TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base component comprises a material selected glassy or amorphous active metal ion conductors, ceramic active metal ion conductors, or glass-ceramic active metal ion conductors or a material selected from sodium and lithium beta-alumina, glass ceramic alkali metal ion conductors, Nasiglass, Na superionic conductor (NASICON), and Li superionic conductor (LISICON), Li0.3La0.7TiO3 or silicate glasses. The filler component comprises a material selected from consisting of polymers, glasses, ceramics, glass ceramics and metals (preferably polymer) and is not conductive to metal ions. The ceramic of the filler component is Al2O3, ZrO2, SiO2, CeO2, Al2TiO5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The composite solid electrolyte layer has a thickness of at least 10 microns. Preferred Components: The conductive metal ion is an alkali metal ion (preferably Li). The base component has metal ion conductivity of at least 10-6 (preferably 10-6-10-2) S/cm. The density of the base component is 50-75, 75-95 or greater than 95% of the theoretical density of the base component material. The LISICON is lithium metal phosphates (preferably Li1+x1M'x1Hf2-x1(PO4)3). The base component comprises (mol%) P2O5 (26-55), SiO2 (0-15), GeO2+TiO2 (25-50) (containing (mol%) GeO2 (0-50) and TiO2 (0-50)), ZrO2 (0-10), M2O3 (0-less than 10), Al2O3 (0-15), Ga2O3 (0-15) and Li2O (3-25) and contains a predominant crystalline phase composed of Li1+x(MxAl2Ga)x(Ge1-yTiy)2-x(PO4)3 or and/or Li1+x'+y'Qx'Ti2-x'Siy'P3-2O12. The base component material is a lithium lanthanum titanate (preferably Li3xbLa2/3-xbTiO3. The active metal anode comprises an alkali metal (preferably Li), or an active metal intercalating material (preferably carbon). The protective membrane architecture further comprises an active metal ion conducting separator layer comprising a non-aqueous anolyte. The separator layer is chemically compatible with the active metal and in contact with the anode, and the composite solid electrolyte is in contact with the separator layer. The separator layer comprises a semi-permeable membrane impregnated with a non-aqueous anolyte. The protective membrane architecture comprises a laminate. The laminate comprises a first material layer in contact with the anode and a second material layer in contact with the first material layer. The first material is ionically conductive and chemically compatible with the active metal. The second material layer comprises the composite solid electrolyte. The first material layer comprises a material selected from a composite reaction product of active metal with Cu3N, active metal nitrides, active metal phosphides, active metal halides, active metal phosphorus sulfide glass or active metal phosphorus oxynitride glass (preferably Cu3N5, L3N, Li-3P, LiI, LiF, LiBr, LiCl and LiPON). The first material layer comprises the composite reaction product or LiPON. The cathode structure comprises an electronically conductive component, an ionically conductive component, and an electrochemically active component such that at least one cathode structure component comprises an aqueous constituent (preferably an aqueous electrochemically active component, especially water or seawater). The aqueous electrochemically active component comprises water soluble oxidant selected from gaseous, liquid and/or solid oxidants. The water soluble gaseous oxidants are O2, SO2 or NO2, and the water soluble solid oxidants are NaNO2, KNO2, Na2SO3 or K2SO3. The water soluble oxidant is hydrogen peroxide. The ionically conductive component and the electrochemically active component are comprised of an aqueous electrolyte (E1). The aqueous electrolyte (E1) is strong acid solutions, weak acid solutions, basic solutions, neutral solutions, amphoteric solutions and/or peroxide solutions and comprises members selected from aqueous solutions of HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, acetic acid/Li acetate, LiOH, sea water, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, NH4Cl, NH4Br and/or hydrogen peroxide (preferably seawater, or seawater and hydrogen peroxide, LiCl or NH4Cl and HCl). In the cathode structure, the electronically conductive component is a porous catalytic support or comprises air. The ionically conductive material comprises an aqueous constituent (preferably a neutral or acidic aqueous electrolyte). The cathode structure comprises an air diffusion membrane, a hydrophobic polymer layer, an oxygen reduction catalyst, an electrolyte, or an electronically conductive component/current collector. The cathode structure ionically conductive component comprises an aqueous electrolyte. The cathode structure comprises the aqueous ionically conductive component and a transition metal oxide electrochemically active component. The transition metal oxide is NiOOH, AgO, iron oxide, lead oxide or manganese oxide. The ionically conductive component is a non-aqueous catholyte comprising at least one non-aqueous solvent (S2) that comprise more than 50% of the catholyte solvent volume, and the electrochemically active component is O2 obtained from ambient air. The ionically conductive component comprises a non-aqueous catholyte.x=less than or equal to0.8;y=0-1;M=an element selected from Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm or Yb);x'=0-0.4;y'=0-0.6;Q=Al or Ga;M'=Cr, In, Fe, Ta, Sc, Lu or Y;x1=0-0.5;xb=0-0.16.Preferred Method: The filler component is impregnated into the base component under vacuum, or by thermoplastic infusion. When the filler component comprises a monomer and at least one polymerization initiator and the filler component is cured within the pores of the base component. The curing method is thermal curing, radiation curing, photo-curing and/or e-beam curing. When the filler material comprises epoxy and at least one hardener, the filler material is heat-treated within the pores of the base component in order to harden the epoxy. The step of impregnating the base component with a low viscosity solvent is followed by sequential impregnation with mixtures of epoxy and solvent such that in each sequential step the concentration of epoxy is increased relative to the concentration of solvent in the mixture. The impregnation of the filler component into the through pores is followed by a surface treatment selected from plasma etching, ultra-violet ozone cleaning (UVOC), or mechanical grinding.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The cathode structure electrochemically active component comprises a metal hydride alloy. The metal hydride alloy comprises one of an AB5 and an AB2 alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-aqueous anolyte is in the liquid phase and comprises a solvent selected from organic carbonates, ethers, esters, formates, lactones, sulfones, sulfolane and/or 1,3-dioxolane (preferably EC, PC, DMC, EMC, DEC, THF, 2MeTHF, 1,2-DME or higher glymes, sufolane, methyl formate and/or methyl acetate) and a supporting salt (preferably the lithium salt). The non-aqueous solvent (S2) is aprotic solvents including N,N-dimethylformarnide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), or acetonitrile (AN) or a non-aqueous protic solvent selected from alcohol, diol or liquid polyols. The non-aqueous catholyte comprises organic liquids and ionic liquids and is a solution of a Li salt in an aprotic solvent selected from organic carbonates, ethers, lactones, sulfones esters and/or formats. The catholyte is EC, PC, DEC, DMC, EMC, THF, 2MeTHF, 1,2-DME and higher glymes, 1,3-dioxolane, sufolane, methyl formate, and/or methyl acetate and a supporting salt selected from the lithium salt. The cell further comprises a dissolved solid, liquid or gaseous oxidant selected from lithium polysulfide, NO2, SO2 or SOCl2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyisobutylene, epoxy, polyethylene, polypropylene and/or polytetraflouroethylene or an alkali metal ion conductive polymer (preferably polyethylene oxide (PEO), cross-linked PEO and/or amorphous PEO). The semi-permeable membrane is a micro-porous polymer. The non-aqueous anolyte is in the gel phase and comprises a gelling agent selected from polyvinylidine fluoride (PVdF), PVdF-hexafluropropylene (HFP) copolymer, PAN and/or PEO; a plasticizer selected EC, PC, dimethylcarbonate (DMC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF) and/or 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (1,2-DME) and a Li salt selected from LiPF6, LiBF4, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiSO3CF3, LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiN(SO2C2F5)2. EXAMPLE - Li-ion conductive sintered ceramic membranes (solid electrolyte base component) with Na superionic conductor (NASICON)-type structure and with dimension of 1x1 inches were obtained. The membranes were 200-400 microns thick. An epoxy embedding media (EEM) based on glycerol glycidyl ethers was obtained. 2-Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride (DDSA) and methylnadic anhydride (NMA) were used as hardeners. Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) was used as an accelerator. EEM (5 ml) was mixed with DDSA (3.1 ml) and NMA (2.7 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes. After addition of several drops of DMP-30 accelerator, the mixture was stirred again for 15-20 minutes. Filling the membranes with the prepared mixture was performed by impregnation under vacuum. The membrane was placed into a Teflon bath containing the prepared mixture of EEM, DDSA, NMA and DMP-30 such that the membrane was completely immersed in the mixture. Then the bath was placed in a vacuum oven. Air was evacuated and temperature in the oven was increased to 700degreesC. The bath with the membrane immersed in the mixture was kept under vacuum at 700degreesC for 30 minutes. During the first few minutes active bubbling of the EEM-containing mixture was observed, which then stopped indicating complete air evacuation from the pores of the membrane immersed in the prepared mixture. Then vacuum was released and the membrane in the bath was turned over. The bath with the membrane immersed in the mixture was kept under vacuum at 70degreesC for 30 more minutes. Then vacuum was released, the membrane was removed from the bath, and the epoxy was allowed to drain. The remaining excess of epoxy was wiped off from both sides of the membrane. Then the membrane was placed on a Teflon sheet, and the epoxy was hardened in an oven without vacuum at 1200degreesC overnight. Lastly the polymer left on the membrane surfaces was removed by grinding them with CarbiMet abrasive discs (grits 400, 800 and 1200), followed by polishing the surfaces with 1 microns alumina powder and 20-25 microns were ground off from each side of the membrane to form a composite solid electrolyte. The composite solid electrolyte was leak-tested to determine imperviousness. For comparison, leak testing of the unfilled base component was also performed. The both solid electrolyte base component of 1x1 inches were attached to the ends of pyrex tubes using Hysol E 120 HP epoxy glue. The tubes had an optical density of 25 mm and a wall thickness of 1.5 mm. The bonded plate/tube assemblies were attached to a Varian 938-41 helium leak detector. In the case of the ceramic membrane filled with the EEM (composite solid electrolyte layer), the helium leak detector showed no leak through the seal when the volume was evacuated and the helium tracer probe was used. The sensitivity of the detector was 2x10-10 atm cm3/second for helium. At the same time, in the case of the of the membrane which had not been filled with the EEM, the volume could not be evacuated at all indicating severe leakage (fluid flow) through the ceramic membrane caused by the presence of through porosity.