TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The counter ion to the cationic polyelectrolyte is aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic carboxylates, chromate, bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate, or fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The physically adsorbed polyelectrolyte forms a monolayer on the porous polymeric membrane. The membrane includes alternating monolayers of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes physically adsorbed on the porous polymeric membrane. Each solution comprises a polyelectrolyte ( greater than or equal to 2 mM in terms of repeat unit of the polyelectrolyte). Each solution has a pH of 3.5-8.5. Each solution is a buffered solution with an ionic strength of 25-250 mM. The average thickness of each polyelectrolyte layer is 1-6 nm. The membrane has a zeta potential that shows less than 25% variation after heating at 50 degrees C, and at pH 8.2 for greater than or equal to 10 days. The membrane has zeta potential greater than or equal to 201, preferably 50 mV for greater than or equal to 7 days during which pumping is continuously applied across the surface. The porous polymeric membrane is poly(olefins), halogenated poly(olefins), poly(cylco olefins), halogenated poly(cylco olefins), poly(styrenes), halogenated poly(styrenes), poly(propylenes), poly(ethylenes), halogenated poly(ethylenes), poly(tetrafluoroethylenes), poly(sulfones), poly(ether sulfones), poly(arylsulfones), poly(phenylene ether sulfones), poly(imides), poly(etherimides), poly (vinylidene fluorides), poly(esters), halogenated poly(esters), poly(ethylene terephthalates), poly(butylene terephthalates), poly(carbonates), poly(vinyl halides), poly(acrylics), poly (acrylates), halogenated poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylics), poly(methacrylates), poly(anhydrides), poly(acrylonitriles), poly(ethers), poly(arylene ether ketones), poly(phenylene sulfides), poly(arylene oxides), poly(siloxanes), cellulose acetates, cellulose nitrates, poly(amides), nylon, and/or ceramics and their co-polymers. The porous polymeric membrane is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon. The polyelectrolyte(s) is a weak or strong cationic or anionic polyelectrolyte. The cationic polyelectrolyte is a polyamine, an alkylated polyamine, a polyammonium salt, a poly(quat. ammonium salt), and/or poly(alkylenimine). The cationic polyelectrolyte is poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMA-Cl); poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylene piperidinium chloride); poly(ethylenimine) (PEI); poly(vinylamine) (PVAH); poly(N-methyl vinylamine); poly(allylamine) (PAH); poly(4-vinyl-1-methylpyridinium bromide); poly(allylammonium fluoride); quat. poly(dimethylamine-co-epichlorohydrin); poly(lysine); poly (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-N-trimethylene hexamethylene diammonium dibromide); poly(2-(dimethylamino-ethyl) methacrylate); poly(2-methacryloyloxy-ethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride); poly(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride); poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-2 -methacryloxyethyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PCHPMEDMAC); poly(N-(3-(dimethylamino)-propyl methacrylamide)); or poly((3-methacryloylamino-propyl)trimethylammonium chloride). The counter ion to the cationic or anion polyelectrolyte is univalent. The anionic polyelectrolyte is a polycarboxylic acid or a polysulfonic acid. The anionic polyelectrolyte is poly(acrylic acid) (PAA); poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA); poly(itaconic acid); poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS); poly(vinyl phosphonic acid); poly(vinyl sulfonic acid); poly (aspartic acid); poly(glutamic acid); poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS); poly(anethole sulfonic acid); poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate); poly(1,4-phenylene ethersulfone sulfonic acid); or poly(1,4-phenylene ether ether ketone sulfonic acid). The counter ion to the anionic polyelectrolyte is lithium ion, sodium ion, tris(hydroxymethyl) methyl ammonium or bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium-tris (hydroxymethyl)methane. The membrane is a component in an electro osmotic pump. Preferred Properties: The average pore diameter of the membrane is 100-300 nm. Preferred Methods: The alternating monolayers of cationic and anionic polyelectrolytes are formed by contacting an adsorbed cationic polyelectrolyte monolayer with an aqueous solution of an anionic polyelectrolyte or contacting an adsorbed anionic polyelectrolyte monolayer with an aqueous solution of a cationic polyelectrolyte. EXAMPLE - Lupamin 9095(RTM: polyvinyl amine) was dialyzed with Spectra/Por 6 membrane against sodium acetate/acetic acid solution of pH 4.7 to obtain poly(vinyl ammonium acetate) (3 mg/ml). GVWP (Not defined) was adsorbed with aqueous solution of this polyelectrolyte (0-6 mg/ml). The zeta potential (in pH 4.7 buffer solution of 5 mM sodium hydroxide and 10 mM acetic acid) of resulting coated membranes were determined. The result showed that the membrane had zeta potential of 51.8 plus minus 0.3 mV, and flow rate of 699.8 plus minus 2.9. nL/minute.