TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The charge-distributing moiety comprises an electron-donating group; or an electron-withdrawing group from halogen or a haloalkyl group. It comprises an optionally substituted aromatic ring. The counterions comprise aryl borates. Each of the counterions comprises greater than or equal to 7 atoms over which the charge is distributed. Preferred Material: The charged moiety is from negatively charged boron, sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate, or nitrate. The solvent is from dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide, or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The first charges are positive or negative charges.Preferred Compound: The salt is from poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetrafluoroborate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) hexafluorophosphate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) trifluoromethanesulfonate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetraphenylborate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate, poly( (9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetrakis(2-thienyl)borate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl)borate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene) trifluoromethanesulfonate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene) tetrakis(1-imidazolyl)borate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene) tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-1,4-phenyl)) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, or poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,4-((N-4'-(6"-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)phenyl)diphenylamine) trifluoromethanesulfonate. The conjugated polymer is a copolymer. It is from optionally substituted polyfluorene, optionally substituted poly(fluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole), optionally substituted poly(fluorene phenylene), or optionally substituted poly(fluorene triphenylamine).Preferred Component: The salt is purified. It blocks the electrical transport of holes. The polymer formulation comprises a solvent.Preferred Method: The ion exchange alters the charge mobility, charge collection, and/or open circuit voltage of the solar cell or photovoltaic. It alters the charge mobility or charge injection of FET. EXAMPLE - Poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) (56 mg) and sodium tetrafluoroborate (50 mg) were used to provide poly((9,9-bis(6'-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)fluorene-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)) tetrafluoroborate (PFBT-BF4) (39 mg, 69%). Greater than 95% bromide exchange was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of PFBT powder. In PFBT-BF4, the F 1s and F 2s located at 686 and 30 eV, respectively, and the B 1s peak appeared at 192 eV, a little higher than normal value because of F atoms around of B.