TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The recombinant microbial cell is a member of a genus selected from Clostridium, Zymomonas, Escherichia, Salmonella, Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Alcaligenes, Klebsiella, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Acinetobacter, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula or Saccharomyces, (preferably Clostridium). The cell species is selected from Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, or Clostridium saccaharoperbuylacetonicum (preferably Clostridium acetobutylicum; Escherichia coli; Alcaligenes eutrophus; Bacillus licheniformis; Paenibacillus macerans; Rhodococcus erythropolis; Pseudomonas putida; Bacillus subtilis; Lactobacillus plantarum; Enterococcus fecium; Enterococcus gallinarum; Enterococcus fecalis; or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation: No general method for preparation of the recombinant microbial cell is given. Preferred Cell: The recombinant microbial cell produces at least one aliphatic alcohol compound. The recombinant microbial cell exhibits increased alcohol production as compared with the parent cell, where the alcohol production is increased by the alcohol tolerance modification. The increased alcohol production is determined by measuring a characteristic selected from: broth titer (grams aliphatic alcohol produced per liter broth (g 1-1)), aliphatic alcohol yield (grams aliphatic alcohol produced per gram substrate consumed (g g-1), volumetric productivity (grams aliphatic alcohol produced per liter per hour (g 1-1 h-1)), and/or specific productivity (grams aliphatic alcohol produced per gram host cell biomass per hour (g/ g cells h-1)), (preferably broth titer). The broth titer is increased by at least 10 (preferably at least 50, especially greater than or equal to 100)%. The increased alcohol production is determined by measuring aliphatic alcohol yield which is increased by at least 10 (preferably at least 50, especially greater than or equal to 100)%. The increased alcohol production is determined by measuring volumetric productivity which is increased by at least 10 (preferably at least 50, especially greater than or equal to 100)%. The increased alcohol production is determined by measuring specific productivity which is increased by at least 10 (preferably at least 50, especially greater than or equal to 100)%. The parent cell naturally optionally produces at least one aliphatic alcohol compound. The recombinant microbial cell further comprises at least one alcohologenic modification. The recombinant cell is engineered to contain or express an alcohol tolerance determinant. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves introducing a second alcohol tolerance determinant sequence selected from Tables 3 and 4 as given in the specification. Preferred Molecule: The nucleic acid molecule (A1) comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1B row 42, its homolog or portion as given in the specification. The nucleic acid molecule (A1), when introduced into a host cell, is sufficient to adjust suspceptibility of the cell to a toxic effect of an alcohol compound. The nucleic acid molecule (A1) further comprises a 5'region of a gene encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide. In the nucleic acid molecule, the 5'region comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to the nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1B row 40, its homolog or portion as given in the specification. The nucleic acid molecule lacks a nucleotide sequence encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide. Preferred Components: The alcohol tolerance modification involves introduction of a nucleic acid molecule comprising a 3'region of a gene encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide. The 3'region of the gene comprises a 3'untranslated region (UTR). The 3'region of the gene comprises at least 10 (preferably at least 100, especially at least 250, particularly at least 500) nucleotides. The 3'region of the gene comprises nucleotides immediately downstream of sequence encoding the CAAX protease polypeptide. The nucleic acid molecule comprises a 3'region of a gene encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide in Lactobacillus (preferably Lactobacillus plantarum). The 3'region of the gene comprises at least 10 consecutive nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1B row 42 as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance modification comprises introduction of a nucleic acid molecule comprising a 5'region of a gene encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide. The 5'region of the gene comprises a 5'untranslated region (UTR). The 5'region of the gene comprises at least 10 (preferably at least 100) nucleotides. The 5'region of the gene comprises nucleotides immediately upstream of sequence encoding the CAAX protease polypeptide. The nucleic acid molecule comprises a 5'region of a gene encoding a CAAX protease polypeptide in Lactobacillus (preferably Lactobacillus plantarum). The 5'region of the gene comprises at least 10 consecutive nucleotides of the nucleotide sequence selected from Table 1B row 40 as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance modification increases or decreases expression or activity of at least one alcohol tolerance polypeptide, (preferably increases expression or activity of at least one alcohol tolerance polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of at least one other alcohol tolerance polypeptide). The alcohol tolerance polypeptide is either encoded by or homologous to a polypeptide encoded by the genome of the parent cell. The alcohol tolerance polypeptide is at least one polypeptide selected from those encoded by determinant sequences in Table 1A or their homologs as given in the specification; or those encoded by determinant sequences in Table 2 as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance polypeptide is a polypeptide (P1). The polypeptide (P1) is selected from calcineurin-like phosphoesterase polypeptide, cation transport protein (mntH3 related) polypeptide, transcription regulator (1p2159 related) polypeptide, 1p2160 related polypeptide, 1p2169 related polypeptide, phosphoglycerate mutase polypeptide, CAAX protease polypeptide, or peptidylprolyl isomerase (prs2A related polypeptide). The alcohol tolerance modification comprises introduction of an alcohol tolerance determinant which is heterologous to the host cell. The alcohol tolerance determinant sequences selected from Tables 1A, 1B and 2 as given in the specification. The first alcohol tolerance determinant sequences selected from Tables 1A, 1B and 2 as given in the specification. The second alcohol tolerance determinant sequences selected from Tables 3 and 4 as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance determinant sequences selected from Table 1A row selected from row 20 (1p1293), row 21 (1p1295 (mntH3)), row 34 (1p2159), row 35 (1p2160), row 36 (1p2169), row 37 (1p2170), row 44 (1p2911), row 50 (1p3193) and or their homologs as given in the specification. The homologs are selected from among those found in at least one Table 2T, 2U, 2AH, 2AI, 2AJ, 2AK, 2AR and/or 2AX, as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance modification further comprises introduction of an alcohol tolerance determinant selected from Tables 3 and 4 as given in the specification, (preferably in Tables 3 and 4 selected from rows 2 (groES), 3 (groEL), 5 (cfal) and/or 8 (cfa2) of Table 3, or Tables 4B, 4C, 4E and 4H as given in the specification). The alcohol tolerance modification further involves disruption or inhibition of an alcohol tolerance determinant selected from Tables 3 and 4 as given in the specification, (preferably in Tables 3 and 4 is selected from rows 1 (htrA), 4 (clpP), 6 (relA/spoT), 7 (hrcA), and/or 8 (cfa2) of Table 3, or Tables 4A, 4D, 4F, 4G and 4H as given in the specification). The alcohol tolerance polypeptide comprises a CAAX protease polypeptide. The alcohol tolerance polypeptide comprises a prs2A related polypeptide, or calcineurin-like phosphoesterase. The alcohol tolerance polypeptide comprises a cation transport protein (mntH3 related). The alcohol tolerance modification involves introduction of an alcohol determinant sequence found within a DNA insert sequence depicted in Table IB as given in the specification, (preferably alcohol determinant sequence found within a DNA insert of p5AE4-1, p5AE0-4, p5 AE0-14 or p5AE0-24, depicted in Table IB as given in the specification). The alcohol tolerance polypeptide is heterologous to the host cell. The alcohol tolerance polypeptide is at least one polypeptide selected from a polypeptide in Table 1 and Table 2 as given in the specification. The alcohol tolerance modification involves expression of at least one heterologous alcohol tolerance polypeptide in the recombinant microbial cell; and expression of at least one heterologous gene encoding the heterologous alcohol tolerance polypeptide. The heterologous/endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide is butanol tolerance polypeptide selected from polypeptide in Table 1 as given in the specification or their homolog. The heterologous alcohol tolerance polypeptide comprises at least two heterologous alcohol tolerance polypeptides. The alcohol tolerance modification involves increased expression or activity of at least one endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide in the recombinant microbial cell, which endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide is endogenous to the parental cell. The alcohol tolerance modification involves increased expression or activity of at least one endogenous gene encoding the endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide. The endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide comprises at least two endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptides. The alcohol tolerance modification involves decreased expression or activity of at least one endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide in the recombinant microbial cell, which endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide is endogenous to the parental cell; and decreased expression or activity of at least one endogenous gene encoding the endogenous alcohol tolerance polypeptide. The alcohologenic modification increases or decreases expression or activity of at least one alcohologenic polypeptide, (preferably increases expression or activity of at least one alcohologenic polypeptide and decreases expression or activity of other alcohologenic polypeptide). The alcohologenic modification comprises expression of the heterologous alcohologenic polypeptide in the recombinant microbial cell; or expression of the heterologous gene encoding the eterologous alcohologenic polypeptide. The alcohologenic polypeptide is a polypeptide that increases production of an aliphatic alcohol. The alcohologenic polypeptide catalyzes a substrate to product conversion selected from: acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA, butyryl-CoA to butyraldehyde, and/or butyraldehyde to 1-butanol; pyruvate to acetolactate, acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate, alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol, 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to alpha -ketoisovalerate, alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde, alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA to isobutyraldehyde, alpha -ketoisovalerate to L-valine, L-valine to isobutylamine, isobutylamine to isobutyraldehyde, butyryl-CoA to isobutyryl-CoA; pyruvic acid to alpha -acetolactate, alpha -acetolactate to acetoin, acetoin to 2,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol to 2-butanone, and/or 2-butanone to 2-butanol. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA is acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA is 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA is crotonase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA is butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of butyryl-CoA to butyraldehyde is butyraldehyde dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of butyraldehyde to 1-butanol is butanol dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of pyruvate to acetolactate is acetolactate synthase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of acetolactate to 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate is acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase or acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde is branched-chain alpha -keto acid decarboxylase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of isobutyraldehyde to isobutanol is branched-chain alcohol dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of 2,3-dihydroxyisovalerate to alpha -ketoisovalerate is acetohydroxy acid dehydratase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyraldehyde is branched-chain alpha -keto acid decarboxylase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of alpha -ketoisovalerate to isobutyryl-CoA is branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of isobutyryl-CoA to isobutyraldehyde is acylating aldehyde dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of alpha -ketoisovalerate to L-valine is transaminase or valine dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of L-valine to isobutylamine is valine decarboxylase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of isobutylamine to isobutyraldehyde is omega -transaminase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of butyryl-CoA to isobutyryl-CoA is isobutyryl-CoA mutase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of alpha -acetolactate to acetoin is acetolactate decarboxylase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of pyruvic acid to alpha -acetolactate is acetolactate synthase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of acetoin to 2,3-butanediol is butanediol dehydrogenase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of 2,3-butanediol to 2-butanone is butanediol dehydratase. The polypeptide that catalyzes a substrate to product conversion of 2-butanone to 2-butanol is butanol dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aliphatic alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, iso-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, iso-butanol, tert-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, iso-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2- hexanol, 3-hexanol, 2-ethyl hexanol, iso-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, 4-heptanol, iso-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol, 3-octanol, iso-octanol, and/or 4-octanol, (preferably 1-butanol, 2-butanol, or iso-butanol). The butanol compound is selected from 1-butanol, 2-butanol, iso-butanol and/or tert-butanol, (preferably 1-butanol). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.