TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal oxide comprises at least one metal oxide from titanium oxides, niobium oxides, hafnium oxides, indium oxides, tin oxides, and/or zinc oxides. It has a nanostructure from nanotubes, nanowires, nanobelts, or nanoparticles. The solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (1) is prepared by adding organic solvents to a compound of formula B-An-(O-C(X3)(X4)-C(X1)(X2))m-OH (6), reacting the compound with methanesulfonyl chloride for 2-4 hours to prepare a compound of formula B-An-(O-C(X3)(X4)-C(X1)(X2))m-O-S(=O)(=O)-CH3 (7), and adding an amine or imidazole compound to the compound (7) and reacting the mixture at 150-200 degrees C for 2-24 hours. Preferred Component: The compound is a compound of formula H2N-(CH2CH2O)k-X-l-(C(R2)(R3)-C(R4)(R5))m-R6 (2) or formula (3) or (4). The dyes include ruthenium complexes; xanthene colorants; cyanine colorants; basic dyes; phenosafranine; Capri blue; thiosine; Methylene Blue; porphyrinoid compounds; azo colorants; phthalocyanine compounds; anthraquinone colorants; and/or polycyclic quinone colorants. They include ruthenium trisbipyridyl, Rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, eosin, erythrosine, quinocyanine cryptocyanine, chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin, and/or magnesium porphyrin. The solvent comprises glycols, glycerols, or an acetate-based solvent. The organic solvent is aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, including hexane and heptane; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, including toluene, pyridine, quinoline, anisole, mesitylene, and xylene; ketone-based solvents, including methyl isobutyl ketone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, cyclohexanone, and acetone; ether-based solvents, including dimethoxy ether, tetrahydrofuran, and isopropyl ether; alcohol-based solvents, including ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol and t-butyl alcohol; amide-based solvents, including dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide; silicon-based solvents; nitrile-based solvents, including acetonitrile; methanesulfonyl chloride; dichloromethane; and/or triethylamine.X=group of formula (a) or (b);R2-R6=H or Me;k=5-10;l=0 or 1; andm=4-10.Preferred Composition: The binder composition comprises a solvent and t-butanol in a weight ratio (w/w) of 1:1-1:10. EXAMPLE - A 0.44 g Tergitol-mesylate was dissolved in 20 ml ethanol. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. A 0.394 g imidazole (2.0 M in dimethylformamide) was added to the solution and refluxed with stirring at 160 degrees C for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into an excess of cold water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was washed with a hydrochloric acid solution. The solvents were removed from the methylene chloride solution to obtain a viscous liquid. The liquid was dried in a vacuum oven to give the Tergitol-imidazole. New peaks of the aromatic compound appeared at 7-8 ppm and a peak at around 3 ppm corresponding to the mesylate disappeared, indicating the introduction of the imidazole group in a yield of 100%. Platinum was coated on indium tin oxide coated transparent conductive glass substrate surface to form a counter electrode. The counter electrode and semiconductor electrode were assembled. The resulting solar cell showed high power conversion efficiency.