TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The anode and cathode are separated from each other by a porous separator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The primary and secondary positive materials are lithium metal oxide or a mixture of greater than or equal to2 lithium metal oxides. The primary positive material is lithium sulfide (Li2S), spinel, optionally carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNi1-xCoyMetzO2, LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2, LiMn0.3Co0.3Ni0.3O2, LiMn2O4, LiFeO2, LiMet0.5Mn1.5O4, Li1+xMn2-xO4, Li1+x'Nialpha;Mnbeta;Cogamma;Met'delta;O2-z'Yz', An'B2(XO4)3, and/or Li1+xMn2-xO4. The secondary positive material is spinel, optionally carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO4, LiCoO2, LiNiO2, LiNi1-xCoyMetzO2, LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2, LiMn0.3Co0.3Ni0.3O2, LiMn2O4, LiFeO2, LiMet0.5Mn1.5O4, Li1+x'Nalpha;Mnbeta;Cogamma;Met'delta;O2-z'Yz', An'B2(XO4)3, Li1+xMn2-xO4, and/or LiMn1-x"-y"Nix"Coy"O2.Met=Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn, or Co;Met'=Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr, or Ti;A=Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn;B=Ti, V, Cr, Fe, or Zr;X=P, S, Si, W, or Mo;Y=F or S;x=0-0.3;y, z=0-0.5;x'=0-0.4;alpha, beta, gamma=0-1;delta, z'=0-0.4; andn'=0-3.The primary and secondary positive materials may also be Li1+xMn2-zMetyO4-mXn and/or LiFe1-zMet"yPO4-mXn.Met=Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni, or Co;Met"=Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni, Mn, or Co;X=S or F; andm, n=0-0.5.The primary and secondary positive electrode materials may be further stabilized by surface coating the particles of the spinel or olivine with a metal oxide, preferably zirconium oxide (ZrO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO2), tungsten oxide (WO3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon oxide (SiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), and/or aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3). The electrolyte may further comprise a lithium salt, preferably lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) or lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6). The anode comprises graphite, amorphous carbon, lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12), tin alloys, silicon alloys, intermetallic compounds, and/or lithium metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The redox shuttle additive may be an optionally substituted aromatic compound of formula (I).R1-R6=H, -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, (halo or cyclo)alkyl, (hetero)aryl, -CN, -NO2, -O-alkyl, -O-(hetero)aryl, -S-alkyl, -S-(hetero)aryl, -B(R7)(R8), -N(R10)(R11), -P(R10)(R11), -Si(R7)(R9)-R8, -C(R7)(R9)-R8, -(B(R7)(R9)-R8)-M, -(N(R10)(R12)-R11)+A-, or -P(=O)(O-R11)-O-R10, provided that at least one of R1-R6 is not H or any two adjacent groups of R1-R6 together form a fused (hetero)aryl ring;R7-R9=H, halo, (halo)alkyl, or (halo)aryl;R10-R12=halo, (halo)alkyl or (halo)aryl;M+=cation; andA-=anion.The redox shuttle additive may be an optionally substituted ferrocene, 2,5-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-dimethoxybenzene or a mixture of 2,5-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-dimethoxybenzene and (tetrafluorobenzo-1,2-dioxy)-pentafluorophenyl-borane. The redox shuttle additive may also be Li2B10X10 or Li2B12X12.X=H, F, Cl, Br, I, OCH3, or OH.The electrolyte may further comprise a lithium salt, preferably Li(B(C2O4)2), Li(BF2(C2O4)), Li(PF2(C2O4)2), LiPF6LiCF3SO3, Li(N(CF3SO2)2), Li(C(CF3SO2)3), Li(N(SO2C2F5)2), or lithium alkyl fluorophosphonate. The lithium salt may also be Li2B10X10 or Li2B12X12. Preferred Property: The redox shuttle additive has a redox potential versus Li0 of 3.0-5.0 V.