TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate can be made of glass, solar glass, low-iron glass, green glass, soda-lime glass, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The method is carried out at atmosphere containing Se, S, tellurium, hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulfide, argon, and/or nitrogen gas. The particles are doped with aluminum, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and/or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The dense film is formed from the precursor layer of microflakes and a layer of sodium (Na)-containing material in contact with the precursor. The intermetallic material is ternary material comprising delta -phase copper indium (CuIn 2 or Cu 16In 9), or lambda -phase or tau -phase copper gallium (CuGa 2 or Cu 68Ga 38, Cu 70Ga 30, Cu 75Ga 25). Gallium (Ga) is incorporated as Group IIIA element in the form of suspension nanoglobules. Aluminum, tellurium and/or sulfur (S) are added to the formed dense film. The microflakes contains Cu-Na, indium In-Na, Ga-Na, Cu-In-Na, Cu-Ga-Na, In-Ga-Na, Cu-selenium (Se)-Na, In-Se-Na, Ga-Se-Na, Cu-In-Se-Na, Cu-Ga-Se-Na, In-Ga-Se-Na, copper-In-Ga-Se-Na, Cu-S-Na, In-S-Na, Ga-S-Na, Cu-In-S-Na, Cu-Ga-S-Na, In-Ga-S-Na, Cu-In-Ga-S-Na, Na-Se, or Na-S. The dense film is made of Group IB element, Group IIIA element, Group VIA element, Group IA element, binary, multinary alloy of Cu, In, Ga, Se, CuIn, CuGa, InGa, Na, sodium fluoride, sodium indium sulfide, copper selenide, copper sulfide, indium selenide, indium sulfide, gallium selenide, gallium sulfide, copper indium selenide, copper indium sulfide, copper gallium selenide, copper gallium sulfide, indium gallium selenide, indium gallium sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, and/or copper indium gallium selenide. The dense film may also be formed with organic counter-ion or sodium compound with inorganic counter-ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The substrate can be made of steel, stainless steel, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate can be made of polymer.