TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen conversion device is alkaline electrochemical cells, phosphoric acid electrochemical cells, solid oxide electrochemical cells, proton exchange membrane electrochemical cells, steam methane reformer, natural gas reformer, coal reformer, hydrocarbon reformer, partial oxidation reactors, ceramic membrane reactor, photolysis reactor, photoelectrolysis reactor, photochemical reactors, photobiological reactors, anaerobic digesters or bio-mass gasification reactors. The second hydrogen source is vessel containing compressed hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrogen conversion device is a polymer electrode membrane electrochemical cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Wooden biomass is dried until its water-content is 5-30 mass%. The insertion ratio of coke to the blast furnace which inserted this molding to the coke oven is less than 80 mass %. The pulverized wooden biomass is molded with coal and a binder with a molding volume of 10-50cm3 and volume density of 0.8-1.1 g/cm3. Preferred Method: Drying of wooden biomass is at not greater than 300degreesC exhaust heat. The wooden biomass is pulverized to not greater than 3 mm, blew from the tuyere of a blast furnace, and sieve using 3-6 (preferably not greater than 3) mm mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats, or its ester is fatty acid derived from vegetable oil and fat chosen from coconut oil, palm kernel oil, camellia oil, olive oil, almond oil, canola oil, peanut oil, rice bran oil, shea butter, cacao butter, palm oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, linseed oil and safflower oil, or its ester, preferably olive oil, rice bran oil, cacao butter, palm oil, soybean oil and cottonseed oil or its ester, more preferably palm oil or its ester. Alternately, the fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats, or its ester is fatty acid derived from animal fat and oil chosen from beef tallow, lard, milk fat or its ester. The fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats, or its ester is 12-22C, preferably 16-18C fatty acid or its ester. Ester of the fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats is ester of fatty acid derived from animal and vegetable fats and 1-3C alcohol. The pour point of fatty acid or its ester is 30degreesC or more at normal pressure. Preferred Biomass: The biomass which is surface treated with the masking agent is wood-type biomass mixed with coal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst preferably contains less than 30 wt.% and more than 10 wt.% of nickel and less than 30 wt.% and more than 10 wt.% of calcium oxide. The total amount of nickel and calcium oxide is more than 5 wt.% and less than 70 wt.%. The catalyst further contains alumina. Preferred Condition: Gasification is carried out at temperature of 500-900degreesC, preferably 700-800degreesC, and partial combustion rate of 0.01-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Hydrocarbon: The hydrocarbon-containing material is wood-type biomass, plastic, refuse derived fuel, general waste or refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nitrogen-containing cyclic compound has sublimability, and molecular diameter varying with heat. The nitrogen-containing cyclic compound is melamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The effective Mulliken charge is 0.005 eV or more and the band gap is 0.6 eV or less. The content of boron and nitrogen with respect to carbon is 1 wt.% or more. The protrusion portion is coupled with the atomic net surface by covalent bond, ionic bond, and/or metallic bond. The protrusion portion chemically couples the atomic net surface of the layer in a discrete position. The interlayer distance of adjacent molecule is 0.7-2 nm. Preferred Component: The protrusion portion is a molecular chain consisting of an organic monomer chosen from ethylene, styrene, isoprene, and 1,3-butadiene. The molecular chain is 1 or less with respect to 0.01x10-20 m2, preferably 0.007x10-20 m2, of the layer of molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The micro-organisms are supported on a support such as spathe, a waste of the sugar industry or any agricultural waste. The micro-organisms are able to work at a temperature of 3-45degreesC, preferably 10-35degreesC. The micro-organisms able to release a contaminated hydrocarbon comprise IOCX strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or IOC DHT strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The micro-organisms able to degrade released hydrocarbon comprises the IOC5a1 strain of Pseudomonas putida, IOCR1 strain of Pseudomonas putida and/or Bacillus subtilis. The micro-organisms releasing oils are added at least two weeks before the micro-organisms degrading oils. The ratio of the micro-organisms releasing oils and the micro-organisms degrading oils is 1:1 to 1:10, preferably about 1:2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nutritive substances used in the process are sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium. The molar ratio of elementary nitrogen on phosphorus is about 5:1, preferably about 12:1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen gas-producing solid is magnesium hydride. The hydrogen gas-producing liquid is water (108), a water-bearing liquid, or a water vapor. Preferred Method: The magnesium hydride reacts with water to produce gaseous hydrogen (110) and magnesium hydroxide (106). Heat is added to magnesium hydride and water during the reaction to control the amount of gaseous hydrogen produced. Preferred Condition: The gaseous hydrogen is at a pressure of 50-1000 pounds per square inch, or at a pressure of 1-2 atmospheres.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The compartment has walls comprising layers of polymer(s) interleaved with metal(s) and/or alloy(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The chemical composition further comprises palladium, platinum or rhodium as oxidation promoter. The Cu/Zn base catalyst comprises a molar ratio of 8/2, preferably 7/3. The base catalyst and the reformation promoter together have a formula (m)Cu/(n)Zn/(d)Ce/(p)Zr. The composition is of formula (7)Cu/(3)Zn/(1)Ce, (7)Cu/(3)Zn/(2)Ce, (7)Cu/(3)Zn/(1)Zr, or (7)Cu/(3)Zn/(2)Zr, with 1-2 wt.% of a noble metal.m=5-8;n=2-5;d=0-2;andp=0-2.The d and p are not both 0. Preferred Method: Reaction is carried out at 100-300 (preferably below 200)degreesC and comprises a methanol partial oxidation reaction. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The powder has a particle diameter of less than or equal to300 microns. Moisture content is less than or equal to10%. Ignition energy is less than or equal to6 mJ and ignition is possible by spark plug. Maximum deflagration index of the dust (Kst value) is greater than or equal to234 bar-m/s and it burns violently. The fuel has very little ash content of 0.49 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst temperature before the introduction of oxygen is 80degreesC or more. The catalyst contains a metal and ruthenium supported on the carrier. The metal is chosen from platinum, palladium, gold, rhodium or iridium. Preferred Composition: The source gas contains oxygen and carbon monoxide in the molar ratio of 0.5-3. The source gas is obtained by performing desulfurization reaction, modification reaction and water gas shift reaction in hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether. The carbon monoxide concentration in the source gas is 0.1-2 vol.%. The carbon monoxide concentration in the produced gas after the oxidation reaction is 100 volume ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: Vanadium oxide is further complexed in predetermined ratio. The difference of energy value of main peak in differential spectrum obtained by differentiating X-ray absorption edge structure spectrum of K absorption edge of vanadium in vanadium oxide, and energy value of primary peak in differential spectrum obtained by differentiating X-ray absorption edge structure spectrum of K absorption edge of vanadium in vanadium reference material is 12.6-18.2 eV. Titanium oxide is further complexed in predetermined ratio. The difference of energy value of main peak in differential spectrum obtained by differentiating X-ray absorption edge structure spectrum of K absorption edge of titanium in titanium oxide, and energy value of primary peak in differential spectrum obtained by differentiating X-ray absorption edge structure spectrum of K absorption edge of titanium in titanium reference material is 9.1-18.4 eV. Alternately, magnesium hydride and vanadium oxide or magnesium hydride and titanium oxide are complexed in predetermined ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The porous support contains aluminum oxide and/or silicon dioxide. Preferred Process: Hydrogen is manufactured by contacting the hydride of an aromatic hydrocarbon with the catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The load of metal (II) is 0.5-5 mol% of load of metal (I), or more than 5 mol% and 20 mol% or less. The load of metal (I) is 0.01-10 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic hydrocarbon is monocyclic-aromatic compound hydrocarbon or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal catalyst, which is platinum catalyst, has particle size of 1-4 nm. The porous oxide film has pore size of 45-100 nm. The thermal diffusivity/film thickness of the porous oxide film is 1x10-6-1x10-5 (m2/(s.microns)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage component has one or more hydrogen feed-through holes (3), which penetrate hydrogen-storage layer and hydrogen-permeation layer. The cross-sectional area of the hydrogen feed-through hole is 0.01-100 mm2. The ratio of hydrogen feed-through hole with respect to volume of whole hydrogen storage component is 10 volume% or less. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen-storage layer has mixture of polycrystal and/or amorphous substance, and contains nickel alloy comprising 10 atomic% or more of magnesium, aluminum, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt and tantalum, copper alloy or vanadium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The hydrogen-permeation layer is an organic material. The ratio of oxygen atom with respect to carbon atom in molecular structure is 10 atomic% or less, and content of silicon, fluorine and/or nitrogen with respect to carbon atom in molecular structure is 10 atomic% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic material is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane exhibits a chain length with greater than five silicon atoms. Preferred Process: In the Muller-Rochow-synthesis, hydrogen gas is filled, in the first step. The polymerization of disilane is similar to the polymerization of ethylene. The silane is obtained from the self-ignited silane containing hydrogen, for the stationary fuel cells. The silane is obtained from a silane with long chain length, such that there are no longer self-ignited, mobile fuel cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fuel cell is equipped with a silane tank and lead from the silane direction to the pyrolysis area. The pyrolysis area and fuel cell have a joint wall at least in an area, in which the fuel cell is strongly heated. The joint wall contains a good heat conductor. The fuel cell is equipped with the separating device, which is separated after the pyrolysis of the hydrogen-containing silicon. The fuel cell comprises a solid material collecting space, and a hydrogen branching pipe, which flows into a hydrogen reservoir. The hydrogen branching pipe is branched off into the area, in which the hydrogen is introduced into the fuel cell. The supply of the silane and the withdrawal of the silicon are carried out through two tubes, from which the silicon from the solid collecting area is removed and filled in another silane tank. The silicon obtained by pyrolysis is brought from the supply-area for hydrogenation and led back after the hydrogenation as silane to the supply-area. An integrated standardized exchange container with the silicon withdrawal is inserted into the solid collecting area as alternative to the tube. An integrated exchangeable gas compressor or liquid container is inserted into the engine system, during the silane supply as alternative to the tube. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst layer is water-gas shift catalyst layer and is formed of cerium-zirconium oxide catalyst containing platinum of 1-2 wt.% and rhenium of 1-2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid carrier comprises the electrolyte. The first and second gases comprise hydrogen and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The liquid permeable diaphragm comprises a porous material comprising natural or synthetic asbestos, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenyleneoxide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyolefin, polystyrene, and/or fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal catalyst is disposed in the center of the micro-disperse particle of sodium borohydride; dispersed throughout the bulk of the micro-disperse particle of sodium borohydride; or disposed as a coating on the surface of the micro-disperse particle of sodium borohydride. The contacting step includes contacting water vapor with the micro-disperse particles of sodium borohydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pulverize-mixing is performed in hydrogen atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The composite particles are contained in an amount of 0.001-0.1 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The desulfurization method of hydrocarbon reduces the sulfur content in hydrocarbon to 50 mass ppb or less using the de-sulfurizing agent under conditions of liquid-space-velocity of 0.01-100 hour-1 at 0-400degreesC and 0.1 MPa or more. Preferred Compounds: The inorganic compound is silica, alumina, and/or silica-alumina. EXAMPLE - Boehmite (in g) (1.24) and 1N nitric acid aqueous solution (40 ml) were added to ion-exchange water (1 L), and heated to 80degreesC. Nickel nitrate-hexahydrate (149) was added, to obtain preparation liquid (A). Snowtex XS (RTM: colloidal silica) (33.9), sodium carbonate (99.4), and ammonium heptamolybdate pentahydrate (3) were added to ion-exchange water (1 L), and heated at 80degreesC to obtain preparation liquid (B). Liquid (B) was added to liquid (A) and stirred for 1 hour. Then, the mixture was washed using ion-exchange water (5 L), filtered, dried, and baked. The baked product was crushed and sieved to obtain de-sulfurizing agent. The obtained de-sulfurizing agent efficiently removed sulfur content in lamp oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microbes are Methanosarcina and/or Bacterium thermoautotrophicum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first permeate product stream has a hydrogen purity of at least 70 mol.%. The hydrogen component of the first permeate product stream is at least 40 wt.% of the hydrogen component in the hydrocarbon-containing feedstream. The 3C+ rich LPG product stream has a 3C+ purity of at least 70 mol.%. The 3C+ component in the 3C+ rich product stream is at least 80 wt.% of the 3C+ component in the hydrocarbon-containing feedstream.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rubbery polymer membranes have a glass transition temperature below 20degreesC. At least one of the rubbery polymer membranes is comprised of a material selected from polysiloxane and polybutadiene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The deodorizer is ferrous sulfate, ascorbic acid and/or aqueous solution containing iodine component, or wood vinegar.
EXAMPLE - Dewatered sludge (100 g) was pressurized in a 300 ml vessel at 5 Mpa. Heating was started and maintained at 200degreesC for 30 minutes. Oxidation process was performed for 60 minutes at 200degreesC. The viscosity of the slurried dewatered was 18.3 Mpa-second and molar ratio of oxygen and carbon was 0.159. Another sludge was oxidized as comparative sample having a viscosity of 4.5 Mpa-second and 0 volume concentration of oxygen. The odor of the two slurried dewatered sludges acquired was measured. The slurried dewatered had no bad smell, while the comparative sample did have a bad smell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The microorganism is chosen from photosynthetic bacteria, Actinomyces, filamentous fungi, lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis. Preferred Soil: The humus soil comprises substances including metabolite obtained from aerobic and/or facultative anaerobic bacteria, substance containing abundantly activated silicic acid and organic matter preferably including combination of protein, carbohydrate and/or fats.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The dephosphorylating process includes stirring the sewage sludge in alkaline solution at 40-100degreesC. The method includes filtration isolation, setting pH at the time of the reaction start to 13-14.9, and maintaining pH at the time of completion of reaction of greater than or equal to12. The filtration isolation involves supplying plaster (9) into the solution while making the sewage sludge after the dephosphorylation obtained by carrying out filtration isolation into carbonized fuel. The plaster is stack gas desulfurization plaster discharge from thermal power generation installation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorption material makes phosphoric acid and plaster in the alkaline solution to react. The adsorption material has hydroxyapatite crystal as a main component. The adsorption material has hydroxyapatite crystal as main component while manufacturing biomass fuel using sewage sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen generation material includes metal selected from group including aluminum, silicon, zinc and magnesium or alloys of the metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains (in wt.%) copper oxide (20-70), zinc oxide (10-60), zirconium oxide (1-50), aluminum oxide (1-50), alkali metal (0.5-10), and silicon oxide (0.5-2). Preferred Process: Water-gas shift reaction is carried out by contacting carbon monoxide and water vapor with the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The permselective film can be made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon-monoxide, carbon-dioxide, water vapor, silica, and deca-dodecasil three-R (DDR) type zeolite, etc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The permselective film can be made of palladium (Pd), Pd alloy, or carbon (C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material is preferably magnesium hydride and lithium amide, or metal magnesium and lithium amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves grafting hydrophilic compound on the base material surface, using radiation exposure such as gamma-radiation and/or an electron beam. The base material surface is further washed with water and/or physiological saline, and sterilized. Preferred Agents: The surfactant is non-ionic surfactant and/or anionic surfactant. The non-ionic surfactant is polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether such as polyoxyethylene (10) isooctyl phenyl ether. The anionic surfactant is alkyl benzenesulfonic acid such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Preferred Compound: The hydrophilic compound is a high molecular compound containing a structural component chosen from polyvinyl alcohol unit, polyalkylene glycol unit and polyvinyl pyrrolidone unit, and has blood anticoagulant activity and antithrombin activity. Preferred Property: The polyvinyl alcohol has saponification degree of 60-99 mol%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material further contains a polymeric material chosen from polymethyl methacrylate, polysulfone, polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fine-particle catalyst is hollow.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Support: The catalyst-activity component contains support component(s) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium, barium and lanthanum (when the catalyst is used for steam modification), or chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, zirconium, barium and lanthanum (when the catalyst is used for shift reaction), or ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, and aluminum, silicon, titanium and zirconium (when the catalyst is used for oxidation of carbon monoxide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The deviating unit has a local maximum normal to the flow direction of a measured outer diameter along the flow direction. The deviating unit has a pot-like part with a larger outer diameter on its front end than on its rear end. A longitudinal unit extends in the flow direction in front of and behind the region of the feed. The deviating unit is made from a ceramic or rust-free steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is one of a titania-based catalyst and a ruthenium-based catalyst. The metal hydride is one of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition additionally comprises (wt.%): at least one component selected from butane derivatives (0.01-20), pentane derivatives (0.01-30), hexane derivatives (0.01-40), benzene derivatives (0.01-45) and heptane derivatives (0.01-20); at least one component selected from 5-40C aliphatic alkane or alicyclic alkane (1-85), biodiesel (0.01-85), kerosene (1-43), HiSene (1-32), Hi-nine (1-36) and lubricant base oil (0.01-5); turpentine oil (0.1-5); acetone (0.1-3); methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and/or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), as an octane number enhancer (1-17); aromatic hydrocarbon mixture (1-19); methanol (0.1-85); at least one component selected from butyl cellosolve (0.1-9), ethyl cellosolve (0.1-11), Rosin derivative or Rosin acid compound (0.001-6), isopropanol (0.1-13) and isobutanol (0.1-12), as a phase separation preventor; and anti-corrosive agent (0.05-5). Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon solvent comprises 4-15C paraffin hydrocarbon as the main component. EXAMPLE - A fuel composition comprising (wt.%): Kixxsol (RTM: hydrocarbon solvent) (47), toluene (18), Techsol 100 (RTM: aromatic hydrocarbon mixture) (2), butyl cellosolve (2), bioethanol (15), ethyl cellosolve (1), isopropanol (1), isobutanol (3), methyl tert-butyl ether (4), kerosene (2), HiSene (2), Hi-nine (1), and turpentine oil (2) was prepared. The composition was tested for its performance. Results of exhaust gas during idling of automobile for idling speed, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon were found to be 800, 0, and less than 20 parts per million, respectively. The results showed that there is no increase of exhaust gas was found after 200 km of driving as compared to the exhaust gas at the time of idling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat transfer medium is sand that has been used in sandblasting of steel. The catalytic material is in a particulate form. The catalytic material comprises a transition metal, preferably non-noble transition metal from iron, zinc, manganese, copper and/or nickel; an inorganic oxide; or an inorganic hydroxide. The particulate mixture further comprises a catalytic material and agitated to a point of pneumatic conveyance to form a fluid bed, an ebullient bed or a spouting bed at 50-150degreesC. The inorganic particulate material has catalytic activity. The agitating gas is air, oxygen-poor or oxygen free. Preferred Method: The process further comprises removing a carbon deposit from the heat transfer medium by burning, and using heat resulting in the thermal conversion process. The biomass particles having a particle size of 5-50 mm are mixed with an inorganic particulate material having the same particle size and agitated with a gas where the particle size is reduced to 0.1-3 mm. The first step of the process comprises mixing the particulate biomass material and an inert inorganic material, heating and fluidizing the mixture, and adding catalytic material to the fluidized mixture in the form of fine solid particles; or dispersing the catalytic material in a solvent, providing a mixture of particulate biomass material and particulate inert inorganic material, and adding the dispersed catalytic material to the mixture. The process is carried out in a reactor which is operated in an oxygen-poor atmosphere under reduced pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition (C1) further comprises (wt.%): at least one component selected from butane derivatives (0.01-20), pentane derivatives (0.01-30), hexane derivatives (0.01-40), benzene derivatives (0.01-45), and heptane derivatives (0.01-20); at least one component selected from 6-26C aliphatic alkane or alicyclic alkane (1-85), biodiesel (0.01-85), kerosene (1-43), HiSene (1-32), Hinine (1-36) and lubricant (0.01-5); xylene (0.1-45); aromatic hydrocarbon mixture (1-19); methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and/or ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) (1-17) as an octane number enhancer; methanol (0.1-85); at least one component selected from Butyl Cellosolve (RTM: 2-butoxy ethanol) (0.1-9), Ethyl Cellosolve (RTM: 2-ethoxy ethanol) (0.1-11), Rosin acid derivative (0.001-6), isopropanol (0.1-13) and isobutanol (0.1-12), as a phase separation preventer; and anti-corrosive agent (0.05-5). Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon solvent comprises 4-15C paraffin hydrocarbon as the main component. EXAMPLE - A fuel composition comprising (wt.%): Techsol-S (RTM: hydrocarbon solvent) (36), industrial gasoline (10), toluene (25), Kocosol 100 (RTM: aromatic hydrocarbon mixture) (4), Butyl Cellosolve (RTM: 2-butoxy ethanol) (2), bioethanol (10), Ethyl Cellosolve (RTM: 2-ethoxy ethanol) (1), isopropanol (2), isobutanol (2), methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) (5), kerosene (2), and HiSene (1), was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The gas stream comprises natural gas which contains at least about 4%, preferably 20% carbon dioxide. The first pressure is greater than 500-1200) psia. The first permeate stream is withdrawn from the first permeate side at a second pressure of at least 20 psia and compressed in step (e) to at least 400 psia. The first residue stream contains less than 4% carbon dioxide. The third permeate stream contains 70-95% carbon dioxide. The second permeate stream is withdrawn from the second permeate side and passed across the third feed side at a third pressure of at least about 60 (preferably 50) psia. The first, second and third membranes have a selectivity for carbon dioxide over methane in the range 5-30. The first, second and third membranes have a methane permeance of at least about 5 gpu. The first, second and third membranes each have a selective layer comprising the same polymer. The first membrane comprises a polymer having a repeat unit comprising a fluorinated cyclic structure. The at least about 90 (preferably 75%) of the methane contained in the gas stream is recovered in the first residue stream. The gas stream further comprises nitrogen; contains an aggregate percentage of carbon dioxide and nitrogen that is at least 4%. The first, second and third membranes have a nitrogen permeance of at least about 50 gpu. The first, second and third membranes each have a selective layer comprising the same polymer. The first membrane comprises a polymer have a repeat unit comprising a fluorinated cyclic structure. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hydrogen storage material releases more than 7 wt.% of hydrogen. The second energy level is at least 10% less than the first energy level. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage material further contains stable hydrides or destabilizing hydrides, and destabilizing compound different from the destabilizing hydride. The destabilizing compound promotes release of hydrogen from stable hydride at reduced energy level from first energy level. The reaction of the stable hydrogen storage hydride and the stabilizing hydrogen storage hydride is carried out in hydrogen atmosphere. The stable hydride is complex stable hydride and the destabilizing hydride is binary hydride. The stable hydride is lithium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium aluminum hydride, magnesium borohydride, magnesium aluminum hydride, calcium borohydride, or calcium aluminum hydride, preferably lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride, or magnesium borohydride, more preferably lithium borohydride. The destabilizing hydride is lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride, magnesium hydride, calcium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium borohydride or sodium aluminum hydride, preferably lithium hydride, magnesium hydride or sodium hydride, more preferably calcium hydride. The material further comprises catalyst(s). Preferred Definitions:    A=lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, magnesium, or calcium;and    M=aluminum, arsenic, boron, barium, beryllium, calcium, cadmium, cerium, cesium, copper, europium, iron, gallium, gadolinium, germanium, hafnium, mercury, indium, potassium, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, neodymium, nickel, lead, praseodymium, rubidium, antimony, scandium, selenium, silicon, samarium, tin, strontium, thorium, titanium, thallium, vanadium, tungsten, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc, zirconium, or methyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The carbon monoxide removal catalyst is formed by mixing copper perovskite catalyst arranged in front stage and copper/cerium oxide catalyst arranged in later stage, mixing copper/aluminum oxide catalyst arranged in front stage at 120-140degreesC and copper/cerium oxide catalyst arranged in later stage at 140-160degreesC. The copper perovskite catalyst is LaMn0.8Cu0.2O3 catalyst. The ratio of oxygen and carbon monoxide in copper/aluminum oxide catalyst and copper/cerium oxide catalyst is 0.5 and 3, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel reformer further has a temperature measuring unit to measure temperature of the catalyst layer of carbon monoxide removal catalyst, air supply unit to supply air to the catalyst layer, a carbon monoxide measuring unit to measure carbon monoxide concentration at the exits of carbon monoxide removal unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-oxidative gas is argon, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and/or gaseous hydrocarbons.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The mixture is heated to 170-250, preferably 200degreesC under a non-oxidative gas at 100-400, preferably 150 lb/in2 (psi). Preferred Components: The mixture contains water including solids (less than or equal to50 %). Preferred Methods: The method includes feeding the biomass slurry into hydro-gasification reactor. EXAMPLE - A mixture of biomass (50 %) containing pine tree particles in water was prepared. The sawdust was ground using coffee grinder and sieved to 150 microns. For the wood pre-treatment, an autoclave system was set up at 3300 lb/in2 and 850degreesF. The wood sample and deionized water were weighed and then well mixed by hand to even water distribution in large beaker before putting it in the vessel. The wood added was adjusted for moisture content. The vessel was weight with contents, vacuumed and purged three times with argon, and finally pressurized to 100plus minus lb/in2. The temperature was raised to 210-230degreesC for 30 minutes and then held for 30 minutes. Pressure and internal temperature were recorded using data acquisition software. After holding for 30 minutes, application of heat was stopped and vessel was pulled out of the heater. The vessel was left to cool to room temperature to allow collection of head space gas and sample. Temperature and pressure were recorded before collection and then the vessel was weighed. The result showed that was pumpable slurry containing solids (50 wt.%) in water. Analysis of head space gas showed negligible carbon indicating negligible carbon loss from the slurry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compound: The white-rot fungi is Trametes hirsutas. which is stock which suppresses cellulose degradation enzyme activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The sewage sludge is mixed with fine coal and coke breeze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The natural water has ammonia-nitrogen concentration of 5-10 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The combustion heat of thermal decomposition gas (11) obtained when carrying out carbonization of waste material is used as heat source for drying dehydration cake of the mixture. Hot heating gas (14), which generates thermal decomposition gas on burning, is used for external heating of carbonization of waste material. The heat, which remains in the discharged heating gas (14a) is used as heat source for drying the dehydration cake. The waste carbonized material is supplied to the furnace (18) in which thermal decomposition gas is burnt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The carbonized waste material is washed and desalted. The dried sludge is mixed with carbonized waste material of moisture state formed by dehydration, and molded to obtain composite fuel. The combustion heat of thermal decomposition gas (11) which is generated during carbonization of the waste material, is used as heat source for drying of sludge. The hot gas (14) which is generated by burning the thermal decomposition gas, is used as heat source for external heating of combustion furnace. The remaining heat of exhaust heating gas emitted from the carbonization furnace is used as heat source for drying sludge. The thermal decomposition gas is supplied to the furnace for burning and generating sludge drying exhaust gas produced during carbonization of waste material in carbonization furnace.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The exothermic material is calcium oxide (preferred), magnesium oxide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, or calcium sulfate. Preferred Composition: In the total amount of the metal material and the exothermic material, the metal material is more than 85, preferably less than or equal to99 mass% than exothermic material. Preferred Dimension: The average particle diameter of the metal material is less than or equal to30 microns. EXAMPLE - The average particle diameter produced by the gas atomize method: 3 microns aluminum powder (The ratio of the particles whose particle sizes were less than or equal to100 microns: 100 mass%) and the calcium oxide powder were mixed in a mortar. The hydrogen production material was produced. 1 g Hydrogen production ingredients were to put to a sample bottle, and as non-frozen water, 4 g of 25 mass% ethanol aqueous solution (pH: 7, freezing point: -15degreesC) was added, and was left to stand for 48 hours. The hydrogen produced was collected.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thickness of photocatalyst film (2,3) is 2-3 microns, preferably 1.5-2.5, and 0.1-0.6 microns, preferably 0.3-1, respectively. The photocatalyst film (2) consists of nitrogen doped tungsten oxide. The substrate has translucency. The photocatalyst film (1) has an electrically conductive film (5) having translucency laminated on the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel gas is gaseous fuel which has hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a hydrocarbon with 1-4C; or natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemical used for chemical treatment is chlorine balls.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Reactor: The reactor comprises 2-10 perforated discs; 3-11 sections. The perforated disc comprises several bores (6) arranged circumferentially and concentrically. The section comprises 3-22 stirring blades having several openings (7) arranged along its length. The driving of the central axle promotes the simultaneous movement of the disc and stirring blades. The ratio of diameter and length of the reactor is 1:5 to 1:15. The reactor is made up of stainless steel or carbon steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The contacting takes place at 60-100 (preferably 70)degreesC and under a pressure 2-6 kgf/cm2 for 20-40 (preferably 30) minutes, in the presence of catalyst. The reactants are pre-mixed before entering into the reactor. A recycle stream (20%) returns to the feed of the reactor. Preferred Components: The oil of vegetable origin is peanut oil, soybean oil, maize oil, colza oil, castor oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower-seed oil, babassu oil, edible pine seed, forage turnip and/or vegetable oil. The oil/fat of animal origin is chosen from ox tallow, fish oil/fat and/or oil/fat from poultry raising. The 1-3C alcohol is methanol, ethanol and/or propanol. The catalysts is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide and/or potassium methoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: (II) comprises preferably nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3-5 or their complements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The methods for removing nutrients from wastewater/gas further comprises harvesting algal protein and/or biomass components from the cultured Chlorella sp.. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The anchor system includes Nitinol (RTM: nickel titanium shape memory alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The recycle fuel of biomass resources is alternately obtained by mixing iron compound with the solid product and tar, complexing, and carrying out hot-pressure molding. Preferred Compounds: The solid product is carbon or charcoal. The iron compounds are iron compounds other than ferric-oxide, and metallic iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The processes are operated at 50-80degreesC under normal pressure. The solid acid particulate material is arranged in the later stage of stirring tank reactor at a tubular type reactor. The free fatty acid is filled in both the reactors. The dehydrating agent is a molecular sieve. The conversion of free fatty acid is performed using stirring tank reactor and tubular type reactor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The solid base catalyst is obtained by baking calcined lime, calcium carbonate, slaked lime or calcium acetate in the atmosphere which does not contain carbon dioxide and water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The solid acid particulate material is an acidic ion exchange resin with sulfonated surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The highly purified methane gas manufacturing apparatus further has a natural gas hydrate tank (302) to store natural gas hydrate, and to selectively supply the natural gas hydrate to the accommodating portion of the mixing decomposition device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The gas flow path is provided with the bypass flow path having a compressor which pumps natural gas produced by the decomposition mixing tank into water in water storage tank. The highly purified methane gas manufacturing apparatus further has a natural gas hydrate tank (302) to store natural gas hydrate. The natural gas hydrate tank has a supply structure to selectively supply natural gas hydrate to the accommodation unit. The methane gas manufacturing apparatus have several decomposition mixing tanks attached with each other, and a refiner.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The modification catalyst comprises chromium-type catalyst portion containing chromium-type catalyst, provided at inlet port side of raw materials and mineral fuel, and copper-type catalyst portion comprising copper-type catalyst, provided at the exit side of the modifier. The ratio of copper-type catalyst with respect to chromium-type catalyst increases relatively from inlet portion to exit portion. The modification catalyst alternately contains alumina-type catalyst portion comprising alumina-type catalyst containing alumina as a main component, and chromium-type catalyst portion. The ratio of chromium-type catalyst with respect to alumina-type catalyst increases from inlet port to exit portion. The modification catalyst preferably contains chromium-zinc-type catalyst, and/or chromium-iron-type catalyst. The copper-type catalyst is copper-zinc-type catalyst. The modification catalyst further comprises molybdenum, cobalt or gallium excluding zinc or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst support layer is a ceramic film formed by ceramic thermal spraying.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid composition comprises the oil (at least 5 (preferably at least 95) wt.%) derived from plant or animal material. (I) comprises PIBSA-PAM (the reaction product of PIB950 (hydrocarbyl) succinic anhydride with polyalkylene polyamine) or PIBSA-HPAM (the reaction product of PIB950 succinic anhydride with heavy polyalkylene polyamine material). The prevention or retardation of the oxidation of the liquid composition is determined using the rancimat test (International Standards Organization 6886).Preferred Components: (I) is used in combination with BHQ.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The light-transmissive material comprises plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The pressure or temperature gradient is applied before 85, preferably 40% of the target fatty acid or its derivative is eluted. The separation of fractions enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids or its derivatives stemming from natural fish oils. The method is provided for the enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexanoic acid (DHA) or their derivatives, where the collected EPA- or DHA-rich fractions are characterized by a respective content of greater than or equal to80%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fatty acid derivatives are salts or esters. The fatty acid esters are methyl or ethyl esters. The polyunsaturated fatty acids are omega-3 acids or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process involves oxidizing ethane to produce an effluent stream containing ethylene, inert gases, and unreacted ethane; absorbing ethane and ethylene from the effluent stream using a solvent, where an ethylene-rich stream is produced; and processing the effluent stream in a solvent absorption tower to produce at least a bottoms stream (13) containing ethane, ethylene, and solvent and an ethylene-rich side stream. The process further comprises processing the bottoms stream in a tower to produce at least an ethylene-rich overhead stream; and processing the ethylene-rich side stream and the ethylene rich overhead stream in a tower to produce an ethylene product stream. The n-butane absorption system has an operating pressure of greater than or equal to500 psia. The ethane is oxidized at 400-600degreesC. The n-butane absorption system comprises a solvent absorption tower. An upper stream from the absorbing ethane and ethylene from the effluent stream using a solvent step and the ethylene rich side stream are combined before a combined stream is introduced to the ethylene purification tower. A bottom stream from the absorbing ethane and ethylene from the effluent stream using a solvent step and tower are combined before a combined stream is introduced to the ethane tower. The solvent concentration of the ethylene-rich stream is greater than the concentration of ethane. Preferred Components: The solvent is n-butane. The tower is a solvent absorption tower.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The shell comprises a 24 subunit protein or small heat shock protein (Hsp). The photocatalyst is encapsulated in a protein cage architecture. The hydrogenase enzyme is derived from Clostridium pasteurianum, Laprobacter modestogalophihts, and/or Thiocapsa reseopericina    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas catalyst is a hydrogenase or hydrogenase mimic. The hydrogenase is encapsulated in the polymer gel. The gel is porous or sol-gel. The hydrogenase mimic is a nanoparticle in the form protein cage containing a shell and a core. The core comprises a metal, i.e. platinum (preferred), nickel, iron, or cobalt. The composite material includes redox mediator, i.e. poly viologen, oxygen scavenger, i.e. copper oxide. The photocatalyst is formulated as a nanoparticle. The electron donor is sulfite, thiosulfate, or dithionite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron donor is also acetic acid, tartaric acid, ethanol, Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid, and/or hydroxylamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of charcoal in the fermentation target material is 10-50 mass%. The fermentation target material alternately contains charcoal having low degree of coalification and a low water-containing substance, or charcoal having low degree of coalification (in mass%) (10-50) and fats and oils (3-15).Preferred Method: The fermentation residue from methane fermentation tank is dried and set as fuel or cement baking material. The fermentation target material is processed by wet methane fermentation method and dry methane fermentation method. The fermentation target material is processed by wet methane fermentation method and fermentation residue from wet methane fermentation tank is spin-dried and set as spin-dried cake. The spin-dried cake is then subjected to dry methane fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The diffusion juice is derived from sugar beet or sugar cane, and is totally or partially used in the production of bioethanol. The alternative sugar source is a cereal (specifically maize, barley and/or wheat) and/or another type of energy source crop (specifically chicory and/or thistle). If cereal is used, fermentation is carried out after screening and milling. In particular molasses formed during sugar production is used for the fermentation. The distilled product from step (b) is subjected to molecular dehydration. The obtained bioethanol has a purity of at least 90%. EXAMPLE - Sugar-containing juice, obtained conventionally from sugar beet, was treated with industrial enzymes (e.g. amylase, glucanase and invertase; to increase yields during subsequent fermentation), subjected to ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization at 141.5degreesC for 5 seconds, passed through a vacuum chamber at 80degreesC, cooled to 30degreesC by heat exchange and supplied to a fermentation tank, in which alcohol fermentation was carried out using microorganisms with invertase activity. After eliminating carbon dioxide and must (to be recovered for use in feedstuffs), the fermented juice was distilled in apparatus having four column, i.e. first and second stripping columns, a third purification column and a fourth rectification column. The obtained aqueous alcohol was subjected to molecular dehydration with zeolite, to give bioethanol of purity ca. 99.8%. Based on a starting juice containing 80% water and 20% solids, 92% of which was sucrose, an ethanol yield of 94% could be obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The combustion catalyst is platinum/alumina, platinum palladium/alumina, platinum rhodium/alumina, platinum rhenium/alumina, platinum ruthenium/alumina, or platinum iridium/alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid carrier is Decalin, Tetralin, Methylcyclohexane, Perhydro-N-ethylcarbazole, Cyclohexane, or Dicyclohexyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The diaphragm is made of a high temperature rubber or plastic. The diaphragm is made of red iron oxide filled silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - FOOD - Preferred Method: The hydrated biomass is subjected to less than or equal to 200degreesF during the dehydration and drying process to prevent burning or degradation of the biomass. The dehydrating step is conducted by a mechanical centrifuge for removing the solvent-water mixture as a filtrate to a predetermined level before the biomass is fed to the milling step. The method includes utilizing heat for drying in the milling step, in which the biomass stays below 200degreesF, and the solvent vapors and other air emissions are drawn off into the feedback loop system for reuse or for further processing and treatment; and operating the milling step at a temperature to reclaim 100% of the remaining organic solvent from the biomass without degradation occurring while the biomass is being transformed into the DDGS product. The negative pressure is created by a vacuum source, e.g. pump, or centrifugal fan, drawing the solvent vapors and stable gaseous compound through the feedback loop system back to storage tanks within the system for reuse in the process.Preferred Component: The biomass in the drying process is derived from a grain, e.g. corn, rice, barley, sorghum or wheat. The organic substrate is derived from corn, wheat, barley, rice or other grain with fiber, protein, fat, energy, minerals and other nutritional content.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stable gaseous compound is carbon dioxide source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is alcohol of methanol, ethanol or its isomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (A) comprises: additional antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, octyl gallate, dodecyl gallate, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene, methyl linoleate, methyl oleate, methyl stearate, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine-1-oxyl, dimethyl-p-phenylaminophenoxysilane, di-p-anisylazoxides, p-hydroxydiphenylamine, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, phenylalpha-naphthylamine, hydroquinone, 2-tert-butylhydroquinone, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxymethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, t-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, polyphosphates, trihydroxy butyrophenone and/or anoxomer; and gasoline (60-99 (preferably 80-90) wt.%) and ethanol (1-40 (preferably 10-20) wt.%). (A) contains 6-ethoxyl-2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline (20-1500 (preferably 50-500) ppm). (A) further comprises: 2-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1-hydroxy-4-methylbenzene and paraffin oil; an additive such as octane improvers, drive ability additives, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, thermal stabilizers, detergents or demulsifiers; and a solvent, which is a polar or non-polar solvent. Preferred Components: The ethanol is produced from a source such as corn, plant-derived cellulose material, sugarcane, sugar beet, grain sorghum, wheat, barley, potatoes or biomass. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 6-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline of formula (Ia) is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - Ethoxyquin (0.01 or 0.005%) was added to a gasoline composition comprising ethanol (0-85%) to obtain the fuel composition, where the fuel composition obtained was filtered through alumina to remove any antioxidant additives present from the refinery blendstock fuels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The bioreactor contains an aqueous solution having hydrogen-producing microbacteria from Clostridium sporogenes, Bacillus licheniformis, or Kleibsiella oxytoca.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The organic feed solution is subjected to pretreatment from aeration, dilution with water or other diluents, addition of compounds to control pH or supplementation with phosphorus or yeast extract. The pH monitoring device controls the pH of the organic solution in the bioreactor through automated addition of a sodium hydroxide solution, and maintains the pH of the organic solution at 3.5-6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic feed solution is a grape juice solution comprising grape juice diluted with tap water and aerated for a time to remove chlorine. The heating device heats the organic feed solution to 60-100degreesC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate(s) comprises floatable plastic media to provide surface area for attachment of the microbacterial biofilm(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: the pH of activated carbon is 8-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The aerobic thermogenesis type microorganisms are Bacillus microbe, Actinomyces group, lactic-acid-bacteria group, and archaebacterium group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic waste is the excretion of a household organic-refuse and school organic refuse, a business organic refuse, or livestock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The base-material is a ceramic porous component having three dimensional network structure. Preferred Content: The base-material surface has 30 wt.% or more of porous particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The porous particles has porosity of 20-90%. The catalyst film has film thickness of 0.1-500 microns and porosity of 20-90%. Preferred Particles: The porous particle further contains aluminum oxide as a catalyst component. Preferred Component: The raw material and mineral fuel supplied to the water-vapor modifier in hydrogen production apparatus are dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - A solution of ethylene glycol, aluminum isopropoxide, copper nitrate, nitric acid, zinc nitrate and pure water were mixed to obtain sol solution. A half of sol solution was dried at 200degreesC to obtain porous particles having particle diameter of 70 microns. The obtained porous particles were mixed with the remaining sol solution. The obtained solution was coated on cordierite base material and dried to obtain catalyst film having film thickness of 50 microns. The obtained catalyst film was reduced at 400degreesC for 10 hours to obtain catalyst component having catalyst film supported to the base material having porosity of 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The methanol producing apparatus has a supply line for supplying carbon dioxide in fuel waste gas to unreacted methane rich gas. A portion of unreacted methane rich gas is used as fuel of combustor of modifier. The methanol producing apparatus alternately has a partial oxidizing furnace for partially oxidizing unreacted methane rich gas, for modifier. Preferred Catalyst: A modification catalyst is used for modifying unreacted methane rich gas. The catalyst is formed by supporting lanthanum trioxide and/or potassium oxide as co-catalyst component with nickel-oxide as catalyst component on heat-resistant oxide containing zirconia and alumina as support. The amount of nickel oxide with respect to total weight of catalyst is 5-20 wt.%. The total amount of lanthanum trioxide and potassium oxide with respect to total weight of catalyst is 1-10 wt.%. The amount of zirconia with respect to total weight of support is 1-10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine derivative is fatty amine, alkanol amine, aliphatic polyamine, aromatic amine, alicyclic amine, heterocyclic amine and/or their alkylene oxide addition products. The oil based agent is fatty acid ester, synthetic ester or natural fats and oils. The fatty acid ester is of formula: R1-COO-R2.R1=11-17C hydrocarbon;andR2=1-4C hydrocarbon.The additive further contains an aromatic hydrocarbon (1-10). Preferred Method: The lubricating oil is supplied while carrying out reduction processing of the copper pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The diffusion-prevention layer is selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride, titanium carbide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen is discharged by heating a complex of boron nitride formed into the nano-structured hydrocarbon, and nano-structured lithium hydride. The hexagonal-crystal boron nitride is pulverized in hydrocarbon gas (preferably methane gas) atmosphere, such that the crystal structure is miniaturized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The holder comprises material modified by ZnO, ZnO, or complex oxide containing zinc. Preferred Composition: The catalyst has palladium content of 1-50 wt.%. Preferred Method: The catalyst is produced by (i) impregnating a holder comprising zinc-containing complex oxide with a solution containing zinc and palladium, and drying, baking and reducing; (ii) impregnating a holder with a solution containing zinc, drying and baking to form ZnO layer in the holder, impregnating the holder including the ZnO layer with a solution containing zinc and palladium, and drying, baking and reducing; or (iii) performing neutralization reduction of an emulsion containing zinc and palladium, impregnating a holder into the neutralization reduced emulsion to form ZnO layer, drying and baking, and supporting zinc-palladium on zinc layer. EXAMPLE - An aluminum oxide holder was impregnated with an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate, dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours, and baked at 600degreesC for 2 hours. The resulting zinc oxide on aluminum oxide was impregnated with an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate and palladium nitrate, dried at 120degreesC for 24 hours, and baked at 450degreesC for 2 hours to obtain a catalyst containing 2% palladium. The palladium-zinc on zinc oxide-aluminum oxide catalyst has a selectivity higher than palladium-zinc on aluminum oxide catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate is formed using iron-nickel alloy, iron-nickel-chromium alloy, copper alloy or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating material is silicone-type material such as polysilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic acid is added to aqueous solution of platinic acid and heated, to obtain platinum colloidal solution protected with organic acid. Preferred Composition: The platinic acid is chloroplatinic acid, chloroplatinic acid hydrate or chloroplatinate. The electrode substrate is indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is citric acid, citric acid hydrate or citrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen supply system further has a hydrogen purifying unit (25) to purify recovered hydrogen, a hydrogen pressurizing unit (27) to pressurize purified hydrogen or recovered hydrogen, a hydrogen storage unit (28) to store purified hydrogen or pressurized hydrogen, a carbon dioxide pressurizing unit (35) to pressurize recovered carbon dioxide, and a carbon dioxide storage unit (36) to store pressurized carbon dioxide or recovered carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The water-soluble organic compound is methanol, ethanol and/or 2-propanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inner layer is made of polypropylene (PP), polybutene (PB), increased temperature resistant polyethylene or cross linked polyethylene. The polymer and/or metallic diffusion barrier layer are made of ethylenvinyl alcohol (EVOH), polyamide (PA) or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The filling- and/or vegetating bodies are made up of plastic material, which are high density polyethylene-recyclate, low density polyethelene-recyclate, high density polyethylene-compound, high density polyethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene or a plastic material of a different kind with a selected thickness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hollow shaft consists of high-strength stainless steel V4A 1.4571.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Puck: The pond treatment puck further comprises one or more microorganisms, where the microorganism is one or a combination of Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus. The oxidative alkali is sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, sodium perborate or sodium peroxide. The clarifying agent is an activated botanical protein from the genus Moringa. The pond treatment puck further comprises a positive buoyancy component, a neutrally buoyant component, a negatively buoyant component or its combination. The surfactant is sodium C 14-16 olefin sulfonate. The puck further comprises a biodegradable fragrance or a non-toxic biodegradable dye. The sugar is lactose, fructose or maltose. Preferred Device: The hopper is humidity controlled. In the water treating device, the puck dispensing means is a pipe in which the pucks are introduced at a first end and a screen or basket is placed at a second end, and the second end of the pipe is placed at a desired depth. The pucks further comprise a negatively buoyant component. The puck dispensing means is a spring loaded launcher mechanism, where the spring loaded launcher mechanism is electronically controlled and programmable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic adsorbent is aluminum oxide, aluminum halide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, calcium oxide, silicate or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The contacting process takes place at 5-240degreesC. The 4C-hydrocabon stream is dried up to a remaining water content of 5 wt.ppm, before the contacting process. The fluorinated or chlorinated compound in the stream containing isobutene is removed partially or completely by a polymerization reaction using fluorine or chlorine catalyst. The fluorinated or chlorinated compound is removed from 4C-raffinate stream, 4C segment obtained from isobutane dehydrogenation, 4C segment obtained from steam cracking after the butadiene extraction, 4C segment obtained from steam cracking after the partial hydrogenation or 4C-segment obtained from fluid catalyst cracking.Preferred Components: The 4C-hydrocarbon stream contains 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene and butane, as main components. EXAMPLE - Raffinate-1 stream (containing 1-butene (15 wt.%), 2-butene (12 wt.%), isobutene (40 wt.%), isobutane (9 wt.%) and n-butane (24 wt.%)) with a fluorine content of 56 wt.ppm was contacted with aluminum oxide (with a pore volume of 0.9 ml/g and particle size of 60-150 microns) at 80degreesC and 12 bar for 30 minutes to obtain raffinate-1 stream without fluorine (3 wt.ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel further comprises 5-1000 ppm fluorescein and 5-50 ppm denatonium benzoate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The complex fermentation feedstock is grain mashes, pulverized vegetative plant materials, processed vegetative plant materials, enzymatically and/or chemically digested cellulosic waste streams from wood processing operations, enzymatically and/or chemically digested lignocellulosic waste streams from wood processing operations, high carbohydrate containing waste streams from beverage production processes, high carbohydrate containing waste streams from food production processes, and high carbohydrate containing waste steams from industrial production process. The complex fermentation feedstock is grain mash. The grain mash is produced from grain, e.g. corn, wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale, or sorghum. The component is purified grain, dehulled grain, fractionated grain, or enriched grain. The component comprises reduced plant nutrient. The complex fermentation feedstock is selected for production of fuel grade ethanol in it. The selected individual nutritive elements are mineral salts, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, or urea. The selected individual nutritive elements are preferably mineral salts and urea. The nutritive elements ionic salt containing nutritive element combined with urea.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral elements are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, sulfate, manganese, iron, or trace elements. The salts are nitrogen salts, ammonium salts, phosphate salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, phosphate salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, sulfate salts, zinc salts, or trace element salts. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The animal oil is fish oil, beef tallow and/or lard.The vegetable oil is sunflower oil, safflower oil, tung oil, linseed oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, camellia oil, coconut oil and/or palm oil.The animal oil and/or vegetable oil contain triglyceride of formula (1), and free fatty acid and/or moisture content.R1-R3 = 6-24C optionally substituted (un)saturated aliphatic group.The alcohol is methanol.The molar ratio is alcohol and triglyceride in animal oil and vegetable oil is 3-100.The mass ratio of alcohol and fatty acid monoester fraction is 0.007-2.Preferred Method: A fatty acid of formula: ROH or R4COOH is alternately reacted at 150-600degreesC and pressure of 2-100 MPa and fatty acid monoester compound reaction liquid is produced.Preferred Property: The acid value of fuel is 0.5 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The pyrolytic processing apparatus has a heating apparatus for heating pipe line from tank in which off gas is stored, at predetermined temperature and a stabilizing burner for burning fuel other than off gas provided in combustion furnace. Heating air is used as off gas suction source. Combustion exhaust gas of combustion furnace is used as heat source for thermal decomposition furnace and heat source of boiler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains mixture of zeolite catalyst chosen from ZSM-5 supported with palladium and beta-zeolite supported with palladium and USY.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Hot mixed gas containing sulfur dioxide and water produced by electrolysis of sulfur trioxide, and non-decomposed sulfur trioxide is cooled at 100-100degreesC. Sulfur trioxide is combined with water and separated as liquid sulfuric acid. Liquid sulfuric acid is supplied to decomposition process of sulfuric acid. Mixed gas containing sulfur dioxide and surplus water is supplied to electrolysis process of sulfurous acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Zeolite is natural zeolite or artificial zeolite, and has iron content rate of 0.2-20%. Preferred Composition: Halogenated flame retardant (in wt.pts) (0.1-20) and zeolite (0.01-9) are added with respect to styrene resin (100). The extrusion foamed component contains less than 0.03 wt.% of zinc element. Preferred Method: Alternately, styrene resin extrusion foamed component is obtained by adding halogenated flame retardant, non-halogen group foaming agent, zeolite and iron oxide to styrene resin, and performing extrusion foaming. The amount of iron oxide added with respect to zeolite is 1-20%. The foamed component contains iron oxide, when water is used as foaming agent. Preferred Property: The styrene resin extrusion foamed component has foam density of 20-40 kg/m3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The halogenated flame retardant is hexabromo cyclo dodecane and/or tetrabromo cyclooctane. Preferred Agent: The non-halogen group foaming agent is dimethyl ether, diethyl ether and/or methyl ethyl ether, water, 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon(s) or carbon dioxide. 3-5C saturated hydrocarbon is propane, n-butane and/or i-butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle-form iron having particle diameter of 1 nm or more is not observed by transmission type electron microscope. The signal strength derived from the iron by X-ray diffraction measurement is 1/10 or less with respect to the signal strength derived from non-crystalline silicon dioxide, or is below a limit of detection. Preferred Structure: The porous structure is obtained by freeze-drying gelled material of gelatinization material containing alkoxy silane, and further heating the freeze-dried material.
EXAMPLE - The Sphingomonas sp. KA1 (FERM P-19744) were cultured with shaking at 30degreesC for 24 hours in a liquid medium containing carbazole (0.05%). The microorganisms were centrifuged and washed with phosphate buffer (1 ml; pH 7.0). Liquid mixtures (10 mul) of polycyclic aromatic compound was added to the above culture and again cultured at 30degreesC, with shaking. Dichloromethane was added after 3 days, and residual substrate was extracted. Residual amount was measured by GC-MS. Results showed disintegration of polycyclic aromatic compound into fluorine, phenanthrene, anthracene and fluoranthene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The temperature rise velocity during swelling processing is 5-30degreesC/minute. Preferred Property: The diameter of the wood type biomass chip is 3 cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The solid-liquid separation unit is centrifuge, and the ethanol separation unit is distillation column. EXAMPLE - Raw material such as wood chip was pulverized to 1 cm or less and treated with sulfuric acid to obtain saccharified liquid. The culture medium containing saccharide (glucose conversion) (in g/l) (30-300), yeast extract (5-20) and polypeptone (10-30) was added to the fermenter containing the obtained saccharified liquid and then fermentation was carried out using seed yeast, at 20-40oC for 48 hours. The obtained fermented liquid was added to the fermenter containing culture medium having saccharide (xylose conversion) (10-75), yeast extract (5-20) and polypeptone (10-30) and secondary fermentation was carried out at 20-40degreesC for 48 hours. Then, the obtained fermented liquor was centrifuged at 3000-7000 rpm. The obtained supernatant liquid was subjected to distillation column and ethanol was recovered. The concentrate obtained by centrifugation was added to starter culture tank and cultured for 48 hours to obtain seed yeast. The obtained seed yeast was reused for primary fermentation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The electrolysis processing electrolyzes the wastewater directly and ammonia nitrogen is oxidation-decomposed. Hypochlorous acid is produced by electrolysis of chloride-ion-containing water. Ammonia stripping processing is carried out at a pH of 7-9. The strip-treated water (14) is biologically treated. Vapor-liquid separation of ammonia gas (13) recovered by the ammonia stripping processing is carried out to aqueous ammonia and ammonia cracked gas, and electrolysis processing of aqueous ammonia is carried out and ammonia nitrogen is oxidation-decomposed. The electrolysis treated water is biologically treated with the strip-treated water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Biodegradable plastics, such as poly-3-hydroxy butyric acid is produced from methane producing microorganisms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Catalyst employed in a catalytic process comprises nickel, ruthenium, and/or platinum. The stored hydrogen has a volume of less than 100, preferably less than 50% of an average daily dispensed volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alcohol (5 mol or less) is mixed with fat-and-oil raw material, (1 mol). The fine particles dispersion mixing is carried out by means of static mixing at linear velocity of 1.4 m/sec or more.
EXAMPLE - The example illustrates the obtaining of fatty acids to produce phytoplankton. The samples comprising a suspension of phytoplankton and salt water were studied. The extraction of fatty acids generated by the phytoplankton by extraction with dissolvents was studied. The solids suspended in the samples were separated, and treated with distilled water and a dissolvent was added to the aqueous phase. Two dissolvents were used, that is dichloromethane and hexane. The samples were put in sonicator to study the influence on the extraction of the soluble substances in the organic phase. The filtration and centrifugation techniques were used for separating suspended solids. The separation by filtration was not effective since the solid materials obstructed the filters but good results were obtained by centrifugation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, primary amine with (1-4C)-alkyl group, ammonia, ethanolamine or acetone, preferably methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or n-propylamine. The synthesis solution exhibits molar components such as: silicon dioxide/aluminum oxide/sodium oxide/tetrapropylammonium hydroxide/tetrapropylammonium bromide/water/(A) in a ratio of 1/5x10-5 to 5x10-2/0-0.2/0-0.1/0-0.1/(10-y) to (100-y)/y, where y is 0-50, preferably 15-35. The molar ratio of water and (A) in the synthesis solution is 100-1:1. Preferred Process: More zeolite layers are produced in the carrier. EXAMPLE - Three porous supports in tube form were heated with a rate of 0.75 k/h at 400degreesC and kept for 7 hours and then cooled with a rate of 0.75/kh at room temperature. The tube was wrapped with polytetrafluoroethylene band and provided in the synthesis solution containing silicon dioxide/aluminum oxide/sodium oxide/tetrapropylammonium hydroxide/tetrapropylammonium bromide/water/methanol in a molar ratio of 90/0.225/1/4.15/1.85/1490/500. Then hydrothermal synthesis was carried out for 24 hours at 180degreesC in a cold autoclave, which was provided with synthesis solution and the support was placed exteriorly with polytetrafluoroethylene band in a preheated dry closet. The polytetrafluoroethylene band was removed after the synthesis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The inlet stream of hot gas enters the convection steam reforming reactor at substantially the same pressure as the gas feed stream including methane and steam. The inlet stream of hot gas is compressed prior to entering the convection steam reforming reactor, where at least part of the energy used to compress the inlet stream of hot gas is provided by the hot gas expansion turbine. A hydrogen gas stream is mixed with a gas stream including oxygen and then combusted to form the inlet stream of hot gas. The outlet stream of flue gas is mixed with a gas stream of hydrogen prior to combustion. The hydrogen stream is derived from the synthesis gas exiting the convection steam reforming reactor. The hydrogen stream is derived from the synthesis gas by using membrane diffusion technology. The amount of hydrogen that is derived from the synthesis gas provides the synthesis gas with an appropriate ratio of carbon oxide(s) and hydrogen for methanol production. The methane gas stream is derived from a coal mining operation or a natural gas reservoir. The methane gas stream is derived from Coal Seam Methane (CSM). The energy derived from the hot gas expansion turbine is used to process waste water. The waste water is produced by the extraction of the CSM. The gas feed stream further includes carbon dioxide. The hydrogen gas stream is injected at at least one point along the length of the convection steam reforming reactor into the stream of hot gas passing through the steam reforming reactor, where the hydrogen reacts to maintain the temperature of the inlet stream of hot gas within the convection steam reforming reactor. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The physical absorber of the sulfur remover, and the desulfurizing portion is zeolite. The pyrophoric material is selected from reduced iron, nickel, aluminum, copper, zinc, or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Device: The first layer is contacted by the gaseous flow before or after the second layer. The air flow enters the regenerable sulfur remover on a same side as the gaseous flow. The exhaust and the purge are the same line. An at least one additional regenerable sulfur remover is run in parallel with the regenerable sulfur remover. The at least one additional regenerable sulfur remover can be regenerated while the regenerable sulfur remover continues to remove sulfur from the gaseous flow. The air flow is heated to 300degreesC. The regenerable sulfur remover for gaseous fuel flows comprises: a gaseous fuel flow; at least one pyrophoric layer; at least one desulfurizing layer; an air flow; an exhaust; and a purge; in which the gaseous fuel flow passes over the pyrophoric material and transfers a portion of potential energy in the gaseous fuel flow to the pyrophoric layer, and passes over the desulfurizing layer, so that sulfur is removed from the gaseous fuel flow; which is followed by regenerating the desulfurizing layer, in which the air flow is passed over the pyrophoric layer, which heats the air flow and produces a heated air flow; and the heated airflow is passed over the desulfurizing layer, which removes sulfur from the desulfurizing layer. The heated airflow is exhausted after removing sulfur from the desulfurizing layer. The purge purges the air flow and the heated airflow from the regenerable sulfur remover.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition catalyst comprises calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, barium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury and/or tin. The metal is dispersed on a support, where the support is an inorganic oxide of silicas, aluminas, titania, zirconia, yttria, carbon, and silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygenate is alcohols, ketones, esters, diols, triols, ethers and organic acids having 12/fewer carbons, and/or sugars having 12 carbons/less, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butanol, l-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, tert-amyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 3-hexanol, dimethylether, diethylether, isopropylether, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl tert-amyl ether, glucose, and/or sorbitol. The oxidizer is hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides and/or hydroperoxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The dielectric, comprises metal oxide, ceramics, glass, plastics or silicone rubber. The dielectric has plate shape, tubular shape or spherical shape, preferably plate-shape, and thickness of 0.01-10 nm. The electrode comprises electroconductivity substance(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The channel is provided by setting the outer surface at the side of space of dielectric as continuous corrugations. The concave portion has width of 0.001 mm to 10 cm and length of 0.01 mm to 10 m. The convex portion has length of 0.001 mm to 10 m and width of 0.001 mm to 10 cm. The depth of concave portion or height of convex portion is 0.001-10 mm. The corrugation has unit area where width, depth and/or length of convex portion and concave portion differ. The distance in space between two dielectrics is 0.05-20 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fraction (II) is further subjected to transesterification and long chain unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester used as bio diesel fuel is produced. The soy oil is saponified by mixing soy oil with 1-3C alcohol or 1-3C alcohol and water at elevated temperature in presence of an alkali catalyst to form admixture (I). The pH of admixture (I) is adjusted to less than 6 by adding an acid after saponification of soy oil. A free fatty acid enriched fraction and glycerin enriched fraction are recovered from the pH adjusted admixture (I). The recovered free fatty acid enriched fraction is source of free fatty acids complexed with urea. The free fatty acids are complexed with urea by admixing free fatty acids with urea dissolved in 1-3C alcohol or 1-3C alcohol and water to form admixture (II). The complexation of free fatty acids with urea forms saturated free fatty acid enriched solid fraction and unsaturated free fatty acid enriched liquid fraction. The urea complexed free fatty acid is separated into solid fraction (I) and liquid fraction (II) by filtration. The residual unsaturated free fatty acid in fraction (I) is separated from saturated free fatty acids by chromatography to obtain additional unsaturated free fatty acids. The additional unsaturated free fatty acid is transesterified to form long chain unsaturated fatty acid alkyl ester. Preferred Compound: The soy oil is refined soy oil. The 1-3C alcohol is ethanol, and major portion of ethanol is recycled ethanol recovered from the process. The alkyl ester is ethyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanofiber (N2) further comprises at least one element selected from dopant metal and a dopant nonmetal. The nanofiber (N2) has a diameter of at most 5 (preferably 0.5-3) nanometers. The nanofiber (N2) is a nanowire having a longest dimension of at least 1000 nanometers. The nanofiber (N2) has a diameter of at most 25 nanometers; has a longest dimension of at least 2 (preferably at least 5) microns. The nanofiber (N2) is a nanobelt having a thickness of at most 10 nanometers. The nanofiber (N2) is a nanosheet having a width of greater than 200 nanometers. The dopant metal is selected from calcium, cobalt, nickel, copper, gallium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, palladium, silver, tin, lanthanum and platinum. The dopant nonmetal is selected from boron, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and fluorine. ACTIVITY - Cytostatic; Antimicrobial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene glycol (50 ml) was dried at 140degreesC for 1 hour with vigorous stirring in a flask under a nitrogen atmosphere. Ethylene diamine was dehydrated with magnesium sulfate and added to the ethylene glycol to form a first mixture. The first mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and then titanium tetraisopropoxide (3 ml) was added, followed by stirring for an additional 5 minutes to form a second mixture. Deionized water (0.64-1.28 ml) was added to the second mixture to form a reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was then transferred to a poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-lined stainless steel autoclave. The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 205degreesC for 12 hours, to form a gel precipitate. After the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature the precipitate was filtered, washed three times with ethanol, and dried to obtain a titanium oxide nanoparticle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first repeating units comprise moieties of isoindole 1,3-dione compounds of formula (Ia); or pyrrolo(3,4-f)isoindole-1,3,5,7-tetraone compounds of formula (Ib). In formula (Ib),R1 = a moiety having a composition of (a) and/or (b).In (Ia), the moiety R1 has a composition of 10-25 (preferably 16)% of (a); 55-75 (preferably 64)% of (b); and 20-40 (preferably 29)% of (c). In (Ib), the moiety R1 has 10-30% of (a); and 70-90% of (b), where the first repeating units are 30-50% of total of the first repeating units.Preferred Process: The method further comprises electrostabilizing the concentrated suspension to form a stabilized suspension before the forming step. In the method of separating a fluid from a fluid mixture, the pressure gradient across the membrane is 1000-2000 psi.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The alkaline solution is a concentrated form of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methodoxide, or other strong mineral alkaline solutions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol loading of 0-2.4% stoichiometric requirements per weight of the naturally occurring fatty acid is used.Preferred Material: The naturally occurring fatty acids are animal fats or vegetable oils. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or other monoalkyl alcohols.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid is sulfuric acid or citric acid. The catalyst is sodium methylate salt, potassium methylate salt, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The reactor chamber is made of carbon or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water electrolysis catalyst is chosen from iridium oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The blend ratio of wood-type fine particle and excrements of live stock, is 15-25 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The wood-type fine particle contains lignocellulose having water holding capability. Preferred Process: The dried organic material is returned to the wood-type fine particles storage silo, and is reused.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The tungsten salt is tungstic acid ammonium. The cobalt salt is cobalt nitrate, cobalt sulfate or cobaltous acetate. The molybdenum salt is ammonium molybdate. Preferred System: The gasification processing system has tar decomposition installation filled with gasification catalyst which passes through the downstream, and collects in the downstream. Preferred Process: The gasification catalyst is introduced into a gasifier which carries out heating-combustion of organic-type gasifying substance, is gasified. The complex reaction is carried out at 45-90degreesC, and baked at 500-900degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred process: The reaction mixture (4) is heated with microwave radiation of 2.450 and 915 MHz, produced by a microwave generator coupled to the reaction cavity. The microwave heating is carried out by microwave energy dissipation based on polarization models and electric conduction, produced from high dielectric permittivity in a reaction medium, using acidic or basic catalyst. The acid catalysis is performed with sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid or sulfuric acid and its derivatives. The acid catalysis is performed by acids with high dielectric permittivity values. The base catalysis is performed with sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide or bases with high dielectric permittivity values. The method further involves initiating with an acid catalyst to a conversion of maximum of 80% and removing glycerin at the end of the process using base catalysis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (A) is formed by carrying out ester interchange of coconut palm oil (7) and monohydric alcohol. The component (B) is formed by carrying out ester interchange of coconut palm oil and monohydric alcohol containing 14C or less fatty acid. The vegetable fuel composition further contains 3C or more alcohol, and component (C) which is formed by parting the double-bond portion of unsaturated fatty acid. Preferred Property: The vegetable fuel composition has freezing point of 100degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The detection pole is made of alloy containing platinum, gold, rhodium, ruthenium and palladium. The solid electrolyte is made of zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The dust density in the waste gas, is set according to JISZ8808 standard. The nitrogen oxide density in the waste gas is set according to JISK0104 standard. The sulfur oxide density in the waste gas is set according to JISK0103 standard. The hydrogen chloride density in the waste gas is set according to JISK0107 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The alloy particle contains copper and nickel, iron and/or cobalt. Preferred Material: The catalyst material contains catalyst particle supported by carbon nano fiber. The abundance ratio of the carbon nano fiber with which the catalyst particle is supported by the surface and interior is 10% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The adsorption-agent fine powder is active charcoal powder, zeolite powder, silica-gel powder, activated alumina powder and/or faujasite powder. The active charcoal powder consists of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic-substance material that removes the injurious ingredient is ligno phenol derivative, lignin origin cation exchanger, lignin of wood-type, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin derived from a natural product such as dried fruit skin of citrus fruits or herb, and aloe. Preferred Liquid: The liquid consists of terpenes (polyphenol phytoncide) such as cadienene, cadinol, limonene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, camphor, eugenol, hinokitiol, tannin, terpineol and sabinene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst further contains antimony, silver, tin and/or lead supported by activated carbon support. Preferred Method: Alicyclic compound is dehydrogenated using the catalyst to obtain hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Methods: The method includes irradiating light containing UV ray and visible ray in toxic substance in the presence of photocatalyst. EXAMPLE - A photocatalyst was prepared by mixing niobium oxide (0.21g) and lead oxide (1.8 g) with hydroxylation magnesium carbonate (3 g) using ball mill or mortar, and was placed into alumina crucible. The mixture was sintered at 950degreesC by atmospheric pressure for 5 hours to obtains a power photocatalyst of structure Pb1.83MgO0.29Nb1.71O6.39. The photocatalyst showed absorption to visible region from UV ray area to 450nm as a result of UV visible absorption spectrum measurement and had band gap of 2.8 eV.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid acid contains boehmite and gamma-alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zeolite is zeolite X, zeolite Y and/or zeolite A. The amount of metal component is 5 wt.% or more, with respect to zeolite, by conversion of metal oxide. The amount of alumina is at least 50 wt.%, with respect to total amount of alumina and zeolite. The amount of supported metal component compound is 8-60 wt.%, with respect to total amount of zeolite and alumina. The metal component compound is organic acid salt or complex compound, preferably oxide, hydroxide, nitrate or carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The associated bacterial strains are present at greater than or equal to25%. The strain of the genus Pseudomonas is strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa species and Pseudomonas nitroreducens species. The strain of genus Shewanella is strains of Shewanella putrefaciens species. The strain of the genus Morganella is strains of Morganella morganii species. The strain of genus Myroides is strains of Myroides odoratus species. The strain of genus Citrobacter is strains of Citrobacter freundii species. Preferred Process: The transporting operation of the pasty sludge comprises grinding of fatty wastes to predetermined size. The operation for maintaining homogenous sludge within the tank and the bioreactor is done by mechanical agitation of the sludge directly inside the tank of the bioreactor. The oxygenation of the sludge in the tank of the bioreactor consists in supplying oxygen in the tank in the order of 4.5 mg per liter of sludge (weighted greater than or equal to25%) to be treated. The treatment process comprises the operation of continuous measurement of any one of physico-chemical parameters of the treated sludge within the bioreactor comprising temperature, pH, redox potential, and the level of sludge in the tank. The modification of any one of the physicochemical parameters beyond threshold record comprises using an alert device and controlling device for the adjustment of physico-chemical parameters of sludge at any one of the operation. The controlling device consists in performing some operations comprising using oxygenation device, thermoregulation device and agitation device. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (%): Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10); Pseudomonas nitroreducens (10); Shewanella putrefaciens (20); Morganella morganii (20); Myroides odoratus (20); and Citrobacter freundii (20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus compound has a phosphate compound selected from a group consisting of sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phosphorus compound stimulates the consortium to metabolize the carbonaceous material into the metabolic product with enhanced hydrogen content that contain methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction fluid comprises diisooctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid solution comprises iso-octane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gasket is formed of a polymeric material that is an elastomer selected from a group consisting of nitrile rubbers, polyacrylic rubbers, fluorinated rubbers, silicone rubbers, silicones and liquid silicones. The reinforcing material comprises a polymeric material selected from a group consisting of composites with glass fiber, composites with boron fiber, composites with aramid fiber, phenolic resins and polycarbonate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixing oil is obtained by mixing hydrocarbon fraction containing animal and vegetable fats and an animal-fat-and-oil origin component, and kerosene and gas oil fraction purified from crude oil by arbitrary ratio. EXAMPLE - Myristic acid (in mass%) (1), palmitic acid (44), stearic acid (5), oleic acid (39) and linoleic acid (10) were reacted in presence of nickel-molybdenum-alumina and nickel-tungsten-zeolite-alumina at 400degreesC, hydrogen pressure of 11 MPa, ratio of hydrogen and oil of 510 NL/L and liquid space velocity of 0.7 h-1 to obtain fatty acid alkylester. The obtained alkylester was reacted with methanol at 70degreesC in presence of sodium methylate to obtain A-heavy oil composition having density of 772 kg/m3 at 15degreesC based on JIS K 2249, dynamic viscosity of 2.1 mm2/s based on JIS K 2283, flash point of 96degreesC based on JIS K 2265, sulfur content of less than 1 mass ppm and oxygen content of less than 0.1 mass% based on JIS K 2541, cetane number of 80 and cetane index of 92 based on JIS K 2280, pour point of -10degreesC based on JIS K 2269, clogging point of -12.5degreesC based on JIS K 2288, ash content of less than 0.01 mass% based on JIS K 2272 and moisture content of 33 mass ppm based on JIS K 2275.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coal particles contain wood coal, peat and/or sub-bituminous coal. The source gas contains methane gas, ethane gas, propane gas and/or commercial butane, or is natural gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The rare metal, platinum group metal extractant selectively extracts rare metal and platinum group metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The plants are water-plants, preferably algae or sea-weed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The replacement of the fluorocarbon compound or fluorocarbon-containing composition of higher GWP by mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons or a mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons with CO2 is in a blowing agent composition, or a aerosol or sprayable propellant.Preferred Components: The halogenated hydrocarbon of the mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons or mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons with CO2 of lower GWP is a halogenated hydrocarbon of GWP of less than or equal to 150. The replaced fluorocarbon compound or fluorocarbon containing-composition of higher GWP is a compound or composition, where the replaced compound is selected from perfluorocarbon compounds (PFC's), hydrofluorocarbon compounds (HFC's), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), and hydrochlorofluorocarbon compounds (HCFC's). The mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons or mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons with CO2 of lower GWP comprises mixture of an azeotrope-like composition of difluoromethane and trifluoroiodomethane. The mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons or mixture of halogenated hydrocarbons with CO2 of lower GWP comprises a mixture of halogenated hydrocarbon (preferably 1,1-difluoroethane, fluoroethane and/or trifluoroiodomethane) having a GWP of not greater than 150 and CO2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aluminum of the anode comprises aluminum recycled from hydrogen depleted alane. The cathode comprises platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), zinc (Zn) and/or palladium (Pd). The electrolyte liquid is free of water. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte liquid has up to 1.5 molar of lithium chloride, and 0.2-3 molar of aluminum chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte liquid includes an organic chloride salt, hydridoaluminate anions and/or haloaluminate anions. The organic chloride salt comprises 1-(1-butyl)pyridinum chloride (BPC) or 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal atom is tin, bismuth, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, tungsten, rhenium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and cerium. The organometallic compound comprises platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The particles consists of oxygen or fluorinated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - A porous plate comprises metal particles selected from silicon, titanium or samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is gold, silver or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The laccase derived from microorganisms chosen from Trametes villosa, Coriolus versicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Pycnoporus coccineus,, Pleurotus ostreatus,, Fomitella fraxinea, Coriolus hirsutus, Coprinus cinereus, Myrothecium verrucaria, Rhizoctonia solani, Scytalidium thermophilium, Pyricularia oryzae, Botrytis cinerea,, Trachyderma tsunodae, Rigidoporus zonalis, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus nidulans.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The optical whitening agent has stilbene group, amino group, sulfone group or diazo group. Ultraviolet ray is absorbed to sample, and blue or purple fluorescence of 420 nm is emitted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The secondary fermented material and foodstuffs waste material are mixed in waste producing place. The secondary fermented material and excrements are mixed to produce manure (12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The waste material derived from fishery product is nasal cartilage, eye, skin or ovary membrane of a salmon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The oxide used is calcium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyvinyl chloride is a discarded polyvinyl chloride molded product. EXAMPLE - Calcium oxide used as de-chlorination material and polyvinyl chloride are mixed. The addition ratio of calcium oxide is such that to fix whole quantity of chlorine in polyvinyl chloride, and to increases the de-chlorination rate. The mixture is ground at room temperature and solid phase reacted to obtain calcium hydroxychloride and an organic substance. Then chlorine was removed from organic substance (polyvinyl chloride). heated at 250degreesC or less for 1-4 hours using helium gas as carrier gas under vacuum or nitrogen gas atmosphere and gas having carbon monoxide of 0.02% and carbon dioxide of 41.64 ppm was evolved. After 4 hours gas having hydrogen of 1.04%, methane of 0.21%, carbon monoxide of 1.08%, carbon dioxide of 7653.73 ppm, ethylene of 300.8 ppm, ethane of 691.66 ppm, propylene of 1218.76 ppm and propane of 500.08 ppm was evolved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel cell comprises an electrolyte membrane in which a hydrogen-permeable metal layer that allows the hydrogen to permeate and an electrolyte layer having a proton-conductivity are laminated. A cathode of the fuel cell has a platinum-based catalyst that promotes the electrochemical reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel use by oxy-fuel burner is natural gas, propane, butane, fuel oil, or coal dust. The alcohol is ethanol. The acid is acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Each catalytic partition consists of a mix of cobalt oxide (CoO) (30%), and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) (70%) supported by a net of stainless steel. The wires of the resonator and the heating bodies are made of an alloy sintered by thermal catalysis and consisting of tungsten (50%), iron (35%), cobalt (6%), silver (5%), and molybdenum (4%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The membrane comprises a layer of (M1) having a thickness of less than 2000 (preferably 800, especially 300) nm. The flux rate of oxygen through the membrane is independent of the diffusion coefficient for oxygen where as the flux rate of hydrogen is independent of the diffusion coefficient for hydrogen for the membrane. The membrane comprises at least a portion of (M1) disposed on a porous substrate. The current density through the membrane of the device is independent of the oxygen chemical diffusion coefficient of (M1) of the membrane. Preferred Conductor Material: The material (M1) and their layers are free of grain boundaries. The structure of (M1) comprises first mixed ionic and electronic conductor material layer (L1) disposed on surface of second mixed ionic and electronic conductor material layer (L2). The first layer (L1) comprises (D1), (D2) and first ceramic oxide; and second layer (L2) comprises third dopant (D3), fourth dopant (D4), and second ceramic oxide. The dopants (D1) to (D4) are same but present in different concentrations. The first and second ceramic oxides are also same. Each (L1) and (L2) has a thickness of less than 2000 (preferably 1000, especially 800) nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid fuel is selected from group including sodium borohydride, lithium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, calcium borohydride, aluminum borohydride, zinc borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride and sodium boron trimethoxyhydride. The catalyst includes cobalt, iron, nickel, molybdenum, copper, tungsten, vanadium and ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid reactant is selected from group including methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The heated air system comprises burner (120), rotary drum, and hot air blower. Hot air from the heated air system is transferred into the heater box. The auger system is coupled to a rotational system having hydraulic pump system and/or electronic motor. The apparatus further comprises an exhaust system having dust collector (150), wet scrubber, plasma system, and/or carbon bed, preferably wet scrubber. Preferred Materials: The auger system is made from stainless steel. The trough system comprises stainless steel and ceramic. Preferred Conditions: The heated air system heats air to greater than or equal to150, preferably greater than or equal to175degreesF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The body is made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic micropore-forming templates are crown ethers, cyclodextrins, calixarenes, and spherands, poly(ethylene glycol)s, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene oxide)s (PEO), dendritic PEO, hyper branched amine-terminated PEO, poly (propylene oxide)s (PPO), co-block-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)s (PEO-PPO), tri-block-poly (propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)s (PPO-PEO-PPO), poly(propylene glycol)-blockpoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminepropyl ether) (PAPE), linear or star-shaped poly (caprolactone). The polymer matrix comprises a polymer of polysulfones; poly(styrenes), styrene containing copolymers, polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers, polyamides and polyimides, polyethers; poly(arylene oxides), poly(esteramide-diisocyanate); polyurethanes; polyesters, polysulfides; polymers from monomers having alpha-olefinic unsaturation, polyvinyls, polyallyls; poly(benzobenzimidazole); polyhydrazides; polyoxadiazoles; polytriazoles; poly (benzimidazole); polycarbodiimides; polyphosphazines; and interpolymers, including block interpolymers containing repeating units from the above such as terpolymers of acrylonitrile-vinyl bromide-sodium salt of para-sulfophenylmethallyl ethers; and grafts and blends containing the polymers and/or substituted polymers having as substituents halogens such as fluorine, chlorine or bromine; hydroxyl groups; lower alkyl groups; lower alkoxy groups; monocyclic aryl; and lower acyl groups.Preferred Process: In the preparation of (I), the polymer and the micropore-forming template are combined by mixing followed by solution-casting of (I), where the polymer is thermally stable up to 450degreesC. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The material of the supported catalyst is transition metals, carbon, graphite, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide and zirconium oxide. The oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, which produces water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohols are methanol, ethanol, glycols, glycerol and propylene glycol. The ether is dimethyl ether, methyl-ethyl ether and diethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solutions comprise green chemicals, and the conductive agent is polyaniline. Preferred Property: The conductivity of the processing solutions is 0.001-100 Siemens.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The catalyst support further contains a crystalline molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of isoparaffin with respect to normal paraffin is 0.2 or more, preferably 0.6 or more. The flow E300 at 300degreesC of the light-oil composition is 40 vol.% or more. The ratio of isoparaffin having more than 2 branching in paraffin is 0.05-0.25. The light-oil composition has a density of 750 kg/m3 or more at 15degreesC, a pour point of -7.5degreesC or less, and a clogging point of -5degreesC or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of 15C or more linear saturated hydrocarbon is 0.7 or more. The aromatic content of light oil composition is 15 mass% or less. Preferred Property: The fogging point of light oil composition is 0degreesC or less, and dynamic viscosity is 2-5 mm2/seconds, 90% distillation temperature of distillation curve is 280-350degreesC. Preferred Component: Animal and vegetable fats contains glyceride which contains fatty acid group of oleic acid and linoleic acid. The total content of these glyceride is 40 mass% or more. The glyceride contains fatty acid group of oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. The total content of these glyceride is 80 mass% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes are made of material selected from the group consisting of steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum and alloy of steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The processing system of organic waste further has mixing tank which adjusts moisture content and temperature of anaerobic fermentation installation, and solubilizes the organic waste, and anaerobic fermenter which carries out anaerobic fermentation of the organic waste solubilized in the mixing tank. The temporary storage apparatus further has stirring unit for stirring organic waste in storage tank.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The sulfur-type impurity adsorption agent is silicalite. The organic-silicon type impurity adsorption agent is mobile crystalline material (MCM-41,MCM-48) and/or ultrastable material (USY,USM). The moisture-content adsorption agent is silica gel. The carbon-dioxide adsorption agent is zeolite X formed using lithium, calcium, strontium, magnesium or sodium as exchange cation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The contact pressure in connection portion is 10 MPa or more. The printing critical load of refrigeration oil by Falex test is 3000 N or more. The ten-point irregular height of sliding face of connecting rod in connection portion of piston and connecting rod is 0.1-2.2 microns. The clearance dimension in connection portion of piston and connecting rod is 3-10 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oil: The kinematic viscosity of refrigeration oil is 5-15 cSt at 40degreesC. The refrigeration oil has foaming property of 50 ml or less and bubble stability of 10 ml or less. The fatty acid ester oil is of formula: (R1-CH2)2-C-(CH2-O-C(=O)-R2)2, R1-CH2-C-(CH2-O-C(=O)-R2)3, or C-(CH2-O-C(=O)-R2)4.R1=hydrogen or 1-3C alkyl;andR2=5-12C alkyl.An antioxidant is added to fatty acid ester oil containing unsaturated fatty acid. Preferred Apparatus: The compressor has a structure for supplying refrigeration oil to connection portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacterial strains are present at approximately 25 wt.%. The strain is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas nitroreducens, Shewanella putrefaciens, Morganella morganii, Myroides odoratus or Citrobacter freundii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The controlling device comprises the oxygenation device, temperature control device and the sludge agitator. The feeding and the evacuation devices are useful for continuous circulation of sludge in to the assembly. The measuring device is associated with a device for communicating distant information, transcription measuring device and the alert device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The transporting operation comprises grinding of the fatty waste to a predetermined size. The maintaining operation is effected by mechanical agitation. Oxygen is supplied in to the tank for oxygenation. The physico-chemical parameters are temperature, pH, redox potential and the level of sludge inside the tank, where the modification or adjustment of the parameters is carried out by an alerting and a controlling device. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The steam reforming catalyst is selected from nickel (Ni)/alumina (Al2O3), ruthenium (Ru)/Al2O3, rhodium (Rh)/Al2O3, and copper (Cu)/Al2O3. The water gas shift catalyst is based on iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), Ni, or their oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dense metallic membrane is composed of a Pd/Ag alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic products of the feed are chosen from methane, ethane, methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coating has nano-particles consisting of platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coatings consist of polycrystalline anatase-titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: A buffer solution is injected into the aqueous effluent to change the pH of the aqueous effluent to cause a release of ammonia. A consumable energy is generated with a portion of the hydrogen. A portion of the hydrogen is separated using a palladium membrane or pressure swing adsorption.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a consumable energy generator including a hydrogen-powered generator or a fuel cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for preparation of the solid catalyst is given. Preferred Method: The transesterification is conducted during a reaction time of 5-60 (preferably 5-20, especially 5-10) minutes. The transesterification is conducted at 60-450degreesC, 70-300degreesC, 220-260degreesC, 150-260degreesC or greater than or equal to 220degreesC and a pressure of 1-500 atmospheres, 1-70 atmospheres, 40-80 atmospheres, 1-70 atmospheres or 70 atmospheres respectively. The reaction which occurs as to any free fatty acids present in the fatty acid raw material is an esterification reaction. The reaction is conducted in the presence of at least one cosolvent. Preferred Components: The solid catalyst is particle and/or powder. The catalysts are TiO and MnO.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ratio of the alcohol and fatty acid resource is 30:3-40:1. The alcohol contains 1 to 4 carbons. The alcohol in its critical or near-critical state. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The voltage pulses have an amplitude which is larger than the potential between the electrodes. The voltage pulses last for 0.5-10 ms and have a pulse frequency of 100-300 Hz and an average amplitude of 30-50 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Excess carbon dioxide absorption liquid discharged from discharge port (29) of membrane module is supplied to vapor-liquid separation device (14), and trace amount of methane and excess carbon dioxide absorption liquid are separated. Methane and absorption liquid are separately recovered. The outer surface of permeable film is hydrophilized. Preferred Apparatus: The mixer has an ejector provided in circulation path (6) connected to inlet of vapor-liquid separation device (14), and a bubbling tower. The negative pressure is generated by forming flow of absorption liquid in circulation path. The biogas is absorbed by absorption liquid to produce liquid mixture. The liquid mixture is supplied to bubbling tower, and absorption of carbon dioxide to liquid mixture is promoted. Preferred Properties: The permeable film of membrane module has packing density of 30% or less. The permeable film is divided in the shape of small bundles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The absorption liquid is aqueous solution of diethanol amine having concentration of 0.1-6 mol/l. The permeation flow rate of carbon dioxide absorption liquid is 5-50 L/m2.minute per area of film. Preferred Film: The permeable film contains polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chemical metal hydride reactant comprises sodium borohydride. The catalyst comprises ruthenium salt. The catalyst is mixed or blended with the chemical metal hydride to form a solid reactant. The produced gas is transported from the pressure chamber to a fuel cell or transported from the gas generator at a location away from the pressure chamber to a fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Gas Generator: The gas generator further comprises a hydrogen sorbent alloy/metal to absorb excess hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The gel reactant comprises water and water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer. The water molecules are bonded to the water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer by hydrogen bonds. The water-insoluble, water-swellable polymer comprises sodium polyacrylate; or polyacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: spraying the alumina/cured alumina particulates with water or a colloidal silica solution. The silica is added by spraying of a colloidal silica solution. The hydrothermally stable alumina adsorbent comprises 2 wt.% of silica within the adsorbent and 2 wt.% of silica coating the adsorbent. The hydrothermally stable alumina adsorbent comprises silica containing alumina particles. The shell contains silica that is derived from a colloidal silica solution. Preferred Components: The silica compound is at least one compound such as alkali or alkaline earth metal silicates, preferably sodium silicate. The hydrothermally stable alumina adsorbent comprises 0.1- 8 wt.%, preferably 2-4 wt.% of silica. EXAMPLE - Flash calcined alumina powder A-300 was fed into a 4 feet rotating tub at 0.8 lbs/minutes. Water at 0.5 lb/minutes was also continuously supplied using a pump and nozzle assembly. Small amount of 30x40 mesh alumina seed was charged first into the nodulizer in order to initiate forming of larger alumina beads. The operation continued until 50 lbs of material (8x14 mesh nominal particle size) were accumulated. The sample was cured upon storage in a closed container. Subsequently, 4.5 lbs of the sample was charged into a one feet pot and rotated for about 5 minutes while sprayed with 120 cc water. The sample was then immediately activated at 400degreesC for one hour using an oven with forced air circulation to produce alumina adsorbent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises spinosad or spinetoram and is dispersed using a thermal fogger or is dispersed in an enclosed space. ACTIVITY - Arthropodicide; Insecticide; Nematocide; Acaricide; Arachnicide; Pesticide. To test spinosad for insecticidal activity via thermal fogger delivery system, Musca domestica house flies were used. The composition (C1) used as test comprised of spinosad (0.026 g/m3), isopropyl myristate (1.5%), Emersol 213 (RTM: oleic acid) (4%), and Exxsol D80 (RTM: hydrocarbon fluid) (93.4%). The study was carried out at room temperature of 71-72degreesF. The fogger was charged and run to clean out lines with solvent only. The fogger was turned on and allowed to warm up to temperature. The formulation in the formulation tank was weighed and then reattached to the fogger. The fogger was flushed with clean solvent to remove formulation from the fogger and again was charged with solvent to perform treatment with solvent blank (control). The number of live and dead flies i.e. percentage mortality with control and spinosad composition (test) was found to be 0 and 14 (at 1 hour), and 16 and 76 (at 4 hours) respectively. The results showed that the test spinosad composition showed high % mortality as compared to control.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms are Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus magaterium, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus cerculans, Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Rodopseudomonas, Rhodo spirillum, Thiobacillus novellas, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Thiobacillus denitrificans, Pseudomonas flouresecens, Alcaligones denitrificans, Flavobactrium aquatile, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus magaterium, Flavobactrium oceanosedimentum, Nitrobacter winogradskyi, Nitrosomonas europaea or Serratia liquifaciens.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The microorganisms are applied to the liner in a liquid biological formulation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The liner is a rubber material, preferably polyethylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bio-oil/biodiesel fuel mixture is mixed with a petroleum diesel fuel to produce a miscible, multi-component diesel fuel mixture. The bio-oil/biodiesel fuel mixture is 20% of the miscible, multi-component diesel fuel mixture, and the petroleum diesel fuel is 80% of the miscible, multi-component diesel fuel mixture. The bio-oil contains a lower molecular weight bio-oil/biodiesel fuel phase and a higher molecular weight bio-oil/biodiesel fuel phase. The recovery method further involves separating the lower molecular weight bio-oil/biodiesel fuel phase from the higher molecular weight bio-oil/biodiesel fuel phase. The biomass is plants, trees, crops, crop residues, grasses, forest and mill residues, wood and/or wood wastes, and contains cellulose, fatty acids, triglycerides, hemicelluose and/or lignin. The bio-oil contains hydroxyaldehyde, hydroxyketone, sugar, carboxylic acid and/or phenolics. The bio-oil is 5-75 mass% of the bio-oil/biodiesel fuel mixture. The bio-oil is produced by direct condensation or condensation with the bio-diesel fuel. Preferred Conditions: The biomass is heated using a heating ramp of 2-100degreesC or 2-1000degreesC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The biomass material is sized. The moisture content of the mixture is adjusted. The moisture content of the biomass material is adjusted to 5-25%. Preferred Composition: The mixture comprises 5-75 wt.% coal fines. Preferred Conditions: The compression of the mixture is at 200-15000 psi. The temperatures range from ambient to 300degreesF. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The change in microorganism flora includes change in amount of one or more of first microorganism, which reduces temporally and second microorganisms that increases temporally. The method involves extracting nucleic acid from microorganisms present in compost processed material, and computing the amount of first and second microorganisms from the amount of extracted nucleic acid, or isolating one or more of first microorganism and second microorganism from partial base sequence of extracted nucleic acid. The partial base sequence has 97% or more homology with a base sequence having 2 fully defined 160 base pair (SEQ ID No. 1 and 2) sequence given in the specification with respect to first microorganism and second microorganism.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The A-heavy oil composition contains eco-friendly A-heavy oil base material (1 volume% or more) having saturated portion (90 volume% or more). The A-heavy oil composition contains fluidized catalytic cracking light oil (1 volume% or more). Preferred Properties: The eco-friendly A-heavy oil base material has distillation temperature of 250-350degreesC of 50 volume%. The fluidized catalytic cracking light oil has distillation temperature of 200-300degreesC of 50 volume%. EXAMPLE - An eco-friendly A-heavy oil base material was obtained by contacting sulfur-containing hydrocarbon compound in presence of hydrogen, sulfide catalyst supported by porous inorganic acid compound. A fluidized catalytic cracking light oil (in volume%) (40) and obtained eco-friendly A-heavy oil base material (59.8) and normal pressure bottom oil (0.2) were mixed to obtain A-heavy oil composition having density of 783 kg/m3 at 15degreesC based on JIS K 2249, dynamic viscosity of 2.7 mm2/s based on JIS K 2283, flash point of 89degreesC based on JIS K 2265, sulfur content of less than 1 mass% based on JIS K 2541, cetane index of 79, pour point of 2degreesC based on JIS K 2269, clogging point of -15degreesC, ash content of less than 0.01 mass% based on JIS K 2272 and moisture content of less than 0.01 volume% based on JIS K 2275. The obtained oil composition was used in engine having excellent filter oil flow performance, combustibility and low temperature startability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The organic material has compositional formula: CnHmOl.n,m=1 or more;andl=0 or more.The hydrogenation amount (X) (mol-H2/mol-C) with respect to 1 mol of total organic carbon in wastewater satisfies a relation: (4n-m+2l)/2nless than or equal toX or 1.1x(4n-m+2l)/2nless than or equal toX.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Process: The wastewater treatment comprising culturing the microorganism, providing the culture product to automatic feeder of a treatment device containing the wastewater to be treated, and biologically treating the carbonaceous and nitrogenous material contained in the wastewater aerobically in the treatment device. The process comprises evaluating the toxicity of wastewater upstream of the treatment device entering towards the microorganism. The microorganism belongs to Alcaligenes genus, preferably Alcaligenes faecalis. The microorganism is CNCM l-3448 strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. The wastewater treatment is carried out: without the addition of external carbon source; in a free activated sludge single basin; in a device with cultures fixed in a medium. The microorganism is previously produced by continuous culture. The continuous culture of the microorganism is carried out under sterile conditions, under selection pressure and for indefinite duration. The wastewater treatment device is an aeration basin with free activated sludge. The wastewater treatment is a device with culture fixed in a medium. The microorganism is: fixed in a medium; and fixed alone or in co-culture with specialized microorganisms in the treatment of carbon pollution. The wastewater contains greater than 30 g/liter of Kjeldahl nitrogen or ammoniacal nitrogen. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Elements: Elements (1) in which several channels (2, 2~) are combined as channel elements (7); the channels (2, 2~) in one element (7) all have a coating (4) starting at the same axial position and adjacent channel elements (7) have coatings (4) starting at different axial positions in the direction of flow (5). The channel walls (3) are formed by a silicon carbide substrate.
EXAMPLE - A biofuel containing 200 ppm by weight of anti-oxidants, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ), was tested. The tests were repeated using the same anti-oxidants in combination with 10 ppm by weight of N,N'-disalicylidene propylene diamine (MDA). For completeness, tests were also performed using the fuel containing 10ppm by weight of MDA alone. The average of 5 measurements on the Base Fuel alone gave a Rancimat Induction Time of 5.83 hours. From the results obtained, the MDA had only a marginal effect (0.72) when used alone. The effect for the combination with BHT was very close to what would be expected from a sum of the contributions of the two components (0.72 + 2.10 = 2.82) indicating neither a synergistic nor antagonistic effect. Contrastingly, the effect for the combination of BHQ MDA showed a pronounced synergistic effect. The value obtained for the combination was more than two times that which would be obtained from a simple sum of the contributions of the two components (0.72 + 4.28 = 5.00 cf. 10.72).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The zeolite is selected from zeolites A, low silica X (LSX), X, Y, mordenite, chabazite, erionite, offretite, and clinoptilite. The adsorbent particles are selected from CaLSX and CaX. At least one of the two adsorbers is also packed with carbon, alumina, silica gel, and/or a zeolite which is not cation exchanged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cold gas contains dimethylether, tetrafluoroethane, butane and propane.