TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The anode enzyme is alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, lactatic dehydrogenase, lactose dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lipoxygenase and/or pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase. The anode enzyme is PQQ-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase having PQQ associated with the enzyme. In biocathode, the enzyme is bilirubin oxidase, laccase, superoxide dismutase and/or peroxidase. The organelle is glyoxysome, peroxisome, mitochondria, mitoplasts, thylakoids, chloroplasts and/or hydrogenosomes. The particle comprises enzyme, such as lipase, glucose isomerase, nitrilase, glucose oxidase, protease, pepsin, amylase, fungal amylase, maltogenic amylase, cellulase, lactase, esterase, carbohydrase, hemicellulase, pentosanase, xylanase, pullulanase, beta -glucanase, acetolactate decarboxylase, beta -glucosidase, glutaminase, penicillin acylase, chloroperoxidase, aspartic beta -decarboxylase, cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, subtilisin, aminoacylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, amino acid oxidase, phospholipase, urease, cholesterase, desulfinase, lignin peroxidase, pectinase, oxidoreductase, dextranase, glucosidase, galactosidase, glucoamylase, maltase, sucrase, invertase, naringanase, bromelain, ficin, papain, pepsin, peptidase, chymosin, thermolysin, trypsin, triglyceridase, pregastric esterase, phosphatase, phytase, amidase, glutaminase, lysozyme, catalase, dehydrogenase, peroxidase, lyase, fumarase, histadase, aminotransferase, ligase, cyclase, racemase, mutase, oxidase, reductase and/or ligninase. The enzyme immobilization material comprises a micellar or inverted micellar structure. Preferred Method: The particle where the enzyme retains at least 75% of its initial catalytic activity for at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 365, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 730 days or more. The particle where the enzyme is immobilized in an enzyme immobilization material which is not covalently attached to the enzyme. The immobilized enzyme forms a layer on the core. The layer is continuous. The enzyme retains at least about 75% of its initial catalytic activity for at least 30 days when the enzyme is continuously catalyzing a chemical transformation. The enzyme has an activity of at least about 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, or more relative to its activity before immobilization and coating. The spray-drying is performed using an airbrush and the mixture is spray-dried onto a surface. The electron mediator is grafted to at least a portion of the first electrically conductive material. Preferred Composition: The particle comprises (wt.%): the core (25-90) and the coating (10-75). The coating comprises (wt.%): enzyme (0.1-29), enzyme immobilization material (0.1-43), and electron mediator (29). The solution comprises (wt.%): enzyme (0.1-15) and solvent (85-99.9), and the suspension comprises (wt.%):the core particles (0.1-28.7), enzyme immobilization material (4-10), and liquid medium (50-75). The weight ratio of the second electrically conductive material to the first electrically conductive material is at least 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 or 1:1. The weight ratio of the binder to the second electrically conductive material is at least 0.8, 0.9 or 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The biofuel cell device (B1) comprises at least one cavity in the manifold has an inlet port surface and an outlet port surface, the outlet port surface being located at an elevation higher than the inlet port surface. The face comprises a front face of the manifold, the front face having a first series of cavities, each cavity of the first series in a fuel reservoir, and passages connecting the cavities for providing flow of fuel fluid from one reservoir of the first series to the next reservoir in the first series. The manifold further comprises a back face having at least one cavity defining a fuel reservoir. The back face of the manifold has a second series of cavities, each cavity of the second series in a fuel reservoir, and passages connecting the cavities of the second series for the flow of fuel fluid from one reservoir of the second series to the next reservoir in second series. B1 further comprises a passage for providing flow of fuel fluid from the first series of reservoirs to the second series of reservoirs. The biofuel cell device where: the manifold has a number of cavities, each of the cavities defining a fuel reservoir; the anode assembly comprises a number of bioanodes, each of the bioanodes being positioned for contact with fuel fluid in a respective fuel reservoir; the cathode assembly comprises a number of cathodes, each of the cathodes being positioned for flow of fuel fluid through the bioanodes to respective cathodes; and at least one passage for providing flow of fuel fluid from each fuel reservoir to the next fuel reservoir. The biofuel cell device further comprises a check valve operatively connected to each passage for allowing flow through the conduit in only one direction. The biofuel cell device where: each anode assembly comprises an anode frame for holding the at least one bioanode; each cathode assembly comprises a cathode frame for holding the bioanode; and the cathode and anode frames are secured in fixed position relative to the manifold with the at least one bioanode and at least one cathode in registration with one another and with the cavity in the manifold. B1 further comprises a housing having an inside surface with projections for holding the manifold, anode assembly and cathode assembly in fixed position relative to the housing. The biofuel cell device, the manifold comprises a one-piece body formed with a number of cavities, each cavity in a fuel reservoir; the anode assembly comprises a number of bioanodes, each of the bioanodes being positioned for contact with fuel fluid in a respective fuel reservoir; and the cathode assembly comprises a number of cathodes, each of the cathodes being positioned for receiving flow of fuel fluid from a respective bioanode. The biofuel cell device where at least two of the cavities are formed in opposite faces of the body. The biofuel cell device where at least two of the cavities are formed in the same face of the body. The biofuel cell device where: the anode assembly comprises an anode frame having mating frame parts; and the bioanode is secured between the frame parts. The bioanode comprises: a current collector; a gas diffusion layer; and a catalyst layer comprising an enzyme and an enzyme immobilization material. The cathode assembly comprises a cathode frame having mating frame parts; and the cathode is secured between the frame parts. The cathode comprises a current collector, a gas diffusion layer, and a catalyst. The controller comprises: a controller for controlling an output of the fuel cell according to a specific operating mode; and a switch circuit operatively connected between the fuel cell and the load, the switch circuit being responsive to the controller for alternately connecting the fuel cell to the load and disconnecting the fuel cell from the load according to the operating mode. The fuel cell comprises a number of fuel cells electrically connected in series. The operating mode involves alternately connecting at least one of the fuel cells to the load and disconnecting at least one other fuel cell from the load at a predetermined duty cycle; or alternately disconnecting all of the fuel cells from the load and connecting all of the fuel cells to the load in unison at the predetermined duty cycle; or alternately disconnecting one of the fuel cells from the load while connecting the other fuel cells to the load. The biofuel cell device (B2) further comprises a supplemental power circuit responsive to the controller for selectively connecting a supplemental power source to the output of the fuel cell for supplementing the electrical power supplied to the load by the biofuel cell device. The controller comprises a comparator for comparing the output of the fuel cell to a threshold, the supplemental power circuit being responsive to the comparison for connecting the supplemental power source to the output of the fuel cell when the output of the fuel cell is less than the threshold. The supplemental power source comprises a rechargeable battery. The controller is configured to control the output of the fuel cell according to another specific operating mode in which the output of the fuel cell is disconnected from the load and connected to the battery for recharging the battery. The biofuel cell device comprises a bioanode and a cathode; and the bioanode comprises a gas diffusion layer, at least one anode enzyme capable of reacting with a fuel fluid to produce an oxidized form of the fuel fluid, the anode enzyme being capable of releasing electrons to the gas diffusion layer, and an enzyme immobilization material capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, the material being permeable to the fuel fluid. The biofuel cell device comprises a bioanode and a cathode; and the bioanode comprises a gas diffusion layer, an anode enzyme capable of reacting with an oxidized form of an electron mediator and the fuel fluid to produce an oxidized form of the fuel fluid and a reduced form of the electron mediator, the reduced form of the electron mediator being capable of releasing electrons to the gas diffusion layer, and an enzyme immobilization material being permeable to the fuel fluid and the electron mediator. The biofuel cell device comprises a bioanode and a cathode; the bioanode comprises a gas diffusion layer, an anode enzyme capable of reacting with an oxidized form of an electron mediator and the fuel fluid to produce an oxidized form of the fuel fluid and a reduced form of the electron mediator, an enzyme immobilization material being permeable to the fuel fluid and the electron mediator, and an electrocatalyst adjacent the electron conductor, an oxidized form of the electrocatalyst being capable of reacting with the reduced form of the electron mediator to produce an oxidized form of the electron mediator and a reduced form of the electrocatalyst, the reduced form of the electrocatalyst being capable of releasing electrons to the gas diffusion layer. The biofuel cell device comprises an anode and a biocathode; the biocathode comprises a gas diffusion layer, at least one cathode enzyme capable of reacting with an oxidant to produce water, the cathode enzyme being capable of gaining electrons from the gas diffusion layer, and an enzyme immobilization material capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, the material being permeable to the oxidant. The biofuel cell device comprises an anode and a biocathode; the biocathode comprises a gas diffusion layer, at least one cathode enzyme capable of reacting with a reduced form of an electron mediator and an oxidant to produce an oxidized form of the electron mediator and water, the oxidized form of the electron mediator being capable of gaining electrons from the gas diffusion layer to form a reduced form of the electron mediator, and an enzyme immobilization material capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, the material being permeable to the oxidant. The biofuel cell device comprises an anode and a biocathode; the biocathode comprises a gas diffusion layer, at least one cathode enzyme capable of reacting with a reduced form of an electron mediator and an oxidant to produce an oxidized form of the electron mediator and water, an oxidized form of an electrocatalyst being capable of gaining electrons from the gas diffusion layer to produce a reduced form of the electrocatalyst that is capable of reacting with an oxidized form of the electron mediator to produce a reduced form of the electron mediator and an oxidized form of the electrocatalyst, the oxidized form of the electrocatalyst being capable of gaining electrons from the gas diffusion layer to produce a reduced form of the electrocatalyst, and an enzyme immobilization material capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, the material being permeable to the oxidant. The bioanode or biocathode further comprises a current collector. The enzyme immobilization material comprises the electron mediator, the electrocatalyst, or the electron mediator and the electrocatalyst. The current collector comprises a substance that conducts electrons and provides a lattice support for the gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer. The gas diffusion layer is a monolayer comprised of a first electrically conductive material having high surface area for transferring electrons, a second electrically conductive material for supporting the electron conductor, and a binder, where the weight ratio of the second electrically conductive material to the first electrically conductive material is at least 0.5:1 to provide sufficient rigidity to the electron conductor for it to be self-supporting. The permeability of the first and second regions is controlled by controlling the porosity of each region. The electrode where the catalyst is adjacent the second region. The electrode further comprises a carbon-supported polyamine, and the electrode is heat-treated to increase metal atom interaction with the polyamine. the current density is at least about 50 (preferably 80) mA/cm2. The electron conductor further comprises a current collector in contact with the monolayer, and where the electron conductor comprises no structural support other than that provided by the current collector and the second electrically conductive material. The current collector has a proximal end and a distal end specifying a length between along a longitudinal axis, and the monolayer is in contact with the current collector and extending coaxially from the proximal end to the distal end of the current collector. The monolayer further comprises particles. The electron conductor where an enzyme layer is in contact with a surface of the monolayer, the enzyme layer comprising an enzyme immobilized in an enzyme immobilization material and in contact with a nanostructure comprised of nanowires grafted to carbon black particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas diffusion layer comprises C1, where C1 is carbon cloth, carbon paper, carbon screen printed electrodes, carbon black, carbon powder, carbon fiber, single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotubes arrays, diamond-coated conductors, glassy carbon, mesoporous carbon, graphite, uncompressed graphite worms, delaminated purified flake graphite, high performance graphite, carbon powders, pyrolytic graphite, polycrystalline graphite, epoxy and/or polytetrafluoroethylene. The fuel fluid comprises ammonia, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isobutanol, butanol, isopropanol, allyl alcohol, aryl alcohol, glycerol, propanediol, mannitol, glucuronate, aldehyde, carbohydrate, glucose, glucose-1, D-glucose, L-glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, lactate-6-phosphate, D-lactate, L-lactate, fructose, galactose- 1, galactose, aldose, sorbose, mannose, glycerate, coenzyme A, acetyl Co-A, malate, isocitrate, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetate, citrate, L-gluconate, beta -hydroxysteroid, alpha -hydroxysteroid, lactaldehyde, testosterone, gluconate, fatty acid, lipid, phosphoglycerate, retinal, estradiol, cyclopentanol, hexadecanol, long-chain alcohol, coniferyl-alcohol, cinnamyl- alcohol, formate, long-chain aldehyde, pyruvate, butanal, acyl-coenzyme A (CoA), steroid, amino acid, flavin, NADH, NADH2, NADPH, NADPH2 and/or hydrogen (preferably the methanol or ethanol). The catalyst comprises a transition metal and/or a transition metal macrocycle. The transition metal macrocycle is a transition metal phthalocyanine, a transition metal porphyrin, its derivative and/or its analog, such as iron phthalocyanine, cobalt phthalocyanine, iron porphyrin, cobalt porphyrin, its derivative or its analog. The transition metal macrocycle or the non-precious metal catalyst comprises cobalt(II) 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluoro-29H,31H- phthalocyanine, or its derivative or its analog. The electron conductor comprises at least one carbon-based material, where the carbon-based material is C1. The electrode where the non-precious metal catalyst is fuel fluid tolerant, particularly alcohol tolerant or acid tolerant. The polypyrrole is supported on carbon. The functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes are functionalized with at least one hydroxyl and/or carboxyl group. The core is an inert core and not a polymer. The liquid medium is a solvent, buffer and/or ionic liquid. The core particle is a polymer particle, carbon particle, zeolite particle, metal particle, ceramic particle, metal oxide particle and/or reaction media insoluble organometallic particle. The first electrically conductive material comprises carbon black, the second electrically conductive material comprises carbon fiber, and the binder comprises polyvinylidene difluoride or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The enzyme immobilization material comprises a modified perfluorosulfonic acid-PTFE copolymer or a modified alginate. The enzyme immobilization material is modified with a hydrophobic cation larger than ammonium (NH4+) ion. The hydrophobic cation comprises an ammonium-based cation, quaternary ammonium cation, alkyltrimethylammonium cation, organic cation, phosphonium cation, triphenylphosphonium, pyridinium cation, imidazolium cation, hexadecylpyridinium, ethidium, viologen, methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium, metal complex, bipyridyl metal complex, phenanthroline- based metal complex, (Ru(bipyridine)3)2+ or (Fe(phenanthroline)3)3+. The hydrophobic cation comprises tetrapropylammonium (T3A), tetrapentylammonium (T5A), tetrahexylammonium (T6A), tetraheptylammonium (T7A), trimethylicosylammonium (TMICA), trimethyloctyldecylammonium (TMODA), trimethylhexyldecylammonium (TMHDA), trimethyltetradecylammonium (TMTDA), trimethyloctylammonium (TMOA), trimethyldodecylammonium (TMDDA), trimethyldecylammonium (TMDA), trimethylhexylammonium (TMHA), tetrabutylammonium (TBA) and/or triethylhexylammonium (TEHA).The immobilization material is a micellar hydrophobically modified polysaccharide. The polysaccharide comprises chitosan. The micellar hydrophobically modified polysaccharide is a compound of formula (II). The hydrophobic cation comprises a quaternary ammonium ion of formula (R1)(R2)(R3)(R4)N+ (I).R1-R4=H, hydrocarbyl (optionally substituted) or heterocyclo (e.g. H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl,decyl, dodecyl or tetradecyl);n=integer; andR10 and R11=H, hydrocarbyl (optionally substituted) or hydrophobic redox mediator.Provided when R1-R4 are H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl or decyl, then at least one of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is other than H; or R1-R4 are same and are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl; or when one of R1-R4 is hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl or tetradecyl, then others are methyl, ethyl or propyl. Preferred Method: The activated carbon-based material comprises carbon black where the carbon black was heated to about 600-900 degrees C and then immersed in water. The process (P1) involves mixing a solution comprising an enzyme or organelle and a suspension comprising at least one core particle, an immobilization material, and a liquid medium to form a mixture; and spray-drying the mixture Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=butyl;    R10=H or hydrophobic redox mediator; and    R11=H, hydrophobic redox mediator, hexyl, octyl or butyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.