NOVELTY - A polymer formulation comprises a salt including polyionic conjugated polymer comprising first charges; and counterions, each comprising a charged moiety electronically linked to at least one charge-distributing moiety having a charge opposite in sign to that of the first charge.    USE - The formulation is for use in a film having a thickness less than 200 nm; substrate; device i.e. optical component, electrical component, optoelectronic device, biosensor, photodiode, LED (for use in a matrix or display device), optoelectronic semiconductor chip, semiconductor thin-film, FET, polymeric photoswitch, optical interconnect, transducer, lasing material, light-emitting electrochemical cell, solar cell, photovoltaic, or liquid crystal; or inkjet cartridge. It is used in an electron transport layer of LED device (claimed) or schottky diodes. Display device includes a full color LED display, cell phone display, personal digital assistant (PDA), portable combination devices performing multiple functions (e.g. phone/PDA/camera), flat panel display including television or monitor, computer monitor, laptop computer, computer notepad, and integrated computer-monitor systems.    ADVANTAGE - The counterions are effective to reduce aggregation of the polyionic polymer as measured by at least one of: blue-shift of photoluminescent emission under at least one set of conditions; spectral width is narrowed; increased photoluminescent efficiency; reduced apparent size; and viscosity. They increase the ability of the conjugated polymer to inject and/or transport electrons. LED exhibits one or more properties from increased luminance, altered onset voltage, or altered charge mobility, as compared to LED not comprising the counterion.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for:    (1) a method of improving the uniformity of a deposited layer of the polymer formulation comprising stirring a methanolic solution comprising the polymer salt for greater than or equal to 4 hours before deposition; and    (2) a method for the production and characterization of a solar cell, photovoltaic, and FET, comprising providing conjugated polyelectrolyte, and performing ion exchange on the conjugated polyelectrolyte.