TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The photovoltaic cell further comprises a second electrode electrically connected to the organic layer; an at least partially oxidized layer of lithium fluoride disposed between the organic layer and the second electrode; and a layer of lithium oxide disposed between the organic layer and the second electrode. The photovoltaic cell has an efficiency greater than 5 (preferably grater than 6)%. The photoactive apparatus comprises an array of pixels. The pixels comprise several photovoltaic cells. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves removing the electrons into an external circuit. Preferred Components: The radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive conducting oxide and radiation transmissive polymeric material. The electromagnetic radiation comprises visible electromagnetic radiation, infrared electromagnetic radiation and/or ultraviolet electromagnetic radiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The step of disposing the nanoparticle phase involves dispersing several nanoparticles in the polymeric phase. The step of forming the exaggerated nanocrystalline grain involves annealing the composite material. The annealing involves disposing the composite material in a thermal gradient. Preferred Components: The nanoparticle phase comprises several exaggerated nanocrystalline grains, where at least one exaggerated nanocrystalline grain comprises several nanoparticles. The nanoparticles comprise carbon nanoparticles and metal nanoparticles. The carbon nanoparticles comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, cut carbon nanotubes, fillerenes and/or doped carbon nanotubes. The doped carbon nanotubes comprise boron doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, boron doped multi-walled nanotubes, nitrogen doped single-walled nanotubes and/or nitrogen doped multi-walled nanotubes. The exaggerated nanocrystalline grain has a length of 50-500 nm, and a diameter of 1-500 nm. The composite material and photosensitive composite organic layer have a ratio of polymeric phase to nanoparticle phase of 1:2-1:0.6. The composite material further comprises at least one upconverter. The composite material has a thickness of 30 nm to 1 mu m. The polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer and semiconducting polymer. The conjugated polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(octylthiophene) and/or polythiophene. The semiconducting polymer comprises poly(phenylene vinylene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polyfluorenes, poly(2-vinylpyridine) polyamides, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole and/or polyaniline. The photosensitive composite organic layer further comprises at least one bulk heterojunction between the polymeric phase and the nanoparticle phase. The heterojunction comprises several bulk heterojunctions. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.