty acid, 30-60 mass% of 16C fatty acid, 40-70 mass% of 18C fatty acid and 3 mass% or less of 20C or more fatty acid. Alternatively, the fatty acid composition contains 2.5 mass% or less of 14C or less fatty acid, 30 mass% or less of 16C fatty acid, 70 mass% or more of 18C fatty acid and 3 mass% or less of 20C or more fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises a binder capable of adhering a portion(s) of the reactive metal particles into a structurally coherent mass without impacting the reactivity of a number of the reactive metal particles. The binder comprises a polymeric material including fluorocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The combustion improving agent is nitrated glycerol, ammonium nitrate, peroxide, nitrate, nitrite, azo-compound, perketal, ether or their mixtures, preferably nitrated glycerol, ammonium nitrate or an alkyl nitrate such as 2-ethylhexyl nitrate or dimethyl ether. Preferred Process: The glycerol is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of biodiesel from a renewable biological source by mixing with an inorganic acid and combustion improving agent, and removing water, methanol and solid material under normal or reduced pressure. Preferred properties: The glycerol and acid mixture is maintained at 40-900 degrees C during removal of water and methanol. The fuel composition is combusted in combustion apparatus such as diesel-cycle engine under oxygen atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The material of used membrane is optionally a ceramic, preferably titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A diaphragm is used in the method for filtration, where the material of used diaphragm is hydrophilized polyether sulphone molding material, polyamide or semiaromatic piperazine-polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition or refrigerant is a drop-in or retrofit substitute for HFC-134a. (I) in the form of azeotrope comprises: (E)-HFC-1225ye and/or (Z)-HFC-1225ye in a molar ratio of 2.5:1 to 1:2.5; and preferably perfluoro-methylvinyl ether in a mass ratio of 85:15-70:30. (I) comprises: one or more compounds D, where D is HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HFC-227ea, perfluoro-methylvinyl ether, propane, n-butane, i-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, carbon dioxide or trifluoromethyl iodide; one or two compounds D comprising difluoromethane (HFC-32), HFC-134a, HFC-152a, propane, n-butane, i-butane, carbon dioxide and/or trifluoromethyl iodide; and optionally a second compound D consisting of HFC-1234ze, HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ye, HFC-1243zf, HFC- 32, HFC-125, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-161, HFC-227ea, HFC-236ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc, perfluoro-methylvinyl ether, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, cyclopentane, dimethyl ether, and bis-(trifluoromethyl)-sulfide. (I) comprises: one or more compounds D, where D is HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HFC-227ea, perfluoro-methylvinyl ether, propane, n-butane, i-butane, 2-methylbutane, n-pentane, carbon dioxide or trifluoromethyl iodide. Preferred Components: The refrigerant comprises one or more additives comprising lubricants, stabilizers, UV fluorescent dyes, tracer compounds, and solubility compatibilizers, metal passivators and corrosion inhibitors. The compound A is comprised of 1-99 wt.% of the sum of compounds A and compounds D, and compound D or, if there are more than one compounds D, the sum of compounds D is comprised of 99-1 wt.% of the sum of compounds A and D. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in g): (E)-pentafluoropropene (HFC-1225ye) (940); and difluoromethane (HFC-32) (60).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves providing a flow of a hydrogen gas in combination with the methane gas, where the carbon nanotubes comprise single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The methane gas is provided at room temperature and at 1 atmosphere. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises a compound selected from FeAl, Fe3Al, Fe2CuAl, Fe2NiAl or Fe2O3/MgO. The product gas comprises (vol.%) hydrogen (15-20), and methane (80-85). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The primary component has an alloy of palladium and gold (15-45 wt.%). The secondary component consists of carbon (5-250 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pressurized fluid contains nitrous oxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, sulfur trioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, argon, hydrogen, helium, ammonia, nitrogen trifluoride, or nitrogen. The fluid contains processing agents such as hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, cyanuric fluoride (C3F3N3), oxalyl fluoride (C2F2O2), nitrosyl fluoride (FNO), or carbonyl fluoride (CF2O).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pressurized fluid further contains methane, monofluoromethane, difluoromethane, tetrafluoromethane, trifluoromethane, trifluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, perfluoropropane, pentafluoropropane, hexafluoroethane, hexafluoropropylene, hexafluorobutadiene, octafluorocyclobutane and/or tetrafluorochloroethane, and processing agents such as acetylenic alcohol, acetylenic diol, dialkyl ester, hexafluoropropylene, hexafluorobutadiene, octafluorocyclobutane tetrafluorochloroethane, fluoroxytrifluoromethane (CF4O), bis(difluoroxy)methane (CF4O2), perfluoromethylamine (CF5N), ester, ether, alcohol, nitrile, hydrated nitrile, glycol, monester glycol, ketone, fluorinated ketone, tertiary amine, alkanolamine, amide, alkane diol, alkane, haloalkane, haloalkene, beta-diketone, carboxylic acid, oxine, tertiary amine, tertiary diamine, tertiary triamine, beta-ketoimine, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and its derivatives, catechol, choline-containing compound, trifluoroacetic anhydride, oxime and/or dithiocarbamate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The chemical reaction is an oxidation reaction or steam reforming reaction. Preferred Compound: The catalyst comprises plutonium, palladium, platinum, palladium-alumina, nickel oxide, copper oxide, cerium oxide and/or alumina. The catalyst further comprises nickel-alumina, ruthenium-zirconia and/or ruthenium-alumina-ruthenium-cerium oxide-alumina, copper, zinc, iron, chromium, chromium oxide-iron oxide and/or copper-zinc oxide-alumina and ruthenium, rhodium, Rt-alumina (Rt-Al2O3) (sic), titania, zirconia and/or gold-iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonate is sodium carbonate and the fuel is sodium borohydride. The borane is stored as borane polymers. When the first precursor reagent is ammonia, the second precursor reagent is borane or diborane and the reagents react to form ammonia borane. When the first precursor reagent is methylethylazine, the second precursor reagent is water and the reagents react at elevated temperature to form hydrazine. The first precursor reagent methylethylazine is formed by reacting hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone, where the hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and methyl ethyl ketone are storable as precursor reagents.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - When the first precursor reagent is dimethyl dicarbonate, the second precursor is water and the reagents react to form methanol. When the first precursor reagent is a carbonate, the second precursor reagent is borane or diborane and the reagents react to form a borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (c1) comprises a second fuel additive. In the composition (c2), the ethanol content of the fuel composition is 50-74 or 74-85 wt.%. Preferred Components: The second additive is selected from the component B. The material is 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, dodecenyl succinic acid, oleic acid, condensation product of alpha halogenated mono-carboxylic acid with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, and the reaction product of oleic acid and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole; or tall oil fatty acids, dodecenyl succinic acid, and oleic acid plus N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine. EXAMPLE - To an E85 fuel (RTM: ethanol blend containing 0.1, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, and 10% pentane, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, and 10% butane, 4, 8 and 10 % diethyl ether, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 4, 8 and 10 % dimethyl ether) was added dodecenyl succinic acid (DDSA) (1 wt.%) and the fuel formulation can be supplied to and combusted in an internal combustion spark ignited engine. The corrosion exhibited on the engine surfaces exposed to the fuel blend plus DDSA would display less corrosion after 5000 miles than the corrosion exhibited on the engine surfaces after 5000 miles of exposure to the same fuel blend without the DDSA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The wax is paraffin wax, refined wax, petroleum wax, or commercial wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sulfonated hydrocarbon-based polymer having a molecular weight of 1000-1000000 is sulfonated polyarylene-ether sulfone, polyether-ether sulfone, polyether sulfone, polyimide, poly imidazole, polybenzimidazole, polyether benzimidazole, polyarylene ether ketone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyether ketone, polyetherketoneketone, or polystyrene. The sulfonation of the sulfonated hydrocarbon-based polymer has a sulfonation percent of 10-80%. The sulfonated hydrofluoride-based polymer having a molecular weight of 1000-1000000 is polystyrene sulfonic acid polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene difluoride. EXAMPLE - Polyether-ether-ketone polymer (2g) that was vacuum dried at 100 degrees C for 24 hours was mixed with 98% sulfuric acid (50 ml) in the presence of nitrogen at 50?0C for 10 hours, added with water to obtain precipitate, and filtered. The obtained precipitate was collected, washed for several times, filtered, and vacuum dried at 50 degrees C for 24 hours. The dried precipitate was dissolved in 20% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, plated on a glass plate, dried at 150 degrees C, dipped in distilled water for 24 hours, and vacuum dried at 150 degrees C for 24 hours. The prepared product was subjected to impedance spectroscopy and results showed low hydrogen ion conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyaromatic compound is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which is anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, phenyl naphthalene, binaphthyl, phenyl anthracene, and/or phenyl phenanthrene. The hydrogenation aromatic compound A is hydrogenation polycyclic alicyclic hydrocarbon which is decalin, methyl decalin, tetralin, and/or methyl tetralin,
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The copper compound is cupric oxide powder and the aluminum compound is alumina powder. Preferred Process: The base material containing deposited copper particles is further heated and oxidation-treated in an oxidative atmosphere. Preferred Condition: The complex oxide is reduced at 600-1000 degrees C. The oxidation-treatment is performed at 150-350 degrees C in an oxygen containing atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight of zeolite with respect to weight of the catalyst is 5-50%. Preferred Metal: The active metal contains copper, zinc, aluminum, cerium, zirconium, silver, iron, manganese, and/or titanium. Preferred Property: The molar ratio of silica with respect to alumina contained in the zeolite is 5-120.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst has bulk density of 0.7-1.5 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst active component contains noble-metal component or transition-metal component. The noble-metal component contains rhodium. The transition-metal component contains chromium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alumina contains ( gamma )-alumina, ( theta )-alumina, ( eta )-alumina, ( delta )-alumina, (kappa)-alumina, or (xi)-alumina. The hydrated alumina contains a boehmite or pseudo-boehmite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium oxide is a granular component having specific-surface-area of 35-100 m2/g. The length of the long side portion of the particle diameter in the granular component is 2-10 mm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volatile compound is volatile organic compound or volatile inorganic compound. The volatile organic compound is compound containing aromatic-hydrocarbon organic compound. The volatile organic compound is chosen from methanol, ethanol, isobutyl alcohol, toluene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, phenol, ethyl acetate, styrene, trimethylamine, pyridine, methane, ethane, butane, methyl mercaptan, propylene, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl isobutyl ketone, propionic acid, acetate ester and butanol. The volatile inorganic compound is ammonia or hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The fermented waste liquid is extracted from methane fermentation tank through an extraction pipe, and is introduced into circulation piping connected with upper portion of fermentation tank. Sedimentation is carried out in sludge separation portion (15) provided at lower end portion of circulation piping. The waste liquid free of sludge is returned to tank through circulation piping. The sludge separation portion has cyclone structure or partition plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves performing aeration of waste water with microorganism belonging to Bacillus pumilus. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water having moisture content of 10-30% is added to the crushed plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst is organotin compounds of formulae (2-5). The organotin compound is of formula: (R1R2SnO)m(R3R4Sn)n (2). The organotin compound is of formula: R14R15R16Sn-O-SnR17R18R19 (4). The organotin compound is of formula: (R24Y'SnO)p (5).R1,R2,R6-R13,R24=1-15C alkyl optionally substituted by halogen atom, or 1-15C aralkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom;R3,R4=1-15C alkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom, 1-15C aralkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom, hydroxyl group, halogen atom, or hydrogen atom;m=1 or more;n=0 or more;X1-X4=halo, alkoxy, alkylthio, thiocyanato or OH;R14,R15,R17,R18=1-15C alkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom, or 1-15C aralkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom;R16,R19=1-15C alkyl group optionally substituted by halogen atom, or 1-15C aralkyl optionally substituted by halogen atom, alkoxy, alkylthio, thiocyanato, hydroxyl, or halogen atom;Y'=OH, 1-5C alkoxy, halo or H;andp=1 or more.Preferred Composition: The animal oil is chosen from fish oil, beef tallow, and lard. The vegetable oil is chosen from sunflower oil, safflower oil, tung oil, Aleurites cordata oil, linseed oil, soy bean oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, camellia oil, coconut oil, and palm oil. The molar ratio of alcohol with respect triglyceride contained in animal oil and vegetable oil is 3-80. The alcohol is methanol. Preferred Component: The animal oil and/or vegetable oil contain triglyceride (6). The triglyceride is of formula: CH2COR21-CHOCOR22-CH2OCOR23 (6).R21-R23=6-24C (un)saturated aliphatic groups optionally having substituent.Preferred Property: The ester interchange is performed at 25-250 degrees C. Preferred Process: The fatty-acid monoester compound in transesterification liquid and glycerin is isolated to obtain fatty-acid monoester compound fraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The surface active agent is lignin sulfonate, naphthalenesulfonic acid salt or dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid salt, or its mixture. The thickener is natural substance and is chosen from powder, gum arabic, starch paste, powder paste, xanthan gum and wylam (sic) gum. The antimicrobial antifungal agent is chosen from 2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one and sodium hypochlorite. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The surfactants are used in amounts of less than 0.2 vol.%. The lipid material is used in an amount of 85-97 vol.%. The lipid material is an animal or vegetable fat and is heated to a temperature such that its viscosity is no more than that of fuel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The biomass cartridge envelope is closed in all sides, made of paper or cardboard, corrugated cardboard, thin wood slab or other combustible materials, which have no negative impact on environment and assembled as a package. The biomass cartridge envelope contains wood pellets, shredded wood, bark, cereals, oats, wheat, barley, other agriculture grains, sawdust, wood shavings, olive or peach cores or nuts or other fruit kernels, walnut, hazelnut shells, other fruit shells or several types of mentioned biomass mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: The inlet (4) includes a pump (11), for introducing the starting material (A) into the pressure reactor (1) against the reactor pressure; and the outlet (5) has at least two valves in series, which are opened alternately under normal operation to allow removal of a predetermined amount of product (B). Alternatively the outlet has a pump for removal of (B) and the inlet has the two valves allowing introduction of a predetermined amount of (A). The reactor is cylindrical and vertical, and has: a heating and cooling device (2) and heater(s) (16) for controlling the interior temperature; an injector (9) for a catalyst (e.g. a pH adjuster); an excess pressure release valve (14); sensor(s) for filling condition (7), pH (6), temperature (3) and/or pressure (15), the detected values being supplied to a process controlling computer; a conveyor belt and/or screw conveyor (8); and a stirrer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: Herbivore dung is composed of cattle, sheep, horse, deer and/or rabbit. The crop stalk is composed of corn stalk, sorghum stalk, straw, wheat straw hood, bean stalk and/or corn cob.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion improver is gas oil, diesel oil, cerium nanometer rare earth, oil-soluble nanometer ferrocene, calcium naphthenate, iron naphthenate, or cerium rare earth naphthenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparing environment-protecting energy-saving micro-emulsified organism gas oil with sea water, animal vegetable oil and alcohol, diesel mixed fuel and additive agent comprises removing salt in the sea water until non-corrosive fuel standard is accorded with; mixing the surface active agent, solutizer, combustion improver to be emulsion or micro-emulsion; and using ultrasonic emulsifying machine to process mixed liquids of the salt-reduction sea water and surface active agent, where the solutizer and combustion improver are to be mixed fuel of the emulsion or micro-emulsion in the proportion. Preferred Components: The surface active agent is fatty acid, fatty acid methyl ester, alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate, triethanolamine, span-80, or ammonia water, where the fatty acid is vegetable oil acid, animal oil acid or its combination, the vegetable oil acid is prepared by acidification of coconut oil, colza oil, palm oil, alga oil or small tung seed oil, the animal oil is prepared by acidification of lard oil, beef fat or mutton fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil is vegetable oil, animal oil and fat or waste oil and hogwash oil in production process; and the low carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of the oil, low carbon alcohol and solid alkali catalyst is 1:0.1-0.5:0.04-0.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Material of wood biomass material is crop straw, wood and bamboo wood processing residue, and forest area felling residue. Preferred Parameters: Cutting off or crashing wood biomass materials of crop straw, wood and bamboo wood processing residue, and forest area felling residue into crushed material with certain specification length of 0.5-100 mm. Preferred Condition: The temperature of carbonization is 300-1000 degrees C and time is 2-16 hours. Preferred Composition: The equivalent proportion (oxygen in air and volume fraction of needed in complete combustion of fuel) of oxygen supplying amount is 0.1-0.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide solution or sodium bicarbonate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mole fraction of nickel-containing-spinel oxide in catalyst is 5-95%. EXAMPLE - Nickel acetate, magnesium nitrate, and aluminum nitrate were mixed with potassium carbonate aqueous solution, heated, pH was maintained at value of 9-12, filtered, washed, dried for 10 hours and baked at 90 degrees C in air for 22 hours to obtain solid-solution oxide powder. The obtained solid-solution oxide powder was pressed by 600 kg/cm2 by the compression molding device, and pulverized to obtain catalyst having particle size of 63-150 microns. The obtained catalyst had 12 mole% of nickel-containing-spinel oxide, and ratio of atomic-weight of nickel with respect to atomic-weight of sum total of nickel and magnesium of 0.07. The obtained catalyst (in g) (1) was heated at 900 degrees C under argon gas atmosphere, hydrogen gas was passed at flow rate of 50 ml/minute, and reduced at 900 degrees C for 30 minutes. Then methane gas was added, and reformed at 850 degrees C and 1.8 MPa. The methane conversion ratio was 70%, and carbon-deposition rate was 0.05%.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodiesel comprises fatty-acid methyl ester, and soya methyl ester, palm oil methyl ester and/or jatropa oil methyl ester. The Fischer-Tropsch-reaction-derived diesel fuel is gas-to-liquid-derived diesel fuel or chemical-oxygen-demand diesel fuel. Preferred Properties: The fatty acid methyl esters has low-cold flow properties of more than -5 degrees C and molecular weight of more than 240. Preferred Composition: The alcohol component comprises higher alcohol having 3C or more, preferably 3-6C. The alcohol component contains branched alcohols (20% v/v or less, preferably 50% v/v or less). The content of alcohol component in alternative diesel fuel is 0.2-5% v/v, preferably 0.5-3% v/v. The alternative diesel fuel is blend further containing crude-derived diesel fuel and diesel fuel derived from Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The diesel fuel blend contains diesel fuel (60-90% v/v, preferably 70% v/v) and biodiesel (10-40% v/v, preferably 30% v/v).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In cooling the methylester layer, water is used in a cooling range of 10-20 degrees C and alcohols are used in a cooling range of a temperature of less than 10 degrees C. In filtration of the base catalyst, a filter having a pore size of 1-6 mu m is used. EXAMPLE - Triglyceride (1 mole) was agitated at 40 degrees C and added with a sodium methoxide solution comprising sodium hydroxide (0.5 wt.% based on the amount of triglyceride) and methanol (5 moles). The mixture was agitated at 60 degrees C for 60 minutes to react the triglyceride with the sodium methoxide solution. After the reaction, the reaction product was separated into a glycerine layer and a methylester layer using a centrifugal separator. The methylester layer was evaporated under reduced pressure to remove excess methanol and then cooled to less than or equal to 20 degrees C to solidify the sodium hydroxide. The methylester layer was filtered using a filter having a pore size of 1-6 mu m and then evaporated under reduced pressure to completely remove moisture. Methylester yield was 98.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The membrane includes Teflon (RTM: fluoropolymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sugar alcohol is sorbitol. The ethanol fermentation by yeast is performed at 40-49 degrees C. The sugar content of culture solution is 15-25%. The culture solution contains (in %) ammonium salt (0.01-0.5) (preferably 0.05-0.1), potassium salt (0.025-0.1) (preferably 0.01-0.5) and magnesium salt (0.01-0.5) as an auxiliary components. The pH of the culture solution is 4.8-5.2. The method involves performing shaking under 150-450 rpm and aeration of 1-0.3 vvm. The culture solution containing sorbitol (10-100 mM) is used for producing ethanol. The raw material used for ethanol production is sugarcane squeezed juice. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The heat resistance yeast of Kluyveromyces marxianus is yeast having accession number NITE BP-283, NITE BP-289, NITE BP-290 or NITE BP-291 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - The soil and water sample was collected from four areas of seabream, and sugarcane plantation and refined sugar factory. The sample was inoculated into the sugarcane treacle culture solution containing (in %) ammonium sulfate (0.05) and ethanol (4), and cultured for three days at 35 degrees C under shaking at 170 rpm. After, three days the culture solution was transferred to the agar medium of the above culture solution, and cultured at 35 degrees C. The 72 colonies of yeast appeared on the agar medium was taken and introduced into the yeast potato dextrose (YPD) agar medium and incubated at 8 degrees C. Then, the heat resistant ethanol production strain was screened. As a result, four strains (DMKU3-1042, DMKU3-118, DMKU3-p106, DMKU3-p1042) out of 72 strains were found to have ethanol producing ability even at 45 degrees C, and the four strains classified Kluyveromyces marxianus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The dehydration temperature is 50-200 degrees C. In the hydrogenation step, the applied pressure of hydrogen is 2-200 bar, and the dehydration intermediates are not mixed with any solvent. The hydrogenation step utilizes platinum or palladium on activated coal as catalysts in a slurry; or cromium-molibdenium or nickel-molibdenium on alumina as catalysts in fixed bed. Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is 3-methyl imidazolium or 3-butyl imidazolium chloride containing 37% hydrochloric acid (1-20%). EXAMPLE - In a 440 ml reactor, 1H-3-methyl imidazolium chloride (100 g), glucose (36 g), and activated coal with 0.06 g/g palladium (1.2 g) were loaded. The reactor was closed and inertized 5 times with nitrogen. Then vacuum was made and methanol (50 g) were loaded by suction. Hydrogen was introduced at 30 bar. The pressure increased during heating due to methanol vaporisation and also to the normal pressure increase at higher temperature. The reactor was heated and kept one hour at 130 degrees C. After that time, the reactor was cooled, depressurized, opened and the content was filtered. The content was analyzed by HPLC. The conversion of glucose was total. No hydroxymethyl furfural (DHF) was found. About 90% was converted to dihydroxymethylfuran. Some side products appeared, which could be used as fuel mixed with DHF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - The polyculture plant material comprises cellulosic material, brush, grasses, tree branches, tree trunks, leaves, food starch, paper, lumber, sawdust, plant fibers, fruit or vegetable products or byproducts, succulent plants, and/or seeds. The microbial inoculation and/or nutrients comprises organisms, organism excreta, microbial biomass and/or byproducts of the microbial biomass, intermediary animals or byproducts of the intermediary animals, and/or inorganic or organic fertilizers or other nutrient containing materials. The harvested polyculture plant material comprises photosynthetically produced material obtained from at least one species of plant. The harvested plant material degradation system comprises a tank, lined cell, silo, bunker silo, concrete pad and/or area of shaped land to collect rainfall and/or leachate. The microbial biomass is formed in a microbial growth system comprising an activated sludge system, sequencing batch reactor, suspended growth system, fixed film growth system, rotating biological contactor, trickling filter, bioreactor, chemostat, and/or other microbial growth system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The end group is selected from sulfonamide fluoride group (-SO2F), a sulfonamide chloride group (-SO2Cl) and a sulfonamide bromide group (-SO2Br). The inorganic strong acid is selected from sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The gamma -ray is a cobalt-60 (Co-60) gamma -ray.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The PEM is made of a fluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first gas is hydrogen or methane, and the second gas is carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron compound comprises ferrocene. The manganese-containing compound is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, trimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, tetramethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, diethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, isopropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, tert-butylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, octylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, dodecylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, and/or indenylmanganese tricarbonyl. The fuel is a hydrocarbonaceous fuel from fuel oils for bunker, marine, utility boilers, furnaces, industrial burners oilers. and waste oils and liquid chemicals for incinerator start-up and/or combustion balancing, synthetic fuels such as gas to liquids (GTL), biomass to liquids (BTL), coal to liquids (CTL), oil shale derived fuels, diesel fuel, biodiesel, biodiesel-derived fuel, biobutanol, alcohols, ethers, low sulfur fuels, synthetic fuels, Fischer-Tropsch fuels, liquid petroleum gas, fuels derived from coal, genetically engineered biofuels and crops and its extracts, natural gas, propane, butane, unleaded motor and aviation gasolines, reformulated gasolines which contain both hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range and fuel-soluble oxygenated blending agents and, gasoline. Preferred Compositions: The fuel is treated with 36 mg of a manganese-containing compound per liter of fuel. The methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl comprises 1-36 mg of manganese/liter of fuel. The ferrocene is 5-25 mg/L. Preferred Property: The resulting fuel has a Research Octane Number greater than 7, preferably 8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation exchange resin has cation exchanger, which is selected from sulfonic acid or phosphate group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The film for fuel cell-electrode assembly contains poly tetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro alkyl vinyl ether copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyester and their copolymers. The cation exchange resin has cation exchanger, which is selected from carboxylic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method has further filter-separation procedure which filter-separates a Bacillus from bacteria group prepared.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The accumulation culture medium containing formic acid and/or its salt (1-5 mM) is a liquid medium by which hydrogen gas is added to gaseous phase. The seeding source containing underground water and/or soil which are contaminated by chlorinated ethylene are not added with formic acid or its salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Nickel is contained at 0.4-6 weight% in metal conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface is a membrane surface. The treatment of the surface with the particle composition comprises providing the particle composition with kinetic energy. The particle composition comprises particles in a liquid phase at a concentration of 0.01-50 (preferably 0.05-25) wt./wt.%, and/or particles having an average diameter of 0.1-5000 (preferably 0.1-1000) mu m. The chemical agent is a salt, preferably a water insoluble salt, more preferably calcium carbonate. The rinse liquid is an acidic aqueous solution, preferably with a pH of less than or equal to 4.5. Preferred Process: The treatment with the rinse liquid is preceded by rinsing the surface with water. The treatment with a rinse liquid effectuates the generation of heat or mechanical energy. EXAMPLE - The reverse osmosis membrane was cleaned with a solution contained calcium carbonate particles (0.1 wt./wt.%) and have a particle size of 30 mu m, in demineralised water, at 25 degrees C for 45 minutes circulation, drained and rinsed with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Construction: At least one reaction zone (32, 34) is filled by a porous body, preferably having the internal surface covered with catalytically active material. The homogenization zone (44) has at least one turbulence generating gas directing element (46), specifically an annular screen. In the second variant of the reformer, the open cross-section of the mixing chamber (14) decreases from the inlet site to the outlet side; the length of the mixing chamber and gas flow rate are such that the average gas residence time in the chamber is a few milliseconds. The reformer especially combines the novel features of both variants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Bio-oil is prepared through properly processing waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil, mixture of waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil or industrial palm oil, and the preparation process involves: (a) adding waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil, mixture of waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil or industrial palm oil (100 parts) in the esterification tank, heating, mixing, and adding methanol (10-20 parts) and oil of vitriol (0.5-1 part), mixing, heating, reflowing gas methanol for about 5 hours at 60-70 degrees C, evaporating out methanol, obtaining acidic bio-oil; (b) adding strong brine (0.5-1 part), containing 5% industrial alkaline in the acidic bio-oil, mixing evenly at normal temperature, neutralizing to obtain pH of 7-8, placing for about 4 hours, taking out supernatant fluid as neutral bio-oil; and (c) pumping the neutral bio-oil in the atmospheric distillatory kettle, heating at 280-300 degrees C, the cooled phegma after distilled is bio-oil, and storing in the storage tank to put aside. The process further involves: (a) adding waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil, mixture of waste animal oil, waste vegetable oil or industrial palm oil (100 parts) in the esterification tank, heating to 60-80 degrees C, adding decoloring agent (2-3 parts), mixing to yellow or red, instantly, stopping heating; and (b) cooling, removing impurities with filter screen, obtaining bio-oil and putting aside.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high-efficiency bio-diesel oil comprises (volume parts) diesel oil (40), bio-oil (40), kerosene or white oil (10), cetane additive (0.1), acetone (2), and smoke suppressor (0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biological diesel oil made from plants by dry distillation comprises biological rectified liquor 17.5 wt.%, methanol 65 wt.%, gasoline or hydrocarbon 7 wt.%, crude benzol 1.65 wt.%, glycerol 6.5 wt.%, zinc peroxide 1.6 wt.%, potassium permanganate 0.4 wt.%, and camphor 0.35 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method of degrading the materials containing plant cellulose comprises inoculating the Bacillus licheniformis BL57 (CGMCC 2277) in the agriculture rejectamenta and/or industry rejectamenta containing cellulose and cultivating them with ferment method at 30-50, preferably 45 degrees C and with a pH of 6-8, preferably 6.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil is Jatropha curcas seed oil, catering waste oil, acid value oil, castor oil, tung oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, cotton-seed oil, fish oil, or lard oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lacquer solvent is ethanol, methyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, dimethyl formamide or propanone. The antifreeze is ethanediol, propylene glycol, glycerol or ureophil. The stabilizer is glue xanthate, methylol cellulose, sodium polyacrylate, or aluminum-magnesium silicate. The potentiating agent is potentiating ether, potentiating aldehyde or potentiating sulfone. The pH regulator is acetic acid, chlorhydric acid, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The wrack fiber of degradable plants are wrack of artificial marsh plant or other natural plants wracks. The organic fertilizers are dairy manure and stacking manure. The bacterium husk is wooden meal husk used for cultivating artificial bacterium. The binder is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution with concentration of 2.5 g/L. The substrate sludge is marsh substrate sludge, pool substrate sludge, or lake substrate sludge. Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming plant seeds for recovering slope ecology and glue water are formed by pressing under 7-10 MPa in mold after mixing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The lawn plant is ryegrass, high sheep fescue, bluegrass, or white clover. ACTIVITY - Plant Growth Regulant.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The refrigerant comprises (mass %) fluoride ethane and/or difluoride ethane (10-85, preferably 75-89); difluoride methane (10-50, preferably 10-20); and iso-butane, n-butane, propane, and/or propene (1-30, preferably 1-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The preparation of Radix cynanchi extract includes purification by dissolving into hydrochloric acid solution (0.5-0.6 mol/L); extracting with chloroform; collecting water layer, adding ammonia water to regulate pH value at 9-10, extracting with chloroform; and recovering chloroform layer and removing chloroform. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Desorbing is carried out at 80-400 degrees C. It comprises evacuation-absorbing; vacuumizing while blowing; and sweeping-desorbing by a non-condensable gas comprising nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, helium, methane, carbon dioxide, or low carbon atom-normal alkanes whose boiling point is lesser than 25 degrees C at normal pressure. Preferred Parameter: The vaporizing chamber is at 80-400 degrees C, and the adsorbing tower is at 80-400 degrees C. Adsorption is carried out at 0.1-2 MPa, and desorbing is carried out at 0.1-100 kPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sorbent loaded by fixed bed adsorbing tower is mordenite, ZSM-type molecular sieve, T-type molecular sieve, 5A-type molecular sieve, or phosphor-aluminum molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon-mixture comprising normal hexane is reformed raffinate oil, 60-80 degrees C oil fraction, solvent oil, or industrial hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The monochloromethane, methane, ethyl chloride and dichloromethane are cooled to 50-100 degrees C through diluted hydrochloric acid in the cooler. The liquid phase after cooling contains 20% diluted hydrochloric acid. The gaseous phase is taken into acid washing tower, alkaline washing tower and sulfuric acid drying tower, compressed and condensed to obtain the rough monochloromethane. The diluted hydrochloric acid after cooling absorbs the unreacted hydrogen chloride in the acid washing tower and generates hydrochloric acid (21-24%). The unabsorbed hydrogen chloride is neutralized by 10% sodium hydroxide in alkaline washing tower, to obtain hydrochloric acid (31%). The alkaline (3-5%) is taken out of the alkaline washing tower to the exhausted washing system and neutralizes the acid gas. Preferred Condition: The reactor temperature is 200-300 degrees C, preferably 230-300 degrees C and pressure is 0.15-0.4 MPaG, preferably 0.15-0.3 MPaG. The temperature of the top of the column is 25-45 degrees C and bottom of the column is 55-80 degrees C. The pressure of the top of the column is 0.5-0.67 MPa. The reflux ratio is 3-8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction product is divided into two phases. The phases are fatty acid methyl ester as upper layer and acidity generated water phase as lower layer. The two phases are separated by gravity setting for 5-10 minutes. The fatty acid methyl ester is washed using water in grade to form water lotion. The water lotion is washed such that pH is 7 or more. The separated acidity generation water phase and water lotion are combined together, vaporized at 75-98 degrees C, preferably 70-90 degrees C in normal pressure and re-vaporized, to reclaim superfluous methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The animal and plant oil having low acid value is soybean oil or palm oil. The animal and plant oil having high acid value is rice bran oil or hogwash oil. The straight-chain alcohol is isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol or tert-amyl alcohol. The sulfuric acid is 98% sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bed material comprises fine magnetite sand powder. The biomass is straw, leaves, wooden meal, and/or organic waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oil having high acid number is rape seed oil, swill oil or china wood oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The volume ratio of waste edible oil and ethyl alcohol absolute is 1:2-3. The ratio of waste edible oil and methanol is 1:1-1:6. The ratio potassium hydroxide and potassium acetate in the compound catalyst is 10:1-2:1. About 0.5-1.5 wt.% compound catalyst is added to waste edible oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In step (A), the humic acid is 40-60 mass%. In step (B), the humic acid is 70-80 mass% and the ammonia is 8-10 mass%. In step (C), the heating step uses exhaust gas remaining heat to heat humic acid to 150-250 degrees C. In step (D), after adding water, amidated humic acid in the prepared pool is 40-70 mass%. Preferred Condition: The amidated device is at 200-280 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Material circulation is provided between outlet and inlet of impinging-stream reactor. Preferred Amounts: The inorganic base is added at 0.1-10 (preferably 0.5-5) wt.% and the organic base is added at 1-50 (preferably 5-10) wt.%. The amount of circulating material is 1-500 wt.%, based on weight of feeding material. Preferred Ratio: The mole ratio of monobasic alcohol and tallow, vegetable tallow and oil is 3-50. Preferred Components: The organic base is methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, allylamine, diallylamine, triallylamine, isopropylamine, diisopropylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethyl hexylamine, propylamine, n-butylamine, t-butylamine, sec-butylamine, or monoethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluid body carrier gas feeder is single or bottled inert gases argon and/or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The elm hide powder adhesive is made by adding elm hide powder (1 pts. wt.) with water (10 pts. wt.), mixing, heating, simultaneously mixing to obtain paste, adding water (8 pts. wt.), and mixing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: Each fluid circulation zone (20) also has a fluid inlet (24), a fluid outlet (36), a main fluid distributor (26) opening into the inlet and a main fluid collector (34) opening into the outlet. Each individual channel (38) has a width of 0.1-1 mm and is at least partially coated with a catalyst, specifically of iron-nickel alloy, polymer or ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The methane is compressed to at least 50 bar and liquefied by evaporation of liquid carbon dioxide at -75 to -78 degrees C, or the methane is compressed to at least 0.5 bar and then cooled to a maximum of -78 degrees C with liquid carbon dioxide at -75 to -78 degrees C and then liquefied with liquid nitrogen or oxygen. The scrubbing solution is passed through a circuit in which it is first expanded by 1-3 bar to remove carbon dioxide and then expanded to atmospheric pressure to remove any remaining physically bound carbon dioxide. Only part of the carbon dioxide is liquefied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metals are platinum, iridium, ruthenium and rhodium, alone or in binary or ternary mixtures. The transition metal salts are cobalt, nickel, platinum, iridium, rhodium, and/or ruthenium. The support is made of titanium or nickel mesh. The electrodes contain (mg/cm2): cobalt (1.35); nickel (1.18); rhodium (0.22); iridium (0.11); and platinum (0.31).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The treatment period of mixed slurry is greater than or equal to 50 degrees C while subjecting to microwave radiation and heated at greater than or equal to 5 degrees C per minute at most 5 minutes. The mixed slurry is maintained at pH 2-10, preferably 6-7, adjusted with an acid. The treatment pressure is equal or greater than atmospheric pressure during the treatment period in excess of 100 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The treated slurry has a soluble chemical oxygen demand in excess of 30% of total chemical oxygen demand. Preferred Process: The treatment process of slurry includes anaerobic digestion, fermentation, acidification, treatment in fixed film bioreactor, treatment in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, treatment in a hybrid suspended/attached growth bioreactor, or in acid hydrolysis reactor. The biological process is denitrification or enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Preferred Method: A supernatant part is drawn off from the treated slurry, and a dissolved mineral or organic compound is recovered by crystallization, solvent extraction, distillation or direct use of the dissolved organic compound. The crystallization involves adding ammonium or magnesium to the supernatant part to create a supersaturation of dissolved mineral. Preferred Components: The dissolved mineral comprises phosphate recovered as struvite. The slurry comprises sewage sludge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supernatant part is a source of biodegradable organic compounds such as volatile fatty acids to supplement biological process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The to-be-treated material contains thermoplastic (in wt.%) (40-60) and waste paper or wood chip (30-40). Preferred Property: The to-be-treated material has moisture content of 15 wt.%, alternately 20 wt.% or more. Preferred Condition: The temperature of the to-be-treated material is controlled at 100-140 degrees C, alternately 120-180 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The cracking temperature is 250-380 degrees C. A catalyst is added to at least one member from slurry or bio-mass. The slurry or bio-mass is dewatered. The cracking step is conducted in the presence of nitrogen atmosphere. Heat is removed from the solid portion and used for heating the slurry or bio-mass, heating the mixer pump, or generating electricity. Catalyst mass is recovered from the solid portion. Preferred Component: The bio-mass is biological waste material including rape residues or wood residues. The member is slurry, bio-mass, or catalyst (K) and has a fine-grained structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The corn has grade 2 ground shelled corn; and a coarseness of at most about 3.1 mm. The anti-caking agent comprises pulverized limestone; dehydrated phosphorus; and/or crushed egg shells. The bonding agent comprises one of the ingredients: soy hulls; any type of dried distiller grain; and/or Milo, as grain Sorghum. The igniting agent comprises wheat midds; barley; oats; wheat; any type of dried distiller grain; speltz; and Milo, as grain Sorghum. The die has a size of 1.5-3.1 mm. Preferred Composition: The fuel pellet comprises at least about 50 wt.% of ground shelled corn, at most about 20 wt.% of the bonding agent, at most about 25 wt.% of the igniting agent and the balance or at most about 5 wt.% of the anti-caking agent. Preferred Method: The temperature in the pressing step using the die is varied of 125-225 degrees F. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The washcoat further comprises zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide or a rare-earth oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The structure formed of bonded ceramic fibers further comprises mullite fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solvent comprises one or more anhydrous volatile inert hydrophobic solvents and the reactant comprises water, and hydrogen sulfide, volatile sulfides, hydrogen, and/or aldehydes. The precursor species comprises metal alkoxides and/or metal chlorides; and tin, germanium, titanium, silicon, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, lead, and/or mercury. The hollow sphere comprises a metal oxide shell. The method further comprises converting the metal oxide shell to a metal shell; and annealing the hollow spheres to convert the hollow spheres from an amorphous state to a multi-crystalline state. The hollow sphere or the nanofoam comprises a metal shell and/or a metal sulfide shell, where the metal is silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, zinc, zirconium, cadmium, lead, and/or mercury. The aerosol reactor further comprises a catalyst (ammonia, organic amines, hydrogen chloride or organic acids). The homogeneous precursor solution and the hollow spheres further comprises one or more pharmaceutical compositions. The precursor species, the hollow spheres, or the nanofoam comprises quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, and/or preformed nanocrystallines. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves blending the reactants either before administering heat or pressure or during the administration of heat or pressure; and separation of phases after the reaction. The separation is centrifugation. The method further involves addition of an oxidizing agent (0.5-15%) to the reactants. The oxidizing agent is air added to the reactants. The method further involves addition of diesel fuel (10-50 wt.%) to the reactants. Preferred Components: The alcohol has a compound of formula CnH2n+1OH. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves conversion of the biomass on or near the harvesting equipment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises subsequently subjecting the obtained cooled gas to a humidity treatment with an acid and a reactive limestone suspension. During the process, greater than 2.2 moles of a gas comprising carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and with a calorific value of 10-14 MJ/Nm3, is produced. Preferred Components: The gasifying agent is preferably pure oxygen (0.05-0.1 Kg oxygen/Kg of glycerin). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid fuel contains (in weight%) biomass (100) and chaff (5-15). Preferred Component: The biomass is woody biomass consisting of construction waste material and wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon dioxide absorber is complex compound containing oxide or alkaline earth metal oxide of alkaline earth metal. The carbon dioxide absorber uses barium orthotitanate type complex oxide as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves mixing organic waste with dry-type methane sludge of greater than or equal to 15 wt.% of total solid concentrations, carrying out dry-type methane fermentation with fermenter, making period of batch of 1 into greater than or equal to 5 days and not greater than 10 days, and measuring real production value within greater than or equal to 3-9 days after first day of period.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The inorganic porous material is silica, alumina, titanium dioxide or zirconium oxide which are in powder or gel form, or zeolite. The base material (I) is a catalyst layer which comprises a fuel electrode or air electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The electrode system further has base material (II) which fixes the organic mediator to base material (I). The base material (II) is an inorganic porous material, to which the organic mediator is adsorbed. The organic mediator is adsorbed by removing a solvent, after dispersing the inorganic porous material in an organic mediator solution. Alternately, the organic mediator is chemically bonded to the inorganic porous material, by introducing a silylated substituent to the organic mediator and reacting the substituent with the inorganic porous material. Preferred Mediator: The organic mediator is nitrogen compound of formula (I), preferably chosen from 17 imide compounds such as imide compounds of formulae (VIa, VIb, XI, XII), more preferably N-hydroxy glutaric acid imide, N-hydroxy-1,8-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid imide, N-hydroxy-1,8-decalin dicarboxylic acid imide, N,N'-dihydroxy-1,8;4,5-naphthalene tetracarboxylic-acid imide, N,N'-dihydroxy-1,8;4,5-decalin tetracarboxylic acid imide, and N,N',N"-trihydroxy isocyanuric acid. The standard oxidation-reduction potential of the organic mediator is more than 0.68 V and less than 2.85 V, preferably more than 0.68 V and less than 1 V, with reference to normal hydrogen electrode.R1,R2=substituent, R1 and R2 couples together to form double bond, aromatic ring or ring of non-aromatic property;X=oxygen atom or hydroxyl group;Z=H, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, carboxyl, alkoxy carbonyl, cyano, hydroxyl, nitro or amino group;R13-R16=(un)substituted alkyl group;andR7-R12=H, alkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl, nitro, cyano or imino group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fatty acid is the twelfth stearic acid or its mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Concentration: The mole ratio of alcohol and dissociating fatty acid is 8. The dosage of diisopropyl ether is 15%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Methyl naphthalene is alpha -methyl naphthalene or beta -methyl naphthalene. The weight ratio of additive and biodiesel oil is 40-200:600-2000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of castor seeds, methanol and catalyst is 3:1-9:1. The amount of caster seeds is 0.1-0.5 weight% with respect to catalyst. Preferred Condition: The lixiviation and ester-exchange reaction is carried out at 30-90 degrees C for 0.5-10 hours. The ultrasonic power per unit volume is 8-80 W/L and ultrasonic frequency is 20-500 kHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of the lanthanum oxide and zirconium oxide is 0.1-15 wt.% and 30-99.8 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanation process takes place at 100-300 degrees C. The methanation process is directly down-stream to the cryogenic conversion step. Preferred Components: The total amount of the carrier material with the active component is 0.1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Zirconium oxide (206.3 g), lanthanum nitrate (29.6 g), cerium oxide (0.24 g) and Plural SB (RTM: Aluminum oxide-hydroxide) (31.3 g) were mixed and diluted with nitric acid. Further water was added. The obtained mixture was dried and calcinated. The obtained carrier composition was added to the ruthenium chloride solution to obtain the corresponding catalytic active composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Hydrogen or nitrogen is added to the gas stream to adjust the ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen to three to one, respectively, prior to converting the gas stream to ammonia. The sulfur in the gas stream is removed prior to converting the gas stream to ammonia. The process further comprises producing electrical power for the fertilizer production process by consuming a fossil fuel. Carbon dioxide from the consumption of fossil fuel is captured, and chemically combined with ammonia and water to produce urea or ammonium carbonate. Preferred Components: The fossil fuel is coal, natural gas or oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The adsorption material packed column is filled with two or more adsorption materials in layers in which adsorption material is mixed uniformly. The absorption material is chosen according to specific surface area and/or difference of absorption or desorption characteristic resulting from pore volume distribution of each adsorption material. The adsorption material contains coal raw material-activated carbon and coconut shell raw material-activated carbon, and the mixed gas is fuel gas such as town gas having methane as main component. The mixed gas supply apparatus is further equipped with an emitted-heat amount adjusting device positioned such that gas composition is allowed to pass through passage of adsorption material packed column and then to emitted-heat amount of fuel gas or town gas. The emitted-heat amount and change in composition of mixed gas are adjusted to predetermined range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) The hydrogen production catalyst is manufactured by carbonizing and baking lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate and manganese nitrate hexahydrate. Preferred Component: The nickel metal is supported by an oxycarbonic acid compound during daily start up and shut down running. The composition (B) contains palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. Preferred Definitions:LayCe(1-y);and#y=0.5.    EXAMPLE - Lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, nickel nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate hexahydrate, citric-acid, and ethylene glycol in mole ratio of 1:0.2:0.8:10:40 were dissolved in methanol (100 ml), polymerized at 130 degrees C and gelatinized. The mixture was carbonized at 330 degrees C at atmospheric condition and baked at 500 degrees C for 5 hours producing a precursor. Baked at 1000 degrees C for 15 hours producing the hydrogen production catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquefied gas mixture preferably comprises 88 wt.% 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 9 wt.% octafluoropropane and 3 wt.% isobutane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pH value is adjusted to 6.6 by using calcium chloride solution containing 4 mass% sodium hydrate solution or to 6.7 by using calcium chloride solution containing 1 mass% sodium hydrate solution or to 6.5 by using calcium chloride solution containing 5 mass% sodium hydrate solution. The first immobilization reaction of micro-organism ball is carried out for 0.5 or 0.8 or 1 hour, while another immobilization reaction is carried out for 3 or 2 or 4 hours. Preferred Parameters: The micro-organism and the carrier material are in mass ratio of 1:5 or 1:4 or 1:6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carrier material solution comprises 1.1% sodium alginate solution and 11% polyvinyl alcohol solution at weight ratio of 1:10, or 1.5% sodium alginate solution and 9% polyvinyl alcohol solution at weight ratio of 1:6, or 1.1% sodium alginate solution and 12% polyvinyl alcohol solution at weight ratio of 1:12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dilute acid is dilute sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and acetic acid. Preferred Properties: The concentration of dilute acid is 0.02-0.5 mol/L. The content of dilute acid or water is 0.5-30 weight%. The dehydration temperature of manufacturing process is carried out at 100-105 degrees C and vacuum degree of 0.01-0.098 MPa. Preferred Reactor: The chemical reactor comprises ring or square stainless steel pipeline, and 2-500 ultrasonic field power exchanger fixed on outer wall of pipeline. The frequency of ultrasonic field power exchanger is 16-300 KHz. The frequency of biochemistry reactor is 100-25000 W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The propagation fat is soy bean oil, rap oil, groundnut oil, palm oil, bard, tallow oil, caster oil, sunflower seed oil and tung oil. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate. The low carbon ethanol is methanol, ethanol or propanol. The ethanol solution and propagation fat are preheated by heat exchanger. Preferred Composition: The weight of catalyst is 0.05-1.1 weight%. The mol ratio of ethanol and oil is 3:1-25:1. Preferred Condition: The preheated temperature of ethanol solution and propagation fat is 35-140 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The water conversion chamber is separated from the reaction chamber by a material comprising a ceramic. The material comprises yttrium-strontium-zirconium (YSZ), yttrium-strontium-titanium (YST), yttrium-lanthanum-strontium-titanium (YLST), or scandium-cerium-strontium-titanium (SCST). It may comprise a first phase comprising a ceramic ionic conductor and a second phase comprising a ceramic electrical conductor. The first phase may comprise YSZ or zirconia stabilized in a cubic structure using dopant(s). The zirconia is stabilized using Y or scandium (Sc). The first phase may comprise an oxide including cerium oxide and gadolinium oxide, lanthanum-ferrite material, gadolinium oxide doped with cerium, and doped lanthanum-iron oxide. The doped lanthanum-iron oxide is doped with strontium, calcium, gallium or iron. The second phase comprises LST material, YST material, LCC material, YLST material, or SCST material. Preferred Composition: The Y is 5-10 mol%. The Sc is 5-15 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell is solid oxide fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphoric acid fuel cell, or alkaline fuel cell. A hydrogen collection chamber is in communication with the second conduit. A polishing chamber comprising a catalyst for catalyzing a reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to methane and water is included. It comprises ruthenium and platinum. The source of fuel comprises carbonaceous fuel, oxidizable fuel, or gasified fuel. The source of fuel comprises gasified coal or gasified hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The activator contains an alumoxane. The ratio of aluminum to hafnium is 60:1-150:1, preferably 80:1-120:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The reactor is a continuous fluidized bed gas phase reactor. The reactor is operated at pressure of 500-5000 kPa, and temperature 50-120 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The catalyst system contains a metallocene. The metallocene is chosen from bis(n-propylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, bis(n-pentylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, (n-propyl cyclopentadienyl)(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, bis((2-trimethylsilylethyl)cyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, bis(trimethylsilyl cyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, dimethylsilylbis(n-propylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, dimethylsilylbis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, bis(l-n-propyl-2-methylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Xn, and (n-propylcyclopentadienyl)(l-n-propyl-3-n-butylcyclopentadieny)hafnium Xn.Xn=halogen ion, hydride, 1-12C alkyl, 2-12C alkenyl, 6-12C aryl, 7-20C alkylaryl, l-12C alkoxy, 6-16C aryloxy, 7-18C alkylaryloxy, 1-12C fluoroalkyl, 6-12C fluoroaryl, and 1-12C heteroatom-containing hydrocarbon and substituted derivatives.Preferred Components: The catalyst system further contains a support material, an activator and a condensing agent. The ( alpha )-olefin is 3-10C ( alpha )-olefin. The condensing agent contains an aliphatic hydrocarbon chosen from ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, n-hexane, isohexane, heptane and/or n-octane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ferroelectric substrate comprises a perovskite, a variant of a perovskite structure, a tungsten-bronze structure, a bismuth oxide layered structure, a water-soluble ferroelectric, a ferroelectric organic polymer, or a ferroelectric ceramic-polymer (preferably lead-titanate (PbTiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode comprises metal and/or metallic oxide. The metal comprises copper, gold, silver, platinum (Pt), titanium (Ii), indium, tin, strontium, and/or lanthanum. The metallic oxide comprises indium-tin-oxide, strontium-titanate (SrTiO3), and/or strontium ruthenium oxide (SrRuO3). The catalytically active material comprises one monolayer of the metal or one unit cell of the metallic oxide. The catalytically active material comprises Pt, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iron, nickel, vanadium, Ti, and/or aluminum (preferably Pt).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylic acid is formic acid. Preferred Method: The inert atmosphere is an inert gas (preferably argon or nitrogen). The synthesis of allyl alcohol from glycerol involves providing glycerol and formic acid to a reaction mixture, heating the reaction mixture under an inert atmosphere to 230-240 (preferably 235) degrees C, and distilling allyl alcohol from the reaction mixture. During the distillation step, the reaction mixture is heated to 230-240 degrees C. EXAMPLE - In three neck round-bottomed flask (100 ml) was placed glycerol (13.8 g) and 85-99% formic acid (89 mmol). The temperature in the reaction mixture was monitored. Nitrogen was bubbled through the mixture, using a perforated tube immersed in the solution, for 20 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was then heated over a preheated sand bath, with continuation of the nitrogen bubbling. The temperature was raised gradually, until 235 degrees C was reached after 30 minutes. Under these conditions, distillation of the product took place over 45 minutes. Heating was continued until the temperature reached 230-260 degrees C and then the mixture was cooled to room temperature. A second portion of 85% formic acid (63.5 mmol) was added and the distillation was repeated in exactly the same manner. Finally a third formic acid/distillation cycle was carried out. The three distillates contained allyl alcohol with some formic acid and traces of allyl formate and glycerol. The total yield was greater than 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture is heated to temperature of 60-500 (preferably 80-100, particularly greater than 80) degrees C.The method further involves exposing providing the mixture to increased pressure (preferably greater than 1 atmosphere, and less than 250 atmospheres, especially greater than 2 atmospheres); recovering the hydrogen gas as a fuel. The hydrogen gas is generated by an increase in temperature and /or an increase in pressure. Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon fuel is a cycloalkane and/or aryl compound (preferably cycloalkane compound). The hydrocarbon fuel is selected from cyclohexane and/ or benzene. The cycloalkane is cyclohexane. The hydrocarbon is an aryl compound (preferably benzene). The hydrocarbon is a mixture of cyclohexane and aryl compound selected from benzene and toluene. The hydrocarbon fuel and iodine are in a ratio of 1:0.001 to 1:2 (preferably 1:0.01 to 1:0.25) moles/moles. EXAMPLE - A 100 ml test tube, having thick walls capable of withstanding increased pressures and having Teflon screwcaps with inlets, was used as reaction vessel. Into the reaction vessel was placed solid iodine (0.5 g) and cyclohexane (10 ml)(density=0.77 g/ml). The test tube was tightly screwed and then heated to about 80 degrees C., then increasing the pressure within the reaction vessel. The temperature was maintained 80-100 degrees C., and the pressure was maintained 2-2.5 atmospheres by periodically venting the gases. The hydrogen produced was collected by opening the valve. Thus, hydrogen gas was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline-earth metal is calcium and/or magnesium. The zeolite has an Al:Si ratio of 80:1 to 280:1 (preferably 80:1 or 280:1). The zeolite doped with an alkaline-earth metal has an alkaline earth metal:silicon ratio of about 4:1. The doped zeolite is ZSM-5-type zeolite doped with calcium to 4:1 Ca:Si ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method additionally involves allowing any 1-3C hydrocarbons that are formed to contact a zeolite doped with an alkaline-earth metal to form at least one greater than or equal to 4C hydrocarbon. The methyl bromide is formed by brominating methane. The Br2 is used to brominate methane. At least 50% of which are greater than or equal to 6C hydrocarbons and at least 70% of which are greater than or equal to 5C hydrocarbons. The temperature is 225-350 degrees C, and the pressure is 1-5 bar. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Preparation of 6 compounds are specifically claimed as the hydrocarbons, i.e. benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene and ethylmethylbenzene.    EXAMPLE - Zeolyst CBV 28014 (RTM: ZSM-5-type zeolite having 280:1 Si:Al ratio) was doped with calcium, to 4:1 Ca:Si ratio. A glass reaction tube was charged with 1.427 g of the coarsely ground, calcium-doped zeolite, and stream of methyl bromide (4.5 mmol) was caused to flow into the tube. After conversion of methyl bromide, the solid was regenerated by treatment with O2 (2 sccm, 1 bar) at 52 degrees C for 3 hours, and evolved Br2 was recovered. The methyl bromide coupling reaction was performed over a pressure of 3 bar at 350 degrees C and space time of 3 seconds. 100% conversion of brominated alkane (CH3Br) was found. The content of the 4C hydrocarbon, 5C hydrocarbon, 6C hydrocarbon, 7C hydrocarbon and 8C hydrocarbon was found to be 26.7%, 19.4%, 15.2%, 10.1% and 6.2% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The saprotroph is selected from fungi, bacterium, lichen, protozoan, and archaebacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nutrients are selected from urea, cellulose, sucrose, and glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is chosen from low-temperature methanol synthesis catalyst (such as copper oxide, zinc oxide and alumina), dimethylether catalyst, dehydration catalyst and metal or its oxide. Preferred Methods: The method further involves cleaning the synthesis gas to remove inorganic contaminants such as hydrochloric acid and hydrogen sulfide and organic contaminants, and removing mercury from the synthesis gas. The removal of carbon dioxide is performed by introducing a flow of the synthesis gas through a pressure swing adsorbtion unit, and maintaining the flow, until the capacity of pressure swing adsorbtion unit to adsorb exhausted hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is reached. The synthesis gas is exposed to catalyst at pressure of 10-100 bar and temperature of 200-400 degrees C. The synthesis gas in the pressure swing adsorbtion unit is maintained at pressure of 5-200 psia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of hydrocarbon and/or lower alcohol is 50-95 vol.% with respect to total content of hydrocarbon, lower alcohol and ethyl tertiary butyl ether. The hydrocarbon is 3C or more optionally linear aromatic compound, or cyclic hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is gasoline, kerosene, and light oil with equivalent carbon number. The lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, tertiary butanol, amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol or tertiary amyl alcohol. The environment is soil or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism - The microorganisms are S. costicola and TOA1 FERM P-20904. EXAMPLE - The test substance of the crystal of a salt, salt water, and seawater was collected. The basal medium for the strain isolation from a test substance was used. The 27 mL of basal mediums which added glucose or sodium hydrogencarbonate of 2% concentration were prepared, respectively. Cultivation was carried out at 37 degrees C for 96 hours. The fishing of what can be isolated to a colony was carried out after 37 degrees C and 48-hour cultivation. The culture medium became clear and was inoculated into agar medium. It was cultivated for 24 hours and 37 degrees C and was isolated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A container (10) with a guide tube (24) for the wick, mounted in the top cap (18) which is itself covered with a concave or convex, transparent or translucent cover in the form of a disc (20) set on the edge of the tube (14) to give the appearance of the top of a natural candle; this disc (20) is preferably fixed to a flange (22) on the cap (18). Alternatively, the container (10) has a narrowed neck with a plate-like cap (18) which is fitted with a guide tube (24) and cover disc (20), the edge of the neck being reinforced so that the edge of the cap (18) can be fixed to the edge of the neck by flanges (beads) and the inner edge of the disc (20) has a shoulder with an annular groove for clipping onto the edge of the container cap (18); or the cap (18) is held in a groove round the edge of the neck and the inner edge of the disc (20) has a shoulder with a groove as above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: Coconut oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or a mixture of at least two of these, preferably a mixture of 70-80% coconut oil and 20-30 % rapeseed or sunflower oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The refuse derived fuel is graininess shape, block shape or honeycomb shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The used raw material is the city mixing domestic without sorting. The mixed domestic waste is separated from soil, brick and metal through vibrating scalper and magnetic grader, entering the tunnel drying apparatus to dry; the water content is 8-11%; it is crushed by entering double-tooth roller crusher so that the particle size is smaller than 3 mm; it enters the double-screw extruder to extrude core-shaped burning bar comprising 1.2 g/cm3 density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The straw is haulm, straw, cotton stalk, sesame stalk, soy beam stalk, cornstalk, sorghum stalk, rice hull, peanut shell, soy beam skin, cob, their fired heat value is less than or equal to 1000 kj/kg. The forest product waste is defect bamboo, wood, branch, leave, bush, firewood and sawdust, excelsior corner waste in processing industry of bamboo and wood, their fired heat value is less than 1000 kj/kg, and fired ash content is less than or equal to 30%. The substandard goods residue of food industry is husk, wheat skin, squeezed oil-tea-cake, bean dreg, distilled grain, fired ash is less than or equal to 30%. The coal is soft coal, anthracite and coal coke power, their ash is less than or equal to 48%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The biomass material powder comprises (g) ferrous sulfate (4), salt (8), potassium permanganate (4), barium nitrate (16), calcined soda (8), potassium nitrate (10), and sodium hydroxide (120).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The magnetic carrier is magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), nickel-iron alloy or iron-aluminum alloy. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is sodium, potassium, magnesium and/or calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The plant oil is bean oil, cole seed oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, rice oil, sumac seed oil and/or camphor seed oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The main extractant is 50-90 wt.%. The additive is 1-50 wt.%. Preferred Condition: The temperature and pressure for extracting, rectifying and separating are 293-373 degrees C and 0.10-10 MPa, respectively. Preferred Component: The additive of compound extractant is imidazole, pyridine, quaternary ammonium salt, hydramine, and/or phosphonium ionic liquid with different side chains carbon number. The main extractant of compound additive is acetonitrile (ACN), dimethyl formamide (DMF) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The nanometer compound gasoline comprises (pts. wt.): gasoline (68), methanol (30), iso-propanol or acetone (3), dissolving and expanding-resisting preservative (0.2), and fuel additive (0.0002). Preferred Components: The preservative is amido alkyl organic phosphate methanol liquor. The fuel additive is methyl carbonate, di-isopropyl ether, or methyl butyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ZSM molecular sieve is ZSM-5(RTM: aluminosilicate zeolite), ZSM-35(RTM: cystalline aluminosilicate), ZSM-48(RTM: cystalline aluminosilicate), ZSM-11(RTM: cystalline aluminosilicate) or ZSM-23(RTM: cystalline aluminosilicate). Preferred Compositions: The weight ratio of water and ethanol is more than 0.5-6:1. The ZSM molecular sieve is ZSM-5 molecular sieve, with 10-200 (preferably 20-100) silicon/aluminum mol ratio. Preferred Condition: The reaction is at 250-350 degrees C, 0.5-5/hour air speed; and under 0.1-1 MPa gage pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oil contains animal or plant oil of rape seed oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, rice bran oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil, corn oil, tea oil, beef fat, fish oil, sheep fat, sheep wash oil and/or acidifying oil. Preferred Method: The materials are continuously supplied into the device and biodiesel oil is discharged from the device without catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst further contains a solid acid such as alumina. A portion of copper has a spinel structure. The metal oxide is an oxide of nickel, cobalt and/or copper. The spinel structure is chosen from copper-nickel-manganese type spinel, copper-cobalt-manganese type spinel, copper-nickel-manganese-iron type spinel, copper-nickel-iron type spinel, copper-cobalt-iron type spinel and copper-cobalt-manganese-iron type spinel. Preferred Property: The ratio of copper, nickel and cobalt, and platinum is 99.9:0.1-10.90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The porous body of plasma reactor is formed of a porous ceramic material including oxides/nitrides of metal and metal alloys; where the metal is selected from magnesium, aluminum, silicon, boron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc. The hydrogen storage medium includes at least one metal selected from palladium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, silver, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, sodium, lithium, copper, zinc, beryllium, boron, niobium, vanadium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, platinum, rhenium, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, iridium, metals of lanthanide, metals of actinide and/or their alloys. The hydrogen ion conducting membrane of electrochemical hydrogen pump, is a hydrogen ion conducting solid oxide membrane having a peroskite-type oxide of formula ABMO3 (where A is barium or strontium, B is cerium or zirconium, and M is aluminum, gallium, indium, neodymium, yttrium, ytterbium, samarium, dysprosium, magnesium, scandium or zinc).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrogen ion conducting membrane of electrochemical hydrogen pump, is made of perfluorosulfonated polymer nafion, hydrocarbon-bond polymer, bismaleimide polymer, non-sulfonated polymer, organically-modified silicates and/or polymer material made of carboxylic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid or polyvinylidene fluoride. The hydrogen ion conducting membrane consists of a composite membrane, which impregnates a porous polyethylene-terephthale layer with a proton-conducting material; or a composite membrane, which impregnates a porous perfluorosulfonated layer with a proton-conducting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The weight measurement balance measures the load of chemical reactor and the weight of waste supplied through the loading apparatus, and provides the measured result value to the controller. The weight measurement apparatus is an electronic balance (load cell).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst metal particles are chosen from nickel, iron and/or cobalt. The catalyst metal particles contain intermetallic compound. EXAMPLE - Nickel-acetate tetrahydrate was heated at 100 degrees C to obtain catalyst precursor. The catalyst precursor was extended and heated at 400 degrees C for 1 hour under hydrogen gas atmosphere, argon gas atmosphere, methane atmosphere or air atmosphere to obtain non-supported hydrocarbon direct dissociation catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used for dissociating methane. The conversion ratio of methane was 50% at 500 degrees C and 90% at 800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The wall has 10-80 vol.% liparite with respect to full capacity of wall and supplies oxygen or sustained release drug with oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Agent: The adhesive agent has polyolefin-type resin having carboxylic acid group or carboxylic anhydride group, epoxy group, hydroxyl group, amino group and/or silyl group. Plastic, metallic component and/or inorganic filler are dispersed in synthetic resin of liner material. The adhesive resin is high-density polyethylene resin, linear low-density polyethylene resin, high pressure radical method polyethylene-type resin, very low-density polyethylene resin or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The filler tank has flowing water path where wastewater alternately passes along deep-water part and shallow-water part. The micro nano bubble production tank has submersible pump type micro nano bubble generator, non-aqueous pump type nano bubble generator and micro nano bubble production adjuvant. The equipment has turbidimeter installed on micro nano bubble production tank, metering pump that is controlled base on the signal of the turbidimeter and sends adjuvant to the production tank, and turbidity controller that controls addition amount of the adjuvant. The equipment has an aerator that is connected between the filler tank and solid-liquid separation tank. The aerator is a catalytic oxidation tank, rotating disk tank, photocatalyst tank, nitrification tank, denitrifying tank, and reaeration tank for processing nitrogen. The wastewater contains surface active agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The tank is made of stratified polyester using sandwich technique, such as fiberglass/insulated foam/fiberglass and stratified with isophthalic polyester, vinylester or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: Sludge is wet mud or dry mud exhausted from wastewater treatment plant, paper mill, or alcohol factory. Biomass powder is powder, or sawdust, wood crumbs of ruderal, branch, sugar cane leaves, peanut shell, silkworm shell, or straw.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Activated carbon, charcoal or coal are the activated carbon, charcoal or coal which can buy from market or the coal obtained through carbonizing biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high methanol gasoline is 30 wt% methanol, 45 wt% 90# gasoline, 20.5 wt% petroleum naphtha, 1.9 wt% isopropanol, 1.6 wt% mixed benzene, 0.3 wt% petroleum ether, 0.2 wt% normal butanol and 0.5 wt% adjusting additional agent. Preferred Components: The adjusting additional agent is isooctanol. Preparation: Preparing high clean methanol gasoline comprises (1) pumping methanol, 90# gasoline, petroleum naphtha by gasoline pump, pouring in mixing jar until reaching the 3/4 position of the mixing jar capacity; (2) adding isopropanol, mixed benzene, petroleum ether, normal butanol, adjusting additional agent into the mixing jar; (3) mixing the solution equally for 20-50 minutes by gasoline pump; (4) filtering the solution by gasoline filtering machine and obtaining high clean methanol gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preparation: Preparation of methanol diesel oil comprises (a) drawing out diesel oil and then infusing it into a mixing tank by using an oil pump until its proportion reaches 3/4 of the volume of the tank; (b) infusing methanol, surfactant, the 200# or 260# solvent oil into the mixing tank; (c) circular mixing of the solution in the tank for 20-50 minutes using an oil pump for full and equal mixing; (d) obtaining methanol diesel oil after filtration of the solution inside the tank using an oil filter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methanol diesel oil comprises 50 wt.% of diesel oil, 17 wt.% of methanol, 26 wt.% of surfactant, and 7 wt.% of 200# or 260# solvent oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In producing microbial oil, the Rh.g strain is Rh.g CGMCC No.2258, the seed culture solution includes components by weights as follows: glucose of 3-5 g, ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) of 0.1-0.3g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) of 0.5-0.9 g, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) of 0.1-0.3 g, MgSO4.7H2O of 0.1-0.2 g, leaven powder of 0.1-0.2 g, and water which makes final volume of 100 ml, pH of the solution is 5-6. Culturing is carried out at 25-30 degrees C for 24-30 hours. The inoculation amount of the seed solution is 10-15%, fermentation condition includes: temperature of 25-40 degrees C, and time of 48-180 hours; the industrial waste water is water from starch, monosodium glutamate, paper making industries; the fermentation substrate is formed by removing insoluble grains in the waste water, adjusting pH to 5-6, and sterilizing. Inoculating the seed solution comprises adding dreg from fermentation industry in the fermentation substrate until its weight/volume concentration is 1-4%, where the dreg from fermentation industry is soy sauce residue, sugarcane dreg, or kaoliang straw dreg. The method uses vibration culture, where in (a) vibration speed of the seed culture solution is 100-180 revolutions/minute (rpm), in (b) vibration of the fermentation culture is 150-400 rpm, and glucose solution is added in the fermentation substrate until weight/volume concentration of glucose is 1-4%. Before the seed culture, the Rh.g is activated by storing in slant at 28-30 degrees C for 3-12 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The peat has a degree of humification of H6-H9 according to von Post's scale of humification. The fibrous material is a ground-up wood having a moisture content of maximum 40 wt.% and/or a ground-up cellulose having a moisture content of maximum 15 wt.%. The ground-up cellulose is paper or cardboard. The fibrous material is a dried grass of the type Phalaris or canary grass. Preferred Process: The fibrous material is added until the peat mixture has a moisture content of 60-65 wt.%. The method uses a peat mixture containing 50-70 (preferably 55-65) wt.% of wet peat, 10-30 (preferably 15-25) wt.% of ground-up wood and 10-30 (preferably 15-25) wt.% of ground-up cellulose. The method further comprises extruding the peat mixture through an apertured plate to form a peat mixture string, cutting the peat mixture string into units and conveying the units through a peripherally rotating tube to form ball-shaped units of the peat mixture. The method also includes pivoting the peripherally rotating tube back and forth about a pivot axis being transverse to the tube, so-called double rotation. The peat mixture string is cut into units having a transverse dimension and length of 5-15 (preferably 8-10) mm. The peat mixture is extruded through an apertured plate having circular apertures, where the peat mixture string and its units take a circular cross-section. The ball-shaped units of the peat mixture are dried until the remaining moisture content is maximum 10 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The hot gas is a waste gas from a combustion process, or the hot gas is indirectly heated by waste heat before contacting the carbonaceous substance. The carbonaceous substance is at 25-100 degrees C after the first step and before the second step. It is directly contacted with a hot gas at 100-300 degrees C, and/or the carbonaceous substance is indirectly contacted with saturated steam at 150-250 degrees C. The carbonaceous substance is at 80-150 degrees C. The carbonaceous material is contacted with hot gas at 500-1000 degrees C yielding a gas stream of syngas and solid char. The carbonaceous material is partially heated by low temperate oxidation of the carbonaceous material. At third step, the carbonaceous material is contacted with hot gas at 200-500 degrees C yielding a gas stream of low energy density (CV) syngas and a carbonaceous substance that is partially pyrolized. At third step, the carbonaceous material is partially heated by low temperate oxidation of the carbonaceous material. The high CV syngas is cooled to 3-25 degrees C and excess water is separated from the gas stream. The excess water separated from the gas stream is recycled and injected into the gasification steps. Preferred Composition: The hot gas contains 2-15 vol.% oxygen. The carbonaceous substance contains 2-20 wt.% moisture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hemicellulose can be from plant biomass solids comprising cellulose and hemicellulose. The extracted hemicellulose is hydrolyzed using carbonic acid that is generated by introducing carbon dioxide gas into a liquid containing the extracted hemicellulose. The cellulose in the plant biomass solids is hydrolyzed using carbonic acid generated by introducing carbon dioxide gas into a liquid containing the cellulose. Silica and lignin are extracted from solution comprising cellulose using a strong base, and separated. The ethanol solution is distilled to its azeotrope. EXAMPLE - A deionized water (3 L) was added to a pressure vessel. Rice straw (500 plus minus 0.01 g) was also added to the pressure vessel. The vessel was sealed, and carbon dioxide gas was bubbled through the water and rice straw mixture until the pressure reached 50 psig. The heat in the pressure vessel was adjusted to 80 degrees C. The mixture in the vessel was agitated. These conditions produced a hydrogen ion concentration that produced hydrolysis of the cellulose. A sample of 215.88 g cellulose extracted from rice straw was placed in 300 ml carbonated water. The mixture was placed in a canning cooker, sealed, and brought to a pressure of 20 psig by heating to 100 degrees C. The mixture was stirred continually for 1 hour. The remaining solids were dried overnight and weighed. The remaining dried solids weighed 88.23 g showing 41% hydrolysis of the cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The movable platform further comprises a utilities unit operationally connected to the system, where the utilities system comprises a cooling water system that is supplied with deep sea water. The sea water is less than or equal to 55 (preferably less than or equal to 50) degrees F. The temperature difference of the sea water and the surface of the sea is 5.4 degrees F. The sea water is taken from a depth of greater than or equal to 250 (preferably greater than or equal to 200, more preferably greater than or equal to 100, especially greater than or equal to 50) feet. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst further contains cerium oxide, praseodymium oxide and/or lanthanum oxide. The support contains silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Features: The supernatant is removed in the removal phase. The concentration of the active biomass is controlled whilst the deposited biomass is partially removed in the removal phase at a high biomass concentration. A part of the biomass is excited by introducing air for aerobic growth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The plant is preferably Centaurea nigra strain Cenn 8199, Eupatorium cannabinum strain Eupc 8506, Artemisia vulgare strain Artv 8606, Cichorium intybus strain Cici 8603, Chrysanthemum vulgare strain Chrv 8606 or Solidago gigantea strain Solg 8603.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: Weight ratio of cotton-stalk powder is 20-60%; cotton leftover waste is 30-70%; and sawdust is 10%. Preferred Process: Manufacturing process of cotton-stalk biomass granule fuel involves: cutting cotton-stalk: cutting cotton-stalk by 1.5-2 cm; dispersing: processing the cotton-stalk section into cotton-stalk powder of 35-45 mu M with disintegrator; dispensing: evenly mixing cotton-stalk powder, cotton leftover waste and sawdust according to proportion; loading: feeding the evenly mixed raw material in the clinker barrel through fan; curing: continuously stirring the evenly mixed raw material in the clinker barrel and heating to 30-40 degrees C; and molding: pressing the heated raw material by the molding granulator at 142-147 degrees C to obtain cylindrical granule with length of 1.5-2.0 cm and diameter of 0.7 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: Low carbon alcohol is grain alcohol or methanol. The liquid component specifically is alcohol, biologic diesel oil and glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Organic matter waste is vegetal material such as firewood, farm crop stalk, grass, sawdust, nut shell. The organic matter waste is ore fuel such as coal and coal gangue powder. Ore fuel is replaceable by viscous fuel such as olefin and/or glycerine. Preferred Process: The organic matter fuel is prepared with bond, organic matter wastes, antiseptic, mildew resistor and peculiar-smell remover. The mildew resistor can adopt middle, high temperature, coal and petroleum asphalt. Preferred Composition: Weight ratio of the bond and organic matter wastes is (5-50) to (50-95) parts, or (5-30) to (70-95) parts, or (10-30) to (70-90) parts at best is (20-30) to (70-80) parts. The bond and organic matter weights are accounted by weight of dry bond and dry organic matter, respectively. Antiseptic quantity is not more than 3% while mildew resistor quantity is not more than 5% of the sum of bond and organic matter. The peculiar-smell remover can adopt calces with quantity which is not more than 5% of the sum of bond and organic matter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The thermometer is used for indicating the temperature of the oil inside the reactor; the liquid level indicator is used for showing the height of the oil filled in the reactor; the oil injecting hole is used for filling with crude oil; man-hole is used for maintenance. The molecular screen is made up of stainless steel wire for filling with molecular sieve; the filling hole is used for exchanging and filling with zeolite molecular sieve; the distiller is made of 5 mm stainless steel; the oil steam outflow tube for distilling oil is made up of stainless steel pipe. Functions of the zeolite molecular sieve were to crack the long carbon chain oil into short chain, and ensuring the refluxing ratio of the oil upon distillation to improve oil quality. The cooler is made up of phi 30 mm stainless steel for cooling the oil steam thereby transforming it into liquid; the cooling water tank is made of common 5 mm steel board for filling with cold water; the observation cup is made up of glass material for observing the quality and the quantity of the oil. The liquid separating valve is used for outflow of liquid inside the flow separating tank while the grate bar is for filling with fuel. The vacuum pump is used for reducing pressure and distilling to reduce energy consumption; the residual heat recycling sleeve is made up of common steel pipe with phi 30mm diameter and is for preheating the crude oil, recycling the energy source. It also has a cooling function. The mixer is for even mixing of the crude oil inside the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Catalysts: Esterification catalyst is sulfonic resin or sulfonated coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preparation of solidified base catalyst used for synthesizing biodiesel comprises calcining calcium carbonate, calcium oxide or calcium oxide in high temperature; cooling calcining object into 400-950 degrees C, then cooling it in methanol or methanol steam to room temperature to obtain solidified base catalyst. Calcining object is used before cooling in methanol or methanol steam directly and in the temperature of 600-800 degrees C. Preferred Conditions: Calcining temperature is 600-1000 degrees C, preferably 700-950 degrees C and calcining time is 0.5-4 hours, preferably 1-2 hours. Preferred Components: Calcium carbonate is natural calcium carbonate or synthesis calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The total pore volume of pores with particle diameter of 2-100 nm is 0.40-0.70 ml/g. The calcium oxide has BET specific surface area of more than 30 m2/g, preferably 70-120 m2/g and has high basic strength existing in the region of pKa of 15.0 or more. The calcium oxide is used in an amount of 0.01-0.7 g with respect to 100 ml of fats and oils. Calcium oxide contains 0.20 mmol/g or more of bases which is value obtained after dividing the molar quantity of benzoic acid added to a suspension liquid such as toluene suspension liquid of calcium oxide colored by bromothymol blue. The calcium oxide is obtained by baking calcium hydroxide at 315-800 degrees C in inert gas atmosphere or pressure reduced atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction is performed at temperature below 30 degrees C or more than the boiling point of the aliphatic alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon dioxide reforming catalyst further comprises titanium-containing compound of formula: ATiO3 (1), where A is alkaline-earth metal(s) chosen from calcium, strontium and barium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal catalyst is one or more types chosen from nickel, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, palladium, platinum, rhenium, cobalt, iron and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: 0.1-100 mol equivalent of weak-acid solution and 0.1-100 mol equivalent of aqueous alkali solution are used with respect to ion exchange capacity of the resin. 0.5-100 times of solvent is used with respect to volume of the resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is sulfuric acid and/or tartaric acid or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The plant material is homogenized. The pulse electric field treatment is applied to the plant material, and the extracted phytochemicals is collected. The plant-material pellets are manufactured by subjecting to pulsed electric field treatment of less than 25 kV/cm, preferably 6 kV/cm. The pulsed electric field treatment further comprises a capacitance of discharge capacitors of less than 3 ~m F, preferably 1 ~m F and number of pulses of less than 200 pulses. The plant material is pressed before application of pulse electric field treatment in a single treatment chamber. The plant material after pulse electric field treatment is pressed in a single treatment chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pellets contain phytochemicals. The extracted phytochemicals are terpenoids such as xantrophylls or carotenoids, polyphenolic molecules, glucosinolate such as sulforaphane, thiosulfonate, phytosterol, anthraquinone, capsaicin, piperine, chlorophyll, betaine, pectin or oxalic acid. The carotenoids are ~a -carotene, ~b -carotene, lycopene or astaxanthin. The polyphenolic molecules are flavonoids, phenolic acid or non-flavonoid polyphenolic molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first reactant comprises a hydrogen storage material, metal hydride, silicon, chemical hydride, aluminum, iron, magnesium, zinc, and/or sodium borohydride (preferably mixture of sodium borohydride and aluminum).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second reactant comprises water or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The lubricating oil has saturation content of greater than or equal to 75 wt.%. Preferred Components: The lubricating oil composition further comprises dispersant/inhibitor package containing dispersant, metal-containing detergent, antiwear agent, antioxidant and friction modifier. The detergent is neutral and overbased calcium sulfonate, overbased magnesium sulfonate, calcium phenate, calcium salicylate, magnesium salicylate, and/or magnesium phenate. The dispersant comprises polyalkenyl succinimide dispersant(s). The friction modifier is non-metal-containing organic friction modifier and/or organometallic friction modifier. The organometallic friction modifier is oil-soluble organotitanium, oil-soluble organomolybdenum compound, or oil-soluble organotungsten compound. The non-metal-containing friction modifier is glycerol monooleate or nitrogen-containing friction modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The olefin copolymer is copolymer of ethylene and 3-23C alpha -olefins. Preferred Properties: The acylated olefin copolymer has DOG of 1.5-2.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst layer includes a catalyst from an oxidation catalyst, a reforming catalyst, a water-gas shift catalyst, decomposition catalyst, and/or a carbon monoxide preferential oxidation catalyst. The oxidation catalyst is platinum/aluminum oxide (Al2O3), rhodium/cerium/Al2O3, and/or copper (Cu)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/Al2O3. The reforming catalyst is Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and/or palladium/Zn/Al2O3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first fluid is methanol, ethanol, water, gasoline, and/or diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of mercaptan-based compound is 1 ppb-1 vol.% or wt.%, preferably 100 ppb-10000 ppm. EXAMPLE - An inhibitor composition containing 2-mercaptoethyl sulfide (0.2 ppm) was tested in a corrosive environment, which was a combination of brine and paraffinic hydrocarbon in an approximate weight proportion of 80:20, respectively. During the test, the rotating cylinder electrode coupons were rotated at approximately 6000 revolutions/minute; and approximately 160 degrees F was maintained in the corrosive environment. The test was carried out over a 17-hour period. The test composition exhibited no corrosion, compared with the comparative composition containing amide/imidazoline-based inhibitor (0.2 ppm) of 103.4 mils/year corrosion rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The permeate stream is condensed. A non-permeate product from the membrane is extracted as a propane product stream. The non-permeate stream is fed to another membrane having a selectivity for propylene of greater than or equal to 2.5. Another permeate propylene enriched stream is extracted at or about the same temperature as the feed stream and combined with the feed stream. The propane product stream is collected as a liquid or as a two-phase gas/liquid stream having a propane purity of greater than or equal to 95%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The feed stream comprises 70% propylene. EXAMPLE - A feed of 3 million standard cubic feed per day (MMscfd) at 200 psia and 30 degrees C was introduced into a separation system. A pump pressurized the stream to 500 psia. Evaporator vaporized the feed reaching an ultimate temperature of 90 degrees C. Membrane with a propylene to propane selectivity of 11 was used to separate the feed into a propylene enriched product and a propane enriched product. The propylene product was recovered at 93% propylene purity at 40 psia. Propylene recovery was 70%. The propane purity was 57% and propane recovery was 88%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism nutrients are provided by peats and composts. The microorganisms is chosen from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, Pseudoxanthomonas and Paenibaccilus lautus. The microorganisms are provided from source of inoculants, where the microorganism include Thiobacillus thioparus and T.thiooxidans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The adsorptive agent is activated carbon. The bonding agent is cement. The nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and zinc acetate. The coating further includes an acid, preferably phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The method uses catalyst including nickel (Ni), Ni/tungsten, Ni/molybdenum (Mo), palladium (Pd), Pd/silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), Pd/Pt, Pt/zeolite, or cobalt/Mo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen permeable film of the composite film consists of palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy or palladium copper (Pd-Cu) alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The hydrogen production anaerobic ultra thermophilic bacteria is Thermococcus kodakaraensis, preferably T.kodakaraensis KOD1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen-production apparatus is equipped with an alkaline solution supply unit (50) to supply alkaline solution to a cultivation tank (10).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The support is porous support. The support is natural sponge, synthetic sponge, activated carbon, cermic, ion exchange resin, zeolite, porous stone, molten slag, cellulose acetate fiber, glass bead, carbon, silica gel, sand, alumina, molecular sieve and/or titanium oxide. The carbon source is pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid salt and/or starch type polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The bacteria are rinsed with an inert or non-flammable gas, particularly nitrogen before and after rinsing with oxygen or air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ester additive ingredient comprises kerosene, methyl carbonate, and fatty acid ester at a weight ratio of 2:3:5. The additive comprises benzene mixture, C9, and TKC at a weight ratio of 1:5:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flame retardant is manganese oxide or potassium permanganate. The desulfurating and dechlorinating agent is calcium oxide or calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The earthworm treatment device is earthworm biologic filtering pool. The water plant treatment device is one or two of the water plant pool or artificial wetland. The solid separated from organic wastewater and/or water plant in the water plant treatment device and the organic solid waste are mixed in proportion of 20-30:1 in terms of C/N for compound anaerobic fermentation. Preferred Components: The organic solid waste is straw, rubbish after meals, active muddy, and/or dejection. The organic waste water is from one or more of the life pollution water, effluent, or food handling waste water. Preferred Conditions: The wastewater is primarily treated for 2-4 hours in the earthworm treating device. The wastewater in the water plant treatment device is treated for 2-12 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biological mixed alcohol comprises 1-20, 50-80, 1-15, 1-15 and 0-5 mole % carbinol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol and greater than or equal to 5Calcohol, respectively. Preferred Components: The woody biodiesel or herbage biodiesel raw materials include saw dust, leaves, stalk, chaff and ruderal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: Specifically, the A. hit strain is A. hit JSA1. The main fatty acid content of A. hit JSA1 comprises C15:0iso of 34.06%, C15:0anteiso of 29.00%, C16:0iso of 3.44%, C16:1w7c alcohol of 4.04%, C17:0iso of 4.10%, C17:0anteiso of 12.49%, where the total fatty acid content is 97.13%. Additionally, the A. hit JSA1 contacts enzyme positive, oxidase negative, amylohydrolysis negative, gelation liquefaction negative, where nitrite reduction reaction, casein hydrolytic test, and tyrosine hydrolytic test are negative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The seven sorts of bacterium are obtained by separating from the compost soil sample, and processing through the 16S rRNA comparison and biological assay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microbial composition comprises (in weight%) photosynthetic bacteria (0.2-0.4), lactic acid bacteria (0.02-0.04), microzyme (0.1-0.3) and actinomycete (0.04-0.06). The photosynthetic bacteria is Rhodobacter sphaeroides, crimson Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter, Chromatium vinosum, Chlorobium or vinosum. The lactic acid bacterium is lactic acid Streptococcus and/or lactic acid Bacillus. The microzyme is beer yeast, wine yeast, tropic Candida yeast, Candida utilis and white Torulopsis. The actinomycete is Streptomyces and/or Micromonospora.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The biomass decomposition bacterial agent further contains at least one of Rhodococcus, Micrococcus, Enterobacter and Corynebacterium. The biomass decomposition bacterial agent contains epiphyte (5-150 mg/kg) and Bacillus (108-1010/kg) in biomass, and Bacillus (1010-1012/m2) and epiphyte (20-150 mg/m2) in field, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The epiphyte is chosen from white rot of epiphyte Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium or Cunninghamella echinulata. The Bacillus is chosen from thermo Anaerobacter, Sporocytophaga or pseudomonad. The biomass is straw, waste paper and wooden meal. The oil hydrocarbon decomposing bacterial agent includes Bacillus and epiphyte with decomposition ability and at least one micro-organism with ability to generate high efficiency surface active agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Microorganism: The Enterobactericaeae is Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus sp. is Bacillus magaterium, Alealigenes sp. is Alealigenes faecalis, Pseudomonas sp. is Pseudomonas stutzeri. Preferred Components: The nutrition medium contains (in weight%) glucose (0.05-0.2), peptone (0.02-0.06), yeast extract (0.03-0.06), sodium chloride (0.3-0.6), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.4-0.5), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.1-0.4), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (0.02-0.06), pH 7.2-7.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises precursor emulsions containing same hydrocarbon material or different hydrocarbon material. The fuel is liquid fuel emulsified in an aqueous matrix hydrocarbon. The emulsion stabilizer is surfactant. The biofuel comprises solid water dispersible biomass, bioalcohol and/or solid hydrocarbons. Preferred Properties: The precursor emulsion has different rate of combustion. The emulsified hydrocarbon fuel is a composite emulsion fuel containing different emulsions in predetermined ratio. The particle size of primary emulsion is more than the particle size of the secondary emulsion. The composite emulsion fuel has viscosity of 300-500% less than the viscosity of the precursor emulsion containing smaller particles. The composite has carbon burnout rate of 99.99% or less. The hydrocarbon material has performance improver concentrate (API) of 18 or less. The emulsion stabilizer has content of 0.01-5 wt.%. Preferred Process: The composite has unimodal particle size distribution formed from mixing a bimodal distribution of at least two precursor emulsions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: Separation of components from pyrolysis steam is done by using hot gas filtration after withdrawal from the reaction container. Preferred Materials: The biomass comes from energy plant including Raps, olive fruit, or sunflowers. Preferred Conditions: Heating the biomass takes place in the reaction container at 400-450 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersion medium contains an aqueous solvent. The dispersion liquid is free of dispersion agent. The content of humus and/or its derivative is 1-50 wt.%. Pulverization is carried out by wet grinding. Preferred Property: Humus and/or its derivative has median diameter of 0.05-10 mu m, preferably 0.05-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diesel fuel mixture comprises: fossil diesel fuel as main component and up to 25 vol.% of the oxalic acid diethylester as other mixture component; bio-diesel as main component and up to 50 vol.% of oxalic acid diethylester as other mixture component; and vegetable oil as main component and up to 50 vol.% of oxalic acid as mixture component. The light fuel oil is crude oil raffinate containing up to 25 vol.% of oxalic acid diethylester as other mixture component. The light fuel is a mixture of vegetable oil with up to 50 vol.% of oxalic acid diethylester. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide proton electric conductivity film contains oxide of formula: AL1-xMxO3-(~a) (1), and has perovskite structure.A=alkaline earth metal;L=zirconium, cerium, titanium and/or hafnium;M=trivalent element;x=0-0.2;andalpha =0.3-0.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The layer of proton electro-conductive oxide film which touches the metallic substrate contains proton electro-conductive oxide of formula: A(Ce1-yMy)O3 (2). The layer which consists of proton electro-conductive oxide (1) and layer which consists of proton electro-conductive oxide (2) are perovskite structures.y=0.1 or more, but less than 0.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic substrate has a hydrogen permeable metal film in surface of the metal porous-component base material. Preferred Film: The hydrogen permeable metal film comprises film containing palladium coated on both surfaces of the metal film containing palladium, or vanadium, niobium and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst such as titanium oxide cerium oxide and niobium oxide are filled in modification flow path of modifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst such as platinum is filled in modification flow path of modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The electrode catalyst layer is formed by applying catalyst slurry containing an electrode catalyst, a polyelectrolyte and a solvent, on one surface of the polymer electrolyte membrane. EXAMPLE - Polymer (in g) (115.3) of formula (1) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and polymer (11.4) of formula (2) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (103), were stir-mixed at 100 degrees C for 5 hours in a flask. The resulting solution was casted by thickness of 400 mu m on a glass plate, heated at 100 degrees C, 135 degrees C and 150 degrees C, respectively for 5 minutes, and cooled. The glass plate was immersed in pure water for 12 hours, such that the film was peeled. The peeled film was then immersed in 2M dilute sulfuric acid, washed with pure water, and dried to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane. Electrode catalyst (1 mass parts) supported with 50 mass% platinum, water (4 mass parts), 5 mass% Nafion solution (8 mass parts) and isopropanol (1.5 mass parts) were mixed, to obtain catalyst slurry. The obtained catalyst slurry was coated on surfaces of the obtained polymer electrolyte membrane, to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst zygote. The obtained polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst zygote had excellent durability. A hydrogen fuel cell formed using the obtained polymer electrolyte membrane/catalyst zygote, had excellent output characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The hydrogen reduction processing is carried out at temperature of 300-700 degrees C. Preferred Component: The support is zirconia, or mixed or complex oxide consisting of zirconia, and oxide of rear earth elements. The molybdenum is a metal, or an inorganic compound. Preferred Properties: The content of platinum is 0.01-20.0 wt.% based on conversion of platinum metal with respect to total weight of support and platinum. The content of molybdenum is 0.01-20.0 wt.% based on conversion of molybdenum metal with respect to total weight of support and molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The undesirable compounds are nitrogen oxide compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method includes using second portion of compressed air that has thermally contacted the generator exhaust gas to assist combustion of combustible fuel gas, and placing ventilation air from housing in thermal contact with generator exhaust gas to facilitate heat transfer between ventilation air and generator exhaust gas. The gasification of biomass uses fluidized bed gasification process, and catalyst to catalyze the gasification process. The ventilation air after being placed in thermal contact with the generator exhaust gas is fed back to the housing. The combustible fuel gas is filtered prior to undergoing combustion. Preferred Parameters: The two portions of compressed air are at greater than or equal to 600, preferably 890 degrees K and greater than or equal to 4, preferably 5.75 bars. The compressed air placed in thermal contact with generator exhaust gas has lower temperature than the generator exhaust gas to facilitate heat transfer from generator exhaust gas to the compressed air. The generator exhaust gas is at greater than or equal to 800, preferably 1000 degrees K. The compressed air before being placed in thermal contact with generator exhaust gas is at 300-600, preferably 490 degrees K. Preferred Components: A portion of combustible fuel gas is used during chemical treatment of generator exhaust gas. EXAMPLE - Chicken litter was metered via direct flow metering unit to gasifier. The litter was mixed with high temperature pre-heated compressed air at 890 degrees K and 5.75 bars to form hot litter/air mixture at temperature higher than the Biomass Technology Group BV (BTG) or Cratech process and contributed towards the improved power generation efficiency of process, i.e. 44% compared to BTG and Cratech prior art processes, i.e. 18%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-molybdenum, nickel-tungsten and/or platinum-palladium supported on a support of alumina, silica-alumina, zeolite, ferrierite, aluminum phosphate and silicon aluminum phosphate. The biocatalyst with isomeric function has nickel oxide on an acid support of amorphous silica-alumina, zeolite, ferrierite, aluminum phosphate and silicon aluminum phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vegetable oil is palm oil, soya oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, rice bran oil, maize oil, olive oil, castorbean oil, sesame oil, pine oil, groundnet oil, palm-kernel oil, coconut oil and/or babassu oil e.g. palm oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of (I) comprises mixing dissolved salt of X i.e. X2- and dissolved salt of M i.e. M2+ in aqueous solution. The mixture of dissolved salt of (X) and dissolved salt of (M) is done with air for a sufficient time to obtain a stabilization of the parameters Eh (oxidation potential) and pH. Preferred Components: The ratio of nitrate to the divalent transition element is greater than 0.5. The dissolved salt of (X) is sodium sulfide, ammonium sulfide, lithium sulfide and/or potassium sulfide. The dissolved salt of (M) is preferably sulfate of formula MSO4, perchlorate of formula M(ClO4)2 or chloride of formula MCl2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic conditioning material is bitumen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive comprises 0.5, 0.5, 0.3, 0.1, 0.5 and 0.60 kg potassium nitrate, sodium percarbonate, green copperas, sodium bicarbonate, methenamine and sodium chloride, respectively. Preferred Components: The coal mixed material is the mixture of coal with industry slag or industry scoria at same mass proportion or using gangue to replace coal mixed material. Preferred Products: The molded carbon can be coal cake, coal ball or honeycomb briquette. The fuel comprises crushed dry branch, shatter, wood shavings, sawmilling dust, straw, bagasse, corn cob, chaff, dead grass, reed and others.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The waste fungus bag granule biomass complex fuel can also be added with straw of 50-80 mesh screens, 1-10 parts; and saw-dust of 50-80 mesh screens, 1-10 parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The water processing engineering bacteria is Weibao bacteria or super-CM biology bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The flocculating agent is aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric trichloride, poly-aluminum sulfate or polyferric sulfate. The granule diameter of the active carbon is 50-500 meshes. Preferred Compositions: The content of the diatom shell body in the diatomite is no less than 70%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: Micro-organism fungus solution is single fungus solution or compound fungus solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Added saccharide is the mixture of monosaccharide, disaccharide, amylase or single kind or other substances containing saccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic substance is organic acid, sugar or alcohols. The organic acid is low-molecular weight organic acid. The sugar is simple sugar or glycan. The alcohol is alcohol, propanol, butanol, glycerine or mannite. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The bacteria is Rhodobacter (CCTCC M 206099) (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves pre cooling the fermentation broth is refrigerated at 4 degrees C, where the volume of the anhydrous alcohol or acetone is two times of fermentation broth, concentration of alcohol is 75% in the mixed liquor of chloroform and n-butyl alcohol, where the volume ratio of chloroform and n-butyl alcohol is 5:2 and the volume of chloroform and n-butyl alcohol is two time of fermentation broth. The concentration of each component in the fermentation medium is dextrose of 1-2%, sodium chloride of 0.1-0.3%, dipotassium monohydrogen phosphate of 0.06-0.10%, potassium chloride of 0.05-0.10%, magnesium sulfate of 0.05-0.10% and ferrous sulfate of 0.001%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves fermenting the mixture having biological material (JZIY-LC06), and liquid of organic substance, inorganic substance or their wastes to produce protein, and finally collecting the produced protein substance or protein liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic substance and its toxic wastes include saccharide, lipid, alcohol ether, carboxylic acid, para toluene sulfonyl chloride, methyl chloride, methyl alcohol, ethanol, pesticide and residual.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The corrosive is wastes of domestic animal, fowl and other farmyard manure as raw material, straw, leaf and grass as supplementary materials. Preferred Method: The method involves blending the corrosive and farmyard manure in 1:10000 proportion, maintaining the water content of the leavening (55-65%) after churning, fermenting the materials on simple ferment flat at 55-65 degrees C for 10 days to obtain high quality farmyard manure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The manure includes organic fertilizer or organic mineral complex fertilizer. The organic fertilizer is the product of decaying, drying, crashing the mixture material of blue algae bloom. The organic mineral complex fertilizer is obtained by adding nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to mixture material of blue algae bloom after decaying, drying, and crashing. Preferred Properties: The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium total nutrient in the organic mineral complex fertilizer is 15-20%. The solid organic waste has low liquid water content, and high carbon content. Preferred Process: The salvage and dehydrate blue algae bloom with liquid water content of 75-97% is mixed with solid organic waste, pig manure or dairy manure in the ratio of 20-40:40-30:40-30, to form the mixture material of blue algae bloom. Then, the mixture material of blue algae bloom is inoculated, decayed for 10-25 days at high temperature, stored maturity, stacked at static state for 25-35 days, the stacked material is dried, and crashed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid organic waste is crop straw, or peanut shell, or wooden meal, or sorted home scrap. The organic material rotten microbial inoculums is saled wholesome microorganism microbial inoculums product of promote the rise of organic material temperature. The addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to mixture material of blue algae bloom fertilizer in the preparation process of organic mineral complex fertilizer is to add carbamide, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ordinary superphosphate, potassium chloride or lemery, and the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium total nutrient in the organic mineral complex fertilizer is 15-20%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compound: The anaerobe is monophyly photosynthetic bacteria and yeast. Preferred Process: The agent is obtained by adding brown sugar (in parts) (25-35), vitamin B (0.001-0.003), distilled spirit (0.05-0.15), and water (50-60) to solvent (100), and fermenting for 3-6 days under normal temperature and airproof temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of restaurant and kitchen waste and water is 1:2-1:20, preferably 1:3-1:10. The broken waste is sifted by 60-80 mesh sieve. The weight ratio of waste and spare mud is 10:1-1:10. The concentration of mud in sewage treatment works is 6-20 gVS/L or 15-25 gVS/L. Preferred Conditions: Heat treatment is carried out at 80-150 degrees C and 1-1.2 atm for 0.25-1 hours. Heat treatment is initially carried out in primary retort at normal temperature and pH of 5-5.5. The remaining material in primary phase is processed in secondary retort for producing methane, at 35-37 degrees C and pH of 6.5-7.5. The fermenting container in the secondary phase anaerobic fermentation uses up-flowing anaerobic mud retort or mixed retort.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The biomass degrading bacteria are Thermoanaerobacter, Sporocytophaga and Pseudomonas sp.. The biomass degrading epiphytes are Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma koningii, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus. The plants are clover blossom, wheat and rice. The biomass is obtained from waste materials such as straw and paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lower alkanol is methanol (preferred), ethanol, or isopropanol. The concentration of lower alkanol in crude biodiesel is less than 10 mg/kg. The soaps are contained in the crude biodiesel stream. The concentration of lower alkanol in crude biodiesel is less than 200 ppm-m. Preferred Methods: The concentrating is achieved by membrane separation or distillation. The distilling is carried out by flash distillation. A portion of washing with water occurs in the presence of soaps to obtain alkyl ester stream with reduced concentration of soaps. At least two wash stages are used and the pH of wash water is greater than 8 in one or more wash stage(s). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Producing ethanol enzymically from lignocellulose, preferably involves hydrolyzing and fermenting lignocellulose, preferably sugar cane bagasse. The process involves simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The yeast is non genetically- modified Saccharomyces cerevisae. The production rate of the process is in the range 1.0-3.0 g/L. The hydrolysis is performed at 45-49 degrees C. The fermentation is performed at 35-39 degrees C. The concentration of biomass of the yeast is maintained in the range of 2-6 g/L. The enzyme is provided by adding a commercial cellulose enzyme preparation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first and second reflections (R1, R2) are at 2 tau = 6.7-7.3 degrees and 13.9-14.8 degrees respectively. (A) is in the form of a powder having a Langmuir specific surface (measured by nitrogen absorption at 77 K) of at least 1000 m2/g. (B) has a Langmuir specific surface (measured by nitrogen absorption at 77 K) of at least 500 m2/g. Preferred Process: The molar ratio of (I) to (II) is 0.3-1.5. EXAMPLE - A mixture of 5 g aluminum chloride hexahydrate, 2.6 g naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 300 ml dimethyl formamide (DMF) was heated under reflux at 130 degrees C for 17 hours. The obtained solid was filtered off, washed with DMF and methanol and dried under vacuum at 110 degrees C for 20 hours, giving 6.89 g of a white precursor product having specific surface (Langmuir, nitrogen) 269 m2/g. 1.71 g of the precursor was extracted with boiling methanol for 4 days, then the extracted material (1.09 g) was dried under vacuum at 150 degrees C for 16 hours, giving the required porous aluminum/naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid framework material (A), having specific surface (Langmuir, nitrogen) 1988 m2/g and a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon fuel is selected from gasoline, JP-8, diesel, LPG and/or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biological material comprises feathers (preferably poultry feathers especially chicken feathers). The feathers are obtained from a poultry processing operation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: Hydrolyzing the biological material involves treating with a base, and further involves extracting the biofuel feedstock from the hydrolyzed material using an organic solvent (preferably diethylether, dichloromethane or methanol). When the biofuel feedstock comprises triglycerides it involves converting the biofuel feedstock to fatty acid esters using a base or acid catalyzed transesterification (preferably treating with a methoxide). When the biofuel feedstock comprises at least one free fatty acid and triglycerides, then the conversion to fatty acid esters involves acid catalyzed esterification and it further involves converting the free fatty acids to glyceride by transesterifying the glyceride. The method further involves adding a fatty acid ester to a biofuel derived from another source; adding stabilizer such as an antioxidant to the fatty acid esters and blending the biofuel with another fuel. EXAMPLE - Chicken feathers were crushed in a vibrated mill to produce fine size fibrous materials. The fibrous material was conditioned with sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The hydrolyzed product was mixed with freshly prepared methoxide (methanol plus sodium hydroxide) for 24 hours. After conditioning the top fraction was a clear biofuel material corresponding to esterified products and the lower thick layer included glycerin and other substances. The biodiesel obtained was of good quality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnesium, magnesium compound or magnesium alloy is in form of powder. Preferred Process: The method of treating bio-oil further involves adding predetermined amount of alcohol, and stirring the mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transesterification catalyst is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or sodium methoxide. The hydrodeoxygenation catalyst is a supported nickel-molybdenum, nickel-tungsten, or coblat-molybdenum catalyst; and the support is alumina, or alumina with phosphorus or silicon oxides. The hydroisomerization catalyst contains at least one platinum, palladium, nickel, on amorphous or crystalline supports containing at least one alumina, fluorided alumina, silica, ferrierite, zeolite ZSM-12, ZSM-21, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-11, SAPO-31, and SAPO-41.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biological component comprises vegetable oils and/or animal fats. An alcohol used for transesterification is methanol. Preferred Process: The fraction of fatty acid alkyl ester subjected to hydrodeoxygenation and hydroisomerization is recovered by distillation or crystallization. The transesterification is carried out at 80-200 degrees F. The hydrodeoxygenation pressure is 500-2500 psig; and the temperature is 400-800 degrees F. The hydroisomerization pressure is 500-2000 psig; and the temperature is 500-800 degrees F. A glycerol byproduct of transesterification is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation. The fraction of fatty acid alkyl ester is combined with a biological component (preferably rendered fat, restaurant grease, waste industrial frying oil and/or tall oil fatty acid) rich in free fatty acids before subjecting to hydrodeoxygenation. A glycerol byproduct of transesterification is used to wash the biological component rich in free fatty acid before this biological component is subjected to hydrodeoxygenation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biomaterial includes a solid support from rice husks, wood chips, and/or saw dust inoculated with pre-selected combination of micro-organisms. It includes a solid support inoculated with a pre-selected combination of micro-organisms including Brevibacillus brevis, yeast Candida krusei, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus pumilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces avermitilis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus firmus, and/or Pseudomonas alcaligenes. The solid support is treated with a culture medium and inoculated with a pre-selected combination of micro-organisms. The culture medium and micro-organisms are selected based on the make-up of the waste to be degraded. The cultures are seed microbial cultures in dried powder form. Preferred Ratio: The biomaterial includes a solid support of rice husks, wood chips, and saw dust in a ratio of 1:1:2. Preferred Process: The growth of micro-organisms is assisted by maintaining a temperature of 35-50 degrees C for at least 48 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The pulp is treated for 3-5 (preferably 3) hours at 40-45 degrees C. The agitation phases are 3-5 (preferably 3) minutes in duration and the non-agitation phases are 1-2 (preferably 1) minutes in duration. The particle size of the waste is reduced by grinding, cutting, and/or pulping. The dewatering of the reduced waste is achieved by pressing the reduced waste. The initial volume of the waste is reduced by 80-90% during the particle size reduction and dewatering steps. The agitation phases include homogeneous mixing of the biomaterial and pulp by churning that induces lateral translation of the biomaterial and pulp. The ratio of waste over top space in the reactor is 50:30:20. The exhaust air emitted from the reactor is deodorized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Parameter: The linear velocity of 0.6-2 cm/s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The functional compound is a polymerizable monomer of formula (2).R2=1-4C ester, ether, urethane, or urea;R2=methyl or H;andm,n,m+n=as mentioned above.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The macrocyclic structure is a calixarene structure having a proton electroconductive group consisting of sulfonic acid group and/or phosphoric-acid group. The calixarene structure is of formula (1).m=1 or more;n=0 or more;andm+n=4 or 6.Preferred Film: The porous polymer film consists of polyimide-type polymer. Preferred Properties: The solid-polymer-electrolyte membrane has a thickness of 15-150 mu m. The porous polymer film does not swell underwater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production apparatus further has unit for heating silicon component, and fuel cell generated using hydrogen produced from cathode side. The silicon component is arranged in contact with portion(s) of cathode. The cathode is formed using silicon, and is isolated by anode and silicon component, and cation exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gas mixture is derived from the combustion of natural gas or a liquid fuel or from a fixed or mobile combustion source, especially an engine or boiler. One of the electrodes is covered with a dielectric material to create a dielectric barrier discharge. The mixture leaving the plasma reactor is contacted with a catalyst to convert residual methane to carbon dioxide. The catalyst comprises 0.1-1 wt.% platinum and/or 0.1-2 wt.% palladium on alumina or silica. EXAMPLE - Exhaust gas containing containing 1000 ppm methane, 150 ppm nitric oxide, 7 vol.% oxygen and 8 vol.% carbon dioxide was treated at 450 degrees C in a plasma reactor operated at various energy densities. Methane conversion at energy densities of 15, 36, 58, 80 and 100 J/L was 18, 39, 50, 63 and 75% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biomass plug is comminuted in a cutter mill. The biomass is sprayed with a small amount of water before entering the gasification chamber. The gas is passed through a metal membrane filter system with a first stage comprising two filters operating alternately, a second stage that is the same as the first except that it has a filter cake of dolomite particles, and a third stage that is the same as the first except that it has a layer of sintered nickel particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil has palm oil. The monohydric alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or butanol. The basic metal compound is hydroxide, alcoholate, oxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or fatty acid salt of group IA and IIA elements. The basic mental compound is preferably C12-C24 fatty acid salt of sodium and potassium. Preferred Composition: The existing quality of the basic mental compound is preferably 0.005-0.035wt% of oil weight in metal. The molar ratio of C1-C6 alcohol and oil is preferably 4-12:1. Preferred Parameters: The temperature is preferably 190-238 degrees C at a pressure of 3-5MPa. Liquid hourly space velocity is preferably 0.5-15/hour. Preferred Process: Separating the fatty acid ester comprises: (a) separating the mixed ester phase and the glycerol phase formed in the materials after reacting, steaming the mixed ester phase and the glycerol phase selected at random to obtain the monohydric alcohol, or obtaining the monohydric alcohol before separating the mixed ester phase and the glycerol phase formed in the materials after reacting; (b) distilling and rectifying the mixed ester phase after (a) or washing the mixed eater phase and separating the ester phase and water phase after washing and collecting ester phase to obtain the fatty acid ester of high purity, distilling the glycerol phase selected at random from the (A) step to obtain glycerol. It further comprises: (c) adopting first-step distillation to steam the reminds of mixed ester phase after distilling in (b) to get the glycerin monostearate and diglyceride, or adopting second-step distillation to steam the reminds of mixed ester phase after distilling in (b) to obtain the glycerin monostearate and diglyceride, and processing or not processing the second reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: Raw material comprises sawdust, waste-bamboo, plant stalk, fruit putamina, tree branches or every farm produce processing off scum, such as candy off scum, lees, chrysanthemum off scum; ignition material is dry haulm or other plant stalk. Preferred Method: Smashing raw material or preparing into grains after smashing, then carbonizing. Preferred Conditions: Carbonization temperature of said furnace is kept at 450-750 degrees C, activation time is 30-40 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The manganese compound comprises manganese carbonate, manganese monoxide, manganese dioxide, manganous-manganic oxide, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, ammonium manganese sulfate, or potassium permanganate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The manganese catalyst comprises metal manganese, manganese compound, ore including manganese, mixture of metal manganese and other metals, mixture of manganese compound and other metals, OR mixture of ore including manganese and other metals. The other metal comprises iron, aluminum, zinc, nickel, or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The fuel gas includes hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. The biofuel includes fractions which are gasoline, diesel oil, and coal oil. Preferred Materials: The biomass comprises crop straw, herbaceous plant, and xylophyta. The crop straw comprises haulm, straw, corn straw, soybean straw, or sweet potato seedling. The herbaceous plant comprises bulrush, Anaphalis yedoensis, straw, bamboo, or grass from lawn. The xylophyta comprises leaves of tree and/or saw dust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The combustible gas comprises hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. The biofuel oil comprises gasoline, diesel oil, and coal oil fractions. Preferred Materials: The biomass raw material comprises crop straw, herb, and/or woody plant. The crop straw comprises straw, wheat straw, corn straw, soybean straw, cotton straw, and sweet potato seedling. The herb comprises reed, earless reed, awn staff, bamboo, and grass scraps of lawn. The woody plant comprises falling leaves of trees and saw dust.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The slurry-like livestock forming excrement has moisture content of 60% or less. The total amount of oil content and moisture content of the livestock farming excrement after fried in oil is adjusted to 25% or less. Preferred Process: The moisture content of the livestock farming excrement is adjusted to 60% or less by fermentation heat, and by adding moisture-content adjustment material to the excrement. The excrement is fried within an oil bath of a fryer. The solid content of livestock farming excrement is pulverized to average particle diameter of 10 mm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The free fatty acid source is free fatty acid, including 10-24C saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, or 12-18C unsaturated fatty acid. The free fatty acid is oleic acid and the free fatty acid source is high acid number lipid. The high acid number lipid is crude oil or wasted lipid. The raw material lipid comprises palm oil or wasted lipid. The 1-6C monobasic alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or butanol. Preferred Methods: Separating the fatty lipid comprises (A) separating mixed ester phase and glycerol phase formed in the product after reaction; and distilling off monobasic alcohol from the mixed ester phase and optionally from the glycerol phase; or distilling off monobasic alcohol from the mixed ester phase and optionally from the glycerol phase, before mixed ester phase and glycerol phase formed in the product after reaction are separated; and distilling or rectifying the mixed ester phase, or bathing and separating the ester phase formed by bathing from the water phase to collect the ester phase, to obtain high-purity fatty acid ester; and optionally distilling the treated glycerol phase to obtain glycerol. The method further comprises (C) rectifying the remaining mixed ester phase distilled in (B) to distil off di-reactive glyceride and diglyceride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (c1) comprises (wt.%): pentafluoroethane (15-20, preferably 17-20, especially 15-18, particularly 15-17), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (75-80, preferably 77-80, especially 70-75, particularly 70-73), n-butane (1-3), and n-pentane (0.5-2); and additionally comprises 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (5-15, particularly 9-11). The composition (c1) is an azeotrope-like composition comprising (wt.%) pentafluoroethane (13-20, preferably 15-18), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (70-80, preferably 70-75), n-butane (1-3) and n-pentane (0.5-2), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (5-15). Preferred Components: The combination of hydrocarbons comprises (wt.%) n-butane (1-3), and n-pentane (0.5-2). EXAMPLE - A test composition comprising (wt.%) pentafluoroethane (14), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (80), n-butane (3) and n-pentane (3) was prepared. A comparative composition comprising (wt.%) pentafluoroethane (20), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (38), difluoromethane (40) and n-pentane (2) was prepared. Both the test/comparative compositions were tested for cooling capacity, energy efficiency, compressor discharge pressure, and compressor discharge temperature. The test/comparative compositions showed cooling capacity of 45.1/82 BTU/ft, energy efficiency of 6.5/7.2, compressor discharge pressure of 1806/2654 kPa, and compressor discharge temperature of 75.6/92.8 degrees C respectively. The result concluded that the comparative composition does not provide matching performance and would not make a good drop-in replacement for heat transfer composition due to higher system pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The combustible non-petroleum wax contains at least one combustible wax material derived from raw material. The raw material is chosen from plant oil, vegetable oil, animal fat, rosin and/or pitch. The combustible non-petroleum wax contains blend of non-petroleum wax components. The content of non-petroleum wax component is 2.5-60 wt.%. The non-petroleum wax contains hard saturated fatty acid material (40-70 wt.%) and/or pitch material (30-60 wt.%). The synthetic firelog further contains a combustible binding agent. The content of combustible cellulosic material is 40-60 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.pts of combustible cellulosic material, combustible non-petroleum wax and combustible binding agent. The content of combustible non-petroleum wax is 20-40 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.pts of combustible cellulosic material, combustible non-petroleum wax and combustible binding agent. The content of combustible binding agent is 2.5-20 wt.% with respect to 100 wt.pts of combustible cellulosic material, combustible non-petroleum wax and combustible binding agent. The content of hard saturated fatty acid material is 30-60 wt.%. The content of hard fatty alcohol or rosin is 2.5-20 wt.%, preferably 2.5-10 wt.%. The content of pitch material is 20-50 wt.%. The binder composition contains at least one non-petroleum hard wax material and at least one non-petroleum soft wax material. The hard wax material is derived from raw material chosen from plant oil, vegetable oil, animal fat and/or tall oil. The soft wax material is derived from raw material chosen from plant oil, vegetable oil, animal fat, glycerol and/or pitch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic inorganic particles have a diameter 1/500 to 1/10 of the diameter of the carbon black particles. The hydrophilic composite comprises (wt.%) resin binder (1-45); conductive filler (50-98); and hydrophilic carbon black aggregate (H1) (0.5-45). Preferred Components: The hydrophilic inorganic material is selected from zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide and/or aluminum oxide. The conductive filler is one carbonic material selected from carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes and/or graphite. Preferred Method: The hybrid particles are formed by particle-hybridization between the carbon black particles and the hydrophilic inorganic particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polycarbonate, nylon, polytetrafluoro ethylene, polyurethane, polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polyphenylene sulfide, and the thermosetting resin is epoxy resin or phenol resin. EXAMPLE - A hydrophilic carbon black aggregate composition (test) comprising (wt.%) polyphenylene sulfide resin (PPS) (25), artificial graphite (70) and hydrophilic carbon black aggregate (5) was prepared. A control composition was prepared in a similar manner as that of the test composition without using hydrophilic carbon black aggregate. The test/control compositions were evaluated for electrical conductivity and water intake. The test/control compositions showed electrical conductivity of 100/103 S/cm and water intake of 7.5/6 wt.% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The selectively removing comprises diffusing the hydrogen through a porous ceramic membrane, and diffusing other gases through the porous ceramic membrane. The reacting of hydrocarbon feedstock fuel and steam includes producing carbon monoxide at the reaction zone. The method includes reacting the carbon monoxide with steam to produce hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide at the reaction zone; creating intimate contact between the hydrocarbon feedstock fuel, steam, and catalyst while the reaction is occurring; providing heat to the reaction zone to aid in reacting the hydrocarbon feedstock fuel and steam; and combusting residual hydrocarbon feedstock fuel, hydrogen gas, and/or carbon monoxide received from the reaction zone to provide the heat.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous ceramic membrane is made of mixture of alumina powder and a phosphate-containing reagent to react with the alumina powder. The other gases comprise carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, steam, and/or gaseous hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon feedstock fuel is methane, vaporized methanol, natural gas, and/or vaporized diesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The fine particles are particles of waste clay, meat, bone meal and/or fly ash.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of biomass, sludge and fine particles contains in the solid fuel is 100 mass parts, 50-100 mass parts and 5-15 mass parts, respectively. The biomass is a crushed material of waste tatami-mat (A), wood chips, wood meal, sawdust and waste paper. The sludge is waste wire-saw oil. The waste wire-saw oil is oil-based waste wire-saw oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass is a crushed material of waste tatami-mat (A), wood chips, wood meal, sawdust and waste paper. The sludge is waste wire-saw oil. The waste wire-saw oil is oil-based waste wire-saw oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: When manufacturing bioethanol fuel from biomass raw material, compound alcohol, such as ethanol, butanol, octanol and pentanol, is manufactured by fermenting the residue two or more times. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, compound alcohol, such as fusel oil, ethanol, butanol, octanol, and pentanol, is dehydrated and compound ether, such as diethyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether, and diisobutyl ether is manufactured. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, the yield from biomass raw material to fuel is raised by using glycerin produced as by-product as fuel. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, by-produced glycerin is dehydrated with ethanol or propanol and etherified to triethylglycerin ether. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, propane gas is produced and used as fuel by reducing by-produced glycerin. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, the obtained bioethanol is dehydrated and etherified to diethyl ether. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, glycerin and ethanol are dehydrated and esterified with lower organic acid. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, fuel of fixed octane number is obtained by mixing and adjusting the fuel alcohol, ether fuel, bio-diesel fuel, and ester fuel. When manufacturing bioethanol fuel, residue, fats-and-oils processed as waste material in foodstuffs factories, liquor factories, etc., and agriculture-and-forestry marine resources discarded and disposed off are converted into efficient energy. The obtained fuel of high octane number is used alone or in combination with gasoline and diesel fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic bed is made of cobalt, nickel, platinum, ruthenium in a finely dispersed pulverulent form and a by-product comprising sodium metaborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The landfill gas is led either exclusively into the lowest/first segment or separately into each of the several segments in a regulated manner. The quantity of the supplied air is selected depending upon the methane gas content in the landfill gas and is about twice as large as the methane gas quantity. Each of the superimposed segment is adjusted to an optimal temperature for facilitating degradation by means of methanotrophic bacteria, preferably by means of controlled temperature of 30-40 degrees C. A nutrient solution is supplied to the biomass that is placed in the bio-filters and preferably composed of compost and woody roots, preferably by sprinkling onto at least the top segment of the various segments or the superimposed segments of the bio-filter, for adjusting an optimal moisture content and nutrient content.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The segments are stacked like a column and flowed through from the bottom to the top. In the segments, the water resulting from the oxidation process is discharged or flows out through a drain. The superimposed segments are portioned into separate chambers that lie adjacent to one another. The bio-filter housing is preferably made of a mobile container. An intermediate space (16) with gas inlet lines is present between the superimposed segments. A water drain is arranged at or in the bottom of the lowest superimposed segment. A sprinkling device for facilitating the supply of the nutrient solutions onto the biomass comprising a mixture of compost and woody roots is preferably present in each superimposed segments. The bio-filter is characterized by a device for temperature control. Apart from the lowermost superimposed segment, at least one or more superimposed segment exhibiting a separately-controllable landfill gas supply line is present. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution has a concentration of 0.2-1.5 mol/l. The sodium has a concentration of 0.2-1.5 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lipid having a water content of 0-2% and hydroxyl value of 0-5 mg potassium hydroxide/g is oil of soybean, colza, cottonseed, palm, castor, china wood, corn, sunflower seed, or fish. The short chain alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. The lipid and alcohol has a mol ratio of 4-12:1. The catalyst can be recycled for 5 times. The alcohol used in the catalyst recovery is butanol, amyl alcohol or hexanol. The alkane compound is normal hexane, heptane or octane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preffered Metals: The interior of the reactor is rustproof tungsten also wear resistant or water-rejecting materials particular metallic or ceramic materials and alloys, preferabally made of chrome, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminum, niobium from the silicon, iron, cobalt, tungsten, boron or carbon or particularly titanium aluminum compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: providing conditions to the oil for converting polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), where the conditions are provided before/after the unsaturated fatty acids in the oil are transesterified; harvesting the oil formed by the thraustochytrid prior to the step of transesterifying the oil to form alkyl esters; and fractionating the oil to obtain MUFA. The thraustochytrid is as deposited in accession no. V07/029468. The oil produced by the thraustochytrid includes unsaturated fatty acids of which about 90% (preferably 10%) is monounsaturated fatty acids. EXAMPLE - The oil feedstock produced by thraustochytrid was mixed with methanol, hydrochloric acid and other miscible organic solvents to form a single phase mixture. The mixture was then heated for a defined period at a defined temperature in excess of 80 degrees C. The obtained fatty acid methyl ester was then extracted from the reaction mixture with an appropriate blend of organic solvents and solvent was removed by concentration to give biodiesel product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes are made of nickel, tin, iron and/or lead. The planar member comprises nickel (II) hydroxide and nickel (III) oxide-hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The fuel cell is at 600-800 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode includes oxygen activation catalyst. The feed to the cathode compartment is lightly humidified. The anode is platinum, mixture of copper and copper chromite, or mixtures of iron, platinum, and chromia. The cathode is platinum. The lanthanide dopant in ceramic membrane is praseodymium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is hydrocarbon activation catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The natural gas feed stream includes methane and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biofuel contains 0.1-99.9 (preferably 2.5-25, especially 5-20)% of an ether ester and/or an estolide ester. Preferred Components: The estolide ester and ether ester are of formula R1-CH(O-X)R2CO2R3.R1=1-36C alkyl;X=1-10 (preferably 1-3)C alkyl or an acyl of formula COR5;R5=1-10 (preferably 1-3)C alkyl;R2=1-36C alkylene or 1-36C alkenylene;R3=1-10 (preferably 1-3)C alkyl. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid stream obtained in stage four is separated to obtain a first liquid depleted in more acid molecules and a second liquid enriched in more acid molecules, where part(s) of the first liquid is recycled to stage 1, as first absorbent solution fraction, and where part(s) of the second liquid is recycled to stage 2, as second absorbent solution fraction. The amount of more acid molecules is adjusted to neutralize 1- 90% of one of the amine functions of the reactive compounds of the mixture obtained in stage 2, by contacting the liquid effluent with the second absorbent solution fraction. Part(s) of the first liquid phase obtained in stage 2 is mixed with the liquid stream obtained in stage 4, or contacted with the gaseous effluent. Preferred Parameter: More acid molecules, in solution in water at 20 degrees C, have a pKa below 6. Preferred Compound: The acid molecules are phosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, nitrous acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid, hydrochloric acid, or amino-acids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The reactive compounds are from N,N,N'-triethylethylenediamine, N,N,N',N',N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, or N,N,N',N',N"-pentamethyldipropylenetriamine. Preferred Component: The absorbent solution comprises solvation compounds consisting water, sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, glycol ethers, or alkylene carbonates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The low molecular saccharide is monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, condensed product of monosaccharide, or polysaccharide which produces monosaccharide. Preferred Property: The pH of alkaline region is 7-10. The pH of acidic region is 4-7.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The production system of rice origin products, comprises methane gas producing unit, fuel production unit which manufactures fuel from rice straw, chaff, bran, and polished rice, compost production unit which manufactures a compost from rice straw, chaff, bran, and polished rice, sugar liquid production unit which manufactures sugar liquid from polished rice. Preferred Method: The raw material calculation steps which calculates an initial complement of each raw material based on the quantity of production and a delivery date of the each first product and the each second product which were computed at the quantity-of-production calculation step or the output adjustment, arrangements raw material calculation which calculate quantity of each raw material which can be arranged based on the seasonal variation information memorized by the memory, and the storage index information, when an initial complement of each raw material calculated by the raw material calculation exceeds quantity of each raw material calculated by the arrangements raw material calculation steps which can be arranged, based on storage index information memorized by the memory, has a quantity-of-production readjustment step which computes again the quantity of production and a delivery date of the each first product and the each second product, the planning-of-production creation step draws up planning of production based on the quantity of production and a delivery date of the each first product and the each second product which were computed at the quantity-of-production calculation, the output adjustment, or the quantity-of-production readjustment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal contained in the catalyst is 0.1-5 weight%. The metal is chosen from group IVB, group VIA and group VIIA. The metal of group IVB is tin. The metal of group VIA is molybdenum and/or tungsten. The metal of group VIIA is rhenium. The metal-oxide support is chosen from lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide or their complex oxide. Preferred Property: The catalyst has carbon monoxide absorption amount of 6-25 cm3/g.Cat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: The industrial waste is squeezed lees of grape produced during wine manufacture, squeezed lees of malt produced during beer manufacture, or pop.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Method: A spun yarn is formed by mixing the raw material with cotton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The support is chosen from alumina, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, silica, yttria stabilized zirconia, alumina-silica and/or cerium dioxide. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal-containing salt is chosen from potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and/or potassium carbonate. Preferred Composition: The metal catalyst further contains active ingredient(s) (C) chosen from alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal, preferably lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, calcium, magnesium and/or barium, more preferably potassium. The active ingredient (A) is platinum, and the active ingredient (P) is molybdenum oxide. The catalyst contains active ingredient (C) (in mass parts) (0.01-10) and active ingredient (B) (0.1-20) with respect to active ingredient (A) (1). The catalyst contains active ingredient (A) (0.1-30) and support (50-99) with respect to the fuel gas modification reaction catalyst (100).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The fuel generated using catalyst is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, methyl formate and/or formic oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves filling filtration room formed between filter plates of filter press with sludge. The preliminary dehydration of sludge is carried out prior to pressure-dehydration processing by filter press. The sludge is mixed prior to pressure-dehydration processing. The coagulant is added to sludge. The dehydrate that carried out alcoholic fermentation is squeezed, and alcohol is pressed out. Preferred Component: The sludge is activated sludge. The cytoplasm component contained in dehydrate prior to alcoholic fermentation is saccharified. The system comprises pressure vessel which has pumping room for accommodating sludge temporarily, pressurizing unit for pressurizing sludge accommodated in pumping room, insertion opening for injecting sludge to pumping room from exterior of pressure vessel, pressurization body which operates to pressurizing direction, ejection opening for discharging sludge from pumping room towards filter press, cut which connects between pumping room and exteriors of pressure vessel, filtration component for filtering sludge to be incised is embed, deaeration unit for exhausting gas component to exterior, supply pipe for injecting sludge from container to pumping room, exhaust port, first and second controlling valve for controlling flow of sludge in supply tube, third controlling valve positioned at pumping apparatus side, and fourth controlling valve positioned at exhaust-port side. Preferred Parameter: The moisture content of dehydrate is 30-45% (preferably less than or equal to 40%) after dehydration. The filtration room of filter press has dimension of 6-8 mm thick in which dehydration cake is formed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonization/gasification method further involves pulverizing carbonized material to produce finely-powdery carbonized material (4'), and supplying fine-powdery carbonized material to gasification combustion unit of the two stage gasifier by ejecting. While using several carbonization apparatus (2) and performing the carbonization process of the biomass fuel, the carbonization process by some of the carbonization apparatus is completed alternately. The combustible thermal decomposition gas produced in initial stage of carbonization process of the biomass fuel is not supplied to the gasifier. Before performing the carbonization process, the biomass fuel is dried. The air mixed with oxygen as a gasifying agent fed into the gasifier is used in carbonization/gasification method. The temperature of the gasifying agent fed into the gasifier is raised.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrode: The surface of carbon electrode supports oxide material or microparticles of alloy of gold or noble metal having gold as main component. The electrode consists of a membrane electrode assembly supporting microparticles of alloy of gold or noble metal having gold as main component on the surface of polymer electrolyte membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorption agent of adsorption layer (2a,2b) of the front-stage adsorption apparatus is activated carbon, or inorganic material, such as ceramic balls, or iron oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The purifier is further provided with a cooling device for cooling gasification gas at the front stage of the adsorption apparatus, and a heater for heating the gasification gas between the adsorption apparatus and activated-carbon type adsorption apparatus. A dust collector is provided at the front stage of the adsorption apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The high-boiling-point aromatic compound in the source gas is reduced to 10 volume ppm or less with respect to the amount of source gas. The naphthalene in the source gas, and aromatic compound is reduced to 8 volume ppm or less with respect to the amount of source gas. Preferred Component: The source gas is coke oven gas, coal gasification gas, petroleum type off gas, or petroleum coke gasification gas. The gaseous target object is hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or methane. Preferred Process: Reduction of aromatic compound is performed by filtration, absorption and condensation, or chemically reacting the source gas and aromatic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymeric type separation membrane is an organic polymer type separation membrane which consists of polyamide or polyaramide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organopolysiloxane (A) is reaction material of organopolysiloxane (B) having at least two alkenyl groups coupled with silicon atom in repeating unit (I), and organopolysiloxane (C) having at least two hydrogen atoms coupled with silicon atom in the repeating unit (I), or reaction material of polysiloxane (B) and polymethyl hydrogen siloxane (D) having at least two hydrogen atoms coupled with silicon atom. The organopolysiloxane (A) is alternately a reaction material of polysiloxane (C) and polymethyl alkenyl siloxane (E) having at least two alkenyl groups coupled with silicon atom. The content of cycloalkyl group (R) is 0.1-30 mol% with respect to total amount of substituent coupled with silicon atom. Preferred Definitions:    R=cyclohexyl or cyclopentyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The regenerated gas has methane, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The supply gas has hydrogen (30-75 molar%) and carbon monoxide (25-60 molar%). The first adsorbent is activated alumina, silica gel and/or activated carbon that are arranged in successive layers and unspecified manner. The second adsorbent comprises X zeolites, low-silica type X zeolites, 4A zeolites or 5A zeolites.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The eluent is constituted by light polyacetal reagent of grade 1 used in excess, or a mixture of light polyacetals of grade 1 and 2 comprising less than or equal to 34 mol.% of light polyacetal of grade 2. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R3 = H; and    R1, R6 = 1-8C.    EXAMPLE - Amberlyst 15 (RTM: Macroreticular ion-exchange resin) was used in a column of liquid chromatography for the separation of products. The 5 mm diameter was thermostatically controlled at 45 degrees C and was fed with a continuous flow of dimethoxymethane (DMM) (1.5 ml/minute). The reservoir of DMM was thermostated at a temperature of reaction. In upstream of the column, the injection-valve was used for injecting trioxane dissolved in the DMM into the column. Then the reaction was done during the trioxane passage in the column and the output of column was collected. The flow of DMM in the column was 1.5 ml/minute and the amount of injected trioxane was 0.03 moles. Then the obtained product was further worked up to obtain a polyoxymethylenedimethylether with a purity of greater than 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The signal generating system includes pulse generator(s), inductance(s), a capacitor formed by the liquid between the poles, electrolysis cell(s) and resistor(s). The impulse generator consists of:(A) an oscillator providing a square periodic signal;(B) a phase difference creator, forming an out-of-phase signal from the square signal;(C) at least two switches, with one controlled by the square signal and another controlled by the out-of-phase signal;(D) at least two inductances, one terminal of each of which is connected to a first predetermined potential, each switch connecting the other inductance terminal to a second predetermined potential of the electrolysis system when the switch is closed; and(E) at least two diodes, the anode of each of which is connected to the other terminal of the inductance and the cathode of each of which is connected via a wire to the electrolysis device.The system also includes a generator of a signal in damped sine curve form; a controller (using the pseudo-pulses of the signal) of the amount of water and/or ionic compound in the liquid and/or a controller (using the amplitude of the detector) of the temperature of the electrolysis device; and optionally a modifier for the period of the periodic component as a function of the damped sinusoidal signal. The electrolysis device has multiple electrolysis cells (each containing the liquid between two poles), one cell being placed at a specific location in the device and the others being placed in a curve forming revolution(s) around the first cell. The periodic component comprises two damped sine curves and has a period of less than 2 mu s, the pseudo-period of the damped sine curve being less than 60 ns. The electrolyte is 1-2% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The signal polarity can be reversed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The H2 is separated from the other elements in the initial gas stream (F1), and optionally stored. At least part of the H2 is used (a) to generate electricity in a fuel cell (the obtained H2O-containing reaction gas preferably being recycled to the thermal base) and/or (b) for buring in a gas boiler (Ch), producing thermal energy (preferably used to convert a thermodynamic fluid (Fth) into a second gas stream (Fg2) containing H2O at high temperature and low pressure) and a combustion gas (Gc1) containing H2O at high temperature and low pressure. The H2O in the second gas stream (Fg2) is used to produce electricity in a steam turbine (VAP), also forming a third gas stream (Fg3) containing H2O at low temperature and pressure, which is condensed under pressure (preferably with recovery of at least part of the emergy of condensation). Burning of the H2 is carried out under oxygen (O2) or air. The thermal base is formed by combustion of vegetable or animal biomass (B2), preferably under O2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Materials: The solid materials consist of chopped residues of crops or useful plants after recovering the main valuable components (e.g. straw, marc, pods and shells), wild plants (e.g. reeds) or broken up cellulose residues (e.g. sawdust, plane shavings, recycled cardboad (e.g. after deinking) or recycled wood residues. The liquid components are formed in animal rearing operations or a residues from biogas plants. The final dry product is optionally mixed with other fertilizing components, e.g. lime or trace elements. Preferred Procedure: After binding liquid component onto the solids, the overall mass is dried (preferably utilizing heat or excess heat from a biogas recovering plant) to give a pourable, dry, light-weight mass suitable for dispersal and transport in loose form or in packages of various sizes. Alternatively the overall mass is contacted with liquid or solid manure a required number of times. The solid components (in wet or dry form) are sterilized by non-chemical methods (e.g. by heat, infrared, microwave, UV, X-ray or plasma treatment); or are air-dried (e.g. on an air-permeable frame) to eliminate liquid components. Preferred Apparatus: The solids components are shredded to the required degree of fineness, specifically with bladed rollers (4), blades, cutters or milling, crushing or ripping devices, aligned vertically, horizontally or in any other required direction. The solids components are then further treated (e.g. by shock freezing, chilling or further treatment with bladed rollers (7) etc.) to give the required shape and size. The solids and liquid components are combined using a mixer (e.g. in drum, roller or screw form), kneader, stirrer or spraying apparatus. The final product (in moist or dry form) is stored and transported in special containers (9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device is formed as block heat and power plant. The device comprises a unit for the production of bio-diesel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The steam taken from the steam turbine is led back at least partly as process steam into the bio-diesel production, in which the purified raw-glycerin used for steam production is accumulated during the transesterification reaction. The purification process comprises desalinating and drying the raw glycerin. The degree of purity of the desalinated and dried raw glycerin is approximately 98%. The combustion of the prepared raw glycerin takes place by a turbo burner. Free fatty acids contained in crude oil are burned for heating the steam generator. The free fatty acid and the purified raw glycerin are burned in a mass ratio of 1:2.5-1:5. The partly relaxed steam with a pressure of approximately 12 bar is taken from the steam turbine. The partly relaxed steam is used for process heat input and for steam production during desalination and drying of the raw glycerin. The partly relaxed steam with a pressure of approximately 4 bar is taken from the steam turbine. The partly relaxed steam is used for process heat input during desliming and/or neutralization of the crude oil. The partly relaxed steam is used for heat input during the transesterification reaction. The relaxed steam emerging from the steam turbine is used for heating at least a storage container for crude oil, fatty acid methyl ester or other chemicals. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is liquid base catalyst comprising sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, sodium hydrogen sulfate; or solid acid-base catalyst comprising aluminum oxide, titanium (IV) oxide-silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium sulfate, zirconium oxide/silicon dioxide; or immobilized enzyme catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressing step may comprise pressing at below 65 degrees C using low-temperature screw oil extraction press, or cooking the materials, or pressing by normal oil extraction press at 115 or 105 degrees C to obtain the pressed oil and pressed cake. The oil pressed cake is obtained by pressing with low temperature or pressing of shelled or unshelled raw materials of vegetable seed, cotton seed, oil tea, peanut, Euphorbia lathyris, physic nut seed, Chinese gold thread tree seed, chufa, and tallow tree seed. Preferred Component: The organic solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, and/or isobutyl alcohol; or hydrocarbons solvent of below 6C comprising 6C solvent oil, 4C solvent oil, normal hexane, cyclonexane, and butane; or short-chain esters solvent comprising methyl acetate or methyl acetate; or aldehydes comprising petroleum ether; or short-chain ketones comprising acetone. Preferred Composition: The residual oil of the oil pressed cake is 6-25 wt.%.
ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The oil-producing yeast is Rhodotorula glutithis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent comprises pentane, n-hexane, or octane. The solvent comprises propane and butane in ratio of 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The natural oil is seed fat and animal oil, colza oil, soybean oil, cotton oil, Haibin cheese flower oil, idesia oil, candlenut oil, palm oil, coconut oil, corn oil, sunflower seeds oil, peanut oil, lard oil, beef lard, sheep oil and fish oil. The frying oil is oil in catering industry. The rift valley oil is rubbish oil discharged in daily life in city. The branched chain alcohol is isopropanol; isobutyl alcohol; 2-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-1-butanol; 2-pentanol; 3-pentanol; 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol; 2,3-dimethyl-1-butanol; 2-ethyl-1-butanol; 2-methyl-1-pentanol; 3-methyl-1-pentanol; 4-methyl-1-pentanol; 4-methyl-2-pentanol; 2-hexanol; 3-hexanol; 2,2-dimethyl-1-pentanol; 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentanol; 2-ethyl-1-pentanol; 3-ethyl-1-pentanol; 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanol; or (6) fusel oil which mainly includes isoamylol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In process, contacting with basic solution in presence of at least one of water greater than or equal to 1 (preferably 20, especially 35) vol./vol.%, and organic alcohol ( greater than or equal to 20 vol./vol.%), is present in esterification reaction mixture. Separation of the undigested solid organic matter from base-treated reaction mixture and subsequent to esterifying, fatty acid esters are separated from other components of reaction mixture by centrifugation, settling, extraction, liquid/solid separation methods, filtration, and phase separation. The separation involves heating, cooling, and altering the polarity of the reaction mixture by addition of water, solvents or other polarity altering agents. The neutralizing the base-treated reaction mixture to provide for neutralized fatty acids; removing, sequestering or separating the neutralized fatty acids from the neutralized reaction mixture; and dissolving the separated fatty acids in the esterification reaction mixture. contacting and esterification are performed within a single vessel. Preferred Components: A hydrophobic solvent suitable to solubilize fatty acid esters. An organic alcohol solvent suitable to solubilize organic matter and participate in esterification. The base comprises Lewis base or mineral base, and where acid comprises inorganic or organic acid. The mineral base comprises X(OH)n, the acid selected from sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid. The organic matter comprises algae.X=sodium, potassium, magnesium, or another metal;andn=1-10. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substance or fuel has smaller emissions of chlorine, nitrate, sulfur, heavy metals or sulfur oxides. The fuel has a raw material for graphite and product containing graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Firelog: The firelog comprises (wt.%) combustible cellulosic material (0-35 or 5-40, preferably 25-40); combustible non-absorbent oil-retaining agricultural residue or distillers grain or filter cake (10-75, preferably 15-65, especially 10-25); and combustible petroleum or non-petroleum wax material (25-55, preferably 30-50, especially 35-50), or combustible wax material (25-45) and combustible binding agent (5-15). Preferred Components: The combustible non-absorbent material is an agricultural by-product, a distillers grain, and/or a filter cake material. The agricultural by-product material is oily seed, nut shell, nut meal, fruit pit, vegetable pumice and/or fruit pumice. The combustible non-absorbent material comprises a blend comprising at least two agricultural by-product materials. The at least one combustible non-absorbent material comprises a filter cake material containing magnesium silicate having at least one residual fuel material. The second component material comprises at least one of a distillers grain and a filter cake material. The combustible non-absorbent material comprises a blend comprising at least three component materials selected from agricultural by-product material, blend comprising agricultural by-product materials, distillers grain, and/or filter cake material. The combustible binding agent is vegetable starch, glycerol and/or molasses.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The combustible wax constituent is a blend comprising at least two combustible wax materials. The at least two wax materials (5-60 wt.%) comprise at least one of a petroleum wax material and a non-petroleum wax material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises washing the mixture from nanocrystalline metal oxide and metal oxide hydroxide with an inert gas before the sulfidization process to remove atmospheric oxygen; heating the obtained mixture in an inert gas stream at a rate of 2-10 degrees C/minute up to 900 degrees C. During the sulfidization process with carbon disulfide inert gas flow, the temperature is increased at intervals in a heating zone, where a temperature up to 600 degrees C is maintained for 5-30 minutes, subsequently a temperature up to 750 degrees C for 30-60 minutes and finally a temperature up to 900 degrees C for 1-4 hours. The fullerene-like nanostructures are formed during a sulfidization process at 800 degrees C over 1-1.5 hours in the heating zone. The fullerene-like nanostructures and nanotubes are formed during the sulfidization process at 800-900 degrees C over a time span of 1-4 hours in the heating zone. The ratio of the fullerene-like nanostructures to the nanotubes is adjusted, by the regulation of the temperature between 800-900 degrees C and the duration of the sulfidization process between 1-4 hours. The fullerene-like nanostructures and the nanotubes are formed from metal sulfide nano-particles. The decomposition reaction takes place in an air or an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Preferred Components: The sulfur compound is hydrogen sulfide or carbon disulfide. The inert gas is a rare gas. The isopolymetallate is ammonium molybdate, preferably ammonium heptamolybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24 x 4 H2O). The nanoparticulate metal oxide is nanocrystalline molybdenum trioxide. The metal oxide hydroxide hydrate is a non-stoichiometric molybdenum oxide hydroxide hydrate (Mo(5.25)O(14.25)(OH)3(H2 O)(1.36)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The system further has another mixing tank and static mixer in fluid communication with storage tank(s) and reactor(s), a preheater in fluid communication with storage tank and reactor, mixing tank and/or static mixer, holding tanks, each adapted to collect process liquid, fatty acid alkyl ester stream, glycerol stream, recovered alcohol fluid or purified alcohol fluid, bypass tank(s) in fluid communication with holding tank(s) and storage tank(s), feed tanks, heat exchanger(s) in fluid communication with evaporator(s), another mixing tank in fluid communication with filter(s) and receiving alcohol and precoat material to produce a precoat slurry, another feed tank for feeding material into mixing tank adapted to receive alcohol and precoat material, and several pumps.The precoat material is diatomaceous earth.The mixing tank and static mixer receive organic liquid, catalyst and alcohol, recovered alcohol fluid and/or purified alcohol fluid to produce a pre-reaction mixture.The preheater heats the organic fluid to a desired temperature.The bypass tank receives recovered alcohol fluid(s) and purified alcohol fluid.The feed tanks feed process liquid into separator(s), fatty acid alkyl ester stream into heat exchanger(s), glycerol stream into heat exchanger(s), and filter aid into mixing tank.The heat exchanger heats recovered alcohol fluid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The organic liquid is triglyceride, diglyceride and/or monoglyceride.Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide and/or lithium methoxide.Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol is methanol and/or ethanol.Preferred Aid: The filter aid is magnesium silicate and/or bleaching clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A washing/dehydration unit is provided in the front stage of pulverization/dehydration unit in the processing apparatus. A granulating unit to granulate the organic waste is provided in the later stage of pulverization/dehydration unit in the processing apparatus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The moisture content of organic waste for fuel is 30 weight% or less. Preferred Process: The chlorine containing organic waste is subjected to washing and dehydrating, before pulverization and dehydration. The chlorine containing organic waste is granulated, after pulverization and dehydration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material contains 30-300 mass parts of quicklime with respect to 100 mass parts of shochu liquor distillation waste liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 11-17C paraffin compound is 95 vol.% or more. The content of alkyl-substituted benzene is 1-4 vol.%. The alkyl-substituted benzene is chosen from ethylbenzene, meta-xylene, 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene, 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene and/or propyl benzene. The content of alkyl substituted benzene is 90 vol.% or more with respect to aromatic portion of fuel composition. The content of 18C or more paraffin compound is 4 vol.% or less. The content of paraffin compound having 10C or less carbon number is 4 vol.% or less. The content of 12-15C paraffin compound is 40 vol.% or more. Preferred Properties: The number of carbon in 1 molecule of alkyl-substituted benzene is 9 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganisms have acetic-acid utilizing capability. The microorganisms are Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Bacillus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The pyrolysis temperature is 750-850 degrees C. The hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio is adjusted by subjecting 30-70% of the gas from the partial oxidation step to shift conversion and then recombining it with the rest of the gas. The gas from the purification step is mixed with an additional hydrocarbon having a higher hydrogen/carbon ratio than the biomass, especially purified natural gas. For Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on an iron catalyst, the carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio is 1.1-1.3. . For Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on a cobalt catalyst, the carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio is 2.0-2.3. For methanol or dimethyl ether synthesis, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide plus carbon dioxide is 1.7-2.3, with at least 10 mole% carbon dioxide. The heat required for pyrolysis is generated by burning the solid pyrolysis residue. The gas is quenched by indirect heat exchange with the biomass. The biomass is dried at 150-280 degrees C before pyrolysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The airplane fuel is produced by means of an optimized modulation of the process parameters in the distillation plant that lies in the boiling range of the decreased fuel at 150-350 degrees C, preferably 150-300 degrees C, where the middle distillate is obtained by either directly decreasing as wide fraction or by separate removal with reunification of the kerosene and gas oil stream. (I) is a biogenic airplane fuel, and the synthesis gas is based on one or more raw materials, where at least one of the raw material exhibits a content of 14C radionuclide of (1.2x 10-12) mass%, related on the sum of all C-isotopes. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The shaped products are dried. In step (a), pulverized coal and/or waste grease maximally in a concentration of 2 wt.% are mixed for increasing the energy density. The mixing takes place in a macerator. The drying takes place at a maximum temperature of 90 degrees C. The shaped products are initially dried at a temperature T1 and subsequently dried at a temperature T2, where T2 is greater than T1. The dried shaped products are arranged and the arranged shaped products are supplied to a beaconing plant, which supplies the energy required for drying the shaped products. An energy containing material is added in the form of powder, granulates or as sludge, preferably such energy containing materials, which are treated as problematic wastes, like dye and lacquer residue. The shaped products after the extrusion are supplied to a monitored combustion plant, preferably a power station, an incineration plant, pyrolysis or a cement plant, where the shaped products are preferably undried and the waste heat produced by the monitored heating plant is used for drying the shaped products. A ferrous compound, preferably iron-III-chloride and/or iron sulfate and/or at least an flavoring agent, preferably spruce needle extract or fruit flavor are added to the mixture of wood, fluidity improving agent, optionally energy containing material and optionally further energy containing material, where the addition takes place preferably in macerator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Parameters of bioreactor contents includes pH value, carbon nitrogen relationship, quantity of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in water, ammonium nitrogen relationship or total nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Bioreactor contents parameters also includes acetic acid equivalents, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, crude protein or crude fiber contents.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reforming hydrogen-producing catalysts include copper-zinc-thulium alloy, palladium-cerium alloy and chromium-molybdenum alloy. The water-transformation catalysts include alloy palladium-copper-chromium alloy and palladium-cerium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The natural compost of livestock faeces is heated for 1-60 minutes. The livestock faeces are cattle faeces. The photosynthetic bacterium is chosen from Rhodobacter sphaeroides or R.acpsulatus. The carbonaceous organic waste is chosen from kitchen waste or fermentation organic waste water. The fermentation organic waste water is chosen from citric acid fermentation waste liquid or ethanol fermentation waste liquid. The method involves inoculating the 10-150 g/l of pre-treated faecal compost of livestock to the kitchen waste or fermentation organic waste water, performing the dim fermentation at 30-40 degrees C, under normal pressure, and adjusting the pH value of the fermentation broth to 3-7.5, for 2-3 days. The method further involves inoculating 2-8% of photosynthetic bacterium to the fermentation broth, performing the light fermentation at 25-33 degrees C, under normal pressure, where the pH value is 6.5-7.5 and the light intensity is 2000-5000 lux to produce hydrogen. The light anaerobic fermentation is performed for 3-7 days.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amount: The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the fermentation waste water is (in g/l) (10-70), total nitrogen (0.5-1.5), total phosphorus (in mg/l) (100-500), and ammonium ion (60-120). The concentration of the kitchen waste is (in g/l) (40)-TS, (15-60)-COD and (10-30)-TOC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves selecting organic material that is well-suited to fix carbon. The organic material is cut into chips in a chipper apparatus fuelled by biofuel. The chips of organic material are held in oxygen-restricting containment when the microwave energy is applied. The microwave energy is applied to the chips of organic material in a solar-powered microwave apparatus. the carbon sink is a coal mine shaft, an open cast working mine or exhausted oil reservoir. The carbon sink is in the form of terra preta soils. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biomass comprises fibrous plant material. The one or more species of rumen microorganism comprises rumen archea, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. The one or more species of microorganism is found in feces.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process of producing methane from biomass further comprises applying a partial vacuum to remove fermentation gases, thereby accelerating production of methane, removing fermentation gases by perfusion with inert gas, thereby accelerating production of methane, and removing hydrogen or methane gas during digestion. Preferred Condition: The anaerobic digestion is effected at less than 500 degrees C. Preferred Component: The hydrogen or methane gas is removed with a microbial fuel cell, a compressor and membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of platinum metal is 0.0001-1 weight%, preferably 0.0001-0.5 weight%. The content of cobalt 70 weight% or less, preferably 15 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first layer comprises molecular sieves, natural zeolites and zeolite 4A, zeolites LTA modified with lithium and potassium, deca-dodecasil 3R zeolites, ITQ zeolites, clinoptilolites, or titanosilicates. The second layer comprises zeolite 13X, zeolite Y, mordenites, activated carbon, aluminas, silica gel, or silica matrix and surface-modified activated carbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The reaction zone is an autothermal reaction zone. The first separation zone is flash drum. The second separation zone is a distillation zone. Preferred Parameters: The methanol synthesis reaction zone is carried out at 325-500 degrees F and 50-100 bar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst of the methanol synthesis reaction zone is a copper based catalyst. The steam, hydrogen, or water is added to the pressurized cooled synthesis gas. The tail gas product is recycled to the pressurized cooled synthesis gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material co-feed is introduced in to the reaction zone with the crude glycerol. The organic material is free fatty acids, animal fats, oils, or organic compounds derived from biomass processing. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The nitrifying bacteria, contains ammonium oxidizing bacteria and the denitrifying bacteria containing anammox bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The oxide particle have average particle diameter of 10-150 nm. Preferred Compound: The semi metal is silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method (P1) further involves adding at least one additives to the fuel; and cold filtering the fuel to removes particles larger than one micron. Preferred Components: The first bio-fuel is bio-diesel. The second fuel is a bio-fuel including ethanol, butanol and hexane. The bio-fuel is bio-diesel. The co-solvent is amphiphilic comprises tetrahydrofuran (THF), and isobutyl alcohol acts as a surfactant. The additive is selected viscosity modifier, anti-oxidant, fuel stabilizer, biocide, corrosion inhibitor, injector cleaner, cold flow improver, demulsifier, antifoaming agent, dispersant, antistatic or conductivity improver and cetane or combustion improver. Preferred Composition: A fuel (C1) further comprises at least one fuel additives. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrotreatment catalyst comprises a metal of VIB group elements and/or a metal of VIII group elements of the periodic table. The catalyst has a formulation of a cobalt-molybdenum, nickel-molybdenum or nickel-tungsten formulation and further comprises a phosphorus, boron and/or fluorine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The HDS is done at 250-440 degrees C, at a total pressure of 1-25 MPa, with an hourly space velocity of 0.2-4 per hour. The quenching is done at 190-350 degrees C, at a total pressure of 1-10 MPa, with an hourly space velocity of 0.2-5 per hour. The vegetable or animal oils are incorporated in a part of the effluent obtained from HDS1 under partial pressure of hydrogen. The heating of oils is directly carried out by heat transfer between the effluents of the first unit and those oils introduced before the last catalytic bed in the presence of hydrogen. The hydrogen is make-up hydrogen and/or recyclable hydrogen of the first catalytic section. The hydrogen introduced in HDT step constitutes 1-100 vol.% of recyclable hydrogen from HDS step. Preferred Components: The each step comprises reactors and/or catalytic beds. The co-treater comprises 1-50% of vegetable or animal oil and 99-50% of petroleum cut. The oil is a vegetable oil comprising fatty acids in the form of triglycerides with 8-24 carbon long alkyl chains. The vegetable oil is an oil of colza, erucic colza, soy, sunflower or oleic sunflower, palm and/or copra and palm. The petroleum cut is a hydrocarbon fraction having a boiling point of 130-410 degrees C. The hydrocarbon fraction comprises a diesel or fuel oil cut, where the fuel oil cut is obtained by direct distillation, catalytic cracking or a conversion process as coking, viscoreduction or residual hydroconversion. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl ester is methyl and/or ethyl ester. The amount of partial glyceride is at least 10 wt.%. (I) comprises triglyceride content of up to 5 wt.%. (I) exhibits an acid number of up to 5. The weight ratio of alkylester, monoglyceride and diglyceride is 30-70 wt.%, 10-35 wt.% and 1-30 wt.%, respectively. The alkyl ester and the partial glyceride are 8-22C fatty acid, preferably rapeseed oil fatty acids. The alcohol is butanol, ethanol and/or methanol. Preferred Composition: The fuel composition comprises at least an ethanol and/or water in addition to the non-aqueous phase. EXAMPLE - A composition (A1) comprising (in %) water (0.01), free glycerin (0.3), bonded glycerin (9), ethanol (0.2), ethylester (55.5), monoglyceride (32.2), diglyceride (11.4) and triglyceride (less than 1) was prepared. To the mixture of diesel (170 g) and 99.9% ethanol (10 g), distilled product of (A1) was added and titrated under agitation with water, until turbidity was appeared. Finally, (A1) showed increased water solubility and a water content of 0.30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic acid compound contains aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide and/or titanium oxide. The catalyst further contains platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium and iridium as a support metal. Preferred Process: The source gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and oxygen-containing gas are reacted in presence of catalyst. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is reduced to 5 volume ppm or less, preferably 3.5 volume ppm or less. Preferred Property: The ratio of maximum intensity (Y1) of ruthenium concentration with respect to radial direction of catalyst cross-section and maximum intensity (Y2) of ruthenium concentration in a region of intermediate point (P1) to the position (Pm) of outer surface of catalyst is 1.1-10, by line analysis using electron probe microanalysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The compost raw material includes excretion of livestock, sewage surplus sludge, and foodstuffs waste material. The method further involves mixing thermophilic aerobe and mesophilic aerobe with compost raw material, and further involves mixing water absorptive fiber material chosen from pulp, cotton linter pulp, bark, sawdust, chaff, rice straw, corn lees, bagasse, soybean cake, wheat bran, rapeseed lees, and rice bran, with compost raw material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The polysaccharide degradation enzyme has activity from neutral region to base region. The polysaccharide degradation enzyme is chosen from cellulose degradation enzyme and/or hemicellulose degradation enzyme, preferably cello bio hydrolase. The polysaccharide degradation enzyme is degradation enzyme of exo-type which cuts a specific number of sugar units (terminal) from sugar chain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water absorptive polymer is chosen from starch, starch derivative, cross linking starch derivative, cellulose, cellulose derivative, cross linking cellulose derivative, hemicellulose, hemicellulose derivative, and/or cross linking hemicellulose derivative, preferably cross linking carboxy methyl cellulose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises hydrocarbon additive (0.5-5, preferably 0.6-4%) and 1,1,1,2-tetra-fluoroethane (R134a) (45-55, preferably 48-53, especially 50%), pentafluoroethane (R125) (20-30, preferably 22-28, especially24%), HFC32 (35-15, preferably 30-19, especially 22%), butane (1.5-3%), isobutane (1.5%), and isopentane (0.6 -1.5%). EXAMPLE - A composition (test) comprising (wt.%) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) (50), pentafluoroethane (R125) (24), disfluoromethane (R32) (23), n-butane (R600) (1.5), and isopentane (R601a) (1.5) was prepared. Another chlorodifluoromethane (R22) composition (comparative) containing (wt.%) R134a (5), R32 (10) and R601 (15) was prepared. The cooling capacity of compositions were evaluated using NIST's Cycle D program as replacements for R22 in a chiller/heat pump used for air conditioning comprising a centrifugal compressor, a flooded evaporator and condenser having system cooling capacity (kW) of 100.00; compressor isentropic efficiency of 0.750; compressor volumetric efficiency of 1.000; pressure drop ( degrees C) (in the suction line) of 1.5 and in the discharge line of 1.5; evaporator temperature ( degrees C) of 5; superheat ( degrees C) of 5.0; condenser temperature ( degrees C) of 35.0; subcooling ( degrees C) of 5.0; effectiveness of liquid line/suction line heat exchanger of 0.3; parasitic powers (kW) of of evaporator fan of 3.000, condenser fan of 4.000 and controls of 1.000. The cooling capacity for (kj/m3) test/comparative was found to be 4100/3974.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface nanolayer comprises a halogen (preferably fluorine or chlorine). The support is selected from fibers, non-woven fiber cloths, woven fiber cloths, and flexible films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surface nanolayer comprises a halocarbon (preferably fluorocarbon or perfluorohexane).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The nanolayer is a polymer derived from polymerizable organic precursors selected from hexadimethylsiloxane, other silanes and silicon (Si) containing organics, halohydrocarbons, fluorohexane and other F-containing organics, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs/Freon type molecules) (preferably from oxygen functionalized organics).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed solution comprises water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The feed solution comprises an organic compound, ethanol, or a mixture of hydrocarbons. Preferred Process: The feed solution is maintained at 30-120 degrees C. The outside surface of the tube is heated by steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The dry impregnated disposable device is incorporated with 250-380% of ultra concentrate composition. The ultra concentrate composition further comprises dye, fragrance, anionic surfactant, and natural essential oil sanitizer. It comprises 53.9 wt.% fermentation supernatant, 39.5 wt.% Tergitol 15-S-7(RTM: secondary alcohol ethoxylate) as non-ionic surfactant, 4.4 wt.% Dow fax(RTM: anionic leveling agent) as anionic surfactant, 1.3 wt.% Germaben 2(RTM: ), 0.9 wt.% sodium benzoate, and 0.0008 wt.% Germall 115(RTM: imidazolidinyl urea). Preferred Components: The substrate comprises synthetic fibers and/or cellulosic fibers. Preferred Compounds: The preservative comprises sodium benzoate, imidazolidinyl urea, and/or diazolidinyl urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The non-ionic surfactant comprises polyether non-ionic surfactants comprising ethoxylated fatty alcohols, alkyl phenols, fatty acids, and fatty amines; and ethoxylated and nonethoxylated polyhydroxyl non-ionic surfactants comprising sucrose esters, sorbital esters, alkyl glucosides, polyglycerol esters, and bio-based nonionic surfactants comprising Sugafax D-12(RTM: Not defined), Colalap M-259(RTM: Not defined), and Cocamide diethanolamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The superconducting coil comprises bismuth (Bi), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu) and oxygen (O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The desulfurizer has a heating unit for heating liquid fuel supplied from supply unit. The desulfurizing apparatus further has temperature detection unit for detecting temperature of liquid fuel flowing out of desulfurizer or temperature of desulfurizer, and heat exchange unit (122) provided between desulfurizer and retention tank. The control unit controls heating state of heating unit. The heat exchange unit carries out heating of liquid fuel supplied by supply unit by heat exchange with desulfurized fuel. The detection unit has liquid level sensor for detecting liquid level position of fuel retained in retention tank, and control unit controls drive state of feed pump according to liquid level position.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonized material is 75 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The plant has a mixing zone for at least art of the paraffin waxes and the stream E1, connected upstream of the secondary fraction unit and the Fischer-Tropsch conversion unit (FT) and downstream of the hydrocracking unit. (HDK). The plant includes a unit for vacuum distillation unit of the first residue AR, to produce a vacuum distillate (VG) and a vacuum residue; an asphaltene removal unit (SDA), to produce an asphaltene-free oil (DAO) and an asphalt stream; and a mixing unit for VGO, DAO and the Fischer-Tropsch waxes, to produce a hydrocracking starting material. A zone is provided for mixing the asphalt stream with a diluent, to form R1; preferably this zone is connected downstream of a feed line for desalinated (P) for use as diluent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Pre-refined, asphaltene-free oil (Pa) is formed from asphaltene-free cut(s) formed in step A. (optionally after catalytic hydrogenation treatment) and at least part of the hydrocracking effluent(s). Step A. provides a non-asphaltene stream (E1) boiling above 340 degrees C; and hydrocracking (HDK) step F. is carried out on most or all of the paraffin waxes from step E., mixed with E1. E1 consists of vacuum distillate and/or asphaltene-free oil. Hydrogen for use in hydrocracking is produced from a fraction of the vapor reforming effluents. EXAMPLE - Crude oil was converted into liquid hydrocarbons (3C, 4C, naphtha, kerosene and diesel oil) in an overall yield of 37.75 wt. %, compared with 31.06 wt. % in an analogous prior art process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The recycled regeneration stream (8), before being supplied to the compressor (4), is used to form a balancing gas stream tangential to the permeate side surface of the membrane; and/or part of the non-recycled regeneration stream (9) is extracted and supplied to the filtration module (2) to form the balancing gas stream. The regeneration stage of stage (c) involves depressurizing to a low pressure (P4) (by cocurrent depressurization), eluting at the pressure P4 and repressurizing to the pressure P3. Specifically P1 is 15-120 (preferably 30-80) bars; P2 is 1.5-6 (preferably 2-4) bars; P3 is 20-60 bars; and P4 is 1.5-6 (preferably 3-6) bars. The starting gaseous mixture consists of H2-enriched natural gas, having H2 content not more than 30 (preferably not more than 10) vol. %. EXAMPLE - Hydrogen (H2), contained at 10 vol. % in natural gas circulating in a network under a pressure of 50 bars, was purified by membrane filtration (2) and pressure swing adsorption (3), with recycling of an adsorbent recycling stream to the compressor (4) between the filtration module and adsorption device, using a plant as shown in the first figure. Pure H2 was obtained in an overall yield of 25.5%, at an energy cost of 4.6% of the calorific value of the H2 (or 7.8% if the pressure reduction is taken into account).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In the method (M1) using at least carbon dioxide involves delivering carbon dioxide to a bioreactor including a biological agent, and the combusting step involves delivering gaseous byproduct collected to a system including coal as fuel. The method (M1) further involves, using biomass to produce ethanol and the fuel for generation of power. In method (m1), combusting step is completed using a power generator including an input for a gas including oxygen and the method further involves delivering the collected oxygen to the input of the power generator. The exhaust gas is laden with carbon dioxide and using the collected exhaust gas involves providing a bioreactor including biological agent for generating oxygen and biomass. The method (m1) further involves using the biomass as fuel in the combusting step and the step of supplementing the oxygen content in the gaseous byproduct using the carbon dioxide to generate biomass and gaseous byproduct including oxygen occurs during at least one daylight hour and the step of using at least the oxygen in the collected gaseous byproduct in furtherance of the generation of power or fuel occurs during at least one nighttime hour. In the method (m2), carbon dioxide used in the photosynthesizing step is from an exhaust gas arising from combusting fuel using the power generator and further involves step of using the biomass from the photosynthesizing step as the fuel. The method (m3) further involves step of using the oxygen in the gaseous byproduct for producing power, and the using step involves delivering carbon dioxide to bioreactor including a biological agent. Preferred System: In the system (S1) the bioreactor comprises one of an array of bioreactors. The system (S2) further comprises a power generator for receiving a fuel and at least oxygen from the bioreactor to aid in combusting the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flow field plate is made of metals, e.g. steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys, and carbon composites. The dry carbon powder is graphite powder, amorphous carbon powder, carbon black powder, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and/or soot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: The dry carbon powder includes fluoropolymer present at less than (5, preferably 1) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The neutralizing agent is caustic soda.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is an imidazolium derivative, pyridinium derivative, pyrrolidinium derivative and/or ammonium derivative. The anion is boron tetrafluoride, trifluoromethane sulfonate, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfuric acid and/or dihydrogen phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The nitrogen containing waste liquid is methane fermentation waste liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid hydrocarbon is fuel oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydroxide is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The modifier uses 1-70% silicon dioxide,10-70 (preferably 10-60)% corundum and 10-60% dolomite peri Kress.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Process: The process comprises: drying the obtained granulates, before the compressing step, where the obtained granulates comprises 8-12 wt.% of water, in anhydrous state, after the drying step; sifting the obtained granulates before compressing step; and compressing the obtained granulates once to form the lumber. The compressing step is carried out at a pressure of 24-26 MPa. Preferred Composition: The lumber comprises 10-15 wt.% of granulates having a size of smaller than 0.63 mm, preferably greater than 6.3 mm. The lumber has a density of approximately 1. Preferred Components: The tree wood granulates are granulates of oak and/or beech. The tree bark granulates are oak bark. The size of granulates is smaller than 10 mm, and in which at least 70 wt.% of the granulates have a size of 0.63-6.3 mm. The granulates comprise 8-12 wt.% of water, in anhydrous state. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The quality ratio of mixture is alkali metal, alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt is 0-20:0-100:0-100. Preferred Components: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium and/or rubidium. The alkali metal hydroxide is lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and/or rubidium hydroxide. The alkali metal salt is lithium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and/or rubidium nitrate. The alkaline earth metal hydroxide is beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and/or barium hydroxide. The alkaline earth metal salt is beryllium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate, strontium nitrate and/or barium nitrate. Preferred Condition: The calcination is performed at 200-350 degrees C for 2-4 hours.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Plant Growth Stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A nitrobacteria sifting and enrichment culture medium comprises (wt.%) ammonium sulfate (0.2-1) (in nitrosobacteria sifting and enrichment culture medium, it is replaced by potassium nitrate), monopotassium phosphate (0.02-0.1), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (0.02-0.1), anhydrous calcium chloride (0.02-0.1), carbamide (0.1-0.5), anhydrous monosodium orthophosphate (0.2-1), and water (90-98). An enlarging cultivation of L. bacillocin comprises mixture of sterile water and greater than or equal to 2 of soybean meal, carbamide, ammonium sulfate, corn flour, molasses, monopotassium phosphate, monosodium orthophosphate, magnesia-phosphate, and magnesium sulfate. A carrier comprises zeolite powder. A feeding stuff comprises calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The porous support is chosen from zeolite, sponge, paper, or cotton fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The microwave generator is located externally to the fermentor. The microwave generator is connected to the fermentor through an intermediary of waveguide which includes bearing with sealant to prevent leakage of microwave and waste. The blower is attached at an end of the fermentor through an intake pipe (13). The infrared heater is enclosed with casing for preventing wet material from being in touch with the heater. The infrared heater will apply infrared heating to the fermentor which will be maintained at an internal temperature of approximately 50-700 degrees C. The desired final product is in pellet form which is produced by the tumbling effect of fermentor and the combination of microwave and infrared heating. Preferred Method: The method further involves introducing sufficient air into fermentor by a blower. The step of drying organic waste using microwave energy includes sterilizing and palletizing the organic waste to desired final product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The production of hydrocarbon fraction includes isomerizing reaction product by contacting with isomerization catalyst at isomerization conditions to isomerize at least a portion of n-paraffins to iso-paraffins; and mixing first effluent stream with petroleum fraction. The pretreatment includes contacting feedstock with acidic ion exchange resin, acid solution, or guard bed. The deoxygenation comprises decarboxylation or hydro-deoxygenation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer comprises a catalyst, e.g. platinum or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises a perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer and catalyst. The filter medium is made into a textile material. The filter medium is made from a material the same as polymer electrolyte membrane of fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The biodiesel stream is separated from the fatty acid alkyl ester stream in at least one wiped film evaporator or falling film evaporator, and at least a portion of the by-product fuel stream is re-introduced into the wiped film evaporator or falling film evaporator.The free fatty acid and/or glyceride enriched stream is separated from the by-product fuel stream (351) by freeze crystallization.he process further involves separating free fatty acid and/or glyceride enriched stream from at least a portion of the biodiesel stream, by freeze crystallization.The free fatty acids of the free fatty acid and/or glyceride enriched stream are converted to glyceride.The wiped film evaporator is at least two parallel wiped film evaporators.The falling film evaporator is at least two parallel falling film evaporators.Preferred Alcohol: The alcohol is a 1-5C alcohol, preferably methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The triol is glycerin. The fats and oil is animal or vegetable oil. Preferred Method: Fats, oils and silicic acid is added with(out) the triol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material consists of chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si) or zirconium (Zr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The platinum group element of platinum group compound is chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium and rhodium. The content of platinum-group-element in platinum group compound is 0.01-1 mass%. The content of nickel in oxide of iron, cobalt and nickel is 1-40 mass%. The content oxide of cerium, zirconium, titanium and magnesium is 1-50 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The composition of fuel gas is measured according to JISK2301 standard. The surface area of medication catalyst layer is measured according to JISZ8830 standard. The particle size of catalyst layer is measured according to JISK0119 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: A desulfurizer has a container including desulfurizing agent in an accommodation space, heater for heating the desulfurizing agent and control unit for controlling the heating temperature of desulfurizing agent according to the desulfurization period of desulfurizing agent. The fuel gas generation apparatus includes desulfurizer (120), raw-material supply unit (110) for supplying hydrocarbon raw material in container of desulfurizing apparatus, vaporizer (130) for vaporizing hydrocarbon raw-material to source gas, and reformer (140) for generating fuel gas having hydrogen as main component by modifying the source gas. A fuel-cell system (100) includes fuel gas formation apparatus, oxygen-containing gas supply unit (150) and fuel cell (170).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizing agent is a metal containing nickel as main component or metal chosen from nickel and silver, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, aluminum, silicon, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal and/or lanthanoid type rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon raw material is liquid fuel (111A) chosen from naphtha, kerosene oil and/or light oil. Preferred Process: The temperature at which desulfurization of hydrocarbon raw material is completed by desulfurizing agent, is 200-270 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio ((1-x-y)/x) of molar ratio of magnesium and molar ratio of calcium is 1.5-90. The average grain size of catalyst is 1-100 nm. Preferred Composition: The structure phase of catalyst contains magnesium oxide and calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Layer: The porous modification catalyst layer is flat layer. The outer peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer has a fuel flow path having circular, elliptical, rectangular or polygonal cross-sectional shape, in inner region of barrier layer. The modifier integrated fuel cell further has an oxidizing agent gas flow path on inner peripheral surface of porous modification catalyst layer. Preferred Device: The modifier integrated fuel cell has two or more adjacent electricity generating components electrically interconnected in series by interconnector, on electrically insulating porous substrate pipe. The electrically generating component has the layered structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The constituent material of porous modification catalyst material is nickel as main constituent, and mixture of stabilized zirconia, porous ceramics and porous cermet. The constituent material of barrier layer is stabilized zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, zirconia, alumina and magnesia. The constituent material of hydrogen separation and anode material is multilayer film comprising palladium film, palladium alloy film, vanadium, niobium or tantalum film, group V metal film and group V metal alloy film. The constituent material of electrolyte layer contains a pervoskite compound having the compositional formula: A'B'O3.A'=barium, strontium or calcium;andB'=cerium or zirconium optionally substituted by rare earth element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal which is supported to catalyst is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium and iridium. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in source gas is 0.5-3. Preferred Properties: The concentration of carbon monoxide is 0.1-2 volume%, and after oxidation reaction is 100 volume ppm or less. Preferred Process: Source gas is obtained by modification reaction and water-gas shift reaction in presence of hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst further contains iron. Alternatively, the catalyst contains palladium, zinc and cerium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Condition: The catalyst regeneration temperature region is higher than temperature region (I). Preferred Method: The control apparatus performs catalyst regeneration when starting and/or stopping running of reformer. Preferred Apparatus: The reformer has heating portion (30) for heating modification portion. The control apparatus rises temperature of removal portion to catalyst regeneration temperature region by heating portion, when temperature of removal portion is less than regeneration temperature region. The heating portion is a combustion portion for burning combustible fuel. The combustible fuel is fuel supplied from fuel supply source, reformed gas produced by reformer and off gas discharged from fuel cell. The control apparatus heats catalyst of removal portion with heating gas during and/or before regeneration. The control apparatus supplies combustion air to combustion portion in a state at which combustible fuel is not supplied to combustion portion. The heating gas is formed by warming combustion air by remaining heat of combustion portion and/or remaining heat of modification portion. The reformer has a heat insulation portion (39) for covering carbon monoxide oxidation removal portion, reformed gas discharge path (100) for discharging reformed gas, outlet valve (25e,25f) provided in discharge path, carbon monoxide purification portion for reducing carbon monoxide of reformed gas before oxidation, arranged upstream of removal portion, carbon monoxide shift portion temperature detector (55), and carbon monoxide oxidation removal portion temperature detector (38).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The grain is wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, oats or millet. The grain is in pellet form. The wood pieces are pressed into molded parts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive contains 50-60, preferably 42 wt.% of palmitic acid, 40-50, preferably 5 wt.% of stearic acid, maximum of 1% of lauric acid, maximum 3, preferably 2 wt.% of myristic acid, traces, preferably 41 wt.% of oleic acid or 10 wt.% of linoleic acid. The fatty acid comprises vegetable oil or fat, preferably rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, oilve oil, palm oil, coconut oil or soya oil. The vegetable oil contains coarsely grounded raw materials. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The enzyme is a natural or recombinant cellulase, endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, hemicellulase, pectinase, phospholipase, protease or phytase. The seeds are soya beans, cotton seeds, sunflower seeds, maize seeds or rape seeds. The seeds are husked and/or comminuted before spraying. The seeds are sprayed with the enzyme between pressing stages. EXAMPLE - Rape seeds were sprayed with 0.1% of a 15% ultrafiltration concentrate of recombinant Acremonium thermophilum endoglucanase before pressing in two stages. This increased the oil yield per hour of pressing time by 6.6%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The recuperative preheating of the carbon dioxide-hydrogen-mixture and its further heating takes place by supplying electrical energy in the presence of catalysts. The synthesis raw gas and synthesis processes are cooled using a gas- and product- cooling water with external water for the evaporation process, and to split the steam in the electrolysis to hydrogen and oxygen. EXAMPLE - Carbon dioxide and water were processed over electrical energy. Water with the direct gas cooling and the product cooling water condensate were cooled at 20 bar, and the water vapor was electrolytically decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen was mixed with carbon dioxide in a molar ratio of 3:1 under a pressure of 19 bar to obtain carbon dioxide-hydrogen mixture. To the mixture synthesis raw gas, carbon monoxide and hydrogen were added and preheated at greater than 900 degrees C in the presence a catalyst at 600-800 degrees C. The synthesis raw gas was cooled with cold water at less than 50 degrees C. The obtained mixture was converted to methane gas, methanol, liquid hydrocarbons (benzine, kerosene or diesel) or wax. The obtained product was condensed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Inorganic salts including cobalt salts having crystal water are added to the silica gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Device: The device further has a pressure measuring device, explosion-proof valve set on the reactor, fin of drawing template set on the wing screw, outlet that is connected with discharging screw through a straight pipe section, and discharging screw that transmits materials into discharging decompression section composed of taper pipe section and straight pipe section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The catalyst preburner, the mixer, and the catalyst burner are integrated into a single unit. The single unit is a cylinder can.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst burner is an anode tailgas oxidizer (ATO) (214). The gas mixture comprises natural gas, propane, or liquid fuel. The liquid fuel is liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, methanol, or ethanol. The oxygen to carbon ratio for the catalyst preburner is 0-1, preferably 0.5. The primary air flow is 0-4.8, preferably 2.4 moles/1 mole of the natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The discharge port is provided at the bottom portion of purifying unit (3). The purifying unit (3) has introduction unit to introduce fish water tank water from fish water tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst for hydrocarbon modification reaction, is obtained by reducing hydrotalcite-like layered compound, baking and supporting noble metal component. Preferred Composition: The noble metal elements are rhodium and/or ruthenium. The oxygen-containing gas is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Process: The crops are potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, chicory and cereals, especially wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats, millet and/or maize. The mash is adjusted to a sugar concentration 10-30% by removing water. The solids are separated by filtration, decantation, centrifugation or sedimentation and are are used as animal feed. The ethanol is dehydrated. The process steps are performed in an existing beer brewery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The plant includes purification channel(s) presenting further purification unit capable of purifying mixture. The unit containing aerobic microorganism develop an aerobic digestion process. The flow of biogas is introduced from lower zone(s) of the sedimentation tank(s) to collide with mixture. The sedimentation tank is fitted with unit to regulate the internal temperature. The regulation unit comprise pipe through which heating fluid passes and surrounds part(s) of the tank(s). The covering unit comprises upper wall floating on the mixture. The unit of filtration comprises fibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flow of biogas is enriched with anaerobic microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The long carbon chain molecules are broken into shorter carbon chain molecules as a direct result of a physical force of mechanical breaking. Breaking the long carbon chain molecules into the shorter chain carbon molecules is carried out at less than or equal to 0 degrees C. Mechanical breaking comprises reducing the source substances comprising carbon chains into particles smaller than 100 nm (preferably smaller than 1 nm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is formed of made of the material selected from the group consisting of vanadium, selenium, gold, silver, nickel, graphite galvanized with platinum and graphite galvanized with palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The oxygen-containing gas is air, or a mixture of oxygen and steam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The apparatus includes a storage unit comprising a hydrogen-fixing material such as alloy of titanium, vanadium, chromium and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mixture : The mixture contains at least 4 (4-10) wt.% coal ash, which comprises at least 50 (80) wt.% aluminum silicates. The biomass comprises waste products obtained from agriculture and/or forestry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytic element is an element chosen from Li37, Be49 and/or B511, alloyed in the cathode, the latter comprising an element chosen from a Group VIII element, Al, Mg/Al and Ti, or a combination thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The to-be-processed gas introduction pipe has two or more injection units in the flow path cross-section direction of to-be-processed gas. The space of injection unit is less than or more than half of the diameter, length or diagonal length of flow path cross-section.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen production sludge is sludge in liquid state, or sludge which produces hydrogen by production of water or hydrogen atom-containing compound. The hydrogen production sludge is waste wire-saw oil containing silicon particles and/or aluminum particles, or metal particles, waste cutting oil, waste grinding fluid and/or waste grinding oil. The biomass is crushed material of waste tatami mat, wood chips, wood meal, sawdust and waste paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Empedobactor SIID2926-1b strain (FERM AP-20108).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The charcoal powder is derived from carbon formed by carrying out carbonization baking of the south-sea wood, preferably timer having air-dry specific gravity of 0.5 or less, at 450-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygenated hydrocarbons comprise methanol, ethanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, ethyleneglycol and glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The freezing point degrading medium is selected from glycols, acetates or formates.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The surface properties of the carrier material are optimized through chemical and/or physico-chemical modifications depending on the composition of the aqueous medium. The optimization of the growth properties is depended on the application of the aqueous medium and the potentially competing bacterial groups. The incubation period of the bacteria with the carrier material is at least one day. The degradation is carried out in a discontinuous manner, in which the biomass of L108 in a concentration of 0.1-2 g per liter or kg, is added to the polluted water. In the method, pure oxygen is fed. The degradation is carried out in a fixed or fluidized bed reactor. Preferred Components: The bacterial strain L108 is multiplied in a mineral medium in the presence of methyl-tertiary-butylether as a sole source of carbon and energy, and is incubated (ex-situ or in-situ) with the carrier material. The water to be purified is wastewater, groundwater and/or surface water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen source is inorganic oxygen containing compound, preferably hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carrier material exhibits no cationic net charge or a weak cationic net charge and contains no anionic groups on the surface. The carrier material is burnt clay granulates or lava-tuffs or a plastic, preferably polystyrene. The carrier material is modified with a polyamine, preferably chitinate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The biological mass slurry comprises (wt.%): carbon powder or/and clinker (55-60), tar (8-15), water (25-35) and emulsion dispersant (1.0-5.0). Preferred Components: The emulsion dispersant is naphthalene sulfonate or/and alkyl sulfonate or/and sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The bio-enzyme catalyst is formed using 10-70 wt.% of pawpaw powder or pawpaw juice dry-powder. The biological diesel oil contains organic solvent (95-100 vol.%). Preferred Condition: The reaction is carried out at 20-70 degrees C for 6-48 hours. Preferred Oil: The animal-vegetable oil is bean oil, colza oil, tea oil, sunflower seed oil, lard, beef tallow, palm oil or castor bean oil. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethylene acetate, toluene, benzene, chloroform, hexane or petroleum ether. Preferred Compounds: The alcohol used for manufacturing biological diesel oil is chosen from methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol and/or isopropyl alcohol. The pawpaw powder contains smashed fresh fruit or leaf, or smashed dried pawpaw fruit or leaf. Preferred Process: The pawpaw juice dry powder is obtained by drying serum obtained using pawpaw fruit or trunk, and dehydrating dried material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The bottom cover is formed from polyethylene mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acidic water which contained hydrogen ion produced in the anode vicinity by the flow of oxygen bubble generated when electrolytic electrode becomes anode is induced to the sterilization electrode. The storage of the mineral component such as calcium is prevented to the sterilization electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Parts of the hydrogen are formed at the reaction between carbon monoxide and water is returned to the second step of the reactor for forming of methane. The process is performed without any addition of nitrogen-containing gas (e.g. air) for avoiding the formation of nitrogen oxides, performed by parts or all of the formed oxygen at the dissociation of water passed back to the combustion of the organic material, or performed by parts or all of the formed water and the carbon dioxide is used as inert gas. Parts or all of the formed methane are used as starting material for other processes. The formed oxygen is used as a starting material for other processes. The formed carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas is caught and used in other connections. EXAMPLE - A thermo chemical cycle for hydrogen and oxygen production based on cerium was used in combined process with water dissociation and carbon dioxide methanation. The hydrogen recovery step was performed in a solid bed reaction and the reaction was complete with rapid kinetics at 300-500 degrees C. The reformed cerium(IV) oxide was recycled in the first step. Only exit materials were hydrogen and oxygen and the two gases were obtained in different steps to avoid a temperature energy consuming gas phase separation. Oxygen was used as a source for oxygen in the combustion reaction with water and carbon dioxide as inert gases instead of air. Hydrogen was used together with carbon dioxide-containing exhaust gas and reacted over a methanation catalyst for providing methane and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) are functionally effective than normal organic molecules (humic and fulvic acids) present in lignite due to enhanced reactive nature. The hydrogen peroxide (5-25%) was added to micronized lignite at a ratio of 1:2-1:5 (v/w), and where, before addition, the hydrogen peroxide was cooled at -20 degrees C for few hours, and the reaction was carried at 10-15 degrees C for one hour and later 20 degrees C for three hours, after which, the same step was repeated twice or thrice or more times depending on the type of the lignite, after which, hydrogen peroxide (50%) was directly added to the resultant substance at 25-30 degrees C at a ratio of 1:1 (v/w) and the resultant material was extracted with water and centrifuged at 5000-10000 rpm on continuous centrifugation to obtain (I), where the intense treatment with hydrogen peroxide with more concentration, time, temperature, dose results with less molecular weight functionally effective organic molecules, where as, the size of (I) derivitization depends on the reaction conditions of lignite with hydrogen peroxide along with quality of lignite. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide (containing alkali sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide (1-10%)) with hydrogen peroxide (0.2-20%) was added to lignite at 1:2-1:5 depending on lignite quality and reaction was carried out at room temperature, after 2-6 hours of reaction, (I) were extracted by precipitation or centrifugation. (I) are predominantly below 1000 molecular weight. The characteristic absorbance of peaks at 1600 plus minus 200 wave numbers (cm-1) were observed when the liquid samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) in calcium fluoride cell accessory in FTIR. ACTIVITY - Virucide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compounds: The culture has properties identical to one of the deposited strains or its progeny. The strain is derived from bacteria (preferably Bacillus, especially Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus atrophaeus). The composition (C1) comprises a combination of PTA-7547 and PTA-7548 cultures. Enzyme is selected from protease, alpha-amylase, cellulase, lipase, mannanase, pectate lyase. Preferred Method: The laundry or fabric is treated with a bacteria culture and subsequently or simultaneously with at least one active ingredient. The culture(s) is present in method (M1) during washing in a concentration of 1x 106-1x 1012 (preferably above 1x 107) bacteria cells/liter treating solution or wash liquor. The concentration of bacteria used in composition in method (M2) is 1x 105-1x 109 (preferably 1x 106-1x 108, especially 1x 107) cells/g of carpet fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Composition (C1) further comprises at least one ingredient selected from surfactant, hydrotrope, preservative, filler, builder, stabilizer, fragrance, anti-redeposition agent, nutrient, biostimulant or enzyme. EXAMPLE - An aqueous cleaning composition for use in carpet extraction cleaning was prepared comprising sodium octyl sulfonate (2 34), Tornadol 91-6 (RTM:surfactant) (0.96), Tornadol 91-2.5 (RTM:surfactant) (0.96), Kathon (RTM:preservative) (0.05), Bronopol (RTM:preservative) (0.025), citric acid (4.25), caustic soda (4.90), bacteria culture (PTA-7547 and PTA-7548) (5.4x 108) cfu/ml and water (balance).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid feed comprises liquid hydrogenated hydrocarbons, or a mixture of alcohol (preferably ethanol) and hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary catalyst consists of copper/zinc oxide/alumina (Cu/ZnO/Al2O3), iron/chromium (Fe/Cr) oxide, metal oxides, platinum (Pt) group catalyst, and gold (Au) catalyst. The secondary catalyst consists of metal oxides, Pt, ruthenium (Ru) and Au.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal salt includes a ruthenium salt, cobalt salt, iron salt or transition metal chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The feed composition contains 0.5-98 wt.% water and a complementary amount of ethanol. The method comprises recovering a product composition of ethanol having less than 0.5 wt.% water. The water of the feed composition introduced to the membrane system is 3-98 wt.% in which membrane permeation is the mechanism for removing water from the feed composition, and in which the permeance of water through the membrane is greater than 9x 10-4 kmol/m2-hour-mm-mercury. The initial water in the feed composition is greater than 1 wt.%, or less than 2500 ppm. The final water in the product composition is less than 0.5 wt.% or less than 400 ppm. Preferred Component: The product component is inorganic acids. The product component is nitric acid, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and/or hydrogen iodide. A sweeping flow of dry, inert gas is in contact with the permeate side. Preferred Condition: The feed composition may be heated to 50-125 degrees C while feed composition is maintained in the liquid state.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The product component is organic chemicals, compounds that form azeotropic mixtures with water and/or methanol. The product component is butyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid, n-propanol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and/or ethylene glycol. It may be hydrocarbon oil. Preferred Method: The chemical reaction is synthesis of esters by reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol, synthesis of ethers by reaction of an aldehyde with an alcohol, synthesis of ketals by reaction of a ketone with an alcohol, synthesis of imines by reaction of an amine with an aldehyde or ketone, transesterification which produces methanol as a byproduct, and synthesis of sugar ester by esterification of alcohol sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The water for the reaction is obtained by dehumidifying of the air.The carbon dioxide is separated from the air subsequent to dehumidification.The carbon dioxide is obtained by capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide on a sorbent that is subsequently desorbed by treating the sorbent to release the captured carbon dioxide.The sorbent is treated with sufficient heating, reduced pressure, vacuum, and/or gas purge to release the captured carbon dioxide.The hydrogen is obtained by electrolysis or catalytic or thermal cleavage of the water that is removed from atmospheric air.The methyl alcohol or dimethyl ether is produced from the carbon dioxide and water obtained from the air.The method further involves reducing the carbon dioxide under conditions sufficient to form carbon monoxide, reacting the carbon monoxide with methanol to obtain methyl formate, and catalytically hydrogenating the methyl formate to produce exclusively methanol; converting methanol to produce dimethyl ether; reacting the dimethyl ether in the presence of an acidic-basic or zeolitic catalyst to form ethylene and/or propylene; and converting ethylene or propylene to produce varied synthetic hydrocarbons, derived chemicals, polymers, and their products.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The absorbent is a polyamino containing polymer deposited on a nano-structured high surface area support.The polyamino containing polymer is a polyethyleneimine and the support is fused silica or alumina. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The glyceride source is converted into the fatty acid composition by hydrolyzing the glyceride source with water in presence of an acid catalyst. The hydrolysis of the glyceride source is carried out by passing a mixture of the glyceride source and water through a packed bed reactor containing the acid catalyst. The preparation of alkyl ester further involves removing glycerin from the fatty acid composition. The fatty acid composition is esterified by reacting fatty acid composition with an alcohol. The fatty acid composition is esterified at 25-100 psia. Preferred Compound: The acid catalyst is a solid acid catalyst chosen from polymer ion-exchange resins, acid zeolite, metal oxide and their combination. The acid catalyst is chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid and their combination. The content of glyceride source is 1:3-1:15 molar ratio. The fatty acid composition comprises acidulated soap stock. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The alcohol is iso-propanol, n-butanol, 2-butanol or tert-butanol. The molar ratio of free fatty acid with respect to alcohol is 1:1.5-1:10. Preferred Composition: The glyceride source is sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, vegetable oil, corn oil, canola oil, palm oil, olive oil, safflower oil, dryland mustard oil or their combination. The glyceride source comprises animal fat. The fatty acid composition comprises free fatty acid (95 mass% or more).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The solid acid catalyst comprises a polymeric ion-exchange resin, nanostructured polymer catalyst and inorganic acid catalyst chosen from sulfated zirconia, tungstated zirconia, zeolite, silica-alumina, metal-oxide, mixed metal-oxide or clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains carbonic acid, carbon dioxide gas, carbonated water, bicarbonate, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and their alkali metal compounds or polyvalent metal compounds, and resin. The polyvalent metal compound is chloride, carbonate, hydroxide or sulfate of polyvalent metal, cement and/or slag. A reaction regulator is further used along with the composition. Preferred Process: A liquid mixture containing liquid (A) comprising the composition as active ingredient, and liquid (B) comprising the remaining portion of the composition as active ingredient is injected or permeated into soil, waste material or building material, or mixed with soil or waste material, or sprayed or coated on the building material. Alternately, the liquid (A) and liquid (B) are separately permeated or injected into the soil or waste material, or the liquid mixture is used as one liquid of the composition. The composition, or liquid (A) and/or liquid (B) is heated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The concentration of carbon monoxide obtained during combustion processing is measured based on JISK0098 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The edge region is arranged along the inner front surface and is formed on the cathode side as a flatter step. Protrusions are arranged on the edge region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: After ferric oxide is dispersed, it is added into sodium silicate solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: A hole-manufacturing template comprises hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution. The method uses 95-98% ethanol and ethyl orthosilicate. A ratio between 3-aminopropyl-3-ethoxyl silane or hydrosulfonyl ethoxyl silane and ferric oxide particle is 5-20 ml:3-9 g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The refrigerant composition contains 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) (57-49.5, preferably 53, more preferably 52, most preferably 52), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (R227ea) (39-44, preferably 41, more preferably 42.5, most preferably 43.5), pentafluoroethane (R125) (3-5, preferably 4.5, more preferably 4, most preferably 4) and butane (1-1.5, preferably 1.5). The refrigerant composition does not form liquid or vapor mixture with hydrocarbon higher than 1.9 wt.%, preferably 1.5 wt.%, at allowed condition. The content of hydrocarbon in refrigerant composition is 0.5 wt.% or more with isothermal vapor at 23 degrees C. The centrifugal chiller contains refrigerant composition, mineral oil, alkylbenzene, synthetic hydrocarbon lubricant, synthetic oxygen-containing lubricant, polyol ester lubricant, polyether lubricant, mixture containing oxygen-containing lubricant, and lubricant containing mixture of hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing lubricant. Preferred Property: The refrigerant composition has safety classification of A1 and A2 based on American Society for Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 34.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises an additional coating comprising a polyanionic polymer. Preferred Components: The surface of the molecular sieve is characterized by a high charge density. The coating has a thickness of less than 100 nm. The coating comprises pores having a mean diameter less than 4 Adegrees . The porous core comprises silica or a polyanionic polymer (preferred). The coating comprises a polycationic polymer, which is crosslinked. The coating comprises a nonionic polymer. The entrainer is a carboxylated lignin. The entrainer is produced by reacting a lignin with an anhydride. The anhydride is a succinic anhydride (alkylated). The lignin is a Kraft lignin characterized by hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups are 50-100% functionalized. The entrainer is a solid. The entrainer is further characterized by a hydrophilic polymer substituent. The hydrophilic polymer substituent is a polyethylene oxide and a polypropylene oxide. The hydrophilic polymer substituent is a polyethylene oxide diglycidyl ether and a polypropylene oxide diglycidyl ether. The hydrophilic polymer substituent has a molecular weight of 700-2500 g/mol. EXAMPLE - Indulin AT (lignin) (5 g) was suspended in acetone (150 ml). Alkyl succinic anhydride (25 g) was added to the suspension. The reaction was performed in a bomb and heated to 70degrees C over the course of 48 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crushing adjuvant is dextrin and/or phosphate ester. The dehydrating agent is acetamide, acrylamide, polycarbodiimide (sic), propane, and/or acid. The solvent is dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, 3-methoxy-1-butanol, tetradecane, pentane, ethyl alcohol, ethyleneglycol, monoethylether acetate, and/or acetone. The dispersing agent is alkylbenzenesulfonate, higher alcohol sulfuric ester salt, and/or polyethyleneglycol-type nonionic active agent. The emulsifier is dimethyl ether, 3-methoxypropylamine, higher alcohol sulfuric ester salt, higher alcohol ethoxysulfate, alkylphenol ethoxysulfate, ethanolamine, polyethyleneglycol fatty-acid ester, sodium salt of sulfonic acid, ethoxypropylamine, and/or isopropylamine. The decomposition agent of protein group is guanidine hydrochloride, cyclopentane, aspertare (sic), trichloroacetic acid, formamide, sodium metaphosphate, proteabe (sic), danphenone, and/or phenolic foam. The cellulose group decomposition agent is cyclohexane, diethylglycol, hexanaphthene, and/or triethyleneglycol. The fats-and-oils group decomposition agent is lipase, N,N-dimethylacetamide, and/or dichloroethylether. The fuel promoter is acetaldehyde and/or acetylacetone. The fuel mixing adjuvant or combustion agent is dimethylether, diacetone alcohol, pentamethyltriamine, methyl butyl ether, lauryl methacrylate, and/or cobalt acetylacetonate. The sludge-prevention agent or dispersing agent is sodium alcohol compound (sic), amino alcohol, methyl-t-butyl ether, N,N-diethylethanolamine, magnesium carbonate, and/or magnesium oxide. The antioxidant is thiourea dioxide, methyl mercaptopropionate, diethyl hydroxylamine, and/or 3,3-dithiopropionic acid. The baking preventing agent is methyl-t-butyl ether.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The support is made of dielectric material e.g. alumina and zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support is made of dielectric material e.g. lanthanide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation may be (CH3)(C2H5)2HN+, (C2H5)H2S+, (C2H5)H3N+, or compound of formula (18) or (19). The electrolyte membrane contains two types of ionic conductors different from each other. One of the ionic conductors has high oxygen reduction activity and the other ionic conductor has high hydrogen oxidation activity. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte membrane contains greater than or equal to 50 mol% ionic conductor having high oxygen reduction activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The fuel (K) is processed by dewatering and is utilized for electricity generation, specifically by burning in a turbine (54) while using the turbine exhaust gases (G) to generate the cracking temperature (T), especially by using the waste gases to supply heat into a heating oil circuit (60,66,20,68). The biomass (S2) consists of biological waste, such as rape or wood residues. Preferred Apparatus: A fuel dewatering device (48) is provided at the outlet of the condenser (38). A storage tank (50) is connected to the condenser. The production vessel (20) has a double shell, through which hot heating oil is passed, via a circuit (60,66,20,68) containing a heat exchanger (68), to provide the cracking temperature. The obtained fuel (K) is supplied to a turbine (54) (the waste gases (G) from which are supplied to the heat exchanger), connected to a generator (56), itself connected to the public grid (74).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The gaseous and liquid phases of the 2-phase mixture (2) obtained by cooling the starting gas (1) are supplied together to (and separated in) the dephlegmator (E4); or are separated before methane scrubbing, with only the liquid phase supplied to the dephlegmator. The coolant (5) for the dephlegmator is liquid carbon monoxide (CO). Preferably product quality CO is compressed, cooled and liquefied by product streams to be heated and separated into gaseous and liquid phase, at least part of the liquid phase being supplied to the dephlegmator as coolant. Preferred Apparatus: The dephlegmator (E4) is a plate heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-erosion and antirust agent is zinc naphthenate, barium sulfonic acid, and/or aluminum sulfonic acid. The anti-smoke agent is metal compound sulfonates, a-alkyl fatty acid barium salt or oil-soluble manganese salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-erosion and antirust agent is oleic acid, stearic acid, sorbitol monooleate, pentaerythritol monooleate, tert-butylamine, and/or triethanolamine The ignition agent is isopropylhydrogen peroxide, tertiary butyl hydrogen peroxide, acetone hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen peroxide zinc powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The straw can be maize, rice, wheat, cotton, branches of all plant straw, root stalk or organic rubbish. The starch can be maize, sweet potatoes, potatoes, all plant fruit and/or degenerative starch.Preferred Composition: The biomass pellet fuel comprises (pbw) straw (60-80), starch (10-60), antiseptic (0-10), fire retardant (0-10) and water-proofing agent (0-10); or straw (60-80), starch (3-9), fire retardant (1-3), water-proofing agent (1-3) and flavor (0-2); or straw (60-80), starch (3-9), fire retardant (4-8), water-proofing agent (1-3) and pesticide (0.2-0.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sludge coal combustion material contains sludge (in weight parts) (95-105), combustion improver (85-100) and desiccant (15-50). Alternatively, the sludge coal combustion material contains sludge (80-120), combustion improver (14-64), magnesia dry powder of content 44% (20-50), liquid water glass (5-29) and desiccant (5-60). The sludge coal combustion material further contains dispersant (0.15-1). The combustion improver contains coal dust (80-100 wt.%) and remaining is vegetable powder. Preferred Components: The desiccant is calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, fly ash, dry clay and/or vegetable powder. The vegetable powder is straw dust, wheat dust and/or saw dust. The sludge is activated sludge. Preferred Process: The sludge is dehydrated after sterilizing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The parameters are water ratio of 40-60%; carbon and nitrogen ratio of 25:1-30; pH of 5.5-8.5; and ventilation quantity of 0.05-0.3 m3/minute m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metals, metal salts or metalloids are taken among the group comprising iron, aluminum, zinc, lanthanides, yttrium, magnesium, boron, lanthanum hexaboride, alkalis including sodium, potassium, calcium and scandium, silicon, germanium, uranium 238, thorium, cesium, as well as precious metals from the platinum metal group such as silver or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-oxidizing atmosphere is a reducing atmosphere. The reducing atmosphere is an atmosphere comprising at least one of nitrogen, hydrogen, and cracked ammonia. The electrolyte includes a fluoride compound from hydrogen fluoride (HF), lithium fluoride (LiF), sodium fluoride (NaF), potassium fluoride (KF), and/or ammonium fluoride (NH4F).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The method further includes doping the titanium oxide surface with a group 14 element, a group 15 element, a group 16 element, and/or a group 17 element; and subjecting the nanotubular titania substrate to a heat treatment. The electrolyte is ultrasonically stirred. The gold particles are dispersed using incipient wetness. The carbon is deposited by chemical vapor deposition. The titanium dioxide nanotubes are nitrogen, carbon or phosphorus doped; or doped in at least two of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The titanium dioxide nanotubes are further modified with carbon under conditions suitable to form carbon modified titanium dioxide nanotubes. An acidic solution is used in the photo-cathode compartment. A basic solution is used in the photo-anode compartment. Preferred Properties: The resulting titanium oxide nanotubes have a pore diameter of approximately 80-100 nm. The nanotubular titania substrate has a band gap of 1.9-3 eV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte is an aqueous solution, or an organic solution. The organic solution is a polyhydric alcohol from glycerol, ethylene glycol, and/or diethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The thermal conversion plant comprises an electric arc furnace, an induction heat furnace system, a plasma production apparatus. Preferred Method: The molten metal contained in furnace of the thermal conversion plant is contacted with carbonaceous feedstock and synthesis gas blend is produced. A metal is charged into furnace system of thermal conversion plant, and melted to form a molten metal bath. Carbonaceous feedstock is contacted with molten metal bath, and synthesis gas blend produced in furnace system is collected. The gas is passed through an electric arc of the plasma producing apparatus and high temperature plasma is produced. A metal is charged into the thermal conversion plant and melted using high temperature plasma as heat source. The carbonaceous feedstock is contacted with produced molten metal bath and synthesis gas blend is obtained. The synthesis gas blend is passed into a combustion engine for producing power. The power is used for marine vessel's propulsion drive system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The byproduct contains alcohol ester, such as methyl ester, and byproduct alcohol containing glycerol. The reactant contains oil feedstock and a reactant alcohol. The catalyst promotes transesterification of the oil feedstock to an alcohol ester, and is hydroxide. Preferred Property: The reactor chamber has aspect ratio of 2:1-10: 1, preferably 5:1. Preferred Method: The reactants and catalyst are introduced via a single and separate input line. Preferred Apparatus: The output line for byproducts has an alcohol ester output line and byproduct alcohol output line. The system further has a heat exchange module maintaining the contents of the reactor chamber at 60-70degrees C, an agitator for enhancing mixing of reactants in reactor chamber and coalescence of by-product alcohol, meter(s) for monitoring input of reactant and catalyst, and output of byproduct, valve(s) for regulating flow of reactants and catalyst(s) into reactor chamber, valve(s) for regulating flow of byproduct(s) out of reactor chamber, and a control module for controlling input of reactants, output of byproduct, and/or temperature of the contents of the reaction chamber. The reactor chambers are arranged in parallel or series. The primary reactor chamber is configured to receive as an input byproduct(s) from subsequent reactor chamber in series. The control module has a computerized control module for automatically controlling operation of the reactor chamber in response to instructions from a computer program.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base comprises an alkali metal salt of an anion of potassium carbonate and potassium phosphate. The water-insoluble salt is calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent (D) has average pore diameter of 1.5-2 nm. Preferred Condition: The adsorption pressure during adsorption process is 0.5-4 MPa.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon group raw material comprises gas or liquid chosen from town gas containing natural gas, propane, butane, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, methanol, ethanol and dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The noble metal element is rhodium and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon is linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon and alicyclic saturated hydrocarbon or monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The hydrocarbon is chosen from light naphtha, heavy naphtha, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene oil, light oil, heavy oil, bio-diesel fuel or vegetable oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline inorganic solid such as calcium hydroxide reacts with gas existing between fuel electrode and solid state methanol container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The hydrophilic group of the ligand is selected from sulphonate, carboxylate and/or hydroxy. Preferred Compound: The catalyst comprises a mono-, di- and/or tri sulfonated triphenylphosphine or their water soluble salts. Preferred Process: The hydrogen gas is produced, and separated from carbon dioxide. The hydrogen gas is directed to process and/or device capable of producing energy, and energy is produced using the hydrogen gas. Preferred Property: The aqueous solution of formic acid is preferably reacted at 75-140degrees C and at hydrogen partial pressure of 0.5-600 bar. The catalyst is stable at 1400degrees C or less and pH of 1-8. The molecular ratio of formic acid and formate salt is 1:9-15:1. The aqueous solution has pH of 1-6, preferably 2.5-5. Preferred Definitions:    M=ruthenium.    When n is greater than 1, each L is different from another L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The heterogeneous catalyst is sodium, potassium, calcium phosphate, magnesium methoxide, calcium oxide, calcium ethoxide, boron hydroxide, calcinated hydro zeolite or other higher alkaline heterogeneous compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Triglyceride is converted into biodiesel (ester of oil/fat) by reacting with methanol by transesterification in the presence of alkaline catalyst under same temperature and pressure in a fixed bed reactor (5) with heterogeneous catalyst and basic ion exchange catalyst such as Amberlyst A-21 (RTM: catalyst) or Amberlyst A-26 (RTM: catalyst). Ester/biodiesel and glycerine produced during transesterification are separated in a gravity separator (7) by phase separation. The products are further vacuum distilled or subjected to stripping method under positive pressure, and impurities in products are removed by washing with water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The reduced substrate comprises hydrogen or organic material. Preferred Material: The hydrocarbon fuel is coal. The hydrocarbon fuel comprises biogas methane. The fermentation mixture comprises ferric ions and microorganisms which reduces ferric ions and produces volatile organic acid from organic substrates. Preferred Method: The biogas is further fractionated into methane rich fraction and carbon dioxide rich fraction. The methane rich fraction is processed for producing energy. A portion of carbon dioxide rich fraction is re-circulated into the fermentation mixture. A portion of methane rich fraction or biogas is converted into synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the synthesis gas is contacted with catalyst to produce alcohol. The methane rich fraction or biogas is burned and electricity is produced. The remaining portion of biogas is converted into synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the synthesis gas is contacted with catalyst and alcohol is produced. The alcohol is purified and pure alcohol comprising sulfur (less than 10 ppm), methanol (less than 5 wt.%) and 2C alcohol (at least 70 wt.%). The heat of combustion exhaust gas is used to heat the fermentation mixture. The sulfhydryl in biogas is removed by contacting biogas with ferrous ion formed by reducing ferric ions in anaerobic digester using microorganisms. A source of cation which precipitates carbonate is supplied to fermentation mixture to precipitate a portion of carbon dioxide fed to the fermentation mixture as carbonate. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is sulfur-free catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The dimension sorter has cylindrical-shaped network basket with mesh of dimension corresponding to module, and is driven rotationally. The module has dimension of 50-75 mm. The molding machine has insertion opening on the upper surface of casing, an end surface board having discharge nozzle arranged at the end surface of casing, and a screw axis. Preferred Conditions: The small dimension garbage are dried in drier (I) at 70degrees C or less and pressure of 400-800 hPa. The temperature of hot air of drier (II) is 200degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The formation of combustion focus is maintained by placing supplementary fuels, such as petroleum waste materials, (tire), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle, expanded polystyrene, coke, coal, oil and/or oil in the furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: A fuel reformer (10A) has fuel modification-catalyst apparatus (13) which modifies raw material and mineral fuel (11) of the hydrocarbon type fuel cell to reformed gas (12), carbon monoxide-transformation apparatus (15) which transfers carbon monoxide generated in fuel modification-catalyst apparatus using carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst, air supply line (18) which supplies air, and carbon monoxide removal apparatus (17) which removes carbon monoxide into fuel gas (16).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The active ingredient is copper, cobalt, chromium, iron and/or nickel. Preferred Component: The carbon monoxide-modifying catalyst further contains a co-catalyst that improves transformation of carbon monoxide to active ingredient. The co-catalyst is zinc oxide, manganese dioxide, molybdenum dioxide and/or titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The alumina spinel structure has pore diameter of 4-15 nm, and specific surface area of 60-150 m2/g. The content of co-catalyst is 0.5-10 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The mushroom is the fruiting body, mycelia, or their dried products of a mushroom. The plant is plant leaf, stalks, or their dried products. Preferred Conditions: The disrupted cell is a powdery disrupted cell. The disrupted cell is dispersed underwater. The water extract is the centrifugation supernatant liquid of the disrupted cell dispersed underwater. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The enzymatic-bacterial bioactivator is a composition, in the form of an additive, which comprises a product which can be obtained by fermentation of natural organic substances based on vegetable extracts of soy lecithin and malted barley at 0.1-10 wt.%; 0.3-30 wt.% carbohydrates; 0.1-10 wt.% amino acids; 0.1-10 wt.% oligopeptides; extracts and derivatives of Macrocystis integrifolia seaweed at 0.5-50 wt.%; 0.1-10 wt.% agar; bacterial strain(s) from mesophilic bacteria or thermophilic bacteria both autotrophic and heterotrophic at 103-1012 CFU/g; yeast(s) at 102-1011 CFU/g; strain(s) of actinomycetes at 103-1010 CFU/g; enzyme from alpha -amylase, beta -amylase, protease, lipase, lactase, pancrease, pentosanase, glucoamylase, beta -glucanase, cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, phosphorylase, pullulanase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, dioxygenase, at 0.01-10 wt.%; 0.5-50 wt.% extracts of Ascophillum nodosum seaweed; 0.5-10 wt.% extracts of Fucus seaweed; 0.5-10 wt.% extracts of Laminaria seaweed; and 0.1-10 wt.% mineral biocatalysts based on calcium and magnesium carbonates derived from Lithothamnium calcareum seaweed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The step surface is declivous. The two sides of the vertical-plane movable clapboard are connected to the vertical slide grooves set on two side boards of stepped basic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: The water content of hydrous blue algae is 50-99 wt.%. The composition comprises (pts.wt.) carbon bearing substance (100-200), hydrous blue algae (10-200), water (0-200), additive (1-5), and modifier (0-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The straw is chosen from wheat straw, corn straw, broomcom straw, peanut straw, soy straw, cotton straw and/or rice straw. The crop is chosen from peanut shell, rice shell and/or bagasse. The molding machine is hydraulic straw molding machine. Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature is 220-240degrees C and pressure is 8-20 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The grain material has size of 2-10 centimeter. The shape of the block material is cylinder shaped or column shaped having cross section of triangle, rectangle, ellipse or polygon, and has 1-5 holes. Preferred Compound: The binder is the lime sludge obtained from waste material of sugar-refinery. Preferred Process: The drying is carried out using boiler flue gas or by natural drying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The solid alkali activator is a metal complex oxide obtained by mixing solution of lithium salt, magnesium salt and zinc salt with aluminum salt, titrating with mixed solution of alkali and carbonate by dripping for 0.5-2 hours, and controlling pH of the solution to 10-12, stirring at 60-100degrees C for 4-6 hours, crystallizing, washing, drying at 100degrees C for 5-10 hours, and baking at 400-700degrees C for 3-12 hours. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of zinc and aluminum is 3-6:1. The mol ratio of lithium and aluminum is 4-8:1. The mol ratio of magnesium and aluminum is 1-3:1. The mol ratio of vegetable oil and methanol or ethanol is 4-20:1. The content of activated is 10-30%. The co-solvent is tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane and toluene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: A volume ratio of culture solutions of C. fimi (CGMCC 1.1900), C. biazotea (CGMCC 1.1899), C. varians (CGMCC 1.1487), G. candidum (CGMCC 2.1035), T. sp (CGMCC 3.3029), and S. humiferus (CGMCC 4.1070) is 6-20:1-10:10-15:15-30:5-10:3-10. Tricotecium roseum (CGMCC 3.3745) can be used. A volume ratio of T. roseum (CGMCC 3.3745) and C. fimi (CGMCC 1.1900) is 1:1-5. The mixed strain further includes Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp (CGMCC 1.768), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (CGMCC 1.1177), Debaryomyces hansenii (CGMCC 2.1831), Issatchenkia scutulata (CGMCC 2.1592), Aleuisma keratinophilum (CGMCC 3.3544), and Nocardia brasiliensis (CGMCC 4.1128) at a volume ratio of 10-15:5-10:10-20:1-30:5-15:10-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: A scale-up culture media mixing proportion (in volume) of B. sinensis (CGMCC 2.1614), R. minuta (CGMCC 2.277), R. oryzae (CGMCC 3.1263), and shigang S. rimofaciens (CGMCC 4.1122) is 1-5:1-10:3-15:1-5. The mixed deodorizing bacteria seeds include Chromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. denitrificans (CMGCC 1.768), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (CGMCC 1.1177), Ebaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii (2.1831), Issatchenkia scutulata (2.1592), Bleurisma keratinophilum (CGMCC 3.3544), and Nocardia mexicana (4.1128) at a proportion (in volume) of 10-15:5-10:10-20:1-30:5-15:10-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur compound is sodium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, or sodium sulfite. The nitrate is potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate. Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide liquor (0.8-1.5 mol/L) is provided in air collecting bottle. A stuffing layer comprising lava or active carbon with a grain diameter of 3-5 mm is set in middle bottom of cylinder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 2-6C organic is acetic acid, glucose, ethanol, lactic acid, or butyric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal comprises magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, zinc, aluminum and boron. The metal hydride comprises alkali metal hydrides, alkaline-earth metal hydrides, zinc hydride, aluminum hydride, metal borohydrides, magnesium hydride and complex metal hydride. The metal borohydrides comprises barium borohydrides, lithium borohydride, aluminum borohydride, titanium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, sodium valate borohydride, calcium borohydride and sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The mixture formed in step (d) is separated into a first stream enriched in reactant (II) and a second stream enriched in extractant (III), to be recycled to steps (a) and (b) respectively. Alternatively the effluent is contacted with the mixture formed in step (d). Steps (a) and (b) are carried out in respective first and second zones; or are both carried out in a contact zone, specifically a membrane contacter in which the gaseous effluent circulates in (i) a passage separated by a membrane from another passage in which (II) and (III) are circulated or (ii) first passage separated by a first membrane from a second passage in which (II) are circulated, itself separated by a second membrane from a third passage in which (III) are circulated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The reactant (II) is N,N-dimethyl-benzylamine (IIa), N-ethyl-benzylamine, 3-(octylamino)-propionitrile or 3-(tert. butylamino)-propionitrile. The extractant (III) is water, an ether, a glycol, an alkylene carbonate, a dialkyl carbonate, sulfolane or N-methyl-pyrrolidone. EXAMPLE - A mixture comprising 10 vol. % carbon dioxide in nitrogen was contacted under atmospheric pressure at 40degrees C with a two-phase liquid-liquid mixture containing 70 wt. % N,N-dimethyl-benzylamine (IIa) and 30 wt. % water. After absorption of carbon dioxide and separation of the liquid phase, analysis showed that the aqueous phase contained 92% of the product formed by reaction of (IIa) with carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The acid forming chamber contains acid forming bacteria chosen from Clostridia, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Selenomonas ruminatium, Streptococcuslovis, Eubacterium ruminatium, external enzymes and their combinations. The methanic chamber contains methanogenic bacteria chosen from Methanothrix, Methanosarcina, Methanospirillum, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanobrevibacter, Methanomicrobiummobile, Methanosaeta, M.thermoautotrophicum, M.formicicum, M.thermoalcaliphilum, M.thermolithotrophicus, M.thermophila, M.thermoacetophila and their combinations. Preferred System: The system is anaerobic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method (P1) further involves removing liquid from the biomass while it is decomposing; mixing air with the gaseous effluent while it is decomposing in the presence of catalysts to form a decomposed stream having an equivalence ratio of 3.0; mixing water with the decomposed stream to facilitate production of the feed; generating a consumable energy with a portion of the gaseous effluent and further decomposing the biomass for about 8 to 12 hours. Preferred System: The system further comprises a methane-powered generator or a fuel cell for generating a consumable energy; a water source for the shift reactor; an air source for the catalytic reforming reactor; and a conduit from the catalytic reforming reactor to the fuel cell for providing hydrogen to the fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: Before stage (D), the gas is heated in a heat exchanger (11) to the temperature of the sulfur absorber (3, 4). Before stage (E), the sulfur-free gas (67) is heated in a heat exchanger (11, 12) to the temperature of the anode (5) in the fuel cell (17); the anode off-gas (69) is then transferred to the heat exchanger (12). Stage (D) involves passing the particle-depleted gas (63, 64) to a second sulfur-absorber (3). Stages (B) and (C) are carried out in a single apparatus (2), which preferably contains a monolith (205) inside a filter element (203) for complete or partial catalytic reaction, which may be adjusted with the aid of a by-pass control, while a further reaction medium (e.g. air, hydrogen and/or steam) (83) may be injected through a lance (204). Preferred Apparatus: Conversion plant as above, with one apparatus (2) for stages (B) and (C), in which particle separation takes place on filter elements (203) and reaction takes place on catalytically coated or active monoliths (205), the position of which can be adjusted so as to adjust the degree of reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aqueous solution of nitrate salts of nickel and iron are adsorbed on (gamma )-alumina surface in 2-4 steps to obtain catalyst. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of nickel and iron on the catalyst surface is 1:1, and total weight of nickel and iron is 20-40 wt.%. Preferred Condition: The hydrogen production method is carried out at temperature of 550-650degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The alloy (I) is in granular or powder form. In particular (I) is a powder stored in an inert liquid, and a conveyor is provided for transporting the powder together with the liquid to (II) or vice versa. Preferably the (I) powder has average particle size less than 0.8 mm and forms a suspension in the liquid. EXAMPLE - On contact with excess water at 25degrees C, a 1:1 sodium-tin alloy (NaSn) released hydrogen in an amount of 90 ml per g of metal, over a total reaction time of 20 minutes. For comparison, pure sodium (Na) released hydrogen in an amount of 531 ml per g of metal, over a total reaction time of 0.1 minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Zone: The reaction zone is a downflow reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: An alkali rare earth metal is introduced into ion exchange site of zeolite. The catalyst further contains silica alumina as active matrix. The ratio of silicon and aluminum in the zeolite is 3-20 by atomic ratio. Preferred Properties: Content of delta -coke on the catalyst is 0.2-1.5 mass%. The difference of temperature of catalyst dense phase in the regeneration zone and outlet temperature of reaction zone is less than 140degrees C. The crystal-lattice constant and crystallinity degree of the zeolite is 24.35 Angstrom or less and 90% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass contains fat-and-oil component derived from animal and vegetable oil whose oxygen content is 0.1-13 mass% and boiling point is 230degrees C or more. The raw material oil is atomized in reaction zone using steam equivalent to 2-8 mass% of raw material oil.Preferred Process: Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 25-220degrees C obtained by processing of biomass, or its hydride is contained in gasoline. The gasoline contains ether obtained by reacting isobutylene formed by processing of biomass, with methanol or ethanol, or a reaction material obtained by reacting butylene formed by processing of biomass with isobutane using alkylation apparatus, or dimerization material of butylene. Portion(s) of fraction having boiling point of 170-370degrees C obtained by processing of biomass is contained in diesel fuel, or 3C or 4C hydrocarbon obtained by processing of biomass is contained in liquefied petroleum gas. Propylene obtained by processing of biomass is contained as structural monomer of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gallium-containing crystalline aluminosilicate is crystalline alumino gallosilicate.Preferred Composition: The content of gallium-containing crystalline aluminosilicate having particle size of 0.05-20 mu m, is 80 mass% or more. The crystalline alumino gallosilicate contains 0.1-2.5 mass% of aluminum elements and 0.1-5 mass% of gallium elements, in its structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The yield of aromatic hydrocarbon collected from the first reaction layer is 0.5-30 mass%. The content of catalyst contained in the first reaction layer is 60/n volume% or less with respect to content of catalyst, when the number of reaction layers arranged in the series is n.n=2 or more.Preferred Method: The aromatic hydrocarbon collected from the first reaction layer is circulated through the light glass which contains methane and/or ethane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process (M1), the lower alkanol is methanol and the vapor fractionation conditions comprise a maximum temperature of less than 120degrees C, where the vapor fractionation is effected by falling film evaporation. In the process (M2), the contacting step (a) involves using at least two sequential reaction zones with an intermediate phase separation to remove a heavier, glycerin-containing layer; the lower boiling fraction of step (c) is recycled per step (d) without separation of water; the lower alkanol is methanol; and the vapor fractionation is effected by falling film evaporation. In the process (M2), when the process involves the steps (f)-(h), the crude biodiesel product is subjected, while it contains the base catalyst, to vapor fractionation conditions to provide a lower boiling fraction containing lower alkanol and a higher boiling fraction containing alkyl esters and base catalyst, where the crude biodiesel product is substantially single phase, and the step (h) is conducted in a plug flow reactor, and the lower alkanol is methanol. Preferred Apparatus: In the apparatus, a falling film evaporator is used to effect step (c); and the falling film evaporator has tubes of an average diameter of 2-10 centimeters and a length of at least one meter. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodiesel is a blend of biodiesel fuel and petroleum fuel. Preferred Concentration: The content of surface active agents in the fuel is less than 10% (preferably less than 1%) of the content of ASTM B100 biodiesel fuel. Preferred Method: The biodiesel stream is passed through the filter in crossflow filtration process. The biodiesel stream is pressurized to maintain a transmembrane operating pressure across the filter of 0.1-100 atm and is maintained at 15-100degrees C (preferably 30degrees C). Retentate is returned the biodiesel stream. The method includes flushing the filter with solvent and backflushing the filter with filter permeate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filter is nanofiltration membrane, hydrophilic membrane, or preferably ultrafiltration membrane comprising polysulfone, cellulose acetate, polyethylene, or polyvinylidene. Preferred Properties: The filter has a molecular weight cutoff of 50-1x 106 (preferably 1000-250000 or 70) g/mole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is ethanol (preferred), propanol, and/or butanol. The hydrocarbon component is a gasoline having a Reid Vapor Pressure greater than 7.0. The volatility agent is butane, methyloxirane, oxiranes, peroxides, alkyl nitrates, 1-8C aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, butylene oxides, propylene oxides, ethylene oxides, epoxides, butane, pentane, nitrous oxide, nitromethane, xylene, diethyl ether, monoesters, diesters, ethers, glymes, glycols, or dimethyl ether. The volatile agent is preferably butane or dimethyl ether. The fuel composition can also comprise gasoline, alcohols, hydrocarbon volatility agent(s), and optionally a hydrocarbon component. The hydrocarbon component can also be (natural) gasoline, naphtha, or gasoline components. The ethanol is present at 74-85, preferably 50-74%. The composition includes fuel additive. The fuel additive is lubricity additives, combustion improvers, detergents, dispersants, cold flow improvers, dehazers, demulsifiers, cetane improvers, antioxidants, scavengers, or pollution suppressants. Preferred Properties: The volatility agent has a Reid Vapor Pressure greater than 7.0. EXAMPLE - A fuel formulation was prepared by blending gasoline and ethanol. The blend was added with dimethyl ether (1 wt.%) as volatility agent. The fuel can then be supplied to an internal combustion engine and combusted in the engine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. The acid is sulfuric acid, formic acid, or hydrochloric acid. Preferred Method: Acid is added to the resulting product in the first step to reduce the pH of the mixture to 2, converting carboxylic salt of fatty acid to a free fatty acid and catalytically esterifying the free fatty acid. Solids from the product of the second step are filtered; and the product after separating the solids is distilled. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen containing gas is air. The sulfur content in hydrocarbon is less than or equal to 0.1 mass ppm. Preferred Method: The initial stage of reproduction processing restrains the oxygen concentration in oxygen containing gas low, and gradually raises. The hydrogen reduction processing is carried out after the supply stoppage of oxygen containing gas at 400-800degrees C. The catalyst is acquired by supporting a noble metals component after baking of a hydrotalcite-like layered compound. The hydrocarbon reforming is steam reforming, self thermal reforming or partial oxidation reforming. Preferred Parameter: The space velocity of oxygen containing gas is 500-100000 hour-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The noble metals elements are rhodium and/or ruthenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: In repeated processing of reduction-oxidation, reduction process is performed at 600-1000degrees C in hydrogen-containing gas atmosphere and oxidation treatment is performed at 400-1200degrees C in oxygen-containing gas atmosphere. Preferred Component: The noble metal element is rhodium and/or ruthenium. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained via hydrotalcite-like layered compound. The catalyst is acquired by supporting noble metal component after baking of hydrotalcite-like layered compound. The repetition processing of reduction-oxidation is performed 1-20 times after reduction processing the baked catalyst. The reforming of hydrocarbon is steam, self-thermal or partial-oxidation reforming.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The adsorption agent floor reproduce by vacuum side lower than normal pressure. Preferred Components: The CO adsorption agent is the material which made greater than or equal to 1 type of supporter which is silica, alumina or polystyrene-type resin support the halogenated copper (I) and/or halogenated copper (II). The adsorption agent reduced-process the material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganisms which produce saccharogenic amylase are cultured by the liquid medium which makes a cellulose, hemicellulose or saccharides a carbon source. The residues which collects the saccharification processing is recycled as a fuel and/or a fertilizer. The lignocellulose type biomass raw material is pulverized to less than or equal to 200 mu m. The apparent crystallinity degree of the cellulose in the raw material fine powder obtained by pulverization is less than or equal to 10%. The culture solution produces a cellulose degradation enzyme and contains saccharogenic amylase. The manufacture of ethanol uses a Trichoderma genus or an Aspergillus genus affinity microbe as microorganisms which produce saccharogenic amylase. Preferred Parameters: Enzyme-induction cultivation is at 20-40degrees C. The reaction temperature is adjusted to 40-60degrees C according to the setting reaction conditions of saccharogenic amylase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Anion: The anion is chloride ion, bromide ion, boron tetrafluoride ion, nitrate ion, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ion, hexafluorophosphate ion or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ionic fluid is chosen from compound containing anion and cation. The cation is imidazolium cation having alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, ether, allyl or amino alkyl as substituents in first and third positions, or quaternary ammonium cation having alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, ether, allyl or aminoalkyl as substituent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The carbon dioxide facilitated-transport membrane is obtained by supporting gel layer formed by adding 2,3-diaminopropionic acid to polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer gel membrane, to hydrophilic porous film. The gel layer supported by hydrophilic porous film is coated and supported by hydrophobic porous film. A chemical substance chosen from ionic fluid or glycerin, polyglycerol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene imine, polyallylamine and polyacrylic acid is added as an additive for promoting carbon dioxide permeability into polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer gel membrane. The gel layer is obtained by gelatinizing, after casting cast solution containing aqueous solution containing 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic-acid copolymer and additive, to hydrophilic porous film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of peak area of the surface (311) of copper containing spinel and peak area of the surface (332) of Mobil five-type zeolite is preferably, 2:1-80:1. Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is copper-manganese type spinel, copper-iron type spinel, copper-chromium type spinel and copper-manganese-iron type spinel. The oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is chosen from dimethyl ether and/or methyl-ethyl ether. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by reducing the modified catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The microorganisms fixed gel carrier is polyvinyl alcohol-type water containing gel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Binder: The binder is dispersed in the base material.The binder contains alloy having cobalt, nickel, copper and/or zinc, as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder contains resin of organic matter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic adsorption agent is activated alumina, activated carbon and/or silica gel. The solid adsorbent is activated clay, acid clay, activated carbon, bentonite, silica gel, activated alumina and/or molecular sieves. The alcohol used for transesterification is methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol and/or t- butyl alcohol. Preferred Process: Alkali catalyst (0.5-2 wt.%) is dissolved in 1.05-1.25 mole equivalence alcohol. The catalyst containing alcohol solution is adjusted with respect to fatty acid region of raw material oil. The raw material oil and catalyst containing alcohol solution is mixed and stirred. The light-liquid component is separated by centrifugation of reaction product. A depressant and oxidation stabilizer is added to light liquid before heating under reduced pressure, and removing substance with low boiling point. Aqueous solution is separated from raw material oil by gravity and solid material are removed. Sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid is diluted and added to heavy liquid component after separating a light-liquid component from reaction product with 0.3-5 mole equivalence water and potassium atom in an alkali catalyst. The solution is neutralized. Hydrate, hydrated potassium sulfate crystal or hydrated potassium tertiary phosphate crystal is separated and filtrate is vacuum-distillated obtaining glycerin as a by-product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first gaseous mixture comprises carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. The effluent comprises formic ester and hydrogen. The second gaseous mixture comprises ammonia. The hydrogen rich stream comprises methane, traces of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The composting process is anaerobic digestion, where the gas obtained from the reactor contains up to 70% of methane. The maturity of the compost is optimized with an oxygen/carbon ratio of 10-20 wt.%, by addition of compost product obtained from aerobic composting. The production of dihydrogen is obtained by steam reforming of the recovered biogas. The catalytic hydrogenolysis is done at 300-500degrees C in the presence of a donor hydrogen solvent at a hydrogen pressure of 5-10 MPa. The energy required for the temperature setting is from obtained from combustion of a portion of the methane recovered from the biogas. The hydrocracking/hydrogenolysis is done in the presence of a metal and/or acid catalyst. Preferred Components: The hydrogen donor solvent is tetraline. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in kitchen waste material is 16:1. Preferred Salt: Magnesium and phosphorus compound salt is potassium phosphate-magnesium sulfate, potassium hydrogen phosphate-magnesium sulfate and dihydrogen potassium phosphate-magnesium sulfate contained in mass ratio of 0.734, 0.673 and 0.612 with respect to water as solvent, respectively. Preferred Method: Guanite is formed after adding magnesium and phosphorus compound salt, and loss of nitrogen is reduced and nitrogen conservation rate is improved. Preferred Apparatus: Nitrogen is maintained using apparatus comprising compressed air inlet, air distribution plate, filtrate outlet and waste gas discharge pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The domestic garbage and domestic sewage treatment recycle device has screw pressure tank for pressing water and firedamp in a transporting pipe, and a digester gas tank. The screw pressure tank is used for cleaning waste in the digester gas tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves placing rotifers and planktons such as cladocera and copepods or their ovum or larva into the eutrophicated water body, which eats the microalgae growing well because of eutrophication, and placing the photosynthetic bacteria into the eutrophicated water body for controlling the growth of microalgae.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The purification step comprises of two parts of desulfurization and decarbonization and it takes the removed regenerated gas containing rich sulfurated hydrogen as the virgin gas to produce sulfur or sulfuric acid. The desulfurization and decarbonization can be performed by adopting the mode of low temperature methanol washing and/or pressure swing adsorption. Hydrogen/carbon monoxide in exported synthetic gas is 1.2:1.3 where the content of methane is smaller than 0.1%. The oxidation furnace is pure oxygen.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemically active substance is ozone, hydrogen peroxide and/or radical of oxygen, hydroxy and hydroperoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oleaginous solution permeated into biomass raw material is substituted by alkaline solution. The alkaline solution is then removed, and removal of oleaginous solution is enabled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Layer: The modular composter further has primary and secondary layers. Preferred Materials: The primary and secondary containers have longitudinal axes, and a handle. The modular composter further has a lid. Preferred Arrangement: The primary container and secondary container are provided with a component for maintaining gap. The primary container component is cooperable with the secondary container component. The primary and secondary longitudinal axes are arranged substantially perpendicular to each other. The longitudinal axed of the container in the primary and secondary layer are substantially parallel. Preferred Properties: The container has internal volume of 50 L or less. The ratio of length of the primary container to the width of the secondary container is 2:1, 3:1 or 4:1. The ratio of width of primary container to the length of the secondary container is 2:1, 3:1 or 4:1. The gap is 5 mm or more. Preferred Process: The primary and secondary containers are formed from wood and/or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The mechanical extraction systems separate biomass containing lipids, carbohydrates, celluloses, hemicelluloses and secondary metabolism products by centrifugation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - The control sensors control temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity and concentration of carbon dioxide, oxygen, trace elements, antibiotics and fungicides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mixing and clearing tanks and the towers for performing photosynthesis are made of transparent material, preferably of poly vinyl chloride, polycarbonate or methacrylate. The natural light inlets are covered by translucent plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of liquid hydrocarbon component is 0.1-49 wt.%, preferably 0.1-25 wt.%. Preferred Component: The combustible solid is chosen from coal, wood chips, coke and garbage, preferably coal. Methyl ester, ethyl ester, glycerin and fatty acid are derived from transesterification reaction involving triglyceride, or biodiesel manufacturing process. The liquid hydrocarbon is glycerin-containing by-product of biodiesel process comprising methanol (5-30 wt.%) and glycerin (30-95 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon-bearing material is pet coke, coal, municipal waste, rubber tire or biomass, and contains sulfur-bearing or chlorine-bearing compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The glycolipid type biosurfactant is mannosyl erythritol lipid (MEL) or mannosyl mannitol lipid (MML). The fatty acid or its derivative is of oil, higher fatty acid or synthetic ester origin. The method involves mixing glycolipid type biosurfactant, mixture of oil, higher fatty acid and synthetic ester, and hydrolase by esterification or transesterification reaction in hydrophobic condition. The method involves cultivating glycolipid type biosurfactant production microorganisms in a culture solution using glycolipid type biosurfactant, mixture of oil, higher fatty acid and synthetic ester and hydrolase contained in the freeze-dried matter of the culture solution. The method involves cultivating glycolipid type biosurfactant production microorganisms in a culture solution using glycolipid type biosurfactant and mixture of oil, higher fatty acid and synthetic ester contained in the deposit produced in the culture solution. The method involves cultivating glycolipid type biosurfactant production microorganisms in a culture solution using mixture of oil, higher fatty acid and synthetic ester and hydrolase contained in the freeze-dried matter of the supernatant liquid of the culture solution. The hydrolase is chosen from lipase, protease and esterase. The esterification or transesterification reaction is performed using organic solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The triacyl group of glycolipid type biosurfactant is a glycolipid of formula (I).R1-R3=hydrocarbon or oxygen atom containing hydrocarbon group, where the hydrogen atom of any one of hydroxyl group of mannose at position 4 and 6 is optionally substituted by acetyl group, preferably 6-20C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The linear hydrocarbon to be separated contains 4-6 carbon atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dense polymeric film is made of polyimides, polyamides, polycarbonates, polysulfones (all preferred), poly(amides imides), poly(ether sulfones) and/or polyesters, or their copolymers. The polymer is a polyimide synthesized using 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 3,3,4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, 3,3',4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride or 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene diamine, or by polycondensation of any two of these polymers. Preferred Process: The selective membrane is deposited on the surface of a hollow fiber support containing poly-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide. The process is done at 40-200degrees C, preferably 50-150degrees C and the pressure of the mixture to be separated is 1-40 bar, preferably 1-20 bar. EXAMPLE - The 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride-9,9'-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-fluorene polymer was prepared by polycondensation of an equimolar mixture of 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA) and 9,9'-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-fluorene (BDAF). The polymer material in the form of powder was then dissolved in N,N-dimethyl acetamide at 12%. The clear solution was then filtered under a pressure of 0.2 MPa on a Millipore filter with a cutoff threshold of 1 microns. This solution was then put in the form of a film with a spiral bar of ~300 mm on a glass plate previously defatted with acetone and then dried. The plate was inserted into an oven. The solvent evaporation was carried out by a gradual rise in temperature up to 200degrees C. The temperature was maintained in final level for two hours. After cooling, the plate was immersed in water to detach the film. After evaporation of the solvent, the film received an average thickness of 20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system includes two tanks (3, 4). The first tank stores a fuel solution. The second tank stores the reaction by products. The microreactor comprises silicon plate having reaction chamber, and semipermeable membrane. The reaction chamber comprises microchannel in fluid connection with second tanks. The microfuel cell comprises two silicon plates. The first silicon plate is anode. The second silicon plate is cathode. The two silicon plates overlap onto each other and are separated by polymeric proton exchange membrane. The silicon plates are micro-worked and have identical dimensions. The plates comprises through holes obtained via double etching. The membrane is made integral with plate using adhesive layer. The two tanks are interchangeable like a cartridge. The microchannel is protected with oxide layer having catalyst layer deposited on it.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst and catalytic bed are made of cobalt, nickel, platinum, or ruthenium. The catalytic bed is preferably made of ruthenium. Preferred Methods: The catalytic bed is deposited on the bottom of microchannel by phase vapor deposition techniques, or through sputtering. The H2 ions reach a cathode of the microfuel cell with the oxygen in air. Preferred Parameters: The aqueous solution of NaBH4 is buffered at pH of 13-17, preferably 14 through aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen at 4 wt.%. The reaction of H2 occurs in the presence of catalyst on polymeric proton exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The high boiled point multi-components organic mixture is separated from petrochemical industry and taken into vacuum system, high efficiency low pressure packing tower and forced circulation type falling film evaporator, which separates the mixed crude fatty acid obtained by high pressure crack. The mixed fatty acid is converted into rectified fatty acid containing unsaturated fatty acid (80-90%) and saturated fatty acid (10-20%). The unsaturated fatty acid is converted into saturated fatty acid by carrying out fixed bed continuous hydrogenation, to obtain plant synthetic wax. The mixture after the fatty acid hydrogenation reacts with benzene in presence of catalysts. Then, the partially saturated fatty acid is separated from fatty acid after rectifying, to obtain long-chain alkylbenzene surfactant. The remaining plant base oil is cracked under high pressure, to obtain dilute glycerin which is refined under concentration, to form glycerin. Then, a portion of partially rude fatty acid is alcoholized, to obtain bio-diesel and other portion of partially rude fatty acid is stilled under high vacuum and decompressed, to obtain bio-diesel oil.
ACTIVITY - Antibacterial; Antimicrobial.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first plant life comprises a Sargassum weed and a floating weed. The first returnable portion comprises a several seeds and buds for the sargassum weed. The first missing nutrient in a form that remains available to the first plant life, comprises iron in the form of a chelate, soluble phosphate and nitrate. Preferred Method: The method additionally involves blending the biofuel component into a bio-diesel liquid. The nitrate is added through an introduction of an algae (preferably Trichodesmium) that fixes nitrogen. The method further involves the additional step of blending the biofuel component into a biofuel. The processing produces a biofuel component residual, and further involves additional step of blending the biofuel component residual into a cattle fodder. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrodynamic structure is a draft tube having an entrance and an exit. Oxygen is introduced near the entrance of draft tube and high-solid content liquid is ejected from the exit of draft tube. The wastewater system is a membrane bioreactor wastewater system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid content of high-solid content liquid is more than 10 g/l, preferably 10-40 g/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The maximum deceleration is 5 m/second or 3 m/second. A low pressure is generated by a low pressure source to sustain a downstream steam flow. The upstream from the low pressure source, air is added in adjustable quantities. The steam flow is filtered. The filtered material is returned to the feed material. A warm or hot air is added to the steam flow. The warm or hot air is added prior to entering, and/or in the expansion chamber. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alkali-treatment is by intermittently adding an alkali to the sludge at an interval of 0.5-48 hours. The alkali-treatment is carried out at a temperature of 5-35degrees C and at atmospheric pressure, and the solubilizing of the sludge is carried out at a temperature of 5-35degrees C and at atmospheric pressure. The retention time of the sludge in the alkali-treatment is 3-24 hours and a retention time of the sludge in the biological solubilization step is 1-3 days. The alkali-treatment is performed at pH value of 7 to less than 9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The salt in the culture medium is an ammonium salt (preferably ammonium tartrate); or salt of potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, copper, aluminum, boron or molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye is selected from class of azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes or phthalocyanine dyes. The dye contains a chromophore group selected from azo groups, anthraquinone groups, phthalocyanine groups, indigo groups and stilbene groups. The carbon source is selected from starch, glucose, and/or sucrose (preferably glucose).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic bed is formed by ruthenium in a pulverulent form, finely dispersed. The apparatus further comprises micro-pump structured to withdraw the aqueous solution of sodium borohydride from first tank through the first micro-conduit, and deliver the sodium borohydride solution to the reaction chamber and forward to second tank the solution of non-reacted sodium borohydride and reaction by-products having sodium metaborate through second micro-conduit. Integrated system comprising micro fuel cell and micro-reactor for the production of gaseous hydrogen to be supplied to micro fuel cell, where micro fuel cell and micro-reactor are realized by connecting silicon plates using wafer bonding technique. Preferred Compositions: The aqueous solution of sodium borohydride is buffered with a pH of 13-14, through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, at 4 wt.%. The micro-channel is protected with a layer of catalyst is positioned. Preferred Processes: The process further comprises continuously discharging a non-reacted portion of the sodium borohydride solution and the by-product having sodium metaborate using a micro-pump, and micro-reactor that includes a reaction chamber housing catalytic bed, micro-pump discharging the non-reacted portion and the by-product including sodium metaborate to a respective collection tank; and supplying and delivering hydrogen through a semi-permeable membrane to an anode of the micro fuel cell, where the hydrogen passes through holes of a silicon plate forming the anode, and is converted to hydrogen ions and electrons in the presence of a catalyst placed on a polymeric proton exchange membrane. The aqueous solution of sodium borohydride is stored at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure in tank and is supplied by micro-pump to reaction chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The support materials having an average diameter of 1-10 mu m comprise aluminum, zirconium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, or magnesium. At least one support material comprises gamma or alpha alumina or monoclinic zirconia. The substrate comprises a ceramic, metallic or cermet material. It may comprise a monolith honeycomb. It may comprise zirconium oxide and alumina. Preferred Conditions: The calcining temperature is 1000-1500degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst material contains less than or equal to 5 wt.% catalytic component. The catalyst comprises less than or equal to 1000 (preferably less than or equal to 500) g active metal per m3 substrate. Preferred Materials: The active metal comprises nickel (Ni), rhodium (Rh), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), iridium (Ir), or gold (Au).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate may comprise a metal foil, a plate or wires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate may comprise a foam. EXAMPLE - A catalyst was prepared by adding rhodium nitrate to particles of alpha -alumina having a surface area of 7 m2/g to obtain particles with 10 wt.% rhodium to obtain a catalytic component and separately calcining the catalytic component and a support component consisting of alpha -alumina particles at 1200degrees C for 6 hours, and combining the catalytic component and support component at a weight ratio of 1:10. The catalyst material was wash coated onto a 20 pores per inch zirconia-toughened alumina reticulated foam monolith substrate to form a catalyst. The aged catalyst produced 23.6% carbon monoxide, 1.37% methane, 0.05% residual hydrocarbons, and 21.6% hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system (S1) further comprises sensors (40) operably connected to the dewatering unit and the mixing unit; and a control system (30) coupled to control the operation of the sensors, dewatering unit, and mixing unit, where the system is automated. Preferred Components: The dewatering unit comprises at least one of a mechanical separator, a chemical separator, and a thermal separator. The steam dryer is a paddle steam dryer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The Method (M1) further involves adding a base (such as lime) to the brown grease prior to dewatering to raise the pH (such a greater than 8.5) of the brown grease; and treating the brown grease with a polymer solution. The method (M2) further involves adding a base to the brown grease prior to dewatering to raise the pH (such as greater than 8.5) of the brown grease; treating the brown grease with a polymer solution prior to dewatering; combining the dewatered brown grease with a combustible material prior to combusting. In the method (M2), the combined dewatered brown grease is baked to render a combined dewatered brown grease having solids (90%). The method (M3) further involves combining ash generated from the combusted fuel with the fertilizer material. In the method (M3), contacting the sewage sludge with the steam is carried out in a steam paddle dryer. The sewage sludge is dewatered to contain a solid (90%). Preferred Components: The dewatered brown grease contains solids (50%). The combustible material is sawdust. The brown grease and the combustible material are present in the solid fuel in a ratio of two parts combustible material to one part brown grease by volume or by weight.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer solution comprises a cationic emulsion. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The lignocellulose resources are pulverized before or after the steam distillation process. The steam distillation and pulverization process are performed two or more times alternatively. The amount of lignocellulose resources mixed with the liquid medium is 40% or less. The steam distilled and pulverized lignocellulose resources are mixed with the liquid medium without any further processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ilmenite molded product (100 mass%) includes complex oxide (85 mass% or more) having ilmenite structure. The complex oxide having ilmenite structure is a titanium compound of formula: XTiO3. The ilmenite molded product is cylindrical, and has diameter of 0.2-1.5 mm.X=cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel or zinc.The precursor used for forming ilmenite molded product, contains metal oxide or metal salt including cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel or zinc, and titanium oxide as essential components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The precursor further includes water-soluble cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The microorganisms carrying electrode is a carbonized material having electronic conductivity property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Yeast: The linker of 6-90 bases are interposed between the sequence encoding beta -glucosidase or endoglucanase, and the sequence encoding cell surface localized protein or its cytoplasmic membrane binding region. The secretion signal sequence of polynucleotide (P1) is a combination of two or more secretion signal sequence such as secretion signal sequence of beta -glucosidase (BGL7) derived from Aspergillus oryzae, and the secretion signal sequence of beta -glucosidase (BGL1) derived from A. oryzae, or combination of secretion signal sequence BGL7 and secretion signal sequence of glucoamylase (GlaR) derived from Rhizopus oryzae. The sequence encoding cell surface localized protein or its cytoplasmic membrane binding region comprises 320-600 amino acids from the C terminal region of (alpha )-agglutinin of yeast. The beta -glucosidase and endoglucanase are bonded with cytoplasmic membrane through a cell surface localized protein or its cytoplasmic membrane binding protein. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of palmitic-acid alkylester (C) and oleic-acid alkylester (D) is 5/95-95/5. The bio-diesel-fuel composition has density of 0.860-0.890 g/cm3, and dynamic viscosity of 3-5 mm2/second. The mass ratio of fatty-acid alkylester (E) manufactured from palm kernel oil and/or coconut oil, and fatty-acid alkylester (F) manufactured from palm oil is 10/90-90/10. Preferred Composition: The bio-diesel-fuel composition contains additives of polyglyceryl fatty acid ester and/or alkyl(meth)acrylate polymer, and 20C or more linear fatty-acid alkylester (0.01-1 mass%) of fatty-acid portion. Preferred Compound: The lauric acid alkylester, palmitic-acid alkylester, and/or oleic-acid alkylester, is methyl ester. EXAMPLE - Lauric acid methyl ester (50 mass%) and palmitic-acid methyl ester (50 mass%) were mixed, to obtain a bio-diesel-fuel composition. The obtained bio-diesel-fuel composition had density of 15degrees C based on JIS K2249.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen storage material consists of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, nitrogen, boron and hydrogen. The hydrogen storage material is a compound containing nitrogen, boron and hydrogen as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen production system further has a temperature measurement unit (25) to measure temperature in the container, a hydrogen supply path to supply hydrogen gas to exterior from the container. The control unit is a data storage unit to store data showing a relationship between temperature of hydrogen storage material and generation amount of generation gas, and controls data based on measured temperature, or concentration measurement unit to measure concentration of generation gas in container, and controls data based on measured concentration. Preferred Condition: The data (I,II) shows relationship between temperature of hydrogen storage material and generation amount of hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Fatty-acid monoester compound fraction is obtained from esterified reaction liquid after removing water and alcohol. The fatty-acid monoester compound is purified by distillation. A water-soluble layer containing water and glycerine is obtained from hydrolyzate by still-standing. Glycerine is then recovered from water-soluble layer. Preferred Oil: The animal oil is fish oil, beef tallow and/or lard. The vegetable oil is sunflower oil, safflower oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soy bean oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, camellia oil, coconut oil and/or palm oil. The animal oil and/or vegetable oil contain triglyceride of formula (1). The molar ratio of water and total amount of triglyceride in animal oil and/or vegetable oil is 3-300.R1-R3=same as R1, and optionally has substituent.Preferred Property: The acid value of fatty-acid monoester compound is 0.5 or less. Alcohol (1-100 mol) is added with respect to fatty-acid (1 mol) during esterification reaction. Preferred Compound: Alcohol is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: A part of the substances is separated into liquid fraction and solid fraction. The liquid fraction is biologically purified such that the solid fraction and the non-separated substances full of energy and nutrients are fermented. The solid fraction is dried by condensation drying that uses external heat coming from the cooling and/or flue gases of motor that is driven with biogas produced during the fermentation. The biologically purified liquid and/or the sludge are extracted from the biological purification in a settling compartment. The biologically purified liquid or the sludge that is led to the fermentation unit has temperature of more than 35degrees C. The digestate is separated into liquid fraction and solid fraction, after which the liquid fraction is subjected to the biological purification. The biologically purified liquid is concentrated by evaporation, and the non-evaporated liquid is led from the evaporator (23) to the fermentation tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred features: The unit is used as a part of a central heating system (HKR) and fitted with the normal controls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode consists of a metal, a graphite, copper, silver, lead, mercury, platinum, palladium, gold, nickel and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The storage units include an intermediate storage unit (18) that is supplied with a low-boiling fraction from the evaporator (20) and is supplied with the starting fuel when the evaporator is not in operation and the intermediate storage unit is empty. The intermediate storage unit is supplied with the starting fuel via the evaporator. The evaporator is supplied with the starting fuel by means of a fuel pump (14). The apparatus includes a heat exchanger (16) for heat transfer between the coupling between the evaporator and the intermediate storage unit and the coupling between the fuel pump and the evaporator. The intermediate storage unit has a connector for coupling to the reformer of a fuel cell system. The storage units include a high-boiler storage unit (28) that is supplied with a high-boiling fraction from the evaporator. The high-boiler storage unit is supplied with starting fuel through a coupling with a control valve (26) and has a connector for coupling to the afterburner of the fuel cell system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process comprises comminution of the biomass, optionally starch liquefaction and saccharification, separation of insoluble solids and/or nonfermentable sugar, fermentation, yeast separation and ethanol recovery. The biomass is comminuted to an average particle size of 0.1-0.7 mm. The biomass is a cereal (especially rye) and is mashed with water and subjected to starch liquefaction and saccharification. Husk and bran fractions are separated. Nonfermentable sugar is separated using an anionic or cationic flocculating agent as a 0.01-1% solution in an amount of 10-1000 ppm (solids basis). Yeast is separated using an anionic or cationic flocculating agent, especially bentonite, silica sol or an acrylamide/sodium acrylate copolymer in an amount of 10-1000000 ppm (solids basis). The separated insoluble solids and/or nonfermentable sugar are subjected to secondary fermentation. The secondary and/or primary fermentation steps are supplied with thick juice and/or molasses from sugar production. The separated yeast and the residual low-yeast fraction are distilled together with residual liquid from secondary fermentation to obtain a dry fraction that can be used as an animal feed or fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The microorganism includes yeast colony (1-3x 3110 cfu/ml), Lactobacillus colony (2-4x 5110 cfu/ml) and dried grass spore rod colony (1-3x 3110 cfu/ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The low-carbon alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butylalcohol, n-amyl alcohol or n-hexanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid alkali catalyst is alkali oxide from rubidium oxide or alkali metallic oxide from magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide-sodium oxide, magnesium oxide-sodium; loaded alkali metals from magnesium or aluminum; or hydrate from gamma -aluminum oxide-sodium hydroxide-sodium, or gamma - aluminum oxide-potassium hydroxide-potassium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol (preferably) or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol-oil mixed fuel further contains Antioxidant 44PD (RTM: N,N-dis(1-methylpropyl)-1,4 benzenediamine) (in weight%) (0.2-0.5), acetone (0.2-1), calcium petroleum sulfonate (0.1-0.5) and dimethoxymethane (0-0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbinol, ethonal, propyl alcohol and butanol in Moore quantity of 1:1 are injected slowly to the substrate. The burning gas such as firedamp produced by fermenting is used for heating the reacted raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Components: The crude fatty acid raw material is soybean oil, colza oil or brain oil, lard or bleached tallow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid neutralizer is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The refining agent is active bleaching clay or magnesium silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The crude fatty acid is crude plant fatty acid or crude animal fatty acid. The solid catalyst is sodium hydrogen sulfate, aminobenzene sulfonic acids or toluene sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: The three-waste processing integration system is comprised of aeration machine, gas process system, membrane biological reaction system, exhaust fan, regulating pool, hand-washing basin, electric cabinet, water supply box, four-used water tank, hand-drying machine, dry-wet separation system, dry tank, sewage pool, ozone pool, medicine-adding cylinder. The membrane element and the microorganism element are contained in the aeration machine, gas process system, membrane biological reaction system, dry-wet separation system, sewage pool and ozone pool. The integration system of machine, light and electricity includes regulating pool, electric cabinet, water supply box, return water tank and dry-wet separation system. The sewage process flow refers to send the sewage to the membrane biological reaction system, namely, membrane pool from the sewage pool in order to carry through the process. The ozone pool process flow is that the smell gas is processed to be directly discharged through the dry box, membrane biological reaction system, namely, membrane pool and the gas process system. The remainder process flow is to directly take out the processed remainder from the dry box every half year.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The heterotrophy sulfur-oxidizing bacteria culture medium comprises (g) hydrous sodium sulfite (8), beef extract (3), peptone (15), yeast water (3), hydrous potassium acid phosphate (2), sodium chloride (3), and agar-agar (15-20). The autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria culture medium comprises (g) hydrous sodium sulfite (8), potassium acid phosphate (2), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2), ammonium chloride (0.4), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.2), hydrous ferrous sulfate (0.01), and agar-agar (15-20). The nitrosobacteria isolation medium comprises (g) ammonium sulfate (0.5), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.07), hydrous magnesium sulfate (0.05), and calcium chloride dihydrate (0.05). The nitrobacteria isolation medium comprises (g) potassium nitrite (0.2), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.07), hydrous magnesium sulfate (0.05), and calcium chloride dihydrate (0.05). Preferred Condition: Each of the culture medium is added with 1000 ml of water, and has pH adjusted to 7 using 2N sodium hydroxide solution. Each of the isolation medium is added with 100 ml of water, and has pH adjusted to 8 using 5% sodium carbonate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The combustion agent is biology oil (70-75 mass%) such as rape seed oil, peanut oil, cotton seed oil, tea seed oil and compound oil or Enterobacter cloacae oil or hogwash oil refined by chemical transform reaction. The adjuvant is ethanol (5-10%), toluene (10-15%), n-butyl alcohol (3-5%) and ethylene glycol ether (0.5-1.5). The cetane number promoting agent is 2-nitric acid propane (0.5-1%) and nitric acid isooctyl (0.1-0.5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Fresh lees (5-25 w/v%) is added in the mixed solution at the sixth day to tenth day after fermenting. Preferred Properties: The pH of the mixed solution is 7.3plus minus 0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mushroom is Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus macrosporus, Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Tricholoma giganteum massee, Oudenmansiellia radicata, Voluariella voluacea, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus edulis, Lepista nuda, Corprinus comatus, Cantharellus cinnabarinus, Dictyophera chino-volvata, Lycoperdon perlatum, Calvatia gigantean, or Geastrum triplex. The herbaceous plants are Brassica juncea, Brassica pekinensis, Thlaspi caerulenscens, Thlaspi carulescens, Thlaspi rotundifolium, or Thlaspi brachypetalum. Preferred Method: The herbaceous plants may be processed into mushroom culture material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chemical electrophoresis utilizes positive or negative electrical system to electrolyze mushroom serum or herbaceous plants serum and reduce heavy metal ion into metal. The chelation deposition includes adding chelating agent in acidified mushroom serum or herbaceous plants serum, and adding precipitator to obtain heavy metal ion compound deposition. Mushroom culture plant residue free of heavy metal ion, mushroom serum, or herbaceous plants serum is added in biomass pool for marsh gas fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fungus is Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus macrosporus, Stropharia rugoso-annulata, Tricholoma lobayenre, Oudemansiella radicata, straw fungus, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus edulis, Lepista nuda, Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cinnabarinus, Dictyophera echino-volvata zane, Lycoperdon perlatum pers., Calvatia gigantean, or geastrum triplex.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chemical electrophoresis utilizes anode and cathode system to electrolyze the slurry and reduce heavy metal ion into metal. The chelating deposition includes adding chelating agent after acidification of the slurry, and adding precipitating agent or flocculating agent to obtain settling of heavy metal ion compound. The slurry free of heavy metal ion is filled into a marsh gas tank to help marsh gas fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The chemical electrophoresis utilizes anode and cathode system to electrolyze the slurry and reduce heavy metal ion into metal. The chelating precipitation includes adding chelating agent after acidification of slurry, and adding precipitating agent or flocculating agent to obtain settling of heavy metal ion compound. The slurry free of heavy metal ion is filled into a marsh gas tank to help marsh gas fermentation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ratio between negative ion surface active agent and dry weight of the slurry is 0.01:1-0.1:1 (preferably 0.041:1-0.07:1). The pH value is 8-12 (preferably 10). Conversion of slurry into organic acid is conducted for 5 hours-30 days (preferably 3-12 days). Preferred Component: The negative ion surface active agent comprises sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetra-alkyl benzene sulfonate, or alpha -olefin sulfonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative ion surface active agent comprises fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfur fixing agent is calcium oxide, ferroso-ferric oxide or calcium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The straw is corn straw, wheat straw, broomcorn straw, peanut straw, cotton straw, peanut shell, corn core, tree branch and/or waste processed by forestry. Preferred Composition: The biomass composite solid-state molded fuel comprises 85-93, preferably 87-92 pts.wt. straw, 10-18, preferably 15-17 pts.wt. cleaned coal, and 0.8-1, preferably 0.9-1 pts.wt. sulfur fixing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lipase is Novo435(RTM: immobilized lipase B).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil is plant oil is rap oil or Jatropha curcas oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The polysaccharide enzyme is prepared from (wt.%) dextranase (60) and chitosan enzyme (40); or fat enzyme (60) and pectinesterase (40). The prolease is prepared from (wt.%) interior contact peptidase (50), carboxypeptidase (25), and aminopeptidase (25).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises, in one-step reactor, inoculating microzyme group for processing organic waste water with oil, using 6-24 hours aeration and 1-4 hours still and drain operation type, dissolved oxygen at below 2 mg/L, pH of 4-7, 5-20 g/L microzyme density of waste water, 1-2 kg/day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and 5000-30000 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD)-chromium. The method includes, in the two-step sequencing batch reactor (SBR), inoculating the processed yielding water in process one-step SBR of activated sludge, mixing the yielding water processed by microzyme with a part of original waste water to flow in the two-step SBR reactor, with the density of activated sludge in two-step SBR of 1-5 g/L, sludge load of 0.1-0.5 kg/day, the COD-Cr of yielding water of 200-2000mg/L, 4-10 hours aeration and 2 hours still and drain operation type and below 2 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Before the high concentration waste water with oil in one-step SBR reactor making use of microzyme group to process, the organic waste water with high concentration is adjusted to uniform solution in adjusting pool, the pH value is adjusted to 4-9, and replenish nitrogen and phosphorus source according to quality of waste water to enable the ratio of COD-Cr of waste water and nitrogen and phosphorus to be 250:1-5:0.2-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The city domestic garbage compost is 20-60, preferably 30-50 pts.wt. The agricultural straws are 2-8, preferably 2-5 pts.wt. Preferred Component: The agricultural straw is maize straw, rice straw or soy bean straw. The grass lawn plant seed is Perennial Festuca arudinacea or Perennial Lolium perenne.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Units: The bio-diesel-fuel manufacturing apparatus further has a heat exchanger (18) which cools the reaction mixture discharged from the reactor, a vapor-liquid-separation unit which vaporizes the reaction mixtures cooled by the heat exchanger and separates bio-diesel-fuel and unreacted methanol, a primary storage unit which stores animal and vegetable fats or its waste edible oil, a primary suction unit which sucks animal and vegetable fats stored in the primary storage unit, a secondary storage unit which stores animal and vegetable fats sucked by primary suction unit, and a secondary suction unit. Preferred Condition: The mixture is heated at 400degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The purification step comprises lifting the temperature and pressure conditions of degradation step from the product stream to effect gasification of the product stream and precipitation of salts, separating the precipitated salts from the gaseous product stream, cooling the gaseous product stream to effect condensation of an alkaline liquid, and separating the alkaline liquid from the residual gaseous product stream which now forms a purified product stream. The fractionation step comprises cooling the purified product stream to effect condensation of a light fuel and water mixture, separating the light fuel and water mixture from the residual purified product stream which now forms a gaseous fuel fraction, and separating the light fuel and water mixture into a light fuel fraction and a water fraction. The method of conversion of waste into fuel further comprises pre-treatment steps of separating ferrous materials from raw waste and/or shredding the waste. Preferred Conditions: The fractionation step is conducted at temperature of 300-3500degrees C, preferably, 300-3200degrees C. The degradation step is conducted for a period of less than 15 minutes. Preferred Properties: The alkaline medium has a pH value of 11 or more. The alkaline medium has a molarity of 1 or more. The waste is shredded to a size of not more than 1 cm. Preferred Medium: The alkaline medium is a sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In producing ethanol, the strain improves conversion of xylose to ethanol relative to a recombinant Zymomonas strain without at least one genetic modification which reduces glucose- fructose oxidoreductase activity. It also improves one or more of rate, titer, or yield of xylose conversion to ethanol relative to a recombinant Zymomonas strain without at least one genetic modification which reduces glucose-fructose oxidoreductase activity. The strain produces a reduced amount of xylitol when metabolizing xylose to ethanol as compared to a Zymomonas strain without at least one genetic modification which reduces glucose4ructose oxidoreductase activity. It also produces substantially no xylitol when metabolizing xylose to ethanol. In the process, the medium comprises a mixture of sugars including xylose and a sugar alcohol selected from sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, ribitol, or its mixture, where the mixture of sugars is at a concentration of at least about 120 g/L and where the sugar alcohol is at a final concentration of 2-100 mM, preferably 5-20 mM. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The recombinant Zymomonas strain is selected from ZW800, ZW801-4, or ZW801-6 (claimed).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: A forced ejection unit is provided to forcedly discharge water vapor. The discharged water vapor is worked by a gas turbine. Preferred Process: The water vapor generated during drying is discharged out of the pressure-resistant container. The processed waste material is maintained in dried condition to supply water vapor of high heat to a gap between the outer wall of double wall of pressure-resistant container and inner wall. The gap is maintained at a temperature of 160-180degrees C and pressure of 1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction zone is downward flow type reactor with gas linear velocity of 4-30 m/second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains 0.2-1 mass% of delta coke. Silicon/aluminum ratio in ultrastable Y type zeolite is 3-20. The ultrastable Y type zeolite has crystal lattice constant of 24.35 Angstrom or less and crystallinity degree of 90% or more. Alkali rare earth metal is introduced into the ion exchange site of ultrastable Y type zeolite. The active matrix of the catalyst further contains silica-alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material oil is atomized in the reaction zone using steam equivalent to 2-6 mass% of the raw material oil. The difference of temperature of the catalyst-rich phase in the reproduction zone and outlet temperature of the reaction zone is less than 150degrees C. The light oil or fuel oil fraction obtained by distilling a product, or normal pressure bottom oil obtained by processing crude oil by atmospheric distillation apparatus is supplied to the reproduction zone in an amount of 1-10 mass% with respect to the weight of the raw material oil supply to the reaction zone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The fermentation components include at least one fermentation organism such as Saccharomyces cereuisiae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves (i) removing a majority of the inorganic debris of the composite material of processing step before treating step, and (ii) milling the composite material of processing step before treating step. The composite material comprises glucan (25-45 wt.%), xylan (1-12%), and mannan (0-2 wt.%). The composite material contains from 10-20% moisture content. The conversion rate of the composite material of processing step to ethanol is of from 60-90%. The fermentation components include at least one digestive enzyme, where the digestive enzyme is beta -glucosidase and cellulase. The treatment step is of from 40-100 hours at 25-40degrees C. The treatment step is operated as a batch process, semi-batch process or a continuous process. The method involves (a) providing a quantity of municipal solid waste containing liquid, extracting and redistributing the liquid of the municipal solid waste to create uniformly hydrated municipal solid waste, continuously feeding the uniformly hydrated municipal solid waste into the hydrolyzer, processing the municipal solid waste within the hydrolyzer when the hydrolyzer has a steam filled outer jacket at a pressure of from 90-150 psi and a temperature of from 300-400degrees F to create a composite material, continuously removing the composite material from the hydrolyzer, adding the composite material removed from the hydrolyzer to a reactor, adding water, digestive enzymes, and at least one fermentation organism to the reactor, and converting at least a portion of the composite material contained within the fermenter into ethanol, or (b) fermenting fluff.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - The inert layer comprises anaerobic bacteria. The medium layer comprises sawdust or wood shavings.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The medium layer comprises a base of celluloid material or sufficient celluloid material to shelter earthworm humus. The inert layer comprises several stones or rocks or is formed at least in part of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of producing the glycerine-rich binding agent further includes removing the catalyst from the glycerine-rich phase; and adding an amount of an acid to the glycerine-rich phase to cause precipitation of an ionic salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The cultured bacterial agent is selected from an agent to increase production of extra cellular polysaccharide for better liquid solid separation, an agent for removal of ammonia, an agent to promote denitrification, an agent to reduce surfactant interference with liquid/solid separation, an agent to provide a balanced nutrient formulation in the wastewater, an agent to promote phosphate removal and/or an agent to promote odor removal, and an agent for the removal of BOD and COD.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The growth media is selected from AMB Bio Media (RTM: high surface area media) media, Kaldnes moving bed bioreactor material (MBBR) media, PARKSON GEO-REACTOR (RTM: growth reactor media) media.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: During the methanation reaction, an index gamma indicating a reaction selectivity of carbon dioxide (CO2) (concentration of CO2 in the concentrated hydrogen-containing gas after the methanation reaction/concentration of CO2 in the concentrated hydrogen-containing gas before the methanation reactionx100) is greater than or equal to 50%. Preferred Composition: The CO2/CO concentration ratio after the methanation reaction is greater than or equal to 50.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The selective permeation membrane is made of palladium and/or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrodes are made of stainless steel, aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat exchanger comprises a plastic tube preferably made from high density polyethylene (HDPE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacteria: The A.faecalis is A.faecalis strain 4 (FERM P-18114).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lignocellulose type biomass is from woody plant, herbs, processed materials and/or waste materials. The alkali digester process is a soda process or a kraft process. The saccharogenic amylase producing microbes are from Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Humicola, Irpex or Acremonium. The ethanol fermented microbes are from Saccharomyces, Zymomonas or Pichia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: In subdivision processing, the maximal width of the particulate material is less than or equal to 50 mm. The particulate materials are classified into large drop population (S1), inside grain population (S2) and granule population (S3) having width greater than 12 mm, 5-12 mm and less than 5 mm, respectively. Preferred Condition: The carbonization temperature is 500-900degrees C (preferably 600-700degrees C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nutrient contains potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline process liquid used in the cathode electrolysis processing is sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. The conductor used for counter electrode comprises iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred microorganisms: The microorganisms are bacteria and/or yeast. Preferred Process: Hydrolysis and fermentation are done simultaneously.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The free saccharide obtained by isolating from composition or sap is fermented. The monosaccharide and/or oligosaccharide obtained by carrying out hydrolysis processing of fiber of oil palm stem are mixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The fungal biomass includes at least the fungal strain Cunninghamella elegans Lendner MUT 2861, DSMZ NUMBER 18657. The culture medium contains a carbon source that is selected starch, glucose and/or sucrose (preferably starch).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fungal biomass is grown in a culture medium further containing an ammonium salt, preferably ammonium tartrate. The fungal biomass is grown in a culture medium further contains at least a salt of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Apparatus: Each air-lock (30) is provided with a shaped body (35), which is inflated under pressure to fill the air-lock. The shaped body is specifically a film bag (16) (especially of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber), to be inflated with air or exhaust gas. Alternatively the air-lock is filled with percolate to drive out the biogas. The air-locks have inner sliding doors (32), outer lifting doors (31) and spikes for retaining the biomass. The base (21) of the digestion chamber (4) has a slope. The suction device is a gas-tight sludge pump (40), located at the bottom of the slope under a sieve (43). An inflatable tube is located on the base of the digestion chamber along the slope, to receive purging gas. Preferred Process: The fermentation residue (15) is diluted with percolate (11). After being pumped out, the fermentation residue is recycled to the fermenter. Before being opened to the environment, the air-lock (30) is filled with the shaped article (35) or with percolate, so that the biogas is forced into the digestion chamber (4) via a gas valve (33).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Each air-lock (30) is provided with a film bag (16) of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, which is inflated under pressure to fill the chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: Biogas is drawn off via a suction line (9) with dimensions such that there is an overpressure in the digestion tank (4) in normal operation and reduced pressure when biogas production abates. The separating layer may be a flexible membrane (6), preferably a flexible film which is attached above the tank (4) and under the lid (7) of the container (2), separating it into the tank (4) and an air space (3). Or the separator may consist of flexible formed bodies, especially film bags, attached to the top of the tank wall, which expand as the pressure drops and form a separating layer over the tank (4); preferably, the inside of these bags (16) is connected to the ambient air. The membrane (6) or the bags (16) is/are made from EPDM rubber. The container (2) comprises an airtight structure with a gate (8) for charging and discharging; nozzles (12) for spraying percolate (11) are mounted above the biomass (5) in the tank (4), and there are holes (13) in the bottom of the tank for draining off percolate. Preferred Method: The pressure in the air space (3) above the membrane (6) is increased before emptying the residue (15) and reduced to raise the membrane when the biomass is replaced. If air bags (16) are used, they may be expanded by the ambient air and the reduced pressure in the tank (4), or by increasing pressure in the bags. Biogas is taken from several fermenters (1) in parallel, preferably with staggered changes of biomass in the fermenters. Reduced pressure is obtained by suction from a motor (20) for energy production, preferably with parallel connections from the suction lines (9) of the fermenter to the air suction line (17) of the motor; suction pressure in these lines is regulated by throttles (18). The pressure difference is produced with a non-combustible gas or gas mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The 16SrRNA actinomycete DL2-F-5 strain comprises 1289 bp given in the specification. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - Specifically claimed is actinomycete DL2-F-5 strain Streptomyces fradiae CCTCC M 206135.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Combination: Chicken feeds are formulated according to weight per cent proportion: fresh housefly larvae 13kg; corn flour 62kg; wheat bran 7kg; rice bran 2kg; bean pulp 8kg; fine dust 7kg; calcium hydrogen phosphate 640 kg; AD3 powder 60kg; and salt 300kg. The chickens are feed twice everyday at 5 in the morning and 2 in the afternoon. Drinking water pipe is placed near cage for drinking. The chain cycling application comprises: feeding chicken with housefly larvae; then to feed housefly larvae with chicken dropping; culturing the paddy, wheat seeds with remained dregs of housefly larvae; then to feed chicken with paddy and wheat seeds after air the purified; and then to feed housefly larvae with chicken droppings. This invention claims a completely ecological greening, housefly larvae and chain style method to keep chicken. In nature, positive factors of animals and plants are fully utilized by planting plants that can purify air in and around chicken house, which is fit for ecological growing condition. Flies are fed in cages and microbial inoculant provides oocytes to propagate housefly larvae called sterile flies. The animal products fed in this condition absolutely without pollution (comprising air) is green food. In order to obtain the high nutrition and non-polluted chicken and eggs for human, the striking propagation ability of the flies is utilized; and what is rich in body of housefly larvae is general nutrition needed for human which is a health gospel for human. The housefly larvae is for feeding chickens and the droppings of chicken are used for feed of housefly larvae after it is rotted by fermenting. The remained dreg that a housefly larva does not eat is all wool and a yard wide organic fertilizer which is for paddy and barley seedling planted in basins to feed chicken.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Straw putrefaction agent is added in the fast putrefaction pool. The material sterilization pool uses ozone for sterilization and disinfection. The water pollutant separation process uses centrifugal machine or precipitation to separate water and sewage in the wastewater. Rhodopseudomonas palustris is added into the biological culture purification pool.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The plant remnant is a hydrophytic herbage plant, weed, copper stalk, or skin slag.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The method further comprises processing intensive culture to Chlorella, extracting Chlorella algae sludge from the Chlorella algae liquid which has been detected and controlled from disease, and inoculation fermentation processing to the Chlorella algae sludge to obtain phycomycete nutrient fluid. The gathering step is done by ecological method, e.g. centrifugal or flocculating agent gathering, by gathering Chlorella culture fluid in one time or getting 1/3-2/3 of Chlorella culture fluid for every 3-5 days. Preferred Product: The obtain phycomycete nutrient fluid is mixed with fodder to obtain animal feeds for use in husbandry farm; mixed with livestock excrement and fowl to obtain biogas treatment; or doing anaerobic fermentation to obtain microorganism fertilizer. Sponge drying of Chlorella algae extracted from the Chlorella algae liquid to obtain algae powder that can be made into health food.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline compound is added on the first step, comprising hydroxide, alcoholate, oxide, carbonate, bicarbonate of groups IA and IIA elements, or 12-24C soap. The alkaline compound is sodium, potassium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, barium of hydroxide, alcoholate, oxide, carbonate, supercarbonate or soap. Preferred Composition: The alkaline compound is 0.005-2, preferably 0.005-0.05 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The monohydric alcohol is fatty alcohol with 1-6C, preferably methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: The mol ratio of pure oil and triglyceride oil is 3-60:1, preferably 4-12:1. Preferred Condition: The reaction is carried out at 200-350, preferably 260-320degrees C, and 6-12, preferably 7-11 MPa. The liquid hourly space velocity is 0.1-20 hour-1. The flashing is carried out at less than 150degrees C. The separation is carried out at 20-150degrees C, and the air speed is 0.1-10, preferably 1-4 hour-1. Preferred Method: The mixed ester is made in proper proportion with glycerin, separately through the decompression rectifying tower at less than 0.1 MPa or flash film concentrator at 100-300degrees C to distill, where the flux ratio is 0.1-10:1.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive comprises (wt.%) lower alcohol (25), dicyclopentadienyl iron (1.5), copper naphthenate (3), manganese naphthenate (3), isooctyl nitrate (10), isoamyl nitrate (10), phthanate (3), sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (8), oleic acid (15), and ethyl acetate (21.5). The lower alcohol is isopropyl alcohol and/or butyl alcohol. Preferred Concentration: The weight ratio of the additive and biodiesel is 1:200-1:100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The peroxide is barium peroxide, lithium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, nickel peroxide, zinc peroxide, potassium peroxide, sodium peroxide, sodium percarbonate or hydrogen peroxide (preferably hydrogen peroxide). The hypochlorite comprises at least one alkali metal hypochlorite selected from sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite or lithium hypochlorite (preferably sodium hypochlorite).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode comprises copper, nickel, cobalt or tin (preferably copper). The anode comprises aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium or their alloys (preferably aluminum or an aluminum alloy such as aluminum-manganese alloy).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chlorine-stabilizing compound is cyanuric acid, potassium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium dichlorocyanurate (preferably cyanuric acid).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive composition is in the form of an aqueous solution. A 1 liter quantity of the aqueous solution of additive composition contains (wt.%): quaternary ammonium salt (0.5-3), SMM (0.003-0.45), rare earth metal-salt mixture (0.00014-0.004); 12-18C plyunsaturated fatty acid (0.9-11); and 2-4C aliphatic alcohol (0.9-4.5) (preferably bioethanol). EXAMPLE - A bioactive additive composition was prepared in such a way that S-methylmethionine sulfonium chloride (2 g) was dissolved in drinking water (500 ml), lanthanum acetate (0.03 g) and choline lactate (20 g) were added, then, under steady stirring, linoleic acid (50 g) was poured in a thin jet to the mixture. The resulting solution of 980 ml final volume was poured in a thick jet on bioethanol (20 ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) contains alkylene oxide-unit (A) of formula (-(EO)x(RO)y(EO)z-). (I) is preferably (10-24C alkyl)-O-((EO)x(PO)y)-(10-24C alkyl), (9-23C alkyl)-CO-O-((EO)x(PO)y)-(10-24C alkyl), (9-23C alkyl)-CO-O-((EO)x(PO)y)-CO-(9-23C alkyl) or R-C(O)-O-(CH2-CH2-O)n-X.EO = ethylene oxide-unit;RO = a unit of formula -CHR-x-CHR-y-O;R-x, R-y = H or (1-4C)-alkyl; eitherx, y, z = 0-600; andx+y = greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 600; or(x+y+z) = greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 600;R = oleyl, stearyl or lauryl;n = 2-20; andX = H or -C(O)R. ACTIVITY - Arthropodicide; Anthelmintic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of (I) is via spraying (0.05-4 (preferably 0.1-0.3) wt.%) or injection.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The feedstock biomass is solid organic-based material which is a cellulosic material such as wood. The high-shear mixer is high-shear screw extruder system. The organic waste material is chosen from bituminous-waste material, cellulosic material, rubber material and waste-organic sludge. Preferred Processes: The production of fuel product further involves hydrogenation reaction. Alternatively, the fuel product is produced by providing organic waste material feedstock into high-shear screw extruder system, mixing organic waste material in the mixer at 650degrees F and 200 psi, and re-circulating and blending portion of liquefied organic waste with fresh feedstock organic waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The sludge which produces hydrogen by reduction of water or hydrogen containing compound, in liquid state is processed. Air is introduced in the container containing hydrogen generation sludge during the addition of acid, and hydrogen is produced in the state diluted to below the lower explosion limit concentration. The hydrogen generation sludge is mixed with biomass chosen from crushed material of waste tatami mat, wood chips, wood meal, sawdust and/or wastepaper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen generation sludge contains silicon particles and/or aluminum particles, and is waste oil, waste cutting oil, waste grinding fluid and/or waste grinding oil. An acid is added to the sludge to adjust the pH to less than 3. The acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, carbonic acid and/or boronic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrogen production sludge is sludge in liquid state, or sludge which produces hydrogen by production of water or hydrogen atom-containing compound. The hydrogen production sludge is waste wire-saw oil containing silicon particles and/or aluminum particles, or metal particles, waste cutting oil, waste grinding fluid and/or waste grinding oil. The biomass is crushed material of waste tatami mat, wood chips, wood meal, sawdust and waste paper. Preferred Method: Air is introduced into the mixer containing hydrogen production sludge and biomass. The resulting solution is diluted to produce hydrogen under low explosion limit density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of methyl palmitate and methyl stearate in biodiesel fuel is 10 wt.% or more. The biodiesel fuel further comprises light oil. Preferred Property: The biodiesel fuel has clogging point of 5degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The nominal size of the opening is measured according to JIS Z-8801 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The granulated biomass material granulates water containing organic sludge which is obtained by drying. The coating layer is non moisture absorbent formed by the coating material which does not produce air pollution and installation corrosive gas at the time of combustion. The coating material consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atom, and does not contain heavy metal with ratio of 1-100 weight part with respect to 100 mass parts of granulated biomass material. EXAMPLE - The granulated biomass material was coated. In the coating treatment process, a polysaccharide was sprayed as a coating material, rolling a biomass granulated material with a screw conveyer and the coating layer which consists of a polysaccharide was formed in the surface. The composition was dried at 104degrees C for 0.5 hour, and was set as the biomass fuel. The organic (8 mass%), inorganic (12 mass%), the moisture content rate of the obtained biomass fuel was 80mass %. The calorific value was 4000 kcal/kg and the weight ratio of the coating layer (30 mass parts) with respect to the granulated biomass material (100 mass parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Amount: The natural water contains BOD of 50 mg/l or less. The granule sludge contains coenzyme F420 (200 mu mol/kg-VSS). Preferred Method: The nitrogen component contained in natural water is removed by dispersing granules sludge directly into the natural water. The natural water contains Cyanophyceae.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The 16SrRNA has nucleotide sequence comprising 1370 bp; the entering number in the Genbank is DQ356897. The Herbaspirillum is prepared by (1) cultivating the colony on the BTB panel for 2-3 days, where the size of the colony is 1-2mm, and where the colony is circular shape, smooth, blue and has protrusion in the center, and (2) adapting cell configuration to litmusless pH, and cultivating it at normal temperature, where the cell is rod shape, and the Gram's stain is feminine. The method comprises growing the cell, the cell suspension of the strain can regard the nitrate as the only nitrogen source and energy to grow, can revert the nitrate as nitrite in the aerobic condition, and can continuously revert the nitrite as gas product in the aerobic condition, and make the nitrogenous compound in the sewage be reduced to reach the object of denitrogenation. The nitrite is used as electric receptor in the aerobic condition and carries out the denitrification denitrogenation function; can also grow in the beef peptone and nutritional agar-agar which regard the nutritional culture medium as carbon source and nitrogen source. The strain has wide adaptability, has strong bearing degree to the dissolved oxygen, in the case of 10-98% saturated dissolved oxygen, the nitro-nitrogen ratio is 2:30 and the pH is 5.0-8.0, can carry out efficient aerobic denitrogenation function. The strain has widely adapted denitrification character, it can be inoculated in the routine aerobic nitration sludge, thus can be used for synchronous nitration denitrification function of the nitrogenous sewage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The antioxidant may be antioxidant with strong fat solubility comprises butyl hydroquinone, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, or vitamin E and further comprises 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, guaiacum, 2,4,5-trihydroxypropylbenzophenone, 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, or 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. The antioxidant may be 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene. The oxidation-resistant potentiator is L-ascorbic palmitate, phospholipid, citric acid, or tartaric acid. The antioxidant may be antioxidant with fat solubility that is not strong, preferably propyl gallate (PG), as well as polyphenol, sesamol, rosemary bisphenol, eugenol, or vanillin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The low-temperature fluidity improver is poly(meth)acrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer, alpha -olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer, or high-grade acrylate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture of natural oil, short chain alcohol and alkaline catalyst is turbulent when it enters the pipe reactor. Turbulence is generated by injecting a flow of short chain alcohol, optionally with alkaline catalyst dissolved, into a flow of natural oil at an angle to the direction of flow of natural oil. The reactants are pressurized at greater than 0.5 bar gauge (preferably 1-30 bar gauge). Preferred Conditions: The pressure drop across the pipe reactor from inflow to outflow ends is 0.1-10 (preferably 3-7) bar. The Reynolds number in the pipe reactor is 200-10000 (preferably 500-6000). The power per unit weight is greater than 0.5 (preferably 3-8 W/kg). The pipe reactor has a diameter of 2-200 (preferably 6-200) mm and a length of 30-100 (preferably 40-100) m. EXAMPLE - A flow of sunflower oil heated to 80degrees C was fed to a pipe reactor at 30 L/hour under 4 bar gauge. The pipe reactor was insulated but not separately heated. Mixing elements were placed in the reactor and filled 60% of the pipe length. A supply of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and methanol at ambient temperature was prepared and fed under pressure into the flow of oil through nozzles extending at right angle to the flow direction of oil to generate turbulence. The mass ratio of the flow rate of sunflower oil to methanol was 4:1. KOH (24.5 g) was initially mixed with methanol (1 L). Retention time of the reaction mixture was 90 seconds. Plug flow maintenance exceeded 90%. The time taken for 90% of the fluid elements to pass through the reactor was within 20% of the mean residence time of reactant in the reactor. Greater than 96.5% conversion to methyl ester (biodiesel) was achieved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The non-conductive frames comprise a material selected from polyethylene, fluorinated polymers, polypropylene, and polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The wt.% ratio of the vegetable oil to the catalyzing enzyme is 60:40 (preferably 50:50), flash point of fuel oil is 95, preferably 45degrees C, and sulfur content is below 0.006, preferably below 2.3 ppm. Preferred Component: The vegetable oil is palm oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil or soybean oil. The catalyzing enzyme comprises alkanes, i.e. decane, 11 alkane and/or 12 alkane. EXAMPLE - A low sulfur fuel oil was made from palm oil (50%) and catalyzing enzyme (50%). The resulting oil had a density at 15degrees C of 0.8445 as measured using ASTM D-4052; kinematic viscosity at 40degrees C of CST 4.371 measured using ASTM D-445; flash point of 45.0 as measured using ASTM D-93; pour point of - 15degrees C measured using ASTM D-97; ash mass content of greater than 0.01 wt.% as measured using ASTM D-482; water content greater than 0.1 vol.% as measured using ASTM D-1796; sulfur content of 1.1 parts per million as measured using ASTM D-5453; Conradson carbon residue of 0.23 wt.% as measured using ASTM D-4530; gross heat of combustion of 10276 Kcal/kg as measured using ASTM D-240; net heat of combustion 9739 Kcal/kg as measured using ASTM D-240; hydrogen content of 10.59 wt.% as measured using ASTM D-5291; oxygen content of 3.95 wt.% as measured using an element analyzer; and carbon content of 78.64 wt.% as measured using ASTM D-5291.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zeolite particles comprise zeolite(s) of sodium Y, potassium X, potassium Y, calcium X, calcium Y, lithium Y, or preferably lithium X or sodium X zeolite. The gas mixture comprises greater than or equal to 2 gases of sulfur dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and oxygen, or preferably methane or nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Preferred Composition: The multi-component membrane comprises 10-30 wt.% of the zeolite particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The multi-component membrane includes a plasticizer. The plasticizer is tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or preferably polyethylene glycol. The nitrogen containing compound comprises an amine of monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylene diamine or triethylene tetramine. EXAMPLE - The selectivity for silicone rubber (SR) and solid/silicone rubber mixed matrix membrane which contained activated carbon, sodium (NaX) zeolites or lithium (LiX) zeolites were determined with the amount of solid at a loading of 10 wt.%. The selectivity was determined from the steady state permeation rates of each gas through the membrane at room temperature and feed pressure of 50 psia. The gas permeation rate selectivities of carbon dioxide (CO2)/methane (CH4) and CO2/nitrogen (N2) from 10% NaX/SR/porous cellulose acetate mixed matrix membrane were 16.14 and 25.89, respectively. The incorporation of zeolite had provided good selectivity at 10 wt%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ceramics: The ceramics contain aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, cordierite and/or mullite. Preferred Portions: The partition portion is joined with ceramic portion through an adhesive layer. An outer peripheral material layer (5) having thickness of 0.5 mm or more is provided on outer peripheral surface along circumferential direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tall fatty acid ester is less than or equal to 100 mass parts in ratio. Preferred Process: About 100 mass parts of inorganic-type adsorption agent is poured and stirred to the tall fatty acid ester reaction liquid with an elution rate of 0.01-1 mL/cm2. Preferred Components: A tall oil fatty acid containing 1-5 mass% rosin acid is used as raw material. The lower alcohol is 1-4 carbon alkyl alcohol. The inorganic-type adsorption agent is/are activated carbon, zeolite, activated alumina, activated clay and/or silica gel. EXAMPLE - Tall fatty acid (520 mass ppm by 190 mg KOH/g), sulfur (300 g), butanol (115.8 g), paratoluene sulfonic acid (1.5 g) and xylene (50 g) were mixed and stirred at 100-140degrees C for 2 hours. After esterification, generated water, butanol and xylene were distilled off. Tall fatty acid butyl ester reaction liquid (380.1 g) with acid value of 3.7 mg KOH/g was obtained. About 300 g of the obtained tall fatty acid butyl ester reaction liquid was then poured to an adsorption column filled with silica gel (300 g) with an elution rate of 0.25 mL/cm2 and the eluting solvent was collected. Hexane (900 g) was also poured and the eluting solvent was also collected. The 2 eluting solvents were mixed and hexane was distilled off. Tall fatty acid butyl ester (282.3 g) with acid value of 0.4 mg KOH/g was obtained. The amount of sulfur was 37 mass ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microorganism-immobilized magnetic carrier contains microbial suspension (B) and aqueous solution (A) in ratio of 3:1-5:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Protein: The encoded protein having deacetylase activity is the BC1534 deacetylase protein. Preferred Method: Producing a protein having deacetylase activity comprises: (a) cloning the nucleic acid molecule into an expression vector; (b) transferring the expression vector into an expression system; (c) incubating the expression system; (d) inducing the expression of the modified expression vector; and (d) purifying the expressed protein having deacetylase activity. The produced protein is the BC1534 deacetylase protein. The expression vector is the plasmid pET26b. The expression system is the Escherichia coli strain BL21-DE3. The expression of the vector is induced by addition of isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside. The expression vector comprises a tag for subsequent protein purification. The expressed protein having deacetylase activity is purified by affinity chromatography and/or gel filtration chromatography. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The microorganisms belonging to Sinorhizobium and Ensifier are L2406 strain (FERM BP-10658) and L2413 strain (FERMcBP-10659), isolated from arsinic pollution paddy soil. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganisms belonging to Sinorhizobium and Ensifier are L2406 strain (FERM BP-10658) and L2413 strain (FERMcBP-10659), respectively (claimed).    EXAMPLE - Enrichment culture of diphenyl arsine acidolysis microorganisms were performed by charcoal refluxing method using arsenic pollution paddy soil. After 19 days, the soil suspension in which the concentration of diphenyl arsinic acid was remarkably reduced was obtained. 0.1 ml of the soil suspension was cultured in medium containing 5 mg/l of diphenyl arsinic acid at 25degrees C. After 9 days the concentration of diphenyl arsinic acid was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, the serial dilution of the culture was performed and 0.1 ml of each dilution was cultured in DPAA20VTE culture medium containing ammonium nitrate (0.5 g), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2 g), ferrous sulfate (5 mg), diphenyl arsinic acid (5 mg), vitamin solution (10 ml) and trace element solution (10 ml), and the isolated colonies were obtained using R2A agar medium. The obtained pure isolates were individually tested for degrading capability of diphenyl arsinic acid using DPAA20VTE culture medium and strain such as L2406 and L2413 capable of degrading diphenyl arsinic acid were isolated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The purification involves setting upper limit and/or lower limit of purified-gas blend ratio of gas which consist of biogas and purified gas which are induced to gas-compression machine, decreasing or increasing load of gas-compression machine by control which replaces gas increase/decrease control when purified-gas blend ratio becomes more than upper limit or below in lower limit, respectively. The carbon dioxide and sulfur type impurity is separated-removed by making biogas and water contact in absorption tower in high pressure state of 0.55-2 MPaG. The siloxane compound which biogas contains is condensed and separates from biogas, and purified gas which highly concentrated methane is obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Mole ratio of doped metal ion and titanium is 0.1-10%. Doping metal salt containing vanadium, tin, zinc, iron or cerium contains ammonium metavanadate, tin tetrachloride, zinc sulfate, ferric trichloride or ceric sulfate. Preferred Process: Water-doped titanium tetrachloride solution prepared by dissolving metal salt containing vanadium, tin, zinc, iron or cerium in water, instilling titanium tetrachloride into salt solution slowly by tap funnel then mixing or instilling analytically pure titanium tetrachloride into distilled water slowly under room temperature to obtain clear transparent solution, adding metal salt containing vanadium, tin, zinc, iron or cerium then stirring until completely dissolved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A stream of biomass containing a low fraction of lignocellulose is subjected to a pre-treatment process, and is subjected to anaerobic digestion to produce feed stream which is heated to the temperature of 150-250degrees C at pH of 3-7. Preferred Properties: The pre-treatment is carried out in an apparatus in which the biomass stream is heated and subjected to anaerobic digestion. The pH during heating biomass stream is 4-5 and the temperature is 160-200degrees C. The amount of sulfide during heating biomass stream is 1000 mg/l, preferably 500 mg/l. The biomass stream is heated at temperature of 150-250degrees C and pH of 3-7 for 2-15 minutes. The biomass stream is heated at a pressure equal to or higher than the saturation vapor pressure at temperature of 150-250degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid introduced at the blocked gas flow path is selected from group consisting of ethanol, methanol, hexane, cyclohexane, pentane and cyclopentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cathode and the anode are made of platinum. The anode is a platinum gauze.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substance to be converted at the anode, is acetic acid, an alkali metal salt of acetic acid, an alkaline earth metal salt of acetic acid or an ammonium salt of acetic acid (preferably potassium acetate). The substance converted at the anode, is a dicarboxylic acid, an alkali metal salt of dicarboxylic acid, an alkaline earth metal salt of dicarboxylic acid or an ammonium salt of dicarboxylic acid (preferably sodium salt of succinic acid i.e. sodium succinate). The electrolyte is an organic electrolyte, which comprises a mixture of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate. The electrolyte comprises a salt (e.g. imidazolium salt) which is liquid at room temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing of electrolyte cell is made from a chemically-inert polymer such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene. The gas-permeable membrane is made of a microporous perfluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyrotechnic load consists of a composition having borohydride alkaline or alkaline earths, an oxidative salt, sodium tetrahydridoborate and strontium nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid compound containing oxygen is a member selected from ketones, alcohols, ethers, polyethers, peroxides, epoxides, furan derivatives and/or water (preferably acetone, methanol, ethanol and/or water).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a mixed zinc oxide and palladium catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal component is selected from platinum and palladium and the acidic component is selected from amorphous silica alumina, fluorided alumina, ZSM-12, ZSM-21, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ- 32, ferrierite, (silicoaluminophosphate-11) SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-41, (magnesium aluminophosphate) MAPO-11, MAPO-31, Y zeolite, L zeolite or beta zeolite and the catalyst is platinum/silicoaluminophosphate-11 (0.5-1 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The tubular reaction unit comprises a multi-tubular reaction unit and it operates in trickle-bed mode. The adiabatic reaction unit comprises a single tube. The hydrodeoxygenating occurs in the tubular reaction unit and hydroisomerizing occurs in the adiabatic reaction unit. The process further involves recycling liquid separated from the effluent from tubular reaction unit to the tubular reaction unit. The tubular reaction is operated at a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5-5 per hour; at 300-450degrees C and 10-60 atmospheres; and a H2/oil ratio of 300-1200 NL/L. The vapor phase and operating adiabatic reaction unit have a temperature of (350-400)degrees C. The adiabatic reaction unit is located downstream of tubular reaction unit. The catalyst (preferably platinum/silicoaluminophosphate-11) is used in a concentration of 0.5-1 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The vegetable oil is selected from soybean oil, palm oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, jatropha oil, balanites oil, rapeseed oil, colza oil, canola oil, tall oil, safflower oil, hempseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, peanut oil, castor oil and coconut oil. The animal oil is selected from lard oil, tallow oil, train oil or fish oil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The vapor phase is circulated through the inner lumen, or through the outer shell. Additional water is removed from the enriched ethanol phase using a pervaporation membrane comprising polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Parameter: A temperature of the dilute aqueous ethanol feed is 25-100degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent phase comprises a long chain fatty acid. It comprises triglyceride and silicone oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of carbon monoxide is syngas. Preferred System: The system further comprises a second vessel for producing syngas; and a transport for transporting the syngas to the vessel, where the syngas serves as the source of carbon monoxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The biomass comprises cellulosic material, lignocellulosic material, corn, sugar cane, sugar beets, trees, shrubs, grasses, phytoplankton, zooplankton, algae, microalgae, seaweed, corn husks, bushes, lumber, wood waste, pulp, cotton, wool, linen, paper, newspaper, corrugated containers, mixed paper, computer printouts, white office paper, printing plant scraps, leaves, twigs, plant cuttings, branches, vines, sewage, and/or agricultural waste. Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are genetically engineered bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: Transporting is performed with a nautical vessel comprising boat, barge, ship, dock, floating platform, sea platform, or sea rig; with a land vehicle comprising car, track, tractor, trailer, or train; or with an airborne vehicle comprising plane, helicopter, or blimp. Producing ethanol from biomass at the first and/or second site comprises hydrolyzing, then fermenting the biomass. The fermenter is further transported to third and fourth sites, and ethanol is produced form these sites. The biomass is contacted with microorganism(s) in the fermenter. Preferred Components: The fermenter forms part of a system comprising a component consists of cutters, shearing devices, measuring devices, flow devices, mills, mixers, pumps, wiring, cookers, heaters, coolers, aerators, containers, holding containers, distillation columns, piping, electrical components, energy sources, sewage sources, and/or water sources. Preferred Properties: The first and second sites are spaced apart at greater than or equal to 25, preferably greater than or equal to 100 miles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compounds: The required pH is obtained by addition of a base in form of an aqueous solution selected among sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, or their mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compounds: The transesterification reaction of a starting product with one or different alcohol is carried out, where alcohol is selected among methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol and 1-pentanol or their mixtures. EXAMPLE - The example illustrates production of biodiesel and glycerine using commercial preparation of Sigma called pancreatin that contains the porcine pancreatic lipase, in comparison to other enzymes. A transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol, using different quantities of pancreatin and other extracellular enzymes was carried out. Different composition of the biodiesel was obtained in the transesterification of 0.1 mole i.e. 120 milliliter of sunflower oil with different quantities of pancreatin, operand with a volumetric proportion of oil to alcohol of 8 is to 1, temperature of 45 degree celsius, pH of 12 and at different reaction period. The results showed that 4.1 percent of glycerine was obtained for 0.5 gram of pancreatin in 23 hours and the conversion was 100 percent which was not achieved by other enzymes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method for industrial production of ethanol as a biofuel comprises fermenting glucose with an isolated strain of respiration-deficient yeasts from genus Kazachstania to produce ethanol and purifying the ethanol to at least 90% purity. The glucose is derived from starch, cellulose, lignin or hemicellulose. The respiration-deficient yeast is a naturally occurring isolated strain of Kazachstania. The respiration-deficient yeast is a genetically-modified isolated strain of Kazachstania. The genetically modified isolated strain of Kazachstania has been modified to simultaneously catalyze a saccharification process and fermentation process. The yeast reproduces asexually. The yeast is K. pintolopesii or K. slooffi. The glucose used as the starting material for the fermentation process is from saccharification of starch, cellulose, lignin or hemicellulose derived from corn, corn stover, switch grass, sorghum, sugar cane, or other natural feedstock or algae. The glucose is separated from non-fermentable sugars. The fermentation is conducted continuously with stoppages only for removing buildup of feedstock or products. The ethanol is removed from the reaction in continuous fashion by bubbling a warm gas through the reaction mixture and condensing the resulting ethanol vapor. The temperature of the gas is 25 to 45degrees C. The gas comprises oxygen. The gas is air. The starch, cellulose, lignin or hemicellulose is obtained from corn, corn stover, switch grass, sorghum, sugar cane or other natural feedstock or algae. The ethanol is further purified with distillation process. The method further comprises removing residual water from the distilled ethanol with a molecular sieve. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in the presence of another catalyst (e.g. Keggin heteropolyacids, phosphomolybdic acid, silicomolybdic acid, platinum, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium oxide supported on titania, vanadium oxide supported on titania on which titanium sulfate is trapped or on iron molybdate) in a fixed bed reactor containing the catalyst, at 10-400degrees C, preferably 200-300degrees C, 50-1000 kPa, preferably 100-500 kPa and at 2000-100000 h-1, preferably 11000-44000 h-1 to give an effluent methylal and water. The process further comprises: distillation of the effluent using boiler to remove light gas like methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or oxygen; extracting methane and is recycled to the oxidation reactor; replacing air with a mixture of oxygen-alkane or -cyclopentane e.g. oxygen-methane mixture; and recycling the obtained methane, carbon monoxide etc. to the oxidation reactor. Preferred Components: The gas containing molecular oxygen is air and/or oxygen enriched air. (A) is methane (preferred), ethane or propane. The inert diluent gas is used jointly with at least another inert diluent gas e.g. nitrogen, noble gases (e.g. helium or argon) or water vapor. The inert diluent gas is used at 40-90 vol.%. The molar ratio of oxygen to the lower alcohol is 0.5:6-3:1, preferably 0.5:3-2:1. The lower alcohol is used at 1-60%, preferably 3-50%. EXAMPLE - A gas composition of helium (84 mol.%), oxygen (8.5 mol.%) and methanol (7.5 mol.%) under a volume space velocity of 22000 ml/h-1g-1 was reacted in the presence of a catalyst (0.15 g) described in WO2007034264 at 350degrees C for 1.3 hours to give methylal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: The energy source conversion section contains biomass solubilization section for solubilizing the biomass raw material, in which the supernatant liquid of biomass solution obtained by biomass solubilization is supplied to hydrogen production section by photosynthetic bacteria, and the precipitate section for supplying the biomass solution to the methane fermentation section. The photo synthetic bacteria generated in hydrogen production section are supplied to the methane fermentation section as methane fermented raw material. Hydrogen sulfide produced in the methane fermentation section is supplied to the hydrogen production section by photosynthetic bacterium. The energy recovery section contains electric power generation portion for generating methane or hydrogen in the methane fermentation section or hydrogen production section. The system contains culture tank that is partitioned into several regions and culture section, monitoring portion for monitoring the culturing of phytoplankton provided in culture section, monitoring section for measuring the fluorescent luminous intensity of chlorophyll in living organism by phytoplankton as a sample and calculating fluorescence quantum yield. The culture solution is substituted by a raw material when phytoplankton is less than target level in culture section. The culture section is a continuous culture section for carrying out continuous culturing of phytoplankton.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The first plant life comprises a Sargassum weed. The first returnable portion comprises several seeds for Sargassum weed. The first returnable portion comprises several buds for Sargassum weed. The first plant life comprises a floating weed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves blending the biofuel component into a bio-diesel liquid; and blending biofuel component residual into a cattle fodder. In the process (P1), the first missing nutrient in a form that remains available to the first plant life, comprises iron in the form of a chelate, a soluble phosphate and nitrate where the nitrate is added through an introduction of an algae (preferably Trichodesmium) that fixes nitrogen. The processing step produces a biofuel component residual. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidized species are selenate VI and selenite IV. The selected heavy metals are mercury, vanadium, titanium, chromium or selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic acid conditioning agent is acetic acid, adipic acid, formic acid and dibasic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The separation involves distillation, and further involves at least one of pervaporation, gas-stripping, adsorption, and liquid-liquid extraction. In process (p2), the reaction is performed at -20-300degrees C, and at a pressure of 0.1-10 MPa. The process (p2) further involves isolating the at least one isoalkane from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered isoalkane. The process (p3) further involves isolating the at least one 10-13C substituted aromatic compound from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered 10-13C substituted aromatic compound. The process (p4) further involves isolating the at least one butyl alkyl ether from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered butyl alkyl ether. The process (p5) further involves isolating the at least one isooctene from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered isooctene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system comprises several conduit loops connecting the collection points. The system has collection points for the collection of 1000-50000 tons per day of biomass. The system is adapted for collection of at least 1000 tons of biomass per day per loop; and is adapted for collecting in excess of 50000 tons per day of biomass. The system has 7-100 collection points. In the system, water or slurry streams carried from two collection points are combined and transported to the refining plant, and water removed from the slurry at the refining plant is split for recirculation. The amount of water in the system is relatively constant. The system maintains the solids to liquids ratio in the slurry less than or equal to 15 wt.%. The system further comprises apparatus for removing water from the slurry. The apparatus for removing slurry water is a cane press, extruder, centrifuge, screen, filter and/or screw presses. Preferred Method: The method further involves pretreating the slurry of biomass and water in the network to a pH favorable for a later disintegration of lignin and cellulose bonds at the refining plant; joining streams of slurry transported from at least two of the collection points into a single slurry stream directed to the refining plant and splitting the water removed from the slurry coming from the refining plant for recirculation. The biomass is reduced in size and the slurry is pH-adjusted for introduction into the cooking phase. The method further involves removing water to maintain a relatively constant amount of water circulating in the system. In the method, several conduit loops connecting the collection points to the refining plant, where each of the loops can be operated independently, and several loops are matched to the refining plant production capability. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The method includes controlling the reactor to cause the output from the fermentation reactor to contain ethanol-laden ethanol miscible liquid from layer free of other components, collecting residual product containing ethanol miscible liquid from heating step, supplying ethanol miscible liquid to pretreatment and/or fermentation step, cooling comminuted biomass prior to fermentation, and dewatering ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The fermentation reactor causes the ethanol to mix with water in comminuted biomass. The apparatus includes unit for separating ethanol from water, reservoir to collect the residual liquid and maintain an elevated temperature in the liquid, conduit for supplying warm ethanol miscible liquid to reactor, second conduit for supplying warm ethanol miscible liquid to the pretreatment receiver, and unit to direct the ethanol miscible liquid from the reservoir into the conduit(s). The unit for separating ethanol from water comprises molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ethanol-miscible liquid is vegetable oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture gas comprises oxygen and methane gas. The nitrogen-based component comprises nitrate-nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning agents can be e.g. hydrogen peroxide, ozone, hypochlorite ions or chlorate ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas-contact-portion of the surface of the electrode adheres and supports the titanium oxide. A light source is positioned in a necessary portion of the apparatus and irradiates light to the titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The dry-type stirring continuous type methane gas fermentation apparatus further has a warm water pipe to warm under floor of methane fermentation pre-processing yard, methane book fermenter and compost curing yard to 20-60degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The moisture content of organic waste is transpired with fermentation heat and reduced from 80% to 55%. Polysaccharide, protein, fat and fiber in the organic waste are decomposed and pH is adjusted to 5-7 in aerobic fermentation process. The methane fermentation production microbe solution is dispersed and moisture content of organic waste is adjusted to 60% in anaerobic fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas generator is further equipped with hydrogen collection portion which collects hydrogen from mixed gas generated in hydrogen fermentation portion and methane collection portion which collects methane from mixed gas generated in methane fermentation portion. Preferred Process: The generation of biogas includes another step of collecting hydrogen from mixed gas removed in the hydrogen fermentation portion and collecting methane from mixed gas removed in the methane fermentation portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen generator further comprises neutralizing agent addition apparatus for neutralizing the oxidizing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxidizing agent is hypochlorous acid or chlorine dioxide added to the disinfection is neutralized and hydrogen generation is carried out. Preferred Component: The oxidizing agent is hypochlorous acid and chlorine dioxide in concentration of 10-200 ppm and 1-5 ppm, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The process is performed by cooking using citric acid and/or malic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Water, carbon dioxide, siloxane, hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan are adsorbed in atmospheric pressure vicinity, and methane and coexisting gas are removed at reduced vacuum pressure condition. A tower filled with relative high pressure adsorption agent after completion of adsorption process and other tower filled with relative low pressure adsorption agent after completion of desorption process are connected. Methane remained in one tower after adsorption is transferred to other tower after desorption, and methane recovery is improved. The methane recovery is further improved by purging methane by supplying gas having carbon dioxide to adsorption tower, and refluxing purge gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The residue, and aqueous solution except organic acid and oil are carbonized, dried and recovered as carbonized material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The plate-shaped nonwoven fabric is continuously arranged and inclines with respect to circulation direction of the methane fermentation raw material. The nonwoven fabric is set to outer diameter shape such that the outer peripheral portion contacts the inner surface of the fermenter. The flow hole (22) of the methane fermentation raw material is provided in the continuous portion of the nonwoven fabric, while varying the inclination direction of the nonwoven fabric. Alternately, the plate-shaped nonwoven fabric is arranged in parallel with respect to circulation direction of the methane fermentation raw material, preferably radially arranged from center portion of vertical axis of the fermenter towards the peripheral portion. Water, pressurization floatation material generated in wastewater treatment or surplus sludge is used as dilution medium of seafood processing waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The cleaning solution is intermittently supplied such that ratio of flow rate of the hydrogen sulfide containing gas with respect to flow rate of the cleaning solution is 10 or more, residence time of hydrogen sulfide containing gas with filler laminated portion is 3 minutes or more, and ratio of supply time of cleaning solution with respect to supply-stoppage time of the cleaning solution is 1 or more. Preferred Gas: The hydrogen sulfide containing gas is gas which contains hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans or alkyl sulfide. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas is 5000 ppm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sludge volume reducing agents are bacteriolysis agents made of alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and ozone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves addition of calcium carbonate to the neutralization tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Property: The hole diameter of the filter is 0.01-5 microns. Preferred Conditions: The solute component concentration in the reaction liquid is kept constant by controlling the partial discharge amount of the circulating reaction liquid. The microorganism-cell concentration in the reaction portion is 10-80% (w/w). Preferred Arrangement: A culture tank for maintaining the hydrogen generative capacity of microorganism cell or re-activation is provided in the circulation portion. Preferred Raw Material: The organic raw material supplied to the reaction portion is a solution containing formic acid in a concentration of 0.5-24 mol/l.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: A portion of modification catalyst filled in the inner region modified layer and outer region modified layer is ruthenium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The vaporizer is a boiler using hydrocarbon or aliphatic alcohol as fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: Sludge supply unit has slurrying unit which slurry granule sludge before heat processing and heat processing unit which heat-processes granule sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide and hydrogen are circulated in a catalyst packed column and irradiated with microwave. The methanol is reacted with vegetable oil and fat or higher fatty acid, to obtain higher-fatty-acid methyl ester. Preferred Material: The raw material of ethanol fermentation process is plant-type biomass. Preferred Gas: The hydrogen is hydrogen gas obtained from biomass ethanol, combustion gas of biomass and carbonized material of biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The mixed fine particles further contains liquids that add moisture content. The livestock excrement is cattle feces, pig feces or hen droppings. Preferred Processes: The formaldehyde decomposition agent is obtained by adding mixed fine particles, agar absorb and water absorption gelatinizer and/or gelatin. The formaldehyde decomposition agent is used by filling decomposition agent in a container containing gas having generation source of formaldehyde and formaldehyde, and absorbing the component that contacts formaldehyde by spray-on method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method preferably involves dissolving hot-spring gas or hot-spring water containing hydrogen sulfide, in water, to produce hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution, supplying air to hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution, inoculating Microbacterium saperdae SIID440-1 (FERM P-17974), Sphingomonas sp. SIID440-2 (FERM P-17975), M.esteraromaticum SIID440-3 (FERM P-179760) or Bacillus cereus SIID440-4(FERM P-17977) capable of utilizing waste oil, fats and oil, to the hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution, and culturing the inoculated microorganisms, where the air is supplied while inoculating the microorganisms. Temperature of hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution during supply of air is higher than that of hydrogen solution aqueous solution of previous process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lower alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active ingredient of dimethyl-ether decomposition catalyst is selected from a group comprising metals such as copper, zinc, nickel, ruthenium, palladium, platinum and rhodium. The active ingredient of methane steam reforming catalyst is selected from metals like nickel, ruthenium, palladium, platinum and rhodium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The carbon monoxide (CO) removal catalyst has methanol durable catalyst part; CO selective-oxidation catalyst part; and methanation catalyst part which carries out methanation of methanol durable catalyst part, CO selective-oxidation catalyst part, and CO. Preferred Materials: The methanol durable CO removal catalyst is a catalyst having ruthenium (Ru). The CO selective-oxidation catalyst part has catalyst comprised of platinum. The methanation catalyst part has catalyst comprised of Ru. Preferred Properties: A support which carries Ru has pore volume distribution with diameter peak of a pore of greater than or equal to 2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell system has moisture content removal part which removes remainder moisture content between the DME reformer and the fuel cell; and temperature measurement part which measures a temperature distribution of the DME reformer, or CO measurement part which measures CO concentration at an exit of the DME reformer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The support is comprised of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biological dephosphorization process is aerobic process carried out in sedimentation basin (2), anaerobic tank, aerobic tank and final sedimentation tank (7), and anaerobic process carried out in initial sedimentation basin (2), anaerobic tank, anaerobic tank (5), aerobic tank and final sedimentation tank. The surplus sludge is activated sludge contained in aerobic tank or activated sludge obtained after sedimentation in final sedimentation tank. The discharge of phosphorus from surplus sludge is carried out in phosphorus discharge tank. The surplus sludge is stirred, such that oxidation reduction potential (using silver/silver-silver chloride electrode as reference) of slurry water in phosphorus discharge tank ranges between -400 mV to -350 mV, and the discharge of phosphoric acid steel phosphorus is promoted. The sludge of sedimentation basin and/or sludge of anaerobic tank is added to surplus sludge. The steel slag filled in fluid bed is blast furnace slag produced as byproduct during manufacture of steel and/or converter slag. A calcium ion source is further injected into fluid bed filled with steel slag. Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4N) of sewage is biologically oxidized in aerobic tank, and the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen is 0.1-0.5 mg/l. Preferred Acid: The organic acid is acetic acid or sodium acetate. Preferred Composition: The additional amount of organic acid is 4 mass times or more with respect to mass of phosphoric acid state phosphorus discharged from surplus sludge. The calcium ion source is calcium chloride. The amount of calcium ion injected into fluid bed is set such that the mass ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 2.2-2.5. Preferred Properties: The pH of slurry water in phosphorus discharge tank is 7.5-9. The steel slag has size of 100-300 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The additional amount of whiskey initial fraction is 600-1500 ppm with respect to inflow of wastewater per one day. The concentration of ammonia in wastewater is 300 ppm or more. Preferred Method: The activated sludge produced after denitrification is returned to nitrification process. The whiskey initial fraction in an amount of 50 ppm or less is added with respect to concentration of chemical oxygen demand component in treated water produced after wastewater treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of rhodium supported with respect to alumina support, is 0.5-3 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The alumina support is gamma-alumina or silica alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrazine aqueous solution is obtained using 60 wt.% or less of hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The pressure and temperature are set such that the generated II-type gas hard(ware) rate is equipped with fluidity with the organic compound added excessively. Preferred Compound: The organic compound is chosen from organic halogen compound containing cyclic, linear or side-chain hydrocarbon, alcohol, ketone, ether, aromatic hydrocarbon, carbon tetrachloride and/or oxygen-containing cyclic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nutrient substance is organic acid, such as acetic acid or its salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Reformer: The water supply unit has reservoir tank (1), which stores water, and water pump (2), which pumps water in reservoir tank. The alcohol-containing fuel supply unit has a fuel tank (3) in which alcohol-containing fuel is stored, and a fuel feed pump (4) for pumping alcohol-containing fuel in fuel tank. The fuel producing unit has a mixing tank (5) for mixing water supplied from water supply unit, and alcohol-containing fuel, and separating mixed fluid and hydrocarbon-type fuel. The fuel isolation unit has a unit for isolating hydrocarbon-type fuel from upper portion (5a) of mixing tank and mixed fluid from mixing tank lower portion (5b). The modification unit modifies the mixed fluid with steam modification method. Preferred Property: The ratio of water supplied to fuel producing unit and alcohol-containing fuel, which contains bioethanol, is 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of PVA to PVAm is 1:1-1:10. The support is polysulfone. The membrane has been exposed to water vapor. The support structure is flat sheet or hollow fiber membrane. The membrane is crosslinked. Preferred Properties: The support has molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of greater than or equal to 50000, preferably 10000-100000. The polyvinyl amine has molecular weight of 10000-300000.The membrane has thickness of less than 20 mu m. Preferred Methods: The method includes swelling the membrane by exposing it to water vapor. The crosslinking reaction is carried out using heat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in apparatus comprising a unit for anaerobic digestion of biomass, a solid-liquid separator, a dryer for drying the solid, a thermal gasifier, a synthesis gas scrubber, a power station and a final storage container. The liquid in the scrubber also seerves to cool the hot synthesis gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Production of methane by the fermentation of human sewage in large stainless steel tanks, with cost-effective operation and tank-filling (even in winter) if the tanks are located on south-facing slopes. The methane obtained can also be liquefied cost-effectively by using solar power or wind power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The precipitating agent is calcium aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metals exist in nanomolecular form. The elementary metals contain trace elements such as nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and/or selenium. The elementary metal is iron (preferred), tin, manganese, aluminum and/or zinc. The elementary metal is enclosed in a biodegradable packaging. Preferred Process: The biological methane production process is stabilized by desulfurization. The desulfurization takes place in a biomass. The elementary metal provides pH-value-stabilization. The elementary metal is added in the form of granular material with a porosity of 30-80%, preferably greater than 60. The raw material for the biological methane production is preferably obtained from vegetable raw materials. The elementary metal is added under the exclusion of oxygen. In the process stabilization, a measurement of pH-value, buffer capacity and/or the hydrogen content is carried out and the amount of metal or the mixture of two or more basic metals to be added as a function of pH, buffer capacity and/or the hydrogen content is determined, between the first and the second step. The sulfur content of the biomass and the quantity of metal to be added depending on the sulfur content are determined, before or after the first step. The biomass is deficient in sulfur. The filler device is arranged such that the addition of elementary metal and/or methanogen mixed culture is carried out in the presence of oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The device comprises a probe for pH-value-measurement and/or for the determination of hydrogen content, and/or an opening for sample collection. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: The volume ratio of the distensible culture fluid of the materials is 10-15:5-10:10-20:1-30:5-15:10-20. The method comprises Abnormal coccus (CGMCC 1.633) in mixed strains, and volume ratio of the distensible culture fluid of Abnormal coccus (CGMCC 1.633) and Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (CGMCC 1.11768) is 1:1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The raw material comprises high sugar plant or herb oil producing crop. The high sugar plant comprises sweet potato, tapioca, or Jerusalem artichoke, including canola plant or castor-oil plant. Preferred Compositions: The culture medium comprises 2-3.5% starch, 1-2% yeast powder, 4-8% corn slurry, 0.1-0.5% calcium carbonate, 0.01-0.02% zinc ions, 0.01-0.03% magnesium ions, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkali used for catalyzing is selected from one of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The neutralizing acid is liquid acid or solid acid, where the solid acid is solid protonic acid or solid Lewis acid such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silica-alumina gel, molecular sieve, and active floridin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: When pressure-reduced distilling is carried out, the temperature is controlled at 180-270degrees C and the negative pressure is controlled at 0.098 MPa/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base oil contains churning oil of rapeseed oil, bean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, camellia oil, coconut oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil and mixed oil of waste oil esters of plants and animals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive comprises benzaldehyde as solution. The additive comprises barium sulfonate as antiwear agent, and benzotriazole as anti corrosion agent. The fuel comprises 65-72 (preferably 71.1) wt.% dimethoxymethane, 15-31 (preferably 23.7) wt.% benzaldehyde, 3-6 (preferably 4.7) wt.% barium sulfonate, and 0.2-0.7 (preferably 0.5) wt.% benzotriazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Cane sugar at 3 wt.% and urea at 0.5% are added in oil material such as rapeseed to prepare the culture medium. The oil enzyme is carried out by first stage inoculation, second stage inoculation, and third stage inoculation to cultivate the strain, and the nutrient of the culture medium is reduced in sequence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The Rhodeopseudomonas palustris is used for the elimination of the nitrite nitrogen in aquiculture water. Preferred Method: The bioassay method includes using an estimate system 1 by adding nitrite nitrogen in the culture medium, adding the test needed animalcule in the concentration of 106 cfu/ml, anaerobic lighting culture, and testing the remnant nitrite nitrogen content in the culture medium every 4-6 hours, and continuously testing for 3-4 times, where the data is used to estimate the different strain or the difference of the eliminate nitrite nitrogen function with different dealing method; and using an estimate system 2 by collecting the pond water with nitrite nitrogen and the mud of this pond, mixing with 200-400 mud to 1 L water and defecating in the next day, adding sodium acetate in a concentration of 2 g/l, then inoculating according to the inoculation in the estimate system 1, lighting or keeping the natural light at the room temperature, and testing the content of the nitrite once in 4-6 hours to compare the difference of the eliminate nitrite nitrogen function.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The sugar solution is from pretreating the amylum raw material. Preferred Method: The pretreating comprises liquidizing the amylum raw material and saccharifying the amylum raw material. The method further comprises recovering the self-flocculating S. cerevisiae FLO from the fermentation broth. The ferment condition comprises temperature of 32plus minus 3degrees C and pH value of 4.0plus minus 0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves injecting an injection fluid to provide conditions suitable for anaerobic biological degradation of the hydrocarbon by indigenous microorganisms, where the injection fluid comprises macronutrients, vitamins, trace elements and buffers. The indigenous microorganisms are methanogens. The method further involves disposing exogenous microorganisms within the formation, where the subsurface formation comprises oil shale or coal. The heating process is performed by thermal conductive heating. The coal gasification has been applied to the subsurface formation. The well network exists within the subsurface formation and further involves collecting biogenic methane from the formation. The piping system is in communication with the formation and the surface and method further involves collecting biogenic methane from the formation. The biogenic origin of methane is established through the use of isotopic analysis of the produced gas or formation water or both. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The biofuel production system further comprises crusher for separating juices from the portions of the plants, biofuel processing device for processing the separated juices into biofuel, fermentation device (130) for producing fermented juice from the separated juice, distillation device (140) for refining fermented juice into biofuel, heat return system for processing bagasse produced by harvester to produce heat and for delivering the heat to an area near biological material production device, power generator for converting heat to power, and power return system for returning power produced by power generator to biofuel production system. The first position is associated with immature plant, and the second position is associated with mature plant. The plant advancer further comprises controller for moving the plants continually from first position to second position as the plants mature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plants include sweet sorghum or C4 grass plants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aggregated-from component is rolled within a container, and the surface of aggregated-form component is pressurized and molded smoothly during surface formation process. Hot air is applied to the aggregated-form component or the aggregated-form component is roll-heated during the heat-processing. The moisture-content adjustment process is carried out for adjusting moisture content of sewage sludge or livestock dung to 60-80%, before aggregated-form component formation process. Preferred Condition: The heat-processing temperature of the husk formation process is 443-513 K.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The wood preservative contains copper, boron, iron, and/or chrome.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The wood preservative contains 20-80 wt.% fatty acids, 20-80 wt.% resin acids, and 0.1-4 wt.% neutral components. It contains 2 wt.% remaining neutral components. Preferred Component: The neutral component is removed by extracting in connection with manufacturing chemical pulp, or by distilling. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The producing step involves producing pelletized organic fertilizer over a period of 2-18 (preferably 12) months; utilizing redirected waste heat from the power station in composting organic materials over a period of 2-18 months; and pelletizing the composted organic material into pelletized organic fertilizer. The producing step further involves utilizing redirected waste heat in drying the composted organic material before the pelletizing step; utilizing redirected waste heat in storing the pelletized organic fertilizer; or utilizing redirected waste heat in drying biomass prior to combustion during the combusting step; incorporating inorganic additives into the pelletized organic fertilizer; and producing a pelletized organic fertilizer comprising organic material (25-100, preferably 60-90%) and the balance made up of inorganic additives. The same material(preferably waste biomass from cereal crops, especially micronised wheat straw) is used as a fuel source for the power station and as a feed source component for producing pelletized organic fertilizer in the facility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Material (I) with an X-ray diffraction spectrum showing a base reflection in the range 2 theta = 8-12 degrees , and with an orthorhombic one-dimensional channel structure, preferably in the form of powder with a specific surface of at least 1000 m 2/g as determined by nitrogen absorption at 77 K (Langmuir method). Preferred Method: Suitable Al compounds are hydrates of Al salts. The reaction is carried out at 100-200 degrees C and 1-16 bar, with a mol ratio of Al to fumaric acid (or salt)= (0.3:1)-(1.7:1). EXAMPLE - A mixture of 17.91 g aluminum chloride hexahydrate, 9.04 g fumaric acid and 550 ml DMF was refluxed for 17 hours at 130 degrees C and then worked up by filtration (less than 30 seconds) followed by washing with 3 x 100 ml acetone and 2 x 100 ml methanol and then drying for 16 hours at 100 degrees C under vacuum. This gave 11.4 g white material with a nitrogen surface (Langmuir) of 1155 m 2/g. The product showed good selectivity for the absorption of carbon dioxide compared with methane and carbon monoxide, as shown by isotherms for the pure gases measured at 42 degrees C; hydrogen isotherms at 77 K showed increasing capacity or absorption as a function of relative or absolute pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The surface to be coated by physical deposition process is cleaned by ion-gun in oxygen atmosphere and argon atmosphere before deposition. The substrate is supported by a rigid heat sink conforming to the shape of substrate during thermal spraying of one surface. The physical deposition process is carried out after thermal spraying process. The physical deposition process includes electron beam vapor deposition or plasma sputtering of noble metal composition. A substrate is pre-formed with longitudinal folds spaced a predetermined distance apart corresponding to predetermined apexes (A1-A4) of micro channels having predetermined depth, and either sides of substrate are then assigned with catalyst composition, to form micro channel catalytic device. The substrate is squeezed laterally, to form micro channels. The pre-forming of substrate with longitudinal folds involves stamping the folds into a sheet material. During thermal spraying, the pre-formed substrate is supported in contact with rigid heat sink having an upper surface with a shape corresponding to the supported side of pre-folded substrate. The apexes of the folds on each side of the substrate are brazed to a plate to form enclosed channels defined by apexes of the folds. One surface of substrate is grit-blasted before thermal spraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The wastewater is treated using synthetic growth media, zeolitic material and cultured bacterial agent in a perforated cylindrical vessel. The wastewater is treated using aerobic, anoxic, anaerobic, and/or quiescence processes to remove pollutant from wastewater at 4degrees C or more. The treatment process further involves mixing zeolitic material with alumina, silica, hydroxide, hydroxide precursors, and calcium oxide with silica to alumina ratio of 2.5 or more. Preferred Unit: The container has a mixer, sparger or aeration device. Preferred Media: The synthetic growth media is chosen from bio media, Kaldnes media, Parkson geo-reactor media. Preferred Compound: The natural zeolitic material is chosen from clinoptilolite, mordenite, chabazite and/or phillipsite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Formulations: The formulation (F1), (F3) and (F4) further comprises turpentine (1-20 vol.%). In formulation (F3) and (F4), glycerin has not been removed from the vegetable oil. The formulations (F3) and (F4) further comprise fuel stabilizer (0.001-5), and cetane boost additive (0.01-5). Preferred Components: The cetane boost additive comprises octylnitrate. The vegetable oil is a non-edible plant oil. The vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil, or peanut oil. The surfactant comprises toluene. EXAMPLE - A vegetable oil-based fuel formulation was prepared by mixing vegetable oil (500 ml), kerosene (250 ml), turpentine (250 ml), Diesel KLEAN (RTM: fuel stabilizer) (5 ml) and cetane boost additive (10 ml).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred System: The system further comprises a second vessel for producing syngas; and a transport for transporting the syngas to the vessel, where the syngas serves as the source of CO. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The aerobic tank is determined by the contribution of nitrification reaction of each division and controlled by the measured value of ORP silver chloride standard. The amount of aeration is determined with the ascertained value and the relationship of the degree of advancement of nitrification reaction. About 2-5 division of ORP value of most downstream division of the aerobic tan is controlled in the range of 80mV or more and 100 mV and organic acid is added by to make ORP into a parameter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hydrothermal hydrolysis of ligocellulose has hydrothermal hydrolysis temperature of 120-250degrees C. The quick-cooling velocity is temperature-fall velocity. The hydrothermal hydrolysis of ligocellulose has temperature-fall velocity of 0.005degrees C/second or more. Preferred Process: The hydrolysis reaction is performed by suspending hot water in reaction, pulverizing a processed material of biomass containing mixture of ligocellulose, water and slurry, heating and quick cooling. The quick cooling is performed by rapid decompression or mixing cold water. Preferred Method: The reaction liquid after performing quick-cooling is enzyme-treated and unreacted ligocellulose is converted into glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are compound effective microorganisms group cultivated as microorganisms based on soil microbe adhered to the area.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Processes: The ion aqueous solution of matrix metal which generates a precipitate of metal hydroxide underwater and hazardous substance is collected with the aqueous inorganic polymer liquid and incinerated ash discharged from the incinerator. The solution of non water-soluble ketone which dissolves dialkyl phosphoric acid is added as an organic phase. The heavy metal separation process extract-separates the metal ion in the incinerated ash or hazardous substance to the organic phase. The hot combustion exhaust gas is supplied and rapidly cooled in double tubular shape cylinder having dome shaped inner cylinder with the head occluded into the outer cylinder provided in the rear-end portion of the duct which discharges the combustion exhaust gas. The hot combustion exhaust gas is introduced from outer cylinder having closed exit to inner cylinder through gas-flow-in openings provided in the wall surface of the inner cylinder. The aqueous inorganic polymer liquid is atomized from the nozzle provided at the outer cylinder into the high-speed turbulent flow produced by the disturbance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The water content material includes sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst at the cathode side is iron, nickel, cobalt or silver. The catalyst at the anode side is cobalt, nickel or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alcohol: The material containing alcohol includes methanol, ethanol or propanol. Preferred Material: The anion exchange membrane material contains anion exchanger in which anion exchange group is introduced to styrene/divinyl benzene copolymer, as base material. The anion exchange group is quaternary ammonium group or pyridinium group such as -CH2-N(CH3)3OH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is Pseudozyma, preferably Pseudozyma parantarctica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves initiating the cultivation in the culture medium containing oil and fat (2-30 mass%), and supplying oil and fat and/or other nutrient to the culture medium after 5-7 days of initial culturing. Preferred Medium: The ammonium nitrate is used as nitrogen source. The culture medium contains yeast extract (in g/l) (0.1-2), sodium nitrate (0.1-1), monobasic potassium phosphate (0.1-2), magnesium sulfate (0.1-1), and vegetable oil and fat (20-300). Preferred Amount: The culture medium contains an initial concentration of fat and oil of 2-30 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorption agent includes any one of zeolite, activated carbon and molecular sieve carbon.
Preferred Definitions:    b=0.2-0.35;and    a+b+c+d=5.3-5.45.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Refrigerant: The binary blend has a molar a composition of the R1270 (propene) (50-80, preferably 75%) and R161 (fluoroethane) (20-50, preferably 25%); R717 (ammonia) (30-60, preferably 55%) and R170 (ethane) (40-70, preferably 45%); or R744 (carbon dioxide) (20-60, preferably 50%) and R41 (fluoromethane) (40-80, preferably 50%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Stage (b) involves heating the solution at 60-100 degree C and stage (d) involves distillation of (b2) to give regenerated low-acid solution and also liberate the acid gases. Stage (a) is carried out in a column, with fraction (b1) being introduced at the top of the column or between the top and the bottom, while regenerated (b2) is introduced at the top of the column. Stage (c) involves decantation, centrifugation or filtration, and stages (b) and (c) may be carried out in a membrane contactor. The absorbent solution contains a reactive compound selected from amines, alkanolamines, polyamines, amino-acids and their alkali salts, amides, ureas, and phosphates, carbonates or borates of alkali metals. Other possible components include (i) salts favouring the formation of two separable phases when the solution has absorbed a quantity of acid and is heated, and (ii) compounds selected from amines, alcohols, ketones, vinyl alcohols, vinylketones, ether-alcohols, ether-ketones, glycols, polyethylene glycols or polypropylene glycols and their copolymers, glycol ethers, thioglycols, thioalcohols, sulfones, sulfoxides, N-alkyl-pyrrolidones, N-alkyl-piperidones, cyclotetramethylenesulfones, N-alkylformamides, N-alkyl-acetamides, alkyl phosphates, alkylene carbonates and dialkyl carbonates. Preferred Effluents: Natural gas, synthesis gas, fumes from combustion processes, refinery gases, gas from the Claus process or gas from the fermentation of biomass. EXAMPLE - A solvent comprising 75 wt% N,N,N~,N~-tetramethylbutane-1,3-diamine and 25 wt% water was treated at 25degrees C and atmospheric pressure (in a liquid-gas contactor) with a nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixture containing 10 vol% CO2, until the system reached equilibrium. On heating to 60degrees C, the solvent separated into two liquid phases, with the absorbed CO2 concentrated in the lower (more dense) phase which accounted for 10% of the total weight of solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The biomass is first comminuted, diluted with liquid and digested with cellulase. Aerobic fermentation is started at 30degrees C and continued at 37degrees C. The solid residue from aerobic fermentation is compressed or pelletized and pyrolyzed in a gasification unit together with solids separated from the process water. Anaerobic fermentation is effected at 37-38degrees C with addition of a nutrient solution, or is started at 37degrees C and heated to50-57degrees C in the course of 1-2 weeks. The process water is used to dilute the biomass. The methane content of the biogas can be increased by hyperthermophilic methagonesis in a gas reformer reaction using microorganism capable of growing in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The carbon dioxide from aerobic fermentation is treated to remove oxygen and passed to the gas reformer reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The heterotrophic sulfur dioxide culture medium is made by mixing 8.0 g Na2S2O3.5H2O, 3.0 g beef extract, 15.0 g peptone, 3.0 g yeast water, 2.0 g Na2HPO4.12H2O, 3.0 g NaCl and 1000 mL H2O evenly to achieve mixture; putting agar powder into the mixture (15-20 g agar powder/1L mixture); adjusting pH value of mixture through 2N NaOH to 7; and sterilizing under 121degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the concentration of arsenic is 0.7-200 mg/l, the biologic reactor is a first level biologic reactor, the reaction time is 5-30 minutes, and the sedimentation basin is a first level sedimentation basin. Alternatively, the concentration of arsenic is 201-6140 mg/l, the biologic reactor is a first and a second level biologic reactor; and the reaction time of every level is 5-30 minutes and the sedimentation basin is a first and a second level sedimentation basin. The method comprises withdrawing the deposited sludge and filtered, adding vitriol and dissolving after heating, cooling off, crystallizing and then placing in water bath to get the product of arsenic (III) oxide, and the solvent can be taken as the raw material of recycling zinc, copper, and nickel, and obtaining the residue sludge. The concentration of the vitriol is 80-98% and the volume ratio of vitriol and sludge is 5-7:1, and the method comprises heating for 2-3 hours under 170-190degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Concentration: Cell concentration of mixed flora MY9 CGMCC No.1893 thalli containing methylosinus trichosporium suspend on the culture fluid is 15-30 (preferably 22) g cell dry weight/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Gas volume ratio between propylene and methane in the mixed gas of propylene and methane is 1:0.5-1.5, preferably 1:1. The concentration of the phenolic organics is 400-600 mg/L. Preferred Material: The phenolic organics is phenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pH is adjusted to 2-5 and the temperature is adjusted to 50-90degrees C. The leaching is performed for 10-90 hours. The mixture of organic material and liquid is agitated during the predetermined period, and allowed to stand for 1-10 hours before separation of the liquid from the solids. The liquor extracted from the extraction process provides liquid to be added in the subsequent extraction process. Preferred Composition: The organic material has particle size of less than 10 mm, preferably less than 2 mm. The compost has organic material concentration of more than 50%. The pH is adjusted to naturally occurring acid such as citric acid. The liquor contains 3-18% of humate and the concentration of humate in the liquor is controlled by varying the number of extractions and/or length of predetermined period. EXAMPLE - Mixture of water and compost was heated to 75degrees C and pH was adjusted to 3-3.3 by addition of citric acid. The mixture was aged at 75degrees C for 24 hours and mixed for 24 hours. The mixture was settled and liquor was separated from the solids. The liquor (1500 l) was introduced into another vessel and compost material (500 l) was added. Water (2000 l) was further added and the mixture was heated to 75degrees C. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 3-3.3 by adding citric acid and the mixture was aged at 75degrees C for 24 hours. The mixture was settled and the liquor was separated. The produced liquor had humic acid concentration of 3-18 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carrier of oxygen is hydrogen peroxide, preferably in liquid form, or air. The methanol is dissolved in water and has a concentration of 5-95 (preferably 40-70) wt.%. The hydrogen peroxide is dissolved in water and has a concentration of 3-10 wt.%. The reaction generates carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide is stored. The catalyst on the side of the anode comprises 5-20 wt.% Te.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst on the side of the cathode comprises anthraquinone or quinone, and is embedded in phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The glycerol phase from S2 is thermally separated into crude glycerol and (m)ethanol, and (I) from S2 is recycled to stage 1. The aqueous phase from S1 and the heavy phases from stages 1 to n-1 are mixed at 40-60degrees C and pH 0.5-6 for 15-60 minutes and the mixture is cooled to 25-35degrees C. The crude (I) is washed with a 1-5% hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric or citric acid solution in an intensive mixer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst comprises two metals of nickel, chromium, molybdenum and/or tungsten. The catalyst is a zeolitic and amorphous catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier comprises a hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): The raw amylolytic enzyme I or II is derived from Eisenia fetida. Preferred Enzyme: The raw amylolytic enzyme comprises molecular weight of 60 kDa based on electrophoresis and is electrophoretically pure. The raw amylolytic enzyme is alpha -amylase of endo-type. The raw amylolytic enzyme comprises optimal active temperature of 50degrees C and optimal active pH of 5.5. The amylase activity of the raw amylolytic enzyme I at 4degrees C is 37% of amylase activity at 37degrees C. The amylase activity of the raw amylolytic enzyme II at 4degrees C is 21% of amylase activity at 37degrees C. The pH stability of the raw amylolytic enzyme I is 7-9. The pH stability of the raw amylolytic enzyme II is 7-8. The heat stability of the raw amylolytic enzyme I is at 10-60degrees C. The heat stability of the raw amylolytic enzyme II is at 10-50degrees C. Preferred Method: The starch is a raw starch or aged starch.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The modification catalyst is a hydrogen-modification catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is aluminum (alloy) or a hydrogen-embrittlement resistance metal material. Preferred Layer: A metal layer of aluminum (alloy) is formed in the surface of the groove, before the catalyst-supporting layer is formed by anodization.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content ratio of magnesium in subcrystal structure is larger than the content ratio of magnesium in main crystal structure, by 1.5 times or more. The hydrogen absorbing alloy is of formula: Ln1-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb, where Ln is rare earth element containing yttrium, M is vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, gallium, zinc, tin, indium, copper, silicon, phosphorus, boron, zirconium or titanium, x is 0.05-0.3, y is 2.8-3.9, a is 0.05-0.25 and b is 0-0.5. A cathode (2) comprising the hydrogen absorbing alloy, an anode (1) and an alkali electrolyte liquid are combined to obtain an alkaline storage battery. Preferred Structure: The main crystal structure is a structure where calcium-copper complex (CaCu5) specifications element and Laves-type complex (AD2, where A is rare earth element or magnesium and D is nickel or aluminum) lattice are regularly arranged, or is a structure similar to cerium-nickel complex (Ce2Ni7)-type structure. The subcrystal structure is face-centered-cubic lattice structure. The subcrystal structure is formed in a direction, which intersects c-axial direction of main crystal structure by width of 1-50 nm at strip shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amount reduction process of monoglyceride is carried out at 150-300degreesC. The amount reduction process of monoglyceride is carried out in presence of catalyst. Preferred Composition: The amount reduction process of monoglyceride is 1-30 with respect to number of moles of oil and fat supplied. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method recycles the reaction liquid that remained after alcoholysis process during amount reduction process of monoglyceride. EXAMPLE - Manganese-titanium oxide (MnTiO3) (in g) (2.5), methanol (20), and purified palm oil (60) having saponification value of 198, were made to react at 200degreesC for 24 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. After completion of reaction, methanol was distilled and separated into phase. The upper fatty-acid methyl ester phases were recovered. The recovered fatty-acid methyl ester phases (30.1) and purified palm oil (29.9), were stirred at 250degreesC for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain fatty-acid methyl ester phases. The result showed that fatty-acid methyl ester was not reduced but monoglyceride was reduced efficiently.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The animal oil is fish oil, beef tallow, and/or lard, vegetable oil sunflower oil, safflower oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soy bean oil, repeseed oil cottonseed oil, olive oil, camellia oil coconut oil, and/or palm oil. The alcohol is methanol.Preferred Composition: The animal oil and/or vegetable oil contain triglyceride of formula (1), and free fatty acid and/or moisture content. The molar ratio of alcohol with respect to total amount of triglyceride contained in the animal oil and vegetable oil is 3-100. The molar ratio of alcohol with respect to fatty acid is 1-33.R1-R3=6-24C (un)saturated aliphatic group optionally having substituent.Preferred Process: Alcohol of formula: ROH and fatty acid of formula: R4COOH (where R4 is same as R1) are reacted at 150-600degreesC and 2-100 MPa, to obtain fatty acid monoester compound and water. The fatty acid monoester compound and water are separated, and fatty acid monoester fraction is obtained. The fatty acid monoester fraction and anion exchange resin are reacted, to obtain fuel. The anion exchange resin is washed with alcohol, and free fatty acid is eluted. The washing liquid containing the obtained free fatty acid and alcohol is reused during manufacture of fuel.Preferred Property: The acid value of the fuel is 0.5 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprises iron, chromium, nickel or cobalt. The element is a stainless steel 316L cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is orthophosphoric acid, dihydrogenophosphate, monohydrogenophosphate, lactic acid and gluconic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The preheating device is a water bath with holders for fat containers. The containers are moved in a circle relative to the water bath in the form of a carousel. The liquefying device is a melting tank equipped with an inlet screen for separating solids, a heater for melting the fat and a pump for pumping out the melted fat. The cleaning device comprises a prewash unit, a main wash unit, a rinse unit and a drying unit. The prewash unit has its own water circuit comprising a hot water feed, a fat separator, a decanter and a heat exchanger. Waste water from the rinse unit is passed to the main wash unit. The cleaning device can be operated with rain water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is methanol (CH3OH) and/or long chain hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biogas consists of components such as methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor.
ADMINISTRATION - The composite is administered at 50-100 g per 666.67 m2 by any suitable route.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the additive is pig manure and/or bean dregs. EM comprises lactobacillus group, microzyme group, photosynthetic bacteria group, filar bacteria group of zymogen system, or Gram-positive ray fungi group, specifically EC comprises the following microorganism culture preserved in China common microorganism culture preservation management center: Galactococcus lactis (1.2472), Pichia membranefaciens Hansen (2.1039), Candida tropicalis (2.402), Citrobacter braakii phytase (1.1893), Arthrobacter citric (1.1893), Trichosporon bacillus (2.571), Acetobacter aceti (1.93), Bacillus mucilaginosus (1.153), Pseudomonas fluorescence (1.219), Lactobacillus plantarum (1.124), curved Pseudomonas (1.42), Geotrichum candidum (2.361), Aspergillus carbonarius (3.285), Aspergillus niger (3.86), Rhizopus arrhizus (3.2896), Pseudomonas putida (1.593), Candida uticis (2.1005), Azotobacter chroococcum (1.175), brown ball Azotobacter (1.178), Rhizobium leguminosarum (1.168), Sinorhizobium meliloti (1.161), goat's-rue Rhizobium (1.82), Rhizopus chinensis (3.1149), Rhizopus oryzae (3.851), Bacillus megaterium (1.234), or Aspergillus tarbin (3.3161).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The compost is added with microzyme and lactic acid in the fermentation process. Preferred Materials: The raw materials are tobacco stem, swill, dusty yeast with 0.5% and lactic acid or cured tobacco stem, chicken manure, dusty yeast with 0.5% and lactic acid. Preferred Parameters: The putridness index refers to carbon-nitrogen ratio of 00.2 which is greater than ammonium-nitrogen per nitrate-nitrogen ratio and less than or equal to 20. The seed pullulating index is greater than or equal to 50%. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Materials: During fermentation, composite germ seeds of aerobic Actinomyces and aerobic Alcaligenes are used to ferment.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Iron chloride or ferric sulfate is used as catalyst. An alkaline substance (calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, or potassium hydroxide) is used to regulate pH of the formaldehyde sewage. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganism compound mycelium is a ferment germ accelerated corrosion agent and a VT-1000 microorganism germ agent. The ferment germ accelerated corrosion agent is used for the first ferment at 20-40% mixture ratio quantity of the microorganism compound mycelium. The VT-1000 microorganism germ agent is used for the second ferment at 40-60% mixture ratio quantity of the microorganism compound mycelium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic additives are one, two or more than two of lime, fly ash, waste residue of alkali manufacture, zeolite, and bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sludge is an original sludge with 70-83% water ratio after dehydrating and condensing the municipal sewage. The agricultural and sideline products offal is one, two or more than two of straw, bean cake, colza cake, cotton cake, and bone powder. The fertilizer poising agent is one, two or more than two of waste liquor of yeast, lees, waste liquor of sugar manufacture, waste liquor of monosodium glutamate, and granulated sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Agent: The microbial agent contains Bacillus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens, preferably B.megaterium ZL-1010 (CGMCC No. 1724), B.subtilis ZL-1007 (CGMCC No. 1725), B.sphaericus ZL-1008 (CGMCC No. 1726), B.circulans ZL-1009 (CGMCC No. 1727), B.licheniformis ZL-1013 (CGMCC No. 2020), S.cerevisiae ZL-1011 (CGMCC No. 2018), and/or P.fluorescens ZL-1014 (CGMCC No. 2021).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves dehydrating distilled ethanol to produce an ethanol with higher proof than the distilled ethanol, where during dehydrating step water is recovered, recovered water is utilized during distilling step, mixing whole stillage with bacteria and water digesting the mixture, separating residue of the digestion step into digested liquids and digested sludge, recycling bacteria from digested sludge into the whole stillage, dewatering digested sludge to produce a soil amendment and water residue, recycling water residue from the dewatering step into the whole stillage, stripping ammonia from the digested liquid to produce ammonia rich air stream, scrubbing the ammonia rich air stream to produce an aqueous ammonia fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The reservoir contains remediation agent comprising bacterial cultures, bacteriophages, cells, vegetative microorganisms, spores, algae, fungi and/or enzymes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dispensing element comprises natural rubbers, synthetic rubbers, thermoset, elastomers and/or thermoplastic elastomers. The semi-flexible collapsible vessel comprises polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinylchloride, cellulose acetate, polyester, polyurethane and/or nylon. The water-dispersible or water-soluble packet is comprised of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, polyacrylamide, copolymers of acrylamide, and cellulosics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal salt is cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O), and the metal oxide is cerium oxide (CeO2). Preferred Property: The laser used for irradiation is a laser of wavelength 193-400 nm, preferably krypton fluoride excimer laser of wavelength 248 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent of the solution is water or reducing solvent. The reducing solvent is methanol, ethanol, propanol, methoxy ethanol, their mixture, or their mixture and water. EXAMPLE - Hydrated cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3.6H2O) was dispersed into purified water, to obtain cerium nitrate aqueous solution. Then, laser beam of wavelength 248 nm was irradiated into the obtained aqueous solution, to obtain cerium-oxide nanoparticles in high yield. The obtained cerium-oxide nanoparticles have particle size of 2 nm and lattice constant of 0.546 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The volatile organic matter is waste alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The non-porous property film is polyethylene or polypropylene film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The microorganisms are aerobic thermophilus microorganisms, which survive in composting fermentation of the organic waste.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic waste is livestock excretion. Preferred Composition: The crude glycerin is 1-10 wt.% of the organic waste used. Preferred Method: The frequency of the first plowing in 1-2 weeks is at least once per week. EXAMPLE - Crude glycerin was byproduced at a process, which manufactured a bio-diesel fuel by an alkali catalyst method from waste edible oil. It was a high liquid of the viscous property containing 30% fat, 10-15% methanol, and 40% glycerin. Dried full-ripened compost (150 kg) having 14.5% water content was added to preliminarily dried cattle feces (1300 kg) having 76.3% water content, making a compost mixture having a water content of 67%. Crude glycerin (73 kg) equivalent to 5.0 wt.% of the compost mixture was added and fully stirred. The resulting processed material was covered with air permeable sheet; and the composting fermentation processing by the deposition standing method was implemented. The mean temperature of processed material rose to 50degreesC, 3 days after a test start, then, changed in the range with a mean temperature of 45-60degreesC. 22 Days afterward, the weight of the processed material, which was 1523 kg at the time of a test start reduced to 909 kg, and 40 days after, reduced to 739 kg. greater than or equal to98.5 wt.% glycerin was decomposed at 7th day of fermentation. For comparison, 3 days after the test start, the mean temperature of composting fermentation processed material not added with crude glycerin rose only to 40degreesC, and after that, changed at 40-55degreesC mean temperature. 22 Days after, the weight of the control processed material, which was 1450 kg at the time of a test start reduced to 1074 kg, and 40 days after, reduced to 875 kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The phenol red in the form of ethanol solution is added to the mineral salt culture medium (B) in second culture process continuously implemented in a static culture system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral salt culture medium (B) contains EDTA (greater than or equal to 5 mg/L), manganese sulfate tetrahydrate (greater than or equal to 0.5 mg/L), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (greater than or equal to 1 mg/L), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (greater than or equal to 5 mu g/L), copper sulfate pentahydrate (0.1 mg/L), ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (0.1 mg/L) and trace metal component e.g. zinc sulfate heptahydrate, boric acid and potassium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The working fluid is selected form nitrogen, helium and carbon dioxide gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The hydrogenation catalyst and dehydrogenation catalyst comprise catalyst-activity metal chosen from alumina, silica, silica supported nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and/or ruthenium, supported on catalyst support. The dehydrogenation catalyst comprises catalyst metal (0.3-2 wt.%) chosen from platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium, and alkaline metal (0.001-1 wt.%) supported on porous gamma-alumina with an impregnating solution having pH of 1.8-3. The metal dispersion degree of noble metals after catalyzation is 60% or more. The catalyst metal is platinum. The alkaline metal is potassium. Preferred Properties: The dehydrogenation catalyst has surface area of more than 150 m2/g, pore volume of more than 0.4 cm3/g, mean pore diameter of 90-300 Angstrom , and ratio of mean pore diameter and total pore volume of plus minus30 Angstrom .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction inhibitor removal apparatus is provided in the last stage of hydrogenation reactor. The reaction inhibitor removal apparatus is a distillation apparatus having 2-4 steps of theoretical plates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The aromatic compound is monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic compound. The reaction inhibitor is a polymerization product more than dimer of 5-membered ring compound, or polymerization product more than primer of 6-membered ring compound. Preferred Composition: The concentration of reaction inhibitor is maintained at 100 ppm or less during hydrogenation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The zinc plating layer is formed on inner wall of honeycomb form or lattice-patterned copper pipe or on inner and/or outer surfaces of copper pipe. A concave or wavelike channel is provided on surface of copper board. The copper board may be a wave-type copper board. The copper board is laminated with a gasket and the catalyst provides space layer(s) in which methanol circulates. The catalyst may be installed in a reaction container. EXAMPLE - Copper board was subjected to alkaline degreasing and acid treatment. Zinc electroplating was performed on copper surface at 60degreesC and 30 A/dm2 by using a plating solution containing zinc sulfate (375 g/L), sodium sulfate (70 g/L) and magnesium sulfate (60 g/L) and having a pH of 3.5. A zinc film having a thickness of 10 microns was formed. The zinc-film-coated copper board was washed with water, air dried, and baked at 400degreesC for 2 hours under air. A methanol steam modification catalyst having high hydrogen conversion ration (97%) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles are lithium particles and/or magnesium particles. The metallic amide particles are lithium amide particles and/or magnesium particles. Preferred Method: The hydrogenation process is a process which performs mechanical pulverization in hydrogen gas atmosphere. Mechanical energy is provided to the raw material composition containing metal particles in ammonia gas atmosphere, and intermediate product is obtained. The intermediate product is then hydrogenated to obtain hydrogen storage material. Alternately, mechanical energy is continuously supplied to the raw material in hydrogen atmosphere, after providing mechanical energy to raw material in ammonia gas atmosphere. Preferred Conditions: The hydrogen gas atmosphere has high pressure of 1-70 MPa. The mechanical pulverization process is carried out at 100-250degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen supply system further has a carbon dioxide supply unit (32) to supply recovered carbon dioxide to carbon dioxide destination, a hydrogen purifying unit (25) to purify recovered hydrogen, a hydrogen pressurizing unit (27) to pressurize purified hydrogen or recovered hydrogen, a hydrogen storage unit (28) to store purified hydrogen or pressurized hydrogen, a carbon dioxide pressurizing unit (35) to pressurize recovered carbon dioxide, and a water recovery unit (73) to recover water or water vapor produced by oxygen reaction unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water-soluble organic compound is methanol, ethanol and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: At least a solar energy unit, preferably a photovoltaic system, is used at least partly for the energy supply of the device for extraction of water from atmospheric air and/or the hydrothermal carbonation unit for the hydrothermal treatment of biomass. The hydrothermal carbonation unit for the hydrothermal treatment of biomass is designed as a heat generating unit for the generation of heat, preferably for the device for the extraction of water from atmospheric air. The hydrothermal carbonation unit exposes the biomass to heat, preferably at around 180degrees C. The hydrothermal carbonation unit treats the biomass for several, preferably for three, five, eight or twelve hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous intermediate product and/or the water-containing fluid are converted into electrical energy with the help of a fuel cell unit. The soils produce biomass for the hydrothermal carbonation unit. The hydrothermal carbonation unit exposes the biomass to a positive pressure. The hydrothermal carbonation unit uses at least a catalyst for the catalytic treatment of the biomass. The catalyst comprising at least citric acid is used for the catalytic treatment of the biomass. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon mixture comprises cyclohexane, methlycyclohexane, cis-decalin, trans-decalin, n-dodecane, tetralin, dipentene, and diethlybenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: The weight proportion of papain is 1-5. Preferred Conditions: The pH of zymohydrolysis is 7-7.5 at 50-55degrees C. Preferred Method: Each gram of zymolyte is added with protease compound, where zymolyte concentration is 10-15%, and zymohydrolysis time is 6-10 hours. The ratio of zymohydrolysis is 60-70%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Conditions: The microwave power of microwave drying method is 160-350 W, vacuum of 2000-3000 Pa, and drying time of 3-7 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves pretreating the biomass prior to disrupting the biomass cellular structure with high shear and/or cavitation at high temperatures; dissolving the biomass with chemicals selected from acids, bases or alkali and ammonias; extracting water as steam during dissolving; recycling step with condensing most of the steam into water and applying the water to incoming biomass for preheating; adding heat to portions of hydrolysis stream while controlling pressure to produce extracted steam; adding chemicals to neutralize pH after hydrolysis; and extracting protein from the biomass prior to dissolving the biomass without heating the biomass to operational temperatures. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further involves separating the carbon dioxide-rich gas to provide a hydrogen-lean mixed gas comprising nitrogen and carbon dioxide; and a hydrogen-rich gas. Thermally reforming the second portion of the hydrocarbon feed involves passing the second portion of the hydrocarbon feed across or through the second catalyst zone contained and/or disposed within the tubes. The carbon dioxide-rich gas from the shift conversion comprises a molar ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen less than 3. The first portion of the hydrocarbon feed is about 55-85 (preferably 60-80)%. The process further involves supplying compressed air from a gas turbine to the first catalyst zone, and recovering heat from an exhaust gas from the turbine. Preferred Components: The first and second effluent comprises hydrogen at least 35 and 70 mole.% respectively. Preferred System: The system further comprises a mixed gas separation unit with pressure swing absorption unit. The shift converter operates at high and/or low medium temperature. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The material is formed as several polygons, squares, rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, pentagons, or hexagons. The material is shaped as a spiral wound disc, several concentric layers, truncated cone or several louvers. The material is formed of a polystyrene or cellulose based anion exchange resin or as a mesh. The apparatus is installed in a cooling tower or an exhaust system. Preferred Method: The process (m1) further involves converting the captured CO2 to methane using a Sabatier process. The captured CO2 is converted to liquid synthetic fuel or a plastic or is passed to deep well or deep ocean storage. In the process (m2), the NaOH is added back to the seawater or brine to increase alkalinity and thus increase capacity of the seawater or brine to capture atmospheric CO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The microorganisms contain enzymes from alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphoric acid dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, L-aspartate-beta -semialdehyde, NADP oxidoreductase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, NADPH2 cytochrome C reductase, glutathione dehydrogenase, trehalose phosphoric acid synthetase, trehalose phosphatase, metal thio phosphoglycerate phophatase, inulase, (beta )-mannosidase, uridine nucleosidase, cytosine deaminase, methylcysteine synthase, aspartic synthetase, succinic acid dehydrogenase, aconitine hydrogenase, fumarate hydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, citric acid synthetase, isocitric acid dehydrogenase, LSNADP oxidactase, monoamine oxidactase, histaminase, pyruvate decarboxylase, ATPase, nucleotide pyrophosphatase, end polyphosphatase, ATP phosphohydrolase, orotidine and/or 5-phosphoric acid decarboxylase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The modification catalyst and carbon monoxide catalyst has carrier that supports nickel (Ni), and copper/cerium oxide (Cu/CeO2). The nano pores in the carrier consist of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
EXAMPLE - A hydrogen-permeation thin film containing (%) niobium (10), nickel (45), and titanium (45) was prepared by carrying out arc melting in purified argon atmosphere. The mixture was set as a cast. The graphite crucible was inserted in the cast having slit. The cast was dissolved again by high frequency induction heating furnace in 0.06 MPa pressure reduction argon atmosphere. The molten metal was sprayed on the surface of water cooled cooper roll rotating at 20 m/second from the slit at 0.05 MPa. The molten metal was formed into casting foil material of niobium-titanium-niobium alloy. The alloy was inserted to vacuum furnace. Refining heat processing was performed to 300-1100degreesC on condition of furnace cooling after 5 hour maintenance in vacuum less than 10-2 Pa to obtain hydrogen permeation thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon material has hardness of 0-2 based on old agriculture-and-forestry specification, refining degree of 16 or more and volatile material content of 10 mass% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glycerin phase is used as an additional fuel, preferably along with at least a support flame. The glycerin phase is used in quantities of approximately of 5-85%, preferably 70%. The glycerin phase comprises 50% of glycerin, 20% of methanol and 15% of water. The glycerin phase shows a minimum calorific value of 10000-20000 J/g, preferably 18000 J/g. The glycerin phase is used in an unprepared manner. The support flame is directly fed into the glycerin phase, where the feeding direction for the glycerin phase and the support flame are arranged next to each other.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxygen releasing solid particle comprises (mass%) oxygen releasing compounds (5-15), ammonium sulfate (20-40), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10-35), coarse sand (8-15), cement (10-15), water (8-15) and microelements (2-5). The microelements are equally composed of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, ferrous sulfate, hydrated manganese sulfate, hydrated zinc sulfate and sodium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Apparatus: The recirculating jet mixer has a first inlet (30) and a second inlet (33) which is located below first inlet, and are arranged to discharge recirculating reaction mixture within a circular cross-section reaction vessel (2) and to induce a first rotational flow within the vessel. The first inlet is arranged to impinge reaction mixture on the inner wall of the reaction vessel at or about the level of the bulk reaction mixture in the vessel. The recirculating fluid path passes through a spray apparatus. Preferred Properties: The flow rate of liquid jets is 0.2-1 times the total volume of triglyceride and methoxide per minute. The transesterified product is sprayed on a free surface of the reaction mix, and the unreacted methanol from the reaction mix is recovered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The heat-conducting element in reformed gas flow path includes alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is water-soluble inorganic salt, e.g. halide, sulfide, sulfate and/or nitrate of Groups 1 and 2 metals. The inorganic salt is potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and/or preferably sodium chloride. The initiator is metal oxide, preferably calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and/or barium oxide. Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of sodium chloride to metallic aluminum is 1:3-1:100. Preferred Composition: The reactant material comprises 1-12 wt.% calcium oxide. Preferred Properties: The metallic aluminum particles have a size of 80-2500 (preferably 300) mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The unreacted hydrogen is removed from mixture of unreacted hydrogen, carbon monoxide and gas product, and mixture of carbon monoxide and gas product is obtained. The mixture of carbon monoxide and gas product is supplied to the regeneration band. The raw material is atomized in the reaction zone using steam equivalent to 2-6 mass% of the raw material oil. The alkali rare earth metal is introduced into ion-exchange site of the ultra stable Y-zeolite. Preferred properties: The difference of temperature of catalyst dense phase of the regeneration band and outlet temperature of the reaction zone is less than 150degrees C. The ultra stable Y-zeolite has crystal lattice constant of 24.35 Angstrom or less and crystallinity degree of 90% or more. Preferred Composition: The delta coke on the catalyst is 0.2-1 wt.%. The atomic ratio of silicon and aluminum of ultra stable Y-zeolite is 3-20. The active matrix of the catalyst further contains silica and alumina. Preferred Apparatus: The reaction zone is downward-flow type reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The phase separation suppression agent is added during condensation of the vapor product. The vapor product is condensed using a coolant that is a solvent for at least one component of the product, and the coolant is separable with at least one component from the condensed product. Preferred Components: The phase separation suppression agent comprises an emulsifier; and an alcohol (preferably methanol, ethanol or 2-propanol). The amount of phase separation suppression agent present in the condensed product is 0.01-40 wt.%. The lignin content in the biomass feedstock is 5-45 wt.%. The biomass feedstock is wood bark. The coolant comprises a hydrocarbon or bio-oil. The hydrocarbon is ISOPAR (RTM: isoparaffin) or octane; or is a solvent for hydrophobic components (preferably 10-30C waxy hydrocarbons) of the product. EXAMPLE - A rotating cone fast pyrolysis system was used to pyrolyze partially dried biomass (1800 kg) at 500degrees C. The pyrolysis vapor was quenched with bio oil (200 kg) mixed with ethanol (100 kg). The pyrolysis product was initially a single phase bio oil despite the wet feedstock. The yield of bio oil was 1000 kg. The ethanol content in the bio oil product was approximately 5 wt.%. The bio oil was stored outside for several weeks at temperatures down to -10degrees C after which the single phase bio oil separated. The resultant organics dominated phase had a water content of 20 wt.%. The resultant aqueous phase had a water content of 72 wt.%. Subsequent addition of ethanol to the phase separated oil gave a single phase product once the ethanol content reached approximately 20 wt.%. Small tarry globules remained in the product oil and these globules did not dissolve and were not broken up into microscopic droplets upon addition of the ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Carbonic acid compound (24) produced in the treatment portion and water, are separated using an isolation portion (6). Water quantity in the hydrogen supply portion is controlled by water quantity adjustment unit, and pressure and temperature in hydrogen supply portion is adjusted by pressure regulation unit and temperature regulation unit. The hydrogen supply portion has hydrogen product supply portion for supplying hydrogen product. The energy supply system has heat exchange portion for controlling temperature of water and hydrogen. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen product contains particles containing material chosen from magnesium, nickel, iron, vanadium, manganese, titanium, copper, silver, calcium, zinc, zirconium, cobalt, chromium and aluminum, and has a water-soluble film covering surface of hydride of the particles. The water-soluble film contains a material (M), which dissolves by contact with water. Water contains water vapor. The particles discharge hydrogen by reaction with water. The particles include material capable of discharging hydrogen in hydration reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The material (M) is chosen from aqueous epoxy resin, aqueous epoxy resin, aqueous urethane resin, aqueous acrylic resin, aqueous polyester resin, aqueous acryl silicone resin, aqueous fluororesin, and aqueous silica-organic hybrid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The tubular reaction unit comprises a multi-tubular reaction unit. The tubular reaction unit operates in trickle-bed mode. The adiabatic reaction unit comprises a single tube. Preferred Method: The hydrodeoxygenation occurs in the tubular reaction unit and hydroisomerization occurs in the adiabatic reaction unit. The liquid separated from the effluent from the tubular reaction unit is recycled to the tubular reaction unit. The tubular reaction unit is operated at conditions of liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5-5 hour-1, temperature of 300-450degrees C, pressure of 10-60 atm, and hydrogen to oil ratio of 300-1200 NL/L. The vapor phase has temperature of 330-400degrees C. The adiabatic reaction unit is operated at a temperature of 350-400degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal component is chosen from platinum and palladium. The acidic component is chosen from amorphous silica alumina, fluoridized alumina, ZSM-12, ZSM-21, ZSM-22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35, ZSM-38, ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-32, ferrierite, SAPO-11, SAPO-31, SAPO-41, MAPO-11, MAPO-31, Y zeolite, L zeolite, and beta -zeolite. The catalyst is 0.5-1 wt.% platinum/SAPO-11.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The vegetable oil is soybean oil, palm oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, jatropha oil, balanites oil, rapeseed oil, colza oil, canola oil, tall oil, safflower oil, hempseed oil, olive oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, peanut oil, castor oil and/or coconut oil. The animal oil is lard oil, tallow oil, train oil and/or fish oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The feed stream reacts with the catalyst at 150-300degreesC, and flow rate of 2,000-40,000 vol/vol/hour. Preferred Compounds: The catalyst further contains alumina, gamma-aluminum trioxide, silica, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide and/or pseudo-boehmite. The catalyst support is chosen from crystalline alumino-silicate, molecular sieve, (beta)-zeolite, mordenite, faujasite, alumino silicate with regular lattice structure, alumina, titania, ceria, zirconia and/or their mixture. Preferred Property: The catalyst support has 4 diameter of 6.3 Angstrom, and pore volume of 0.3-1 cm3/g. Preferred Process: The catalyst contains ruthenium is impregnated on the support, and delivers a concentration of 0.5-4.5 wt.% with respect to total weight of the catalyst. The catalyst comprising metal forms a metal carbonyl specious on a support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The feedstock fuel comprises hydrocarbon and/or carbon. The preheated reactants comprise a vapor. The oxidant comprises oxidant. The oxidant is steam, air, oxygen, oxygen containing compound, or oxygen-containing mixtures. The plasma generator comprises a gliding electric arc to ionize portion of the reactants. The reaction zone comprises a reaction bed to homogenize a portion of the reactants by mixing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell stack comprises internal or external reformation type solid oxide fuel cells. The fuel cell system further comprises burner which is thermally integrated with the reformer, high hydrocarbon fuel source, and low hydrocarbon fuel source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactive catalyst comprises nickel. The reformer further comprises rhodium stabilizing catalyst. The nickel amount increases between the leading segment and the trailing segment in a single step or in graded fashion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The high hydrocarbon fuel source comprises diesel or jet fuel source. The low hydrocarbon fuel source comprises natural gas, methane, propane, ethanol, or methanol fuel source. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The temperature of reaction unit is 700-1000degrees C. The temperature of low temperature heat source of heat exchanger (II) is less than condensation temperature of water vapor. Preferred Material: The low temperature heat source of heat exchanger (II) is water. Preferred Method: Water vapor supplied to the reaction unit is produced by heating water from heat exchanger (II) without steam generation unit. The flammable component of residue of gas product after separating hydrogen is burned and combustion heat is used for production of high temperature heat source in a heat exchanger (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Absorption water containing carbon dioxide in dissolved state is introduced to a pressure reduction tank. Methane gas dissolved in pressure-reduced absorption water is separated. The separated methane is recirculated to sewage gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The methane recovery amount is calculated from flow rate of sewage gas in the absorption tower for predetermined fixed time, sewage gas measurement data of methane concentration off gas management data of methane concentration, flow rate of off gas, flow rate purified gas and purified gas measurement data of methane concentration.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The magnitude of the assembly is 0.8 mm or more. The hardness of the assembly is 0.5 MPa or more. The fiber diameter of metal-oxide fiber is 10-1000 nm. Preferred Components: The metal-oxide catalyst contains fibrous metal-oxide precursor obtained by spinning raw-material liquid containing hydrogel to fibrous form. The raw-material liquid further contains high molecular weight compound. The raw-material liquid is spun by electro spinning process. The metal-oxide catalyst supports 0.01-50 wt.% of noble metals with respect to metal-oxide fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material composition further contains metallic element(s) chosen from magnesium, potassium, calcium, nickel and/or zinc. The product is metal complex containing metallic element and ammonium borohydride, preferably ammonium borohydride. The raw material composition contains titanium oxide and/or titanium chloride as catalyst. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The ammonium salt is chosen from ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate and/or ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) and the tetraborohydride salt is lithium tetraborohydride, sodium tetraborohydride and/or potassium tetraborohydride (all claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The trace amount of alcohol is contained in the highly concentrated salt which the organic compound containing in the waste liquid is byproduced and alcohol is obtained, in which the hydroxyl group substitutes the chloro group in chlorinated organic compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The alcohol is methallyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The support contains alumina and an inorganic acid compound chosen from rare-earth-element oxide and/or alkaline-earth element oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Oxides: The rare-earth element oxide is oxide of rare-earth element chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and/or cerium. The alkaline-earth element oxide is oxide of alkaline-earth element chosen from magnesium, calcium and/or barium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The content of manganese in catalyst used in manganese-containing catalyst unit is 10-95 mass%. Preferred Electrode: The plate electrode has honeycomb shape, and has titania coating. Odor is introduced from front end side of acicular electrode. Direct current negative electric potential is applied to acicular electrode, and direct current positive electric potential is applied to plate electrode.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The liquid fuel stock solution is diluted after removing metal component existing in form of particles and ions. The metal component is further removed from stock solution, when the concentration of metal component in stock solution is more than predetermined value after initial metal component removal process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The metal type catalyst contains metal with larger ionization tendency than hydrogen, and is preferably manganese type catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oxidation is performed at 100-600degreesC and pressure of 5-300 MPa for less than 30 minutes. The density of water during the oxidation process is 0.1-0.8 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Glycolaldehyde (0.1 mol/l) was oxidized using manganese dioxide and hyper pure water with density of 0.1666 g/cm3 in presence of argon gas, for 20 seconds to obtain glycolic acid with high yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanocarbon material contains single wall carbon nanotube, multi-wall carbon nanotube, and/or carbon nano horn. The hydrogen storage material and/or alloy contain magnesium, calcium, strontium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, palladium, silver and/or lanthanum. The hydrogen absorbing alloy is chosen from lanthanum-nickel-type alloy, Misch metal-nickel-type alloy, II group element-nickel-type alloy, magnesium alloy, iron-titanium-type alloy, Laves phase alloy or body-centered cubic lattice (BCC) alloy. The average particle diameter of hydrogen storage metal and/or alloy is 50 microns or less. The alkali metal is lithium, sodium or potassium. Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is doped and dispersed in graphic interlayer of nanocarbon material, or gap between graphite bundle. Content of nanocarbon material with respect to 100 mass parts of hydrogen storage metal and/or alloy is 0.1-10 mass parts. Content of alkali metal with respect to 100 mass parts of nanocarbon material is 1-50 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic acid compound is chosen from silica, alumina and silica-alumina. Preferred Method: Hydrocarbon is desulfurized to sulfur content of 50 mass ppb or less, at reaction temperature of 0-400degreesC, reaction pressure of 0.1 MPa or more and liquid space velocity of 0.01-100 hour-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition contains 10 volume% or more of 6C isoparaffin and 1.5 volume% or more of 2,3-dimethyl butane, in 50 volume% distillation temperature of 98degreesC or less. The ratio of 6C isoparaffin and 6C normal paraffin is 5 or more and the ratio of 6C isoparaffin and 6C olefin is 3 or more. The gasoline composition contains 1 mass ppm or less of sulfur and 20 volume% or less of 8C isoparaffin. The composition has Reid vapor pressure of 65 kPa or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolye-type fuel cell has polyelectrolyte membrane arranged between the pair of electrode catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst support is carbon fine particles which supports catalyst fine particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst consists of polymer obtained by polyelectrolyte polymerizing the precursor of polyelectrolyte. The precursor of polyelectrolyte is a mixture of monomer having proton dissociative functional group in a molecule, and an oligomer or a monomer and oligomer. Preferred Process: The polymerization of precursor of the polyelectrolyte is carried out by heating the surface of catalyst support. EXAMPLE - The precursor solution containing water (45 ml), sodium styrenesulfonate (in g) (10), divinylbenzene (0.1) and ammonium persulfate (0.1) was dried, after fully impregnating the precursor solution into the porous catalyst film which was comprised from platinum fine particles. An electric current was applied so that the surface temperature of platinum fine particles was set to 100degreesC. Then, the precursor solution was immersed into 1M sulfuric acid, and the unreacted precursor was removed, to obtain electrode catalyst layer. Thus polyelectrolyte-type electrode-catalyst was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method involves passing the plant waste through a magnetic field to remove any ferrous metallic materials and wetting of plant waste by placing into a water bath, prior to feeding through the apparatus. The wetting step involves leaving the plant waste to soak in the water bath for a preset period of time. The non-plant content contained within the plant waste is allowed to sink to the bottom of the water bath for removal. The screws are rotated at preset rate by adjusting the rate such that waste is retained within the housing for preset length of time to produce a fiberized product having desired consistency. The plant waste is fed into the screws at preset rate to cause fiberization of the waste. The screws are rotated at 700-900 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous mixture comprises carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. The hydrogen rich stream comprises methane. The effluent comprises methanol and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gaseous mixture comprises carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. The hydrogen rich stream comprises methane. The effluent comprises formic ester and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: (A) is treated with steam only in a first phase and subsequently treated with a steam-gas mixture in a second phase; or alternatively the gas content in a steam-gas mixture is continuously increased. The steam is introduced at 130degrees C or less; and the steam (optionally mixed with gas) is introduced under a pressure of up to 4 (preferably 1.5) bars. The gas is air or inert gas. The steam (optionally mixed with gas) optionally contains organic, basic or acidic additives. Preferred Apparatus: The introduction device (8) is of sintered material (specifically sintered steel or ceramic, having a pore size of 10-50 (especially 40) mu m); or is a conventional (preferably vertical) injector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (I) is added in finely divided form to the crude (A); crude (A) is passed through a column of particulate (I); or (I) is added to (A) as a 30-80% solution in water or glycerol. The solution of (I) is preferably heated to 50-80degrees C. An anhydrous neutralizing agent (specifically formic acid or a stoichiometric mixture of carbon dioxide and water) is added to the crude (A) or to the solution of (I). (I) is used at 0.5-4.0 g per kg of crude (A). The obtained extract solution is worked up by distillation and concentrated for reuse in the purification of crude(A). EXAMPLE - 1 kg of crude biodiesel (obtained by potassium hydroxide-catalyzed transesterification and containing as impurites 0.099% glycerol, 0.56% methanol and 96.9 mg/kg potassium) was neutralized with 0.1 ml 99% formic acid, treated under stirring with 4 g of solid, particulate potassium formate. After stirring for ca. 10 minutes all turbidity had disappeared and a second liquid phase frined at the base of the container. After a further 3 hours, solid potassium formate had disappeared and several ml of the second phase remained at the base of the vessel. After a short settling period, a sample of the purified biodiesel was withdrawn and analyzed. The residual impurity concentrations were 0.001% glycerol, 0.11% methanol and 2.8 mg/kg potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Waste high acid value oils are mixed with methanol at ratio of 1:2-1:3; and subjected to pre-esterification reaction in the presence of tin chloride catalyst at 58-63degrees C for 2-3 hours. The mixture is kept for layering while pumping the catalyst and glycerin out. Potassium hydroxide dissolved in methanol is added into the reaction kettle, and the methanol is recycled. The remaining oil in the reaction kettle is subjected to esterification reaction at 58-63degrees C for 40-60 minutes, where the remaining oil contains 1-1.2% potassium hydroxide and the ratio of methanol to oil is 1:5-1:8. The reacted material is kept for layering, where the upper layer contains bio-diesel and methanol and the lower layer contains glycerin, potassium hydroxide and soap methanol. The upper layer liquid is fed into methanol recycle tower to recycle methanol, using water at temperature hotter than oil by 5-10degrees C to wash the oil. The formed oil-water mixture is distilled to provide the bio-diesel product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The fuels used for drying are recycled methane gas, spilled methane gas in rotting process of garbage, ammonia gas, sulfide gas or other gas. The fermenting auxiliary agent is livestock or poultry dejecta. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Materials: The fuel used for drying is recycled biogas or biogas coming from the decayed cooked waste, and gases such as ammonia and sulfide. The plant blocks are vegetable blocks or bean blocks. The fermentation auxiliaries are vinasse or feces from cattle or poultry. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of phosphate fertilizer and waste is 5-15:100. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The fuel used for drying includes methane gas, ammonia or sulfide. The fermenting assistant material is pot ale, wastes of livestock or domestic birds. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of urea and waste is 1-5:100-200. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Treatment of organic waste water includes adding into reactor by space-time speed of 0.7-7.0 hour- 1 under action of Raney nickel catalyst (5-8 g) at 180-350 (preferably, 220-270)degrees C of 1-16 (preferably, 2.4-5.5) MPa, carrying reforming reaction with organic matter to generate hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The space-time speed of liquid has ratio of volume feed-in speed of feeding reactant and/or stacking volume of catalyst in the reactor. The Raney's nickel catalyst (15-25%) is prepared by slowly adding strong base solution in nickel-aluminum alloy powder controlled at 20-50degrees C, heating up to 75-85degrees C for 2-3 hours, extracting aluminum (less than 5%) in nickel-aluminum alloy, removing the solution, and washing to obtain pH value of 8-9. Preferred Component: The nickel-aluminum alloy powder is nickel alloy powder and/or aluminum alloy powder. Preferred Properties: The total mol concentration of organic matter is a product of 0.5 and 10 to the power of - 3 subtracted by - 0.25 mol/L. Preferred Conditions: The liquid phase reforming reaction is at 220-270degrees C under 2.4-5.5 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The mixing ratio of kitchen garbage and water is 1:1-1:20, and the mixing ratio of kitchen garbage and remaining mud is 1:1-1:10. The remaining mud of sewage plant is a source of hydrogen gas, and the concentration of the remaining mud is 6-20 g/l. The heat treatment temperature of kitchen garbage and remaining mud of sewage plant is 80-180degrees C, pressure is 1-1.5 atmosphere, and time of heat treatment is 0.25-1.0 hours. The kitchen garbage and remaining mud process non-temperature control fermentation in the sealed fermentation cylinder wrapped with insulating course at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (claimed): Preparing MML35 protein comprises: (a) providing and centrifuging fresh M. meretrix and collecting hemolymph; (b) using ammonium sulfate to fractionate and precipitate the supernatant fluid; and (c) dialyzing and desalinating the active constituent, and separating through cation exchange chromatography . ACTIVITY - Cytostatic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The emulsifiers are made by dewatering calcium sulfate and rare-earth Lewis alkali at ratio of 2:1. The method includes separating glycerol and methyl from raw diesel and ethanol at ration of 6:1. The alkali catalysts is present at 0.8 wt. % of raw diesel, and mixing and heating them at 60degrees C for 2-3 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method further comprises reclaiming glycerin, adding hot water to extract for the separated mixture, filtering to obtain filter cake, and mixing the solution of glycerin and water. Preferred Materials: The vegetable oil is green soy bean oil, colza oil, cotton oil, or palm oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The raw materials starch and albumen are processed according to the wine-making technology, and then purified to get comparatively purified alcohols. The temperature and pressure in the process are controlled to control whole process of the reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Sewage processing at low temperature comprises inoculating the M. antarcticus AS 1.2372 in sewage below 8-20degrees C, preferably 10-15degrees C. The inoculating concentration of M. antarcticus AS 1.2372 is 104 to 108 colony forming units (cfu)/ml, preferably 105 to 106 cfu/ml. The 16S rRNA gene of the M. antarcticus AS 1.2372 comprises fully defined 1497 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Low temperature wastewater process comprises inoculating P. psychrotoleratus AS 1.2722 in wastewater, under a temperature of 10-25degrees C, preferably 12-18degrees C. The wastewater is domestic wastewater. The 16S RNA gene of P. psychrotoleratus AS 1.2722 comprises fully defined 1517 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Sewage disposal at low temperature comprises inoculating F. omnivorum AS 1.2747 into sewage and culturing at 8-18degrees C, preferably 10-15degrees C. The concentration of inoculated F. omnivorum AS 1.2747 is 105 to 108 colony forming units (cfu)/ml. The sewage is daily sewage. The 16S rRNA gene of F. omnivorum AS 1.2747 comprises fully defined 1466 bp (SEQ ID NO. 1) given in the specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low carbon alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The low acid value animal fat material is from domestic animal slaughterhouse, restaurant hogwash, or recycled fat by packinghouse.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): manufacturing the environmentally friendly soil and ground treatment compound involves obtaining a wood product particulate generated as a byproduct of a timber processing operation; exposing the particulate to a moisture source; obtaining wood ash generated as a byproduct of a timber processing operation; and combining the moisture treated wood product particulate with the wood ash. Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves producing plant-based fuels using the fertilizer product to accelerate the growth rate of a field crop; producing a plant-based fuel and a plant matter by-product from the field crop; producing a combustible fuel pellet from the plant matter by-product; and burning the combustible fuel pellet to produce power. Preferred Compound: The compound comprises (%): wood product particulate (85, preferably 80), ash (15-20, preferably 20), and moisture source. The moisture source comprises a solution of water and turpentine (5 vol.%). The wood product particulate is sawdust or byproduct of timber processing mill. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The ultrasonic waves are applied to organic waste in a compost device; and are supplied via several rods inserted into the waste. The ultrasonic vibration is applied to liquid in the compost device. The ultrasonic waves are applied via a stirring tool. Preferred Components: The rapid vibration is ultrasonic vibration, where ultrasonic waves have a frequency of 1-10000 (preferably 25-1000, especially 25-500) kHz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The ultrasonic transducer is associated with a wall, stirring tool or rod. The bioreactor comprises a composting device and biofuel generator. EXAMPLE - A cabbage was cut into strings and divided in two. The control (A) was placed in lukewarm water. The treated half (B) was placed in an ultrasonic bath for one hour. The samples were then placed in sealed plastic bags along with moist soil. The starting amounts (g) of control (A) and test (B) for original cabbage/cabbage soaked with water for 1 hour were 10.397/11.370 and 10.425/11.560, respectively. The samples were inspected and weighed at various time points and the % weight loss was recorded. The results showed that at 447 hours and 50 minutes and at 514 hours the % weight loss of (A)/(B) was found to be 0.885/0.987 and 0.978/1.079 g. The % weight loss correlates with decomposition as the vegetable matter was transformed into compost, methane and water. Since vegetables comprise mainly water (greater than 90%), a weight decrease of 1% was a significant indicator of the decomposition rate. The majority of the decomposition occurred in the ultrasound treated sample with an accelerated rate of decomposition as compared to control.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The ash by-product is a fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves separating the liquid solvent phase from multi-phase fuel by distillation or reverse osmosis; separating the aqueous phase from the multi-phase fuel by filtration or centrifugation; separating the solid from the multi-phase fuel by filtration or centrifugation; blending the solid with a surfactant and emulsifying the solid within the liquid solvent phase; separating the emulsified solid within the liquid solvent phase from the multi-phase fuel; adding an alkali base (preferably sodium hydroxide) to the fluid mixture; releasing the gas from the multi-phase fuel; and removing solids and liquids from the phase products. The ash product is separated from the aqueous phase by filtration and centrifugation. The released gas is captured. The captured gas has the gas components isolated. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is petroleum based (preferably diesel fuel). Preferred Components: The fluid mixture further comprises (wt.%) animal waste (1), solvent (1.5) and water/alcohol solution (0.11-1.86, preferably 1) containing the alcohol (5-85, preferably 25)%. The alcohol is normal propyl alcohol. The multi-phase fuel from animal waste further comprises an ash product within the aqueous phase. The solid fuel further comprises an ash by-product separated from the multi-phase fuel by filtration or centrifugation. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The mesh platform is made from polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adding water to the at least one antifreeze; using the at least one antifreeze in at least one automobile such as diesel truck; using the at least one antifreeze in at least one industrial heat exchanger; marketing the at least one antifreeze as biodiesel-derived antifreeze; marketing the at least one antifreeze as green glycerin or green antifreeze or eco-friendly antifreeze; packaging the at least one antifreeze in at least one green bottle; providing wholesale sales and distribution of the at least one antifreeze; selling the antifreeze in USDA hardiness zones; certifying the at least one antifreeze as meeting ASTM D 3306-Standard Specification for Glycol Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light-Duty Service or Heavy-Duty Engines; adjusting the viscosity of the at least one antifreeze to the viscosity of at least one propylene-glycol-based antifreeze and the viscosity of at least one ethylene-glycol-based antifreeze; matching the viscosity of the at least one antifreeze to the viscosity of at least one propylene-glycol-based antifreeze or ethylene-glycol-based antifreeze; replacing an ethylene glycol or propylene glycol based coolant in a heat exchange system, over at least one interval of time, with the glycerin comprising antifreeze; and replacing a brine based coolant in a heat exchange system, over at least one interval of time, with the glycerin comprising antifreeze. Preferred components: The glycerin is biodiesel-derived glycerin. The glycerin based antifreeze comprises (vol.%): biodiesel derived glycerin (55); deionized water (40); and Nitrite, Molybdate Organic Acid Technology Fully Formulated Extended Service Interval Coolant (3.5); or biodiesel derived glycerin (55); deionized water (43); and fully formulated conventional antifreeze additive (1). The blended coolant/antifreeze comprises (%): the biodiesel derived glycerin (at least 50, preferably at least 75).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid-state material is aluminum. The oxide component is aluminum oxide. The passivation preventing agent is gallium. The liquid-phase alloy consists of gallium (80 wt.%) and indium (20 wt.%) or gallium (68 wt.%), indium (22 wt.%) and tin (10 wt.%). The liquid-phase alloy comprises tin. The substantially solid pellet comprises liquid-phase alloy. The substantially solid pellet consists of aluminum (50 wt.%), gallium (34 wt.%), indium (11 wt.%) and tin (10 wt.%). The solid-like mixture consists of aluminum to gallium (80/20 wt.%) and aluminum to gallium (20/80 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The selected composition is oxygen and borate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal which comprises the first partition contains 0.02-0.10 mass percent carbon, 0-2.5 mass percent silicon, 0-2.0 mass percent manganese, 0-0.04 mass percent phosphorus, 0-0.02 mass percent sulfur, 7-12 weight percent or less nickel, 15-25 mass percent chromium and the remainder have a composition of iron. The metal which comprises the second partition contains 0-0.02 mass percent carbon, 0-2.5 mass percent silicon, 0- 2.0 mass percent manganese, 0-0.04 mass percent phosphorus, 0-0.02 mass percent sulfur, 0-0.6 mass percent nickel, 15-25 mass percent chromium and remainder are compositions of iron substantially.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal catalyst comprises nickel or cobalt, and nano carbon-material is carbon-nanofiber and carbon-nano coil. The transition metal catalyst is palladium. Preferred Condition: The nano carbon-material composite component is manufactured at catalytic reaction temperature of 400-700degrees C. When the hydrocarbon is methane, catalytic reaction temperature is 400-600degrees C, and when the hydrocarbon is ethylene, catalytic reaction temperature is 400-700degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is methane or ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The temperature of catalyst layer is 400-600degrees C in upstream, and 100-400?C in downstream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Non-porous film is polyethylene, polypropylene or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the surface of mixture of dioxin contaminant and compost is 20-25degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The dilution water is passed through the waste-liquid processing tank for heat-exchange. The dilution water is waste liquid processed within the tank. Methane fermentation is carried out at 35-55degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method optionally involves injecting the storage medium containing dye resembling color of the flower to base of calyx (14). The method involves a drying process between flower and stem dyeing. The stem dyeing process involves immersing the whole stem into storage medium containing coloring agent, followed by a drying process. The method involves providing flowering promoter such as saccharides contained in the storage medium to the cut flowers, where the storage medium is absorbed by stem, leaf (15) and flower, after implementation of stem dyeing process, such that coloring agent is not absorbed from cut end of the stem to the flowers. The partition process involves injecting cyano acrylate liquid to base of the calyx and the periphery of the cut flowers, to obstruct the conduit connecting stem and flower portion. The separation process involves separating flower from lower part of calyx and stem of cut flowers that is joined integrally, after implementing each dyeing process. The flower part and stem is dyed with separate colors.
ACTIVITY - Herbicide.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of the liquid film is via spraying (claimed). No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Two or more parallel fermenters are used in the alternate build-up process, the fermentation liquid is pumped from fermenter to fermenter and identical process steps are carried out by the fermentation mass input. The alternate build-up may be operated as a discontinuous process in a chamber system, or as a continuous process in which the feed substrate is introduced continuously from above and the outgoing substrate is taken from the bottom of the fermenter after fermentation. The alternate build-up process can be used for wet and dry fermentation as required. EXAMPLE - Discontinuous biogas production involving the following stages (1) aerobic hydrolysis to convert high-molecular weight or undissolved substances such as proteins into dissolved fragments by the action of extracellular enzymes, (2) alternate build-up with multi-stage microbial reaction (anaerobic), involving (a) feeding bacteria-rich liquid into the fermenter so that it completely covers the mass and expels the resulting gas while loosening and wetting the substrate, and (b) pumping off the free liquid into a parallel fermenter and repeating this process so that the combined action (substrate coverage, loosening and wetting plus gas take-off and free liquid input) replaces mechanical stirring. The time interval depends on optimum process conditions and the temperature may be adjusted by additional heating or cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The bentonite is calcium-bentonite or sodium-bentonite. It has grain diameter of 8-180 hole. The glutaric dialdehyde alcoholic solution is industrial alcohol solution with glutaric dialdehyde mass concentration of 0.1-5%. The chitosan acetum is acetum with chitosan mass concentration of 0.3-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The grain germ comprises corn germ. The method includes addition of an odor-mitigating additive with the steam, where addition is carried out at a concentration of 0.1-10% by dry basis weight of the grain-based substrate. The additive comprises soap, detergent, and oxidizing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of platinum and palladium contained in the substrate surface are 0.01-10 wt.% and 0.01-10 wt.%, respectively. 0.1-10 wt.% of copper is further contained in the substrate surface. The carrier consists of one or more solid oxides or active carbon, on the surface. The carrier is a metal or ceramic monolith or a structured material, such as a metal or ceramic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of methane contained in the gaseous mixture is 5000 ppm or less. The content of molecular oxygen contained in the gaseous mixture is 15 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbonaceous material is a source of fossil fuels selected from coal, peat, lignite, tar sands, or bitumen from oil shale; or a biomass material (preferably a cellulosic material; especially wood, bagasse, rice hulls, rice straw, kennaf, old railroad ties, dried distiller grains, corn stalks and cobs, or straw; particularly wood, or dried distiller grains). The acid gas removal zone comprises a scrubbing agent selected from alcohols, or amines (preferably methanol, diethanol amine, or mono-ethanol amine; especially methanol, or diethanol amine). Preferred Method: The carbonaceous material has a size of 1/16-1/2 inch, and is dried to a moisture content of (less than or equal to15 wt.%) before pyrolysis. The gaseous product collected from the separation zone is a fuel gas a portion of which is used to fuel the pyrolysis unit, and/or the reforming zone. The heat recovery zone uses water to recover heat, and at least a portion of the heated water is used as preheated steam to the pyrolysis unit, and/or the reforming zone. The methanation zone contains three reactors in series, and heat is removed from the stream passing from the first reactor and the second reactor. At least a portion of the methane produced in the methanation unit is introduced into a natural gas pipeline. The methane is removed from a pipeline and converted to a syngas. Prior to organic removal step (J), the synthetic gaseous product stream is subjected to a water wash, and is flowed countercurrent to a stream of water to remove remaining solids material. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper compound is copper(II)-compound such as copper(II)- sulfate, -bromide, -chloride, -carbonate and their hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is preferably carried out without using formic acid. The reaction can be carried out with the use of less than three-fold excess-, or without the use of a monocarboxylic acid, in the reaction mixture of step (a). The step (a) is carried out at 50-160degreesC, under atmospheric pressure. The complex intermediate product separated from the mother liquor is used for processing in step (b), without further purification. Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon is benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, pyrene, dihydropyrene or ethene. The second bidentate organic compound is (1,4)dioxane, 1H-imidazole, (1,4)dithiane, pyrazine, quinoxaline, (2,6)naphthyridine, 2,3-dihydro-benzo(1,4)dioxine, (4,4')bipyridinyl, pyrene, 1,4-diaza-bicyclo(2.2.2)octane, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-ethano-quinoxaline, bis-1,4-ethano-quinoxaline or their substituted derivatives. EXAMPLE - A solution of copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate (6.2 g) in methanol (100 ml) was mixed with a suspension of terephthalic acid (4.2 g) in N,N-dimethyl formamide (120 ml). The spontaneously precipitated solution was stirred for 6 hours at 65degreesC. The blue precipitate was subsequently filtered and stirred with a solution of triethylenediamine (0.4 g) in methanol (160 ml) for 16 hours at 170degreesC, under reflux. The product was filtered again and repeatedly washed with methanol. The product was subsequently dried in vacuum for 16 hours at 110degreesC to obtain porous organometallic framework material of copper-terephthalic acid-triethylenediamine (5.7 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder is a fluoropolymer, preferably polytetrafluoroethylene. The bifunctional hydrogen electrode comprises a separator layer comprising zirconium oxide and polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The reacting step is carried out in tetrahydrofuran or dioxane or in air and at room temperature to 40degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal borohydride is lithium borohydride or sodium borohydride. The ammonia salt is ammonia chloride ammonia fluoride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate, or ammonium formate, preferably powdered ammonium sulfate. The metal catalyst is rhodium chloride, cobalt chloride, nickel chloride, copper chloride, Raney nickel, palladium carbide, or preferably ruthenium chloride or palladium chloride. The metal hydride is lithium hydride, sodium aluminum hydride, or preferably lithium aluminum hydride. Preferred Parameters: The molar ratio of metal borohydride to the ammonium salt is 1:1 or 1:1.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, isopropanol, or t-butanol, preferably methanol. EXAMPLE - Sodium borohydride (25 g) and ammonium sulfate (87g) were added to round bottom flask. Tetrahydrofuran (4 L) was transferred into the reaction mixture, and stirred at 40degreesC for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to afford ammonia borane (19.7 g) in 97% yield with 98% purity, based on hydride analysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: reacting the magnesium oxide with carbon to form a regenerated magnesium; thermally reducing the magnesium oxide to form regenerated magnesium; electrolytically converting magnesium oxide to form regenerated magnesium; reacting the regenerated lithium hydride to form hydrogen and lithium oxide; forming a regenerated lithium hydroxide by reacting a first portion of the lithium oxide with water; and using at least some of the hydrogen produced as a fuel. The step of reacting magnesium oxide with carbon is performed at 1300-1600degreesC. The step of reacting lithium hydride further includes: reacting lithium hydride with lithium hydroxide, preferably lithium hydroxide hydrate, to form lithium oxide and hydrogen; or reacting lithium hydride with water to form lithium oxide and hydrogen. The formation of regenerated lithium hydroxide and regenerated lithium hydride occurs simultaneously. The lithium hydroxide and regenerated lithium hydride includes a filler material. The magnesium is supplied in a removable magnesium cartridge. The lithium hydroxide and lithium hydride is supplied in a removable lithium cartridge. EXAMPLE - No preparative examples are given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizing catalyst (241) further comprises a carrier chosen from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and/or silicon dioxide to support the active material (I). The active material (I) further comprises inorganic oxide (MO), where M is nickel, cobalt, iron, tin, lead and/or selenium, preferably nickel. The oxidizing catalyst (251) further comprises a carrier chosen from graphite, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanowire, carbon nano balls, activated carbon, alumina, silica, zirconia and/or titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material comprising heavy oil is oil sand or petroleum-containing substrate. The biodiesel is derived from natural fat which is not subjected to bleaching and/or deodorizing process. The solid asphaltene-containing material comprises precipitate of alkane solvent processed bitumen or pitch of elevated-temperature processed heavy oil. The ester is biodiesel. The hydrocarbon phase comprises petroleum asphaltene or coal asphaltene. The hydrocarbon phase is derived from biomass. Preferred Solvent: The solvent comprises biodiesel (5-100%). Preferred Method: The residual sand phase is transported to location from which the material comprising heavy oil is withdrawn. A solvent comprising biodiesel is introduced into in-situ geological formation comprising heavy oil, and a mixture comprising biodiesel and heavy oil is collected from the formation. The mixture is collected after the solvent travels at least a portion of the formation by gravity. The solvent is introduced in location (I) and the mixture is collected at location (II). The location (I) is at higher elevation than location (II). The mixture is transported aboveground through a pipeline. The gas phase and water are further separated from the mixture. A portion of the biodiesel in the mixture is recovered and recycled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The surfactant is selected from a betaine and an alkyl betaine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is selected from nickel, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, copper or their alloys. The membrane comprises palladium, vanadium, copper or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrocarbon fuel is a gas selected from natural gas, components of natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon fuel is a liquid selected from gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, crude oil or other liquid fuels. The hydrocarbon fuel is a solid selected from coal or biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The reforming bed includes a ceramic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reforming bed includes a spiral-wound corrugated metal sheet. The catalyst in the first stage includes Rainey nickel. Catalyst in the stages includes noble metals from rhodium, iridium, and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic metal complex comprises an inorganic noble metal complex. The inorganic noble metal complex is sodium hexachloro rhodate (preferred), ammonium hexachloro ruthenate(IV), potassium platinum (IV) hexachloride, ammonium hexachloro platinate, disodium hexachloro platinate and choloroplatinic acid. The amine borane complex comprises ammonia borane. The catalyst is dissolved in water or other hydroxyl group containing solvent to form a catalyst solution. The generator further comprises a pump for pumping the catalyst solution into the first compartment. The amine sequestering agent is polyacid such as malic, malonic, oxalic, chromic, phosphoric (preferred), pyrophosphoric and sulfuric.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The hydrolytic in-situ hydrogen generator further comprises: an amine-sequestering agent in the first or second compartment; a flow measurement device coupled to an output of the generator for measuring the obtained hydrogen; and controls electronics coupled to the flow controller for the catalyst, where the flow controller controls the flow of the catalyst solution, which enters the second compartment to achieve a desired flow of the hydrogen generated by the generator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first compartment contains dry amine borane complex, and the second compartment contains the catalyst and water. The first compartment contains the complex in water, and second compartment contains the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The timber is carbonized so that specific gravity is more than 1. The carbonized timber is dropped in a container formed using the material which endures long term storage, and deposited under water. The carbonized timber is sunk in lakes and marshes or sea at easy depth. The container material is recycled which removes toxic substance at the time of incineration disposal. Preferred Material: The timber is timber obtained by cutting down trees of forest after predetermined period from afforestation, or waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The Chlorella vulgaris is contained in the aqueous solution containing ammonia. The Chlorella vulgaris is cultivated in the culture medium containing glutamic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst (I) contains copper, zinc, chromium, aluminum, gold and/or zirconium. The catalyst (II) is a dehydration catalyst which uses support for temperature control. The support for temperature control is cerium oxide, indium oxide, stannic oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, vanadium oxide, tungsten oxide, copper oxide, graphite, carbon black, silicon, germanium, boron and/or silicon carbide. The usage amount of the support is 50-150 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of dehydration catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction pressure and reaction temperature during contact with catalyst (I) is 0.1-30 MPa and 120-300degreesC, respectively. The reaction pressure and reaction temperature during contact with catalyst (II) is 0.1-3 MPa and 200-350degreesC, respectively. The gas is contacted by circulating to the catalyst layer filled with catalyst (I) and catalyst (II). The microwave frequency is 1-300 GHz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The metal-paste coating layer is formed on a metal plating layer provided on the surface region of ceramic. The metal plating layer is an alloy-plating layer consisting of several metal plating layers, with at least one layer containing gold or silver. Plating layer (I) touching the ceramic contains nickel, cobalt and/or chromium. The thickness of the entire metal plating layer is 0.02-5 microns. Preferred Properties: The copper contained in the metal-paste coating layer is added to the metal paste as metal copper powder or silver-copper alloy powder. The content of copper is 0.1-20 mass% with respect to silver in the metal-paste coating layer. The application quantity of metal-paste coating layer is 0.001-0.1 g/cm2 per unit area with mass of silver in the metal-paste coating layer. Preferred Solder: The silver solder contains 90 mass% or more of silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The metal oxide is chosen from zirconia, ceria, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide (CoO, Co3O4), alumina, titania, and silica. The metal is chosen from group IVB, group VIA, group VIIA and group VIII metal. The group VIB metal is manganese and tin. The group VIA metal is molybdenum and tungsten. The group VIIA is rhenium. The group VIII is ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, palladium, iron, nickel, cobalt and iridium. The amount of metal in catalyst layer is 0.5-15 wt.%. The ratio of ruthenium in catalyst layer is 20-100 wt.%. Preferred Material: The honeycomb base material has outer diameter of 20-200 mm, opening of 1-30 mm, wall thickness of 0.01-5 mm and length of 30-1000 mm. The average thickness of catalyst layer is 0.5-500 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of the outermost layer in the catalyst is 5-70 wt.%. The outermost layer contains nickel oxide, cobalt oxide (CoO or Co3O4), zirconia, ceria, alumina, titania, silica, or oxide or complex oxide of elements of group 4B, group 6A, group 7A and/or group 8. The layer under the outermost layer contains elements of group 4B, group 6A, group 7A and/or group 8 supported or conjugated by metal oxide carrier. The group 4B metal is tin, group 6A metal is molybdenum or tungsten, group 7A metal is rhenium and group 8 metal is ruthenium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, iron or cobalt. The metal in the outermost layer is chosen from group 8 metal, preferably ruthenium. The ratio of ruthenium in the supported metal is 20 wt.% or more. The metal content supported in the outermost layer is 0.5-10 wt.%. The metal oxide carrier in the layer under the outermost layer contains zirconia, ceria, cobalt oxide (CoO or Co3O4), alumina, titania, silica or their complex oxides chosen from alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide and/or rare earth metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Zeolite: The zeolite is ZSM-5 type zeolite, mordenite type zeolite, faujasite type zeolite, and/or (beta)-zeolite. Preferred Group: The active metal ingredient is chosen from group 8. Preferred Property: The content of ruthenium (active ingredient) is 20-100 wt.% and the content of metal oxide is 5-50 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is zirconium oxide, cerium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide (CoO,Co3O4), alumina, titanium oxide, silica, or their complex oxide. Preferred Process: Carbon monoxide-containing hydrogen gas is contacted with the catalyst at 120-200degreesC, and carbon monoxide is absorb-and-removed using the catalyst. EXAMPLE - ZSM-5 type zeolite (in g) (104.3) and pure water (1000) were stirred, and 1 wt.% hydrochloric acid was gradually added such that the pH was 2.8. The obtained suspension liquid was heated at 95degreesC. Subsequently, ruthenium-chloride aqueous solution was added and stirred at 95degreesC for 1 hour, cooled to 50degreesC, filtered, washed, and dried at 120degreesC for 16 hours to obtain ruthenium ion-exchange zeolite powder. The obtained powder was press-molded, ground, baked at 450degreesC for 2 hours, and reduction-processed at 350degreesC using hydrogen air to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst had specific surface area of 295 m2/g, carbon-monoxide absorption amount of 3.6 cm3/g-Cat, and average particle diameter of 3.7 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The fuel-cell electric power generation system (1) has a container containing fuel and a pump for supplying gas. The fuel and oxygen are made to react to generate carbon dioxide in fuel-cell main container (6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The combustion catalyst contains iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, gold, silver, platinum, palladium and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon is graphite having average particle diameter of 50 microns or less. Preferred Process: The carbon component is deposited on the combustion catalyst by thermally decomposing a hydrocarbon in presence of the combustion catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A pusher (11a,11b) is provided for vertically moving the mechanical pushing-in apparatus along the inner wall face of the hopper, and a drive device is provided for driving the pusher. A vertically movable guard (15a,15b) is provided such that the lower portion opens with respect to the pusher. The powdery gas-hydrate is supplied to the molding roll continuously by driving the pusher.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: (a) Hydrothermal carbonisation at 200degrees C and 16 bar to give carbon and water, (b) hydrothermal gasification at 650degrees C and 250 bar in presence of water to give carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and (c) hydrogenation of the carbon from stage (a) with the hydrogen from stage (b) at 500degrees C and 200 bar (in a Bergius-Pier unit) to give liquid hydrocarbon fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: separating aqueous phase and fatty acid methyl ester by cooling after the transesterification, neutrally washing the fatty acid methyl ester phase with water and drying the washed fatty acid methyl ester phase by warming to remove the water. The quantity of the added carboxylic acid chloride is determined by titrimetric determination of the acid number of waste oil-/old fat mixture. One to two equivalents of carboxylic acid chloride are added for each equivalent of free fatty acid with the help of a dosing mechanism. Water is removed before the addition of carboxylic acid chloride to the old fat-/waste oil mixture preferably by warming up. The activation with carboxylic acid chloride and subsequent esterification with methanol is followed by transesterification of triacylglyceride. The process is carried out by a continuous procedure or a batch procedure and/or the individual process step takes place as batch procedure and/or in the continuous process. The transesterification takes place under the addition of a catalyst and/or heating up at 65-70degreesC. The transesterification is a basic transesterification. Preferred Components: The added carboxylic acid chloride is acetyl chloride. The carboxylic acid chloride is a long chain carboxylic acid chloride, preferably capric acid chloride or lauric acid chloride and the fatty acid methyl esters/biodiesel is selected according to the desired length of the carbon chain and on the basis of the mixed anhydrides, short chain fatty acid methyl ester is formed by reaction with methanol. The catalyst is caustic soda solution and/or caustic potash solution. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
EXAMPLE - N-(1,3-dimethyl butyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylene diamine (1500 ppm) was added to biodiesel and stirred at 20degreesC to give a biodiesel with an oxidation stability of 31.6 h.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The methanation is carried out at 100-300degrees C. Preferred Components: The active component and/or the carrier material are doped with at least an element from iron (preferred), niobium, manganese, molybdenum and zirconium. The active component is ruthenium. The total amount of the carrier material with the active component is 0.1-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - A solution of ruthenium(III)chloride-hydrate (4.4 g) in deionized water (15 ml) and iron(III)chloride-hydrate (2.4 g) in deionized water (10 ml) was diluted with deionized water. To the solution, 90% active charcoal carrier (0.95 cm3/g) was soaked to get a composition (41 ml). The composition was treated with nitrogen (150 l/hour) in a kiln at 90degrees C for 6 hours and reduced under a stream of hydrogen (15 l/hour) and nitrogen (60 l/hour). The mixture was dried by heating at 500degrees C for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature to give a catalyst composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The esterase is Thermomyces lanugenosus lipase and is used in the form of a commercial liquid preparation in an amount of 0.05-2% by weight of triglycerides. The esterase is activated by adding an aqueous solution of a sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium or ammonium hydroxide, carbonate or phosphate in an amount of 0.00001-1% by weight of triglycerides. The esterase is deactivated after the reaction. The triglycerides are in the form of vegetable oil, tallow or used cooking oil. The alcohol is ethanol or propanol and is used in an amount of 10-75% by weight of triglycerides. The product is distilled to remove alcohol and alkyl esters. EXAMPLE - A mixture of sunflower oil (40 g), ethanol (10 g), water (0.4 g), trisodium phosphate didecahydrate (40 mg) and Lipolase (0.4 g) was incubated at room temperature. After 16 hours, the monoglyceride content was 26.5% and the ethyl ester content was 55.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The working medium comprises sodium metal and/or potassium metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst may be changed to modification fusel oil, e.g. corn fusel oil which carries etherification by sulfuric acid. The saponification inhibitor is 12-18C fatty alcohol. The chain-breaking agent is ethylene oxide. The oil of animals and plants is cattle oil, sheep oil, pig oil, chicken oil, duck oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, palm oil, rice bran oil, or cottonseed oil. The oil is inedible primary oil of animals and plants.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteroacid is perfluosulfonic acid, phosphotungstic acid, phosphomolybdic acid, silicotungstic acid, or phosphor tin acid. The conducting polymer is polyaniline or polypyrrole. The metal powder is copper, silver, or gold. The metal organic compound is titanic acid ester or silicon ester. The metal salt is sodium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon oxide/aluminum oxide mole ratio of the complex molecular sieve is 14-40. Preferred Composition: The content of ZSM-5 molecular sieve is 20-99, preferably 60-99.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The load of palladium is 0.01-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Liquefied petroleum gas containing propane or butane is obtained by reacting hydrogen with methanol and/or dimethyl ether at 350-600degrees C and 0.5-5 MPa, in the presence of the catalyst. Methanol is obtained by circulating synthesis gas to catalyst layer containing synthetic methanol catalyst, and obtaining reactive gas containing methanol and hydrogen. Dimethyl ether is obtained by circulating synthesis gas to catalyst layer containing synthetic methanol catalyst and methanol dehydration catalyst, and obtaining reactive gas containing dimethyl ether and hydrogen. Synthesis gas is obtained from carbon-containing raw material and water, oxygen, and/or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: A portion of the solid carrier contains porous material, inorganic acid compound and acidic material. A portion of the solid carrier contains silica, alumina, silica-alumina, zeolite, titania, zirconia or activated carbon. The solid carrier is powder form, particulate, granular form, pellet form, or has honeycomb structure, extrusion type, ring shape, cylinder shape, rib extrusion type or rib ring-shape. The transition metal is platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, silver or gold. The transition metal is supported to the solid carrier surface with dispersion degree of 0.01-0.6, in an amount of 0.01-60 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbonaceous solid contains carbon (20 mmol or more) per 1 gm of meso porous particles. The meso porous particles comprise aluminum oxide as main component, and gamma -alumina having acid site on the surface. Preferred Property: The meso porous particles have specific surface of 200 m2/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The sludge return pipe comprises chemical injection device. The aerobic treatment tank comprises partitions and simple sedimentation tank. Preferred Process: The floating material separation tank isolates floating up sludge. The anaerobic tank produces an organic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The permeable film of carbon dioxide is arranged in two steps. The film area with respect to later-stage entrance gas flow rate is larger than the front stage. The methane concentration system has a line (14), which refluxes permeation gas of permeable film after second step from the permeable film to upstream side of permeable film of front stage. The permeable film of carbon dioxide is deca dodecyl-3R (DDR)-type zeolite film containing silica as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Properties: Oil-in-water-type-emulsification murkiness skin cosmetics has a viscosity of 1-300 mPa.s in 25degreesC. Preferred Amounts: The concentration of liquid oil substance is (1-10 mass %, preferably 5-10 mass %) with a viscosity of 100 mPa.s or less at 25degreesC. The concentration of hydrogenated phosphatide is (0.1-1 mass %). The concentration of nonionic surfactant is (0.1-1 mass %) having sterol, alkyl-ether, and sorbitan-fatty acid ester, whose hydrophilic-lipophilic balance is 9-16. The concentration of 1,3-butylene glycol is (5-20 mass %). Preferred Components: The oil-in-water-type-emulsification murkiness skin cosmetics further comprises ethanol, anionic surfactant with phosphoric acid and/or phosphate. EXAMPLE - Polyoxyethylene-behenyl ether (in mass %) (0.5), hydrogenated phosphatide (0.5), tripolyoxyethylene (12-15C) alkyl ether (0.1), squalane (4.0), decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (3.0), isononoic-acid isononyl (1.0), octyl methoxy cinnamate (0.5) and fragrance (0.1) were blended at 75degreesC, to obtain oil phase. The aqueous phase was obtained by blending ion-exchange water, 1,3-butylene glycol (10.0), ethanol (5.0), glycerin (2.0), dipropylene glycol (1.0), edetate (0.01), paraben (0.15), rose extract (0.1), ascorbic acid glucoside (0.5) and potassium hydroxide. The aqueous phase and oil phase were blended, emulsified and cooled, to obtain oil-in-water-type-emulsification murkiness skin cosmetics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The inlet opening (E) is below the outlet opening (A). The riser tube (7) in the second fermentation chamber (K2) is vertical and preferably central. The gas inlet site (M) is in the lower part (preferably the lower half) of the top third of the riser tube. The riser tube has a heater (11b), preferably a heat exchanger; in particular the riser tube is at least partially double-walled to allow passage of hot liquid (specifically water) between the walls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The layer of activated carbon is present near the inlet of adsorbent bed. The silica gel is present between activated carbon and outlet. The molecular sieve is present between silica gel and outlet. The system further includes coalescing filter (20) in upstream of the adsorbent bed. The adsorbent bed further contains impregnated-carbon layer positioned at the outlet of adsorbent bed. Preferred Material: The coalescing filter comprises hydrophilic material, hydrophobic material and/or nanofibers. Preferred Process: Two of activated carbon, silica gel and molecular sieve are mixed uniformly. The biogas stream is passed into the adsorbent bed, to obtain cleansed stream which is then removed from the adsorbent bed. The cleansed biogas stream has siloxane level of less than 0.05 mg/m3, preferably less than 0.01 mg/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic raw material includes alcohol, fossil fuel, ether, or liquid raw material containing hydrogen. The organic raw material includes methanol and dimethyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer includes polyimide resin foam, a polyimide adhesive agent, and/or a polyimide film. The intermediate layer includes foams filled with gas having a thermal conductivity lower than air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen-selective membrane consists of a palladium-copper (PdCu) alloy film supported on a porous asymmetric substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizers contain metal and metal-oxide-based absorbents. The catalyst is transition metal or noble metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus further has an energy recovery unit in which methane gas generated in the anaerobic treatment is recovered, a sodium chloride adjustment unit in which concentration of sodium chloride in process liquid is adjusted to 10 g/l or less, and a component addition unit in which the component consumed by the process liquid in the anaerobic treatment is added. The processing tank has an opening-and-closing unit (14). The removing tube is provided in bottom portion of the processing tank. Preferred Process: The opening-and-closing unit closes and external air is isolated, and the opening-and-closing unit opens and process liquid is exposed to external air, when performing the anaerobic treatment. The stirring unit is the aeration unit in which the process liquid is stirred with aeration. The gas in the processing tank is circulated, and aeration is carried out with air, when performing the anaerobic treatment. The deposit which is precipitated at the bottom portion of the processing tank is removed by removing tube. The shell of shellfish is removed from the process liquid after completion of anaerobic treatment. The anaerobic treatment to the process liquid is performed by injecting the process liquid to the shellfish of a new process target, and is repeated 2 or more times.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: Alternatively, the hydrogen storage material is manufactured by carrying out pulverize-mixing the mixture of magnesium hydride, lithium nitride and lithium amide, and heating in hydrogen atmosphere at predetermined temperature. The manufacture of hydrogen storage material further involves adding a metal as catalyst. The catalyst is added before heating in hydrogen atmosphere, and the catalyst is mix-grinded with an additive. Preferred Condition: The heat processing is carried out at 140-250degreesC. Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from boron, carbon, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhodium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, iridium, niobium, lanthanum, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, copper, zinc, aluminum, silicon, ruthenium, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, silver, their chloride and/or their oxide. Preferred Composition: The content of magnesium and lithium is in molar ratio of 1:1.2-2.4, when magnesium hydride and lithium amide are added. The content of magnesium and lithium is in molar ratio of 1:2.2-6, when lithium hydride and magnesium amide are added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of copper particles is 30-50 wt.%, 20-50 wt.% or 25-45 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The area of outer peripheral portion is 30-90% of cross-sectional area of the honeycomb structure. The heat conductivity in the interior is uniform along the cross-section, and heat conductivity gradually changes from center portion towards outer peripheral portion, in cross section. The honeycomb structure has honeycomb portion (2,3) of two or more portions, bonding material which joins of the honeycomb portions, and outer peripheral material layer (4) which is provided to the periphery of the assembly of some of the honeycomb portions and forms outer peripheral surface of the honeycomb structure. The honeycomb portion of two or more portions has two or more types of heat conductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The C.vulgaris is grown under 5-15 v/v% carbondioxide conditions. The strain is deposited under FERM P-20906 or FERM AP-20963. Preferred Bioreactor: The microalgae belonging to Chlorella are C.vulgaris. Preferred Method: The acidic polysaccharide is calcium alginate. The toxic compound has endocrine disruption effect. EXAMPLE - Sample water was inoculated into MBM culture medium and enrichment culture of algae was performed for 2 weeks under sunlight. The enrichment culture liquid was diluted and culturing was again continued at 25degreesC for 2 weeks. The enrichment culture medium was inoculated into MBM culture medium consisting of ampicillin (50 mg/l) and agar (2%). Static culture was performed for 2 weeks at 30degreesC in presence of light. Microalgae was separated from the colony and transferred to MBM culture medium. A single colony of microalgae belonging to Chlorella vulgaris was separated from the medium and named as C.vulgaris C-1 strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst layer contains a support containing an inorganic acid compound and ruthenium supported by a support. The inorganic acid compound is chosen from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide and/or titanium oxide. The catalyst further contains a metal chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium and iridium. The source gas contains hydrogen (40-85 volume%) and carbon monoxide (0.1-2 volume%). The molar ratio of oxygen in oxygen-containing gas and carbon monoxide in source gas is 0.5-3. The carbon monoxide concentration in generation gas obtained from downstream end of catalyst layer is 100 volume ppm or less. Preferred Properties: The consumption peak position of carbon monoxide and oxygen is formula (I): xmax(CO)less than or equal toxmax(O2). Preferred Process: The source gas is obtained by performing desulfurization reaction, modification reaction or water gas shift reaction of hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether. Preferred Method: Manufacture of high concentration hydrogen-containing-gas involves circulating source gas and oxygen-containing gas to catalyst layer and performing selective oxidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weights of metallic element of plant type biomass, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal are 5-10 mass%. The oxygen-containing gas is air. The alkali metal compound is caustic soda.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating is performed at 200-600degreesC without using a thermal medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: 1-10 mass parts of nickel or cobalt, or 0.1-1 mass parts of platinum, palladium or rhodium by metal conversion is supported as an active catalyst component with respect to 100 mass parts of magnesium oxide fine particles to obtain catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The reaction material and alcohol are contacted with cation exchange resin, the concentration of water and alcohol in reaction liquid is reduced, and esterifying reaction is performed. The liquid mixture and/or esterifying reaction liquid of reaction material and alcohol is introduced into reactors filled with cation exchange resin, arranged in a row, and esterifying reaction by solid-liquid contact is performed. The reaction product is introduced into each reactor after stripping of byproduct water in esterifying reaction liquid and reducing moisture content concentration with alcohol vapor. The removed water is reused as hydrolysis water. The separated alcohol is reused. Preferred Composition: The content of moisture in esterifying reaction liquid is 8 mass% or less. The content of alcohol is 1-20 mol with respect to fatty acid (1 mol) in the reaction material. The molar ratio of water with respect to total amount of triglyceride in animal oil and vegetable oil is 3-500. Preferred Resin: The cation exchange resin is strongly acidic cation exchange resin. Preferred Compound: The animal oil is fish oil, beef tallow and/or lard. The vegetable oil is sunflower oil, safflower oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rape seed oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, camellia oil, coconut oil and palm oil. The animal oil and/or vegetable oil contain triglyceride of formula (1). The alcohol is methanol.R1-R3=6-24C (un)saturated aliphatic group optionally having substituent.Preferred Property: The acid value of fatty acid monoester compound is 0.5 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The moisture content of mixture of the carbon source material, microorganisms and organic waste is 55-65%. The ratio of carbon with respect to nitrogen, and specific gravity of the mixture are set to 20-40 and 0.6-0.8, respectively. Preferred Condition: The fermentation temperature and period is 60degreesC or more, and 20 or more, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water is provided from a body of water of ocean, sea, or lake; and includes a concentration of ions that a salt does not need to be added. The halogen gas is chlorine gas. The alkaline solution comprises sodium hydroxide. The carbon dioxide comprises adding the alkaline solution to a body of water. The point source is power plants, chemical plants, natural gas fields, oil fields, or industrial sites. The reactive species are provided from a rock and/or mineral source. The acidic solution reacts with the rock and/or mineral source in situ. The rock and/or mineral source is silicate rocks, silicate minerals, mafic minerals, magnetite, mafic rocks, ultramafic rocks, serpentinites, basalts, or iron ores. The rock and/or mineral source comprises iron or dissolved in an acid. The acidic solution and the reactive species react to form hydrogen gas or a product comprising iron(II) (Fe2+). The iron(II) (Fe2+) is oxidized in a fuel cell reaction to produce electricity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Separating dry isobutanol from the fermentation broth involves the step of distillation. Separating dry isobutanol further involves at least one step selected from pervaporation, gas-stripping, adsorption, or liquid-liquid extraction. The reaction is performed at -20 to 300degreesC, and at a pressure of 0.1-10 MPa. The process for producing isoalkane further involves isolating the at least one isoalkane from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered isoalkane. The production of 10-13C substituted aromatic compound further involves isolating the at least one 10-13C substituted aromatic compound from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered 10-13C substituted aromatic compound. The production of at least one alkyl butyl ether further involves isolating the at least one butyl alkyl ether from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered butyl alkyl ether. The production of at least one isooctene further involves isolating the at least one isooctene from the reaction product to produce at least one recovered isooctene. EXAMPLE - A mixture of isobutanol and sulfuric acid (50 mg) was contained in a vial with a magnetic stir bar. The vial was sealed with a serum cap perforated with a needle to facilitate gas exchange. The vial was placed in a block heater enclosed in a pressure vessel. The vessel was purged with nitrogen and the pressure was set at 6.9 MPa. The block was heated to 200degreesC for 2 hours. After cooling and venting, the contents of the vial were analyzed by gas chromatography. It was observed that isobutanol was converted into butenes with 26.7% selectivity at 74.8% conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The rare-earth element oxide is oxide of rare earth element chosen from scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and cerium. The alkaline-earth element oxide is oxide of alkaline-earth element chosen from magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium. Preferred Property: The alpha -alumina has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 3-30 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The exhaust gases are cooled to temperature of less than 150degrees C. The contaminated gases are filtered through biofilter on inert supports to carry out a process of oxidative biofiltration. Waste cover, base materials, and former landfill gas wells are filled with non-waste material to serve for biofiltration. Zones, rates and percentages of contaminant reduction by bioremediation are assessed and controlled by relying on localization, at points in or above the waste, of gas contaminant concentrations relative to known inert gas or inert gas tracer inputs. The overall degree of biofiltration is assessed by contaminant reduction measurement relative to known inert gas or inert gas tracer inputs at a single gas outlet location where all gas exiting the biofiltration is commingled and well mixed. The overall degree of contaminant emission in gas exiting the process is assessed from contaminant concentrations and flow of gas exiting the waste mass. The oxygen consumption and temperature in the waste mass is measured and an aqueous amendment is added to the waste mass in an amount based on the oxygen consumed or temperature in the waste mass, where the aqueous amendment is added at a volume of 50-120 ml water/g-atomic weight of oxygen consumed in the waste mass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The waste mass comprises aerobic and anaerobic sectors. The inert support comprises organic and inorganic size-reduced construction and demolition wastes. The aqueous amendment can be wastewater comprising buffers and nutrients.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The biological or chemical material is placed in the chamber together with a further reactant, where the biological or chemical material is algae, the further reactant is biomass or growth medium, and the reaction is algae growth. The channel height to width ratio is chosen to optimize volume of oil or hydrogen obtained from the algae with respect to volume of the biomass or to time. The biomass comprises human or animal waste. The chamber is a microfluidic chamber. The chamber is a microfluidic chamber. The algae are algae containing oil accounting for at least 15% of the algae's mass, where the algae are diatoms or green algae, where the algae are freshwater or salt-water algae. The algae are hydrogen-generating algae. The algae are hydrogen-generating mutant algae. The channels are open or closed on top. Opening or closing of the channels on top is controllable. The light is solar light. The light is artificial light, where the artificial light comprises at least one LED. The channels of the meandering fluid channel comprise pores, where gas is flown into and/or out the meandering fluid channel through the pores. A product of the reaction is collected continuously, where the product of the reaction is for producing biodiesel, and where oily algae is collected in accordance with a batch process. The method further comprises providing one or more mirrors, associated with the channels, to reflect light from a light source, where the one or more mirrors are sawtooth mirrors. Preferred Energy Source Panel: The light source comprises LEDs. The panel further comprises one or more mirrors, associated with the channels, to reflect light from the light source, where the one or more mirrors are sawtooth mirrors. At least a portion of the channels is arranged in a serial fashion or parallel fashion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The at least one of the methyl ester, the bioremediation reagent, or the composition is emulsified. The composition adapted for administration to a site comprising a contamination, where the site is subsurface (preferably subsurface groundwater site). The microbial population is present in an aquifer or vadose zone and the composition is capable of supporting the growth of the microbial population. The ratio of the methyl ester of the fatty acid to the bioremediation reagent is 1:99 to 25:75 (preferably 5:95 to 15:85). Preferred Components: The methyl ester of the fatty acid is an oil derivative (preferably a vegetable oil); and comprises 18C fatty acid esters, 18C fatty acid ester fraction (at least 50, preferably at least 80)%, and saturated fatty acid ester fraction (not greater than 25, preferably not greater than 15)%. The bioremediation reagent is an acyl glycerol (preferably a derivative of a vegetable oil); and comprises 18C fatty acid fraction (at least 50, preferably at least 80)%, and saturated fatty acid fraction (not greater than 25, preferably not greater than 15)%. The methyl ester of the fatty acid ester is a derivative of a first vegetable oil and the bioremediation reagent is a derivative of a second vegetable oil, where the first and second vegetable oils are different or the same. Preferred Method: The population of anaerobic bacteria is naturally occurring in the aquifer or vadose zone. The method further involves introducing the population of anaerobic bacteria in the aquifer or vadose zone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adsorbent comprises a zeolite or a zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The energy source comprises plasma arcs, laser, and/or leaner pilot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid carbon-containing fuel is pulverized coal, charcoal, peat, coke, char, petroleum coke, oil sand, tar sand, waste plastics, biomass, or carbon produced by pyrolysis of carbonaceous substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred System: The solution (S1) comprises water and methanol. The photosensitizer is an anthraquinone. The basic material comprises an inorganic hydroxide (preferably sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide). The photosensitizer is in a solid phase or dissolved in solution. The photosensitized oxidation product of methanol is formaldehyde. The reduction product of oxygen and photoreduced photosensitizer is hydrogen peroxide. The reaction product is bis-(hydroxymethyl)peroxide. Preferred Process: The photosensitized oxidation product of methanol and hydrogen peroxide react to form a reaction product that generates hydrogen in the presence of a basic material. The yield of hydrogen from reaction product in the presence of basic material is 100% based on the relative molecular weights of hydrogen and reaction product. Prior to the formation of reaction product, the solution is placed into a storage container. The solid phase is removed from solution in storage container subsequent to the formation of reaction product and prior to or after placing solution into storage container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The input hydrogen concentration of step (A) is greater than 70% resulting in cryogenic separation efficiency exceeding 90%. Preferred Method: Step (A) includes reacting CH4 and H2O or O2 to produce a gas mixture containing H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and H2O. The high purity liquid CO2 obtained in step (B) is sequestered to avoid emission of greenhouse gas or served as a co-product. Step (D) includes reacting CO and CH4 gas mixture at low temperature to convert CO into CO2 and H2, and reacting CO and CH4 gas mixture at high temperature to convert CH4 into CO2 and H2; reacting CO and CH4 mixture with H2O to convert both CO and CH4 into CO2 and H2 simultaneously at one reactor; or separating CO and CH4 mixture into CO and CH4, reacting CO with H2O in a water shift gas reactor to convert CO into CO2 and H2, and reforming CH4 with H2O at a steam methane reforming reactor to convert CH4 into CO2 and H2. Liquid hydrogen may be produced from landfill gases (LFG) after removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas by cryogenically separating landfill gases into CH4, nitrogen (N2), liquid CO2 above 95% purity and H2O; sending CH4 into an autothermal reactor to produce H2; sending remainder of the gas mixture to be cryogenically separated into liquid CO2 and H2O; recycling the gas mixture of CO and CH4 through a steam methane reforming (SMR) reactor or a combination of SMR reactor and water gas shift reaction (WGSR) reactor to further produce H2; and cooling low-temperature gaseous H2 until it is liquefied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The apparatus has turbo and super charger which is equipped with electric power generating apparatus run by thermal decomposition gas and compressing device which is connected with rotation output shaft of electric power generating apparatus, operates by waste gas and driven with electric power. Preferred Method: The compression of thermal decomposition gas is carried out by waste gas pressure with rotation output and electric power from electric power generating apparatus which run by thermal decomposition gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The coating layer consists of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The alloy contains manganese. EXAMPLE - Zinc oxide powder having average particle diameter of 0.6 microns, acrylic-type binder, and mineral spirit as dilution material are mixed in a weight ratio of 100:5:72, to obtain a dipping liquid. An iron-chromium type heat-resistant alloy board having thickness of 2 mm was formed using alloy containing iron (75 mass%), and remainder of chromium, nickel and manganese. The alloy board was dipped in the obtained dipping liquid, heat-processed at 1050degreesC, dried and baked at 950-1050degreesC for 2 hours, to obtain a coating layer. An intermediate layer was formed between the obtained coating layer and alloy, to obtain a heat resistant insulation material. The obtained insulation material had favorable insulation, and effectively suppressed diffusion of chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The oil-and-fat and alcohol are preferably reacted in presence of magnesium chloride, or halide of element belonging to third-seventh period of periodic table. Preferred Conditions: The container internal pressure at the time of reaction is 0.1-10 MPa. The temperature of oil-and-fat and superheat vaporization alcohol at vicinity of normal-pressure (0.101-0.15 MPa) is 180-320degreesC, preferably 250-350degreesC, and 250-300degreesC, respectively. Preferred Component: The oil-and-fat is vegetable oil chosen from palm oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil and jatropha (sic) oil. The alcohol is methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The desulfurization reaction temperature is 100degreesC or less. Preferred Composition: The content of methanol and carbonyl sulfide in hydrocarbon group fuel is 1 mass ppm or more and 0.1 mass ppm or more. The hydrocarbon group fuel contains water (1 mass ppm or more). Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon group fuel is liquefied petroleum gas. The zeolite is faujasite type zeolite. The zeolite group desulfurizing agent is obtained by carrying out ion exchange processing of zeolite by silver, supporting silver and molding zeolite, drying zeolite at 80-180degreesC, after silver ion exchange.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains 5-30 mass% of cobalt component. The metal salt is alkali metal nitrate or alkaline earth metal nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The pyrogen gas is hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide and/or hydrogen fluoride, or calcium, aluminum, iron, sodium and/or calcium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The hydrogen permeable membrane is an alloy film of palladium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, iron, nickel, cobalt, and/or molybdenum. The porous body is a metal. CERAMICS - Preferred Components: The porous body can be a product made from ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The infrared-absorption film contains an amorphous semiconductor of tantalum silicon-oxy-nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The infrared-absorption film contains carbon, iron, cobalt, platinum or chromium as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out using gaseous or liquid dihydrogen, mineral or organic hydrogenated molecule and/or hydrocarbon during the stage of silica carbide crystal growth, where the crystal growth is carried out by epitaxial growth. Hydrogen is released by heat, light radiation and/or electricity. Preferred Composition: The storage material further comprises another material capable of storing hydrogen e.g. silicon and/or metal hydride; metallic hydrides e.g. alanates. Preferred Components: The storage material is a composition comprising of silicon carbide and a substrate. Silicon carbide is present an allotropic crystalline, mono-/polycrystalline form or in an amorphous form, preferably present in crystalline form. The crystalline silica carbide is present in 10 nm to 5 microns in size. Silica carbide crystals are nanoparticles having a diameter of 10-100 nm. Silica carbide crystals have a hollow tube of density greater than 100 tubes per cm2 of exposed surface of the crystals. The substrate to which silicon carbide is associated is covered with a silicon layer i.e. reconstructed from 4:3 or 3:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The generator further comprises an enclosure, a hydrogen storage material, units for circulating gas for feeding silica carbide in hydrogen and units to release the stored hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a structuring material or contains a structuring material to prepare a porous matrix arranged in honeycomb type structure or atomic cluster type structure on a surface or semiconductor nanocrystals. The porous matrix comprises a polymeric material as a structuring material. The polymeric material is polyamide, polyamide or silicone. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic material is in crystalline or quasi-crystalline form; and is an inert inorganic material. The particles of inorganic material have an average particle size of 3 mm to 50 micrometers (preferably 1-0.1 mm). The inorganic material has catalytic properties. The inorganic material is selected from clay, silica, silica-alumina, transition metal hydroxide, metal hydroxyl salt, zeolite, cationic layered material, anionic clay, layered double hydroxide (LDH), smectite clay, saponite, and/or sepiolite. The divalent metal is Mg, and the trivalent metal is Al. The microcrystalline inorganic material is anionic clay. The anionic clay is hydrotalcite. The cation is Al3+. The anion is an aluminate (Al2(O4)2-). The inorganic material functions as a catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The suspension does not precipitate solid particles when centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5000 revolution per minute (rpm). The liquid suspension medium is water, alcohol or carboxylic acid. The liquid suspension medium additionally comprises a swelling agent. The swelling agent is an acid or a base. Preferred Method: The modification of conditions involves a change in temperature, change in pH, and/or evaporation of the liquid suspension medium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biomass comprises polymeric material selected from cellulose or lignocellulose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method involves adding sodium hydroxide to the sodium tetraborate. Preferred Component: The reductant is at least one of 1-4C hydrocarbons, barium, magnesium, calcium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, gallium or silicon. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred System: The system serve as a treatment of residual water decontamination according to the vindication Ndegrees 1 characterized because the earthworm humus that is added to the system also includes adult, juvenile, larvae and earthworm's eggs, that allows to keep increasing the humus amount in the system, which feed of the organic solids that are retained by the celluloid material and as of this way they transform the organic material that contains the water to decontaminate the humus, which is an excellent natural fertilizer for lands. The vindication Ndegrees 1 occupies a previous filtering through a celluloid material, that is to say, sawdust or shaving. When the water is decontaminated that presents a great amount of suspended solids, organics as well as inorganic. The vindication Ndegrees 1 contains an irrigation system that permits the contact of the contaminated water with the earthworm's humus so as of this way it can be easier the development of the bacterial flora generated in the system. The vindication Ndegrees 1 is a natural recycling, that does not accumulate water in order to apply oxygen or chemical products, nor leaves any toxic residue as it is the case of other treatment systems, that leave a contaminating mud as residue of the process of decontamination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After separating the glycerin phase, the raw glycerin, which is harmful to the total reformation catalyst, is released. The water content of the raw glycerin is adjusted to a molecular vapor/carbon-ratio of 1 to 5. The conditioning includes the adjusting of the stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen/carbon monoxide/carbon dioxide. The stoichiometric ratio is 1.5 to 2.5, preferably 1.8 to 2.2. The stoichiometric ratio is 2, preferably 2.05. The stoichiometric ratio is adjusted by removing carbon dioxide. When subjecting the raw glycerin to the catalytic vapor forming reaction, additionally a hydrocarbon is supplied. EXAMPLE - A catalyst (preferably C11-PR) (23.86 g) and a composition containing nickel oxide (56 wt.%), magnesium oxide (12 wt.%), silicon oxide (10 wt.%) and aluminum oxide (10 wt.%) in the form of 1.2-5.8 mm large granulate were taken in a heat tube reactor. To the above mixture, glycerin-water-mixture in the ratio of 1:1 related to vol.% was added. Subsequently water was added. The reaction mixture was worked up to give a biodiesel containing methane (0.2 vol.%), carbon dioxide (22.2 vol.%), carbon monoxide (11 vol.%) and hydrogen (66.6 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical contacting units are formed from nickel. The interconnector is formed from ferritic chromium steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the gravitational force generated in the cyclonic separator is at least 150 G's. The foam laden gas stream results from a hydrogen sulfide removal process. The foam laden gas stream results from a process that uses an alkaline solution containing bacteria. The foam laden gas stream is caused by the interaction of gas, water, elemental sulfur and/or surface active agents. In method (M2), the gravitational force generated in the centrifugal separator is at least 150 G's. The liquid current is treated in a bioreactor, where elemental sulfur is removed. The bioreactor employs high surface area structures coated with sulfur fixation organisms. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The renewable fuel (F1) comprises (wt.%) low carbon esters derivable from ethanol (greater than 0-20); the pentosan derivable furans (greater than 0-20); aromatic hydrocarbon derived from acetone or propyne (greater than 0-60); 4-10C straight chain alkanes derivable from polysaccharides (greater than 0-65); bio-oils derived from plant germ (2-40) and further comprises triethanolamine (greater than 0-10).. Preferred Components: The low carbon esters derived from ethanol is 1-4C ester (preferably ethyl acetate). The pentosan derivable furans are substituted furans (preferably 2-methyl furan). The aromatic hydrocarbon is mesitylene. The 4-10C straight chain alkanes derivable from polysaccharides is n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane or n-decane (preferably n-heptane, more preferably an equal molar mixture of n-hexane and n-octane). The bio-oils derived from plant germ is soybean oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, palm oil or corn oil (preferably corn oil). EXAMPLE - A High Octane AvGas was prepared comprising (wt.%) ethyl acetate (17.5), 2-methyl furan (17.5), mesitylene (60) and corn oil (5) which showed a motor octane number of 142, air to fuel ratio of 14.20 and zero sulfur content in comparison with the conventional fuel which showed a motor octane number of greater than or equal to101, air to fuel ratio of greater than or equal to14 and a sulfur content of less than or equal to0.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst component is platinum or an alloy of platinum and a metal selected from ruthenium, iron, nickel, manganese, cobalt, gold, or iridium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fullerene derivative is a sulfonated derivative. The fullerene derivative includes a fullerene core of 36C, 70C, 76C, 78C, 80C, 82C, 84C, 90C, or 96C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte membrane is a hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte resin that is obtained by introducing the proton dissociating polar group into engineering plastics (preferably polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, or polyphenylene ether); polystyrenes; ABS resins or AS resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water solution comprises tap water. Preferred Process: A water softening step is performed prior to the removal of hydrogen. The oxygen produced when hydrogen is separated is recycled together with the water solution. Hydrogen is removed by an electrolysis in which diatomic hydrogen molecules are dissociated from oxygen molecules. Hydrogen is mixed with the frothed fuel at 5 ppm/li.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed oxide further contains zirconium oxide (up to 10 wt.%). (I) does not contain noble metals. The amount of copper oxide, zinc oxide or aluminum oxide is 2-20 wt.%, 40-80.5 wt.% and up to 45 wt.%, respectively. (I) is not a pyrophor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precipitation is carried out in the presence of a base e.g. soda and/or sodium hydroxide. The conversion is carried out at a low-temperature, preferably 150-350degreesC. EXAMPLE - The typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: copper oxide (12), zinc oxide (68), aluminum oxide (17.5) and zirconium oxide (2.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The ammonia containing material initially is saturated with ammonia. The water needed for ammonia release is provided from a separate water container; as a product of a chemical reaction, a combustion reaction, from the humid exhaust of a fuel cell unit or from the humid exhaust gas of an automotive unit operating on gasoline, diesel or other hydrocarbon fuels such as ethanol or on synthetic fuel such as ammonia or hydrogen; by spraying or atomizing water as fine droplets into the storage container; by passing a humid gas through the storage container thus replacing some or all of the water content in the gas by ammonia released from the solid. The saturated ammonia containing material is compacted to a dense block, rod, cylinder, ring or edged unit such as cube with a density above 70% of the theoretical maximum skeleton density of the saturated solid material before placing in the container. The release rate of ammonia is determined by control of the dosing rate of water into the storage container. The delivery of ammonia is further controlled by reduction valves, flow controllers, valves or similar type of equipment. Preferred Components: The ammonia containing material is a metal ammine complex or is a salt of formula Ma(NH3)nXz. The ionic salt is either chloride or sulfate salts of magnesium, calcium, and/or strontium.M=cations selected from alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium or cesium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium or strontium and/or transition metals such as vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper or zinc or combinations such as NaAl, KAl, K2Zn, CsCu or K2Fe;X=anions selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, thiocyanate, sulfate, molybdate or phosphate ions;a=number of cations per salt molecule;z=number of anions per salt molecule;andn=2-12. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton conductor comprises yttrium-doped barium cerate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The gas mixture contains N2 and CO2 gases in a molar ratio of 1:9 to 9:1 (preferably 4:6 to 9:1, especially 8:2). The gas mixture is added to the natural gas hydrate at 0-5degreesC to reach a pressure of 30-200 atm and reacted for 9-20 hours. The recovery of methane gas from natural gas hydrate involves the step of replacing CH4 gas with the gas mixture for 9-20 hours by adding a flue gas containing N2 and CO2 gases to the natural gas hydrate at 0-5degreesC to reach a pressure of 30-200 atm. EXAMPLE - Natural gas hydrate was subjected to a high-pressure cell for Raman analysis by using the method as described in (see: Sloan, Jr. E. D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998). While maintaining the initial temperature of 0degreesC, a gas mixture containing N2 and CO2 gases in a molar ratio of 8:2 with the same temperature was added to the high-pressure cell to reach a pressure of 120 atm in the cell to replace CH4 gas in the natural gas hydrate with the gas mixture for 23 hours. The temperature of the high-pressure cell at the point of 23 hours was 1.1degreesC. And then, the amounts of CH4 gas recovered from the natural gas hydrate were measured as time goes by, and the recovery rate of CH4 gas was calculated by comparing them with the amount in CH4 gas contained in the natural gas hydrate, where the amount of CH4 gas was measured by the aid of Raman spectrometer, and CO2 gas was used as a control. The results showed that more CH4 gas, in case of using a gas mixture, was recovered from natural gas hydrate, since CH4 gas entrapped in the small cage was replaced with N2 gas, unlike the case of adding CO2 gas only to recover CH4 gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The modifier has reaction tube made of stainless steel that conforms to SUS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is manganese oxide, technetium oxide, rhenium oxide, iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, osmium oxide, cobalt oxide, rhodium oxide, iridium oxide, nickel oxide, palladium oxide or platinum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture formed during the final step is separated into a fraction rich in methane and a fraction rich in water. The contact of the flow rich in hydrogen sulfide with a metallic oxide material is done using an agitated reactor, a gas-solid contactor or a membrane reactor under 1-100 bars at 0-500degreesC. The final step is carried out at a pressure of 5-150 bars and a temperature of at 100-400degreesC. The metallic sulfide is regenerated by combustion with oxygen to form a metallic oxide and a sulfur oxide. The combustion is done at less than 750degreesC in which the sulfur oxide is reacted with water to form sulfuric acid or greater than 750degreesC in which the sulfur oxide is transformed into water and elemental sulfur according to Claus reaction. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The partial separation of the mother liquor is carried out by direct removal of the headwater of the sloping plain. The headwater of the sloping plain exhibits 0-50 (preferably 0-15)% of the solid content of the product suspension. The maximum particle size in the headwater of the sloping plain is 30% of the D50-value of the particle size distribution. The concentration of the precipitated product in the suspension amounts to the multiplication of the stoichiometric quantity. The amount of mother liquor separated is up to 90%. Preferred Components: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface of powdered (I) is 15 m2/g. The tapping density of powdered (I) is 2.55 g/cm3. (A) exhibits a D50-value, by means of a master sizer according to ASTM B 822, of 3-30 (preferably 10-20) microns. The powder particle exhibits a spheroid form. The powder particle exhibits a form factor of greater than 0.7 (preferably 0.9). EXAMPLE - A metal sulfate solution containing nickel (101.9 g/l) and cobalt (18.1 g/l) was taken in a reactor. To the above mixture, sodium hydroxide (750 g/l) was added, followed by the addition of 25% ammonia solution (0.50 l/h) and demineralized water (21.8 l/h) into the reactor. The mother liquor (1 l/h) was separated through sloping plain. The obtained product suspension with a solid material content of 600 g/l was removed from the reactor and the precipitated product was filtered, washed and dried at 80degreesC to give a nickel and cobalt-mixed hydroxide (115 kg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbonaceous material is dried to moisture content of less than or equal to15 wt.% before reforming. The carbonaceous material is of the size of 1/32 inch to one half inch. The heat recovery zone uses water to recover heat and at least a portion of the heated water is used as preheated steam to the reforming process unit. The methanation zone contains three reactors in series and heat is removed from the stream passing from the first reactor and the second reactor. The methane produced in the methanation unit is introduced into a natural gas pipeline. The methane is removed from a pipeline and converted to a syngas. Prior to organic removal, the synthetic gaseous product stream is subjected to a water wash where it is flowed counter current to a stream of water to remove any remaining solids material. Preferred Components: The acid gas crubbing agent used in the acid gas removal zone is selected from amines (preferably diethanol amine, diethanol amine or mono-ethanol amine) and alcohols (preferably methanol). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is operated manually and/or automatically. In the process, the biofuel is obtained by a batch system or a continuous system. Preferred Components: The fatty acid raw material is selected from palm fatty acid, fractionated palm fatty acid, fractionated coconut fatty acid and palm kernel fatty acid. The alcohol is methanol. The catalyst is an acid. The acid is a sulfuric acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal hydride comprises at least one LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH, BeH2, MgH2, CaH2, SrH2, BaH2, ScH3, AlH3, GaH3, InH3, SnH4, SbH5, PbH4, and BiH3 (preferably LiH). The metal hydride comprises a hydride of at least one a first row transition metal (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), a second row transition metal (Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd), and a third row transition metal (La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg). Preferred Method: When the method (M1) involves reacting the metal hydride with the compound (I), then the reaction is carried out at 0-400 (preferably 275-350)degreesC. When the method (M1) involves heating the compound (I), then the heating of the compound (I) is carried out at at 40-60degreesC. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a fuel cell and device for transferring any hydrogen produced to the fuel cell. Preferred Definitions:    R2=H;    M1=Li.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Biomass Material: The fibers of carbon are coated onto the particulate biomass material, or embedded within the particulate biomass material. The biomass material is of photosynthetic origin. The biomass material comprises cellulose and/or lignocellulose. The biomass material is susceptible to hydrothermal conversion at a temperature below 300 (preferably below 240, especially below 200)degrees C. Preferred Process: The mild thermal conversion step is carried out in the presence of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fibers are carbon nanofibers. The carbon source comprises a gaseous carbon source selected from methane, carbon monoxide, synthesis gas, ethyne, and/or ethane; a liquid, or a decomposition product of the solid biomass. The decomposition product of the solid biomass is a gas or a liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The catalytic material comprises a metal capable of forming a carbide or capable of dissolving carbon. The metal is a transition metal, or a non-noble transition metal. The metal is selected from iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), and/or molybdenum (Mo). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The quantity of energy drawn off corresponds to a fall in temperature of up to 10degreesC. The unit comprises two columns (KI, KII) connected one below the other by a liquid line (4) and a vapor line (5), the energy being withdrawn from (4) and/or (5). Liquid and/or gas is taken off from the unit at one or more points, cooled in an external cooler and returned to the unit at the same point or a different point. Liquid and/or vapor may also be passed through an internal cooler mounted between the take-off points for (3) and (6). The C4 fraction is completely or partly liquid when fed into (KI, KII). Preferred solvents (1) are (a) N-methylpyrrolidone, preferably in aqueous solution with 8-10 wt% water, especially 8.3 wt% water, or (b) dimethylformamide, or (c) acetonitrile or a mixture of acetonitrile with water and/or alcohol(s). EXAMPLE - In a 2-column extractive distillation unit (KI, KII) for the separation of a C4 cut using N-methylpyrrolidone with 8.3 wt% water as selective solvent, a liquid stream (4) was taken from column KI, cooled by 10degreesC and recycled to the same point in KI. This enabled the quantity of feed stream to be increased by 8% without changing any other operating conditions, therefore increasing the plant capacity by 8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The exit velocity of the moderator gas is at least 5 times the velocity of the hydrocarbon feed (preferably 2-40 m/s); the exit velocity of the moderator gas is 40-200 (preferably 40-150) m/s; the exit velocity of the oxidizer gas is 30-150 (preferably 30-70) m/s. The multi-orifice burner has 4-7 (preferably 7) passages. The moderator gas (preferably steam) flows through the outer most passage at a velocity of 5-40 m/s. The velocity of the moderator gas is increased by reducing the content of moderator gas in the moderator pure oxygen mixture and increasing the amount of moderator gas, as provided to the passages for moderator gas. The velocity of the moderator gas is decreased by redirecting part of the moderator gas from the moderator gas, as provided to the passages for moderator gas to the moderator-pure oxygen mixture. The throughput of the total of moderator gas, the total of pure oxygen and the total of hydrocarbon feed remains substantially the same in all the process. Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon feed is a heavy crude oil residue, having a kinematic viscosity between 1 and 3000 cSt, as measured at the temperature of the hydrocarbon feed as it is supplied to the burner. The oxidizer gas comprises of a mixture of pure oxygen having a purity of 95-100 vol.% and a moderator gas, where the content of moderator gas in such a moderator-pure oxygen mixture is between 10-30 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The carbonaceous material is fed to the fluidized bed reactor as slurry feed. The slurry feed is heated with hydrogen in a kiln-type reactor at 300-600degreesC and 150-400 psi before being fed to the fluidized bed reactor. The slurry feed is ground in the kiln-type reactor. Impurities are removed from the stream of methane and carbon monoxide rich gas at the pressure of the fluidized bed reactor and at a temperature above the boiling point of water at the process pressure. The stream of methane and carbon monoxide rich gas is subjected to steam methane reforming under conditions where synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide is generated. Synthesis gas generated by the steam methane reforming is fed into a Fischer-Tropsch type reactor under conditions where a liquid fuel is produced. The conversion process is conducted under reducing conditions. Preferred Conditions: The residence time of the slurry feed in the kiln-type reactor is 10-200 seconds. The residence time of the hydrogen from input to the kiln-type reactor to output from the fluidized bed reactor is 5-45 seconds. The temperature is 700-900degreesC. The pressure is 132-560 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A combination of hydrogen and steam is used as the fluidizing medium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The hydrogen is obtained by diverting a portion of hydrogen separated from the synthesis gas to the slurry water or by diverting a portion of the synthesis gas to the slurry water without separation of hydrogen from the synthesis gas. At least part of the slurry water is provided in the form of steam. The ratio of hydrogen to slurry water is determined by analysis of the effect on the synthesis gas ratio of (a) the ratio of solid content of the carbonaceous material to the slurry water and (b) the ratio of the hydrogen to carbon content of the carbonaceous material. The analysis is a sensitivity analysis using a modeling computer program that relates the synthesis gas ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide to conversion ratios of the carbon content of the carbonaceous material. The steam methane reforming is conducted under conditions where the composition of synthesis gas produced has a hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide mole ratio of 1.1-6.1. The synthesis gas generated by the steam methane reforming is fed into a Fischer-Tropsch-type reactor (FTR) under conditions where a liquid fuel is produced. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The steam is introduced downstream from the point of introduction of the carbonaceous material. Impurities are removed from the stream of methane and carbon monoxide rich gas at the temperature at which the carbonaceous material is heated or at the pressure of the fluidized bed reactor. The stream of methane and carbon monoxide rich gas is subjected to steam methane reforming under conditions where synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide is generated. Synthesis gas generated by the steam methane reforming is fed into a Fischer-Tropsch reactor under conditions where a liquid fuel is produced. The conversion process is conducted under reducing conditions. Preferred Conditions: The temperature is 790-850degreesC. The pressure is 132-560 psi.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: A combination of hydrogen and steam is used as the fluidizing medium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The process further involves periodically removing a portion of surfactant produced by the bacterial isolate during bioremediation conditions from the supply of contaminated soil. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The noble metal is platinum (preferably), palladium, rhodium and/or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first fuel comprises a hydrogen-containing gas, alcohol, and/or hydrocarbon. The alcohol is methanol (preferred), ethanol, propanol, isopropanol and/or butanol. The hydrocarbon is methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, gasoline and/or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl sulfide is dimethyl sulfide. The hydrocarbon is alkane, alkene or aryl. The hydrocarbon is pentane. At least a portion of the platinum of the composition is in a reduced valence state. Preferred Method: The method further comprises repeating the hydrocarbon incorporating step and spraying step. The step of contacting the sulfided support with steam occurs during the calcining step or during the reducing step. The sulfided support is calcined at 150-700degreesC. The steamed support is reduced under 20-650 (preferably 200-500)degreesC. The feed stream is contacted with the prepared composition at room temperature to 100degreesC, preferably 70-85degreesC. EXAMPLE - A solution was made, comprising H2PtCl5 (50 g), FeCl3.6H2O (14.3 g), and acetone (500 mL). Pentane (300 mL) was sprayed onto calcined alumina (892 g). The above solution (125 mL) was sprayed onto the alumina, and dried for 20 minutes. The above three steps were repeated three times. The prepared composition (50 g) was loaded into a quartz tube and flushed with hydrogen sulfide for 10 minutes at room temperature. The composition was then flushed with air for 1 hour at room temperature, heated to 350degreesC, and steamed for 4 hours. The resultant composition (2 g) was charged to stainless steel reactor. The composition was reduced at 300degreesC under a flow of hydrogen at a rate of 300 cc/minute. The flow of gas comprising carbon monoxide (15 cc/minute), hydrogen (385 cc/minute), carbon dioxide (18 cc/minute), and air (100 cc/minute) was then charged to the reactor . The reaction temperature was 62degreesC. After 16 hours on-stream, the carbon monoxide (CO) conversion rate was 98.0%. A subsequent run yielded a CO conversion rate of 99.2% after 20.0 hours on-stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecular combination comprises hydrogen atom and the cations comprise hydrogen cations. The molecular combination may comprise hydrogen atom and carbon atom, and the cations comprise hydrogen cations and carbon cations. The molecular combination may be a water molecule, and the cations include hydrogen cations and the anions include oxygen anions. Preferred Process: The process includes conducting current between hydrogen cations and oxygen anions, cooling the isolated hydrogen cations to form diatomic hydrogen, and collecting diatomic hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sources comprise fossil source(s), biogenic source(s), and/or abiogenic source(s). The biogenic source comprises landfill gas. The methane-production sources comprise natural gas, Area-6 gas, and/or landfill gas. Preferred Composition: Each methane production source has greater than 40 (preferably greater than 70)% methane
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal complex is made of cobalt, iron, chromium, manganese, copper, magnesium and vanadium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal complex is made of porphyrin, phthalocyanine, salen, quinone, or ethylenediamine. The anion replacement film has a cation group that is selected from pyridinium group, alkyl ammonium group and imidazolium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is inorganic particles chosen from silica, silica alumina, silicate and alumino silicate. The content of ruthenium particles mixed with inorganic particles is 5-30 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Structure: The air permeable structure is obtained by integral adhesion molding of a pair of air permeable sheets (1) by silica sol and/or alumina sol. The adsorption agent is interposed and fixed between the pair of air permeable sheets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The product is alcohol. The reactive component is compound having carbon-carbon double bond or epoxy ring, or ethylene or ethylene oxide. Preferred Process: The alcohol is added to fats and oils raw material, in supercritical or subcritical state and the fats and oils raw material is converted into fatty acid alkyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrocarbon, steam, air or oxygen are contacted with honeycomb catalyst. The oxygen is isolated from air using a deoxygenated film. The hydrocarbon is liquified natural gas (LNG), liquified propane gas (LPG), town gas or methane-fermentation gas. EXAMPLE - Compound has hydrotalcite structure containing nickel, magnesium and aluminum, as catalyst-activity component, cordierite as honey-comb base material and slurry were blended, molded and water-vapor modification reaction was performed at 800degreesC. Thus, honeycomb catalyst was obtained. The honeycomb catalyst had excellent hydrocarbon modification performance and prevents the loss of pressure and hot spot. The hydrogen gas manufactured using honeycomb catalyst had excellent efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The catalytic-activation processing is performed at catalyst temperature of 500-800degreesC. Preferred Method: The catalyst layers filled with unused catalyst. A catalyst performance detector (i.e. temperature detector) detects the performance of catalyst (2) during reforming or the catalyst temperature of the downstream part of the catalyst layer, where when the catalyst performance or catalyst temperature falls to less than a predetermined value, or when a constant temperature raise happens after falling to a local minimum, injection of hydrocarbon fuel gas and water vapor is stopped. The carbon on the surface of catalyst is removed by injecting air to the catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - The combustion promoter preferably comprises cyclohexyl or 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and/or C4-C6 alcohol nitrites. EXAMPLE - Fuel comprising absolute ethanol (54.67 vol.%), methyl t-butyl ether (14.91 vol.%), gasoline (29.82 vol.%) and cyclohexyl nitrate (0.6 vol.%) had a motor octane number of 91.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Formulation: The formulation (F1) further comprises turpentine (1-50, preferably 1-20 vol.%); and kerosene (25-75 vol.% or 1-50 vol.%). Preferred Components: The cetane boost additive comprises octylnitrate. The vegetable oil is non-edible plant oil. The vegetable oil comprises jatropha oil, algae oil, soy oil or peanut oil. The surfactant comprises toluene. EXAMPLE - A formulation was prepared by mixing vegetable oil (500 ml), kerosene (250 ml), diesel Kleen (5 ml) and cetane boost additive (10 ml) was prepared.