TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The infiltration is accomplished by immersion of the carbon structure in a bath of the aqueous metal salt precursor solution or by application of pressure spray containing the aqueous metal salt precursor solution upon the carbon structure. The aqueous metal salt precursor solution comprises at least two salts of metals selected from manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, rhodium, iridium, osmium, rhenium, vanadium, tungsten, tantalum, palladium, lead, tin and titanium. Preferred Components: The metal oxide coating mixture comprises at least two metal oxides selected from oxides of manganese, nickel, cobalt, iron, aluminum, chromium, molybdenum, rhodium, iridium, osmium, rhenium, vanadium, tungsten, tantalum, palladium, lead, tin and titanium (preferably oxides of manganese and nickel). The metal oxide coating mixture is composed of nanocrystalline phase, polycrystalline phase and/or amorphous phase. The average thickness of the metal oxide coating is greater than 10 nanometers and less than 1000 nanometers. The porous carbon structure is selected from group of three-dimensional structures containing carbon aerogel nanofoam, aligned carbon nanofiber structure, unaligned carbon nanofiber structure, aligned carbon nanotube structure, unaligned carbon nanotube structure, carbon xerogel/ambigel structure, templated porous carbon film, and/or porous pre-formed carbon powder film. The porous carbon structure possesses pores with an average diameter larger than 5 nanometers and smaller than 5 micrometers. The pores of the porous carbon structure which are larger than the average pore size of the porous carbon structure are generally not occluded by the metal oxide coating. The aqueous metal salt precursor solution comprises pH buffer, Ni(NO3)2 6H2O and one of NaMnO4, KMnO4 or LiMnO4. The electrolyte comprises a non-aqueous solution, an aqueous solution or polymer containing derivatives of alkali metals including hydroxides, sulfates and/or chlorides of the alkali metals. The second of two electrodes, in capacitor cell, if not a composite electrode is selected from metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride, composite carbonaceous paste comprising activated carbon powder, binder and conductivity enhancing carbon or a porous carbon structure. The second of two electrodes, in secondary battery cell, if not a composite electrode, is selected from metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride, composite carbonaceous paste comprising graphite powder, binder and conductivity enhancing carbon or a porous carbon structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The current collector is selected from metal foil, metal mesh, electrically conductive polymer composites and expanded metal. EXAMPLE - Carbon paper and aerogel (nanofoam) having thickness of 170 micrometers was obtained and carbon nanofoam paper was cut into pieces of approximately 1 centimeter by 1 centimeter and then soaked and vacuum saturated in purified water. The aqueous mixed metal salt precursor solution comprised of manganese/nickel mixture ratio of 4:1. The mixture concentrations of nickel (II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)26H2O) were normalized to 0.1M sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) and combined with purified water/pH buffer solution of 0.1M NaH2PO4 and 0.1M NaOH for neutral pH film synthesis. Another experiment was carried out at an elevated pH of 12 using a buffer solution of 0.05M Na2HPO4 and 0.1M NaOH. The wetted carbon nanofoam was then immersed in the precursor solutions for approximately 2-20 hours. These synthesis processes were carried out at room temperature. The resulting composite structures were removed from the precursor solution, rinsed with purified water and dried in a nitrogen environment at 50 degrees C for 20 hours and again under vacuum at room temperature for an additional 12 hours.