TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid elemental gallium is gallium nanoglobules quenched below room temperature. The solid nanoglobules are solid-particulates. The solution includes a solvent with or without an emulsifier or surfactant. The elemental nanoparticles of the Ib group of elements include copper. The elemental nanoparticles of the IIIa group of elements include indium. The elemental nanoparticles of the Via group elements include selenium. The dispersion of elemental nanoparticles includes aluminum, tellurium, or sulfur. The atmosphere contains selenium, sulfur, and/or tellurium. The formulating includes chemical additive(s). The chemical additive(s) is dispersants, surfactants, polymers, binders, crosslinking agents, emulsifiers, antifoaming agents, dryers, solvents, fillers, extenders, thickening agents, film conditioners, antioxidants, flow agents, leveling agents, and/or corrosion inhibitors. The classes of the nanoparticles are doped with inorganic materials. The inorganic materials are aluminum (Al), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), potassium (K), or lithium (Li). The compound film has a copper/indium and gallium compositional of 0.01-1.0, and gallium/indium and gallium compositional of 0.01-1. The window layer comprises cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), zinc hydroxide, zinc selenide (ZnSe), and/or n-type organic materials. The substrate is stainless steel, aluminum, molybdenum, or titanium. The film includes contact layer (119) made of different metal than the substrate and disposed between the substrate and the film. The contact layer comprises molybdenum. The atmosphere comprises selenium, sulfur, tellurium, and/or hydride gases. The hydride gases comprise selenium and/or sulfur and/or tellurium. Preferred Methods: The method includes maintaining or enhancing a dispersion of liquid gallium in the solution by stirring, quenching, sonication, and/or addition of dispersants and/or emulsifiers. The depositing includes using dip coating, spin coating, web coating, doctor blade coating, cup coating, spray coating, printing, microgravure, reverse microgravure, comma, slot/die coating, or lip coating. The method includes depositing a window layer on the semiconductor film, depositing a hybrid transparent conductor made of inorganic and organic materials, and depositing a transparent conductor of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorinated indium tin oxide, zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum doped zinc oxide, a transparent conductive polymeric layer, a transparent layer of doped poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), carbon nanotubes, and/or other transparent organic materials. The window layer is deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) or chemical surface deposition. The reacting occurs during the annealing step. Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles have diameters of less than or equal to 500, preferably 50 mother nanoparticles have average diameters of 10-500 nm. The window layer is 20-1000 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is flexible. The substrate is a plastic foil, or a metallized plastic foil.