TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silane group binder is alkoxysilane binder or inorganic silane binder. The alkoxysilane binder is tetrapropyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate and/or tetramethyl orthosilicate. Preferred Process: The preparation of nano-size titanium dioxide-tungsten oxide type photocatalyst is as follows. Tungsten oxide powder having particle diameter of 1-1000 nm or tungsten oxide powder having particle diameter of 1-100 nm and titanium dioxide were mixed and subjected to sol gel process, and the resultant mixture is heat-treated at 100-800 degrees C, to obtain photocatalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid group is an inorganic acid group. The inorganic acid group is built from phosphonic acid groups. The trivalent metal component is iron or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid group is an organic acid group. The organic acid group contains at least one hydroxyl group containing organic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The material of trunk portion is chosen from titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide, iron sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, zinc oxide, ferric oxide, tin oxide, silicon carbide, indium nitride, indium-gallium nitride, gallium nitride, lead sulfide, lead telluride, lead selenide, bismuth sulfide, indium-bismuth, gallium-bismuth, thallium-bismuth, copper-indium-gallium selenide, and copper-indium-gallium sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The material of conjugate polymer filler comprises polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), their derivatives, and polymer/oligomer/copolymer of aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, p-phenylene vinylene or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Formula: The monomer X having formulae (I, II, III) reacts with monomer Y having formula (IV or V) to form a copolymer having formula (VI).m=0-10; andn=5-500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The vapor deposition process is a physical vapor deposition process. In this method at least one of the substrate or biomolecule is selected such that the biomolecule is self-assembled into nanostructures within the chamber during the vapor deposition process, where the nanostructures are responsive to a force field. The method further involves 1) placing a mask on the surface such that a solid deposition is formed at a predetermined pattern which comprises several distinct addressable locations, prior to the application of the vapor deposition process; 2) placing a mask having a predetermined pattern which comprises several distinct addressable locations on the solid deposition, and irradiating the mask and the solid deposition such that the solid deposition is substantially degraded according to the pattern, subsequently to the application of the vapor deposition process; 3) applying a force field during or subsequently to the application of the vapor deposition process so as to align the nanostructures generally parallel to each other; 4) placing in the chamber a material which is responsive to a force field, and applying a force field during or subsequently to the application of the vapor deposition process so as to align the nanostructures generally parallel to each other; 5) detaching the solid deposition from the surface to form an article. Preferred Composition: In the composition at least one type of biomolecule forms nanostructures along the pattern. The gap between any two adjacent locations of the several locations is at least 100 nm. The deposition comprises nanostructures. The solid deposition has a thickness of 100 nm to 10 mu m. Preferred Components: The biomolecule is selected from peptide, a nucleic acid, a nucleotide or an amino acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layers are made of one selected from group consisting of aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium-oxide tin and titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The insulated bottom wall and the insulated side walls are heated to minimize a formation of a skin of silicon on the insulated bottom wall and insulated side walls of the mold. The rate of unidirectional solidification is controlled by an insulation of the insulated bottom wall and the insulated side walls. The rate of unidirectional solidification is controlled by controlling a rate of heat extraction from the melt at the open top of the mold. The controlling a rate of heat extraction involves placing a cooling medium in contact with a free surface of the melt at the open top of the mold. The cooling medium is water or air. The rate of unidirectional solidification is determined so as to minimize dendrite formation. The rate of unidirectional solidification is less than 1x 104 (preferably 1x 104 to 5x 106) m/s. The stopping the unidirectional solidification is done when 40-80% of the melt has solidified. The creating an opening in the exterior shell of the ingot of step (E) involves piercing the exterior shell of the ingot by mechanical unit or thermal lance. The creating an opening in the exterior shell of the ingot of step (E) is accomplished through a tap opening in the mold. The process further involves removing the ingot from the mold before the step (E). The process further involves an additional step (F) of melting the higher-purity solid polycrystalline silicon and repeating steps (B) to (E). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: One of the first or second oxide of copper is cuprous oxide deposited from a solution at a pH greater than 9 and the other one of the first or second oxide of copper is cuprous oxide deposited from a solution at a pH less than 7.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite thin film further comprises dispersant residue (0-10 wt.%). The amorphous silicon is modified from a silicon precursor from silane, disilane, cyclopentasilane or cyclohexasilane. The silicon precursor having crystalline silicon particles (10-90 wt.%) dispersed in the silicon precursor is added to the film at 10-90 wt.%. The mixture further comprises a dispersant and/or a surfactant. The gas for the passivation is oxygen; ozone containing oxygen; oxygen plasma gas; or mixture gas at least three gases from hydrogen, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide, and phosphine. Preferred Method: The method further comprises a passivation step of removing defects on an interface between the amorphous silicon and the crystalline silicon with a passivation gas after the heating step.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant is zirconium and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is a negative (n)-type solar cell. The first type dopants are positive (p)-type dopants or n-type dopants. The dopants implanted into the second region comprise p-type dopants or n-type dopants. Preferred Methods: The assembly segment is spaced apart from solar cell at a distance of 0.1 mm-5 cm. The first type dopants are selectively implanted at 3-800 KeV. Preferred Properties: The beam has a beam current of greater than or equal to 2 mA. The dose of the first type dopants implanted into first region of the solar cell 1x 1014-1x 1017/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, at least one of heating the starting material, reacting the starting material, or reacting the intermediate material, occurs in an electric furnace, and further involves supplying the generated electric power to the electric furnace. Reacting the intermediate material involves reacting silica with silicon carbide to form the silicon. At least a portion of the collected emissions and/or its combustion gas are used to pre-heat at least a portion of the starting material prior to the reaction to form silicon. Preferred System: The first, second, and third furnace zones are integrated and are provided separately. The first, second, and third furnace zones are oriented along a vertical direction and/or a horizontal direction. The system further comprises a compressor configured to compress hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide, vented from the furnace before being fed to the power generation system and at least one storage unit configured to temporarily store compressed hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide, before being fed to the power generation system. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second regions are hydrogenated silicon. The second regions are parallel lattice arrangements of particles including silicon. The first regions include amorphous silicon. The second regions include nanocrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit (F1) comprises (mol.%) phosphorus oxide (15-20); vanadium oxide (40-50); zinc oxide (10-20); barium oxide (5-10); antimony oxide (3-7); iron oxide (5-10); aluminum oxide (0.1-5); boron oxide (0.1-5); bismuth oxide (1-5); and titanium oxide (1-5). The composition (C1) comprises (wt.%) glass frit (F1) (60-90), organic binder (0.1-5) and organic solvent (5-35). The composition (C1) further comprises filler (0.1-30 wt.%). Preferred Method: The method further involves applying a photo-curable light transparent composition to a surface of a lower substrate or an upper substrate printed with (C1) and a getter composition connected to each other when tightly sealed. EXAMPLE - A glass frit (F') comprising (mol.%) phosphorus oxide (18.2); vanadium oxide (42.7); zinc oxide (13.6); barium oxide (9.1); antimony oxide (5.7); iron oxide (5.7); aluminum oxide (0.9); boron oxide (0.9); bismuth oxide (2.3); and titanium oxide (0.9) was prepared. Ethyl cellulose (5 wt.%) was melted by a mixture solvent including bicinchoninic acid (BCA):tetraammine palladous nitrate (TPN):dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (75:15:5) to make a vehicle. The vehicle (17 wt.%), BCA (12 wt.%) and glass frit (F') (71 wt.%) were mixed to make a glass frit paste composition (test). Similarly a comparative was prepared using silicon oxide, and without phosphorus oxide, antimony oxide, iron oxide, boron oxide, bismuth oxide and titanium oxide. Both test/comparative were evaluated for glass transition temperature and softening temperature. Test/comparative showed glass transition temperature of 322/352 degrees C and softening temperature of 344/365 degrees C respectively. No crystallization and excellent gloss was observed in test, while crystallization and no gloss was observed in comparative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The copper-zinc-aluminum group oxide contains (in wt.%) cupric oxide (40-60), zinc oxide (35-45), and alumina (5-15). The ferrierite zeolite contains metals of groups IIA and/or IVB, and/or lanthanide. The content of metal in zeolite is 0.5-5 wt.%. The ferrierite zeolite has a specific surface area of 200-600 m2/g and a silica/alumina molar ratio of 20-80. The metal precursor is a mixture of acetate and/or nitrate of copper, zinc and alumina. Preferred Properties: The catalyst has a total surface area of 80-300 m2/g. Preferred Agent: The basic precipitation agent is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, and/or sodium hydrogen carbonate. Preferred Condition: Curing process is carried out at 50-90 degrees C for 2-20 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The solid/porous film is removed from the high-melting point support. The solvent elimination step comprises evaporating the solvent at not greater than 100 degrees C. The spreading step comprises spraying the suspension comprising 10-60 wt.% solids onto the support; dipping the support in a bath of the suspension; or screen printing the layer on the support. The concentrated heat source is a reactive gas plasma flame so that the material of the dried porous layer is purified when it is melted by the plasma flame. Preferred Materials: The powder particles may comprise semiconductor material(s), preferably silicon. At least one doping element, preferably boron or phosphorus, is injected into the plasma flame to be melted together with dried porous layer. The powder particles may comprise oxide material(s), preferably silica or alumina, or spherical nickel or ceramics. Preferred Properties: The particle size is 0.1-100 mu m and the thickness of the solid film is 50-1000 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The concentrated heat source is argon-hydrogen plasma for semiconductor materials or oxidizing argon-oxygen plasma for oxide materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The high-melting point support is an endless moving belt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The powder particles may comprise polymer materials. EXAMPLE - High-purity silicon particles with a maximum size of 10 mu m were used along with electronic-grade methanol to produce a uniform porous layer of silicon on a tungsten support due to the spontaneous evaporation of acetone. A reductive plasma flame (argon-hydrogen) was used to melt the surface of the layer to obtain a uniform solid silicon film of a thickness of 70-500 mu m for solar cell applications. The solid silicon film had an upper surface completely bright without any visible pores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lift-off layer contains sodium chloride or barium-fluoride. The solar cell layer includes molybdenum (Mo) layer, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) layer, cadmium sulfide (CdS) layer and zinc oxide (ZnO) layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The diffusion prevention layer contains silicon dioxide, alumina, molybdenum, copper or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The organic region is an organic layer and the inorganic region is an inorganic layer. The layer adjacent to the adhesive layer is an inorganic layer. The two layers adjacent to the adhesive layer are inorganic layer and organic layer. The layer adjacent to the adhesive layer is an easy adhesive layer. The organic layer is formed by flash vapor deposition method. The peripheral portion of the adhesive layer differs in composition from center portion of the adhesive layer. A peeling layer or a protective layer is laminated on gas barrier film to form a film. The adhesive layer comprises a UV-curable adhesive or a thermosetting adhesive, preferably UV-curable epoxy resin. The organic layer is formed by curing a composition containing (meth)acrylate compound(s), preferably bisphenol skeleton-having (meth)acrylate compound(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The preparation of (I) (where Y1-Y4 is O) involves reacting a naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide of formula (ia) with a perylene-3,4-dicarboximide of formula (iib) to form a terrylene tetracarboxylic bisimide; and reacting the terrylene tetracarboxylic bisimide with a dienophile to obtain the benzoterrylene (I). The dienophile is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or a dicarboxylic acid anhydride. The method further involves the step of decarboxylating the benzoterrylene to obtain a benzoterrylene (I) (where R4 and R5, R6 and R7, R10 and R11, or R12 and R13, combine to form -CH=CH-). The dienophile is maleic acid. The preparation further involves reacting the benzoterrylene with an amine to obtain a benzoterrylene hexacarboxylic trisimide. The naphthalene-1,8-dicarboximide and perylene-3,4-dicarboximide are reacted at atmospheric pressure at 130-160 degrees C for at least three hours to form the terrylene tetracarboxylic bisimide; and where the terrylene tetracarboxylic bisimide and dienophile are reacted in a nitrobenzene solution at atmospheric pressure at 200 degrees C for more than two hours. Preferred Definitions:    R3-R14=H;or    R4+R5 and R10+R11=furan-2,5-dione-3,4-diyl or compound of formula (I);and    Y1-Y4=O.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Compounds i.e. compounds of formulae (Ia)-(Ie) are disclosed as (I).    EXAMPLE - N-(1-Nonyldecyl)-3,4-perylene dicarboxylic imide (1 g) was combined under argon with potassium-tert-butylate (3.64 g), 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (4.86 ml) and diglyme (4 ml) and then heated to 130 degrees C. N-(1-nonyldecyl)-1,8-naphthalimide (1.50 g) was gradually added through a syringe over 6 hours followed by three hours stirring at 130 degrees C to obtain N,N''-bis-(1-nonyldecyl)-3,4:11,12-terrylene tetracarboxylic bisimide (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The concentration of the fullerene derivative in the solution is 1-50 weight%. The concentration of compound which has fullerene structure in the solution is 0.01-10 weight%. Preferred Compounds: The compound which has fullerene structure is 1 or more types of unsubstituted fullerene, preferably unsubstituted fullerene (C60 and/or C70). The fullerene derivative is of formulae (III and/or IV). The fullerene derivative is dissolved in solution containing 1 or more types of unsubstituted fullerene, preferably unsubstituted fullerene (C60 and/or C70).R3,R4=alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl or substituted aryl. EXAMPLE - Fullerene (C60) (in weight parts) (0.1) and o-dichlorobenzene (89.9) were stirred at room temperature. Then, (6,6)-phenyl 61C-butyric-acid methyl ester (10) was added, stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then, solubility (6,6)-phenyl 61C-butyric-acid methyl ester had high solubility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The SiBN is formed from gas precursors comprising dichlorosilane, ammonia, boron trichloride, silane, bis(tert.-butylamino) silane, hexachlorodisilane, disilane, trisilane, or tetrachlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor substrate comprises silicon, germanium, silicon germanium, silicon on insulator, compounds formed using group III element and group V element, gallium astatine, gallium nitride or indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In regenerating cofactor electrochemically, the metal of the metal oxide belongs to Group 2-14 and to Period 3-6, of the Periodic Table of Elements. The metal of the metal oxide is selected from tin, iridium, titanium, chromium, copper, manganese, iron, tungsten, nickel, zinc, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, ruthenium, lead and mixtures. The cofactor is selected from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+), and the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2). The metal oxide electrode is produced by a method for production comprising: anodizing a metal, and annealing the anodized metal. The metal is tin. The metal oxide electrode is produced by a method for production comprising: coating a glass electrode with a metal, and thermally treating the coated metal. The metal is also titanium. The metal oxide electrode comprises a mixture of 100 pts.wt. of a metal oxide, 2-25 pts.wt. of carbon black, and 2-25 pts.wt. of a binder. In oxidizing-reducing, the enzyme used in the enzymatic method for oxidation-reduction is a dehydrogenase, a reductase, or an oxygenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is selected from polytetrafloroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(acryl ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), and Nafion (sulfonated tetrafloroethylene copolymer). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Alternately, the polymer is obtained by co-polymerizing 9,10-di((meth)acryloyl alkoxy) anthracene compound of formula (1) and radical polymerizable monomer in presence of radical polymerization initiator. Preferred Component: The radical polymerization initiator is thermal radical polymerization initiator or optical radical polymerization initiator. EXAMPLE - 9,10-Di((meth)acryloyl ethoxy) anthracene (in g) (2), toluene (40) and azobisisobutyronitrile (40 mg) were mixed and subjected to thermal polymerization by heating at 106 degrees C for 5 minutes, to form yellow precipitate. Then, the precipitate was heated for 10 more minutes and cooled, to obtain yellow slurry. The obtained yellow slurry was dissolved in methanol, stirred, filtered and dried, to obtain yellow powdery polymer. The polymer had excellent heat resistance and refractive index.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The polymer containing isothia naphthene structure (1) is obtained by polymerizing substituted thiophene compound of formula (2) in presence of a boron complex or metal complex.X=halogen.Preferred Compound: The polymer containing isothia naphthene structure further contains substituted thiophene-containing repeating unit of formula (3).Ar=divalent organic group containing ( pi )-conjugated structure.Preferred Property: The distance between the molecule plane of polymer containing isothia naphthene structure measured by powder X-ray method is less than 4 Angstrom . EXAMPLE - (in g) Magnesium (0.52) and tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) were reacted. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0 degrees C. Then, 2-bromothiophene (1.7 ml) was added and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour, to obtain Grignard reagent. Then, 3-thienylphthalide (3.2) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (30 ml) and reacted under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0 degrees C and the obtained Grignard reagent was added and reacted at room temperature for 1 hour. Then, the reaction mixture was added to ammonium chloride solution, extracted using methylene chloride and dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then, the Lawson's reagent (3.3) was added and reacted at room temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was subjected to column chromatography, to obtain 1,3-dithienylisothianaphthene (1.76) with excellent p-type semiconductor characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The acid receiving agent has average particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Composition: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (100 mass parts) contains 26-33 mass parts of vinyl acetate. The amount of masterbatch with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer is 0.01-50 mass parts. Preferred Condition: The masterbatch is obtained by mixing acid receiving agent and ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer at 40-90 degrees C. EXAMPLE - (in mass parts) ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer (100) and magnesium hydroxide (5) having average particle diameter of 0.1 mu m were mixed for 3 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated, to obtain masterbatch. The obtained masterbatch (4) was mixed with ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer (100), 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane (2), triaryl isocyanurate (2) and gamma -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (0.5), to obtain a composition. The obtained composition was extruded at 80 degrees C, to form sealing film having thickness of 1 mm. The obtained sealing film had excellent transparency, light transmittance and acid acceptance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The removal of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and/or methane from the anode exhaust gas takes place in an exhaust gas burner. Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a type of molten carbonate fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell. The rare earth metal is lanthanum or cerium. The mixed oxide catalyst is oxidation catalyst comprising mixed oxide of copper, manganese and optionally one or more rare earth metals, where the metal is optionally in multivalent state and the catalyst contains a composition expressed as wt.%, relative to the total mass of copper, manganese and optionally rare earth metal, in which the rare earth metal has the lowest valency, of 20-60%, 80-20% and/or 0-20%, preferably 20-55%, 75-30% and/or 5-15%. The oxidation catalyst contains a composition (as wt.%, relative to the oxide) of 35-40% of copper oxide, 50-60% of manganese oxide and 10-15% of lanthanum oxide, and the single metal is taken in different oxidation state. The mixed oxide is sustained in an inert, porous, inorganic carrier. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The impurity is boron and/or phosphorus. The additive for impurity removal also contains silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide and/or chromium oxide; calcium fluoride; and alkali metal oxide, alkaline earth metal oxide, hydrate of alkali metal carbonate, alkaline earth metal carbonate, alkali metal carbonate, hydrate of alkaline earth metal carbonate, alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide. The gas containing hydrogen gas also contains inert gas, water vapor and/or gaseous chlorine. Preferred Parameter: The additive for impurity removal has melting point of 800-2200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The aluminum oxide is ( gamma )-alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of mass percentage reduction of solid acid at 250-1000 degrees C with respect to mass percentage reduction of solid acid at 250-700 degrees C, is 1.3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The method of manufacturing an electronic device, preferably an organic light emitting diode (OLED), comprises: applying a photocurable light transparent composition to a surface of an upper member after printing and firing a glass frit paste composition and (I) on the upper member; curing the photocurable light transparent composition by emitting light to the connected upper sealing member and lower member after connecting the upper sealing member applied with the photocurable light transparent composition and the lower member; and connecting the upper and lower member by melting glass frit by laser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises glass frit (1-90 wt.%), getter powder (1-90 wt.%), organic binder (0.1-10 wt.%) and organic solvent (1-80 wt.%). The glass frit comprises phosphorus pentoxide (15-20 mole%), vanadium pentoxide (40-50 mole%), zinc oxide (10-20 mole%), barium oxide (5-10 mole%), antimony trioxide (3-7 mole%), ferric oxide (5-10 mole%), aluminum oxide (0.1-5 mole%), boron oxide (0.1-5 mole%), bismuth oxide (1-5 mole%) and titanium dioxide (0.1-5 mole%). The softening temperature of the glass frit is 300-400 degrees C. The viscosity of (I) is 500-50000 cps. EXAMPLE - Ethyl cellulose organic binder (5 wt.%) was melted by a mixture solvent including butylcarbitolacetate:terpineol:dibutyl phthalate at a ratio of 75:15:5 to make a vehicle. Then, the vehicle (60 wt.%), glass frit (8 wt.%, comprised (in mole%) phosphorus pentoxide (18.2), vanadium pentoxide (42.7), zinc oxide (13.6), barium oxide (9.1), antimony trioxide (5.7), ferric oxide (5.7), aluminum oxide (0.9), boron oxide (0.9), bismuth oxide (2.3), and titanium dioxide (0.9)) and zeolite (molecular sieve 4A and 13X) as getter power (32 wt.%) were mixed, respectively, to make getter paste composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first semiconductor material comprises a III-V compound. The first photovoltaic sub-cell comprises a first III-V compound. The second photovoltaic sub-cell comprises silicon. The third photovoltaic sub-cell comprises a second III-V compound. The substrate comprises silicon. The defect-trapping layer includes a crystalline material comprising defects arising from lattice-mismatch of the crystalline material with an adjacent semiconductor material; and a non-crystalline material, where the defects terminate at the non-crystalline material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of metal-organic scaffolding compound comprises dissolving a cobalt(II)-salt and the ligand in a solvent comprising dimethylformamide, diethylformamide (both preferred), water, methanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene or N-methylpyrrolidone; subsequently subjecting the obtained solution for crystallization at 80-140 degrees C (preferably 80-130 degrees C) for 1-150 hours; and subsequently isolating the metal-organic scaffolding compound. Preferred Components: The ligand structure unit comprises optionally substituted 4,4'-bipyrazole, 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolylbenzole, 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolyldiphenyl or 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolyl terphenyl, where the substituents are amine, halogen (preferably fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine), -CF3, -NH2, -CHO, alkyl containing 1-6 carbon (C) atoms, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl or 1-6C alkoxy group, thiol, sulfonate, ketone, aldehyde, epoxy, silyl or nitro group. The ligand is 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolylbenzol or 1,4-bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene. The scaffolding compound has a structure of formula ((Co4O(L1)3).ndimethylformamide (DMF).mH2O) (I), ((Co(L1)).pDMF.qH2O) (II) or ((Co(L2)).sDMF.rH2O) (III).L1, L2 = nitrogen containing heterocyclic linear ligand; andn, m, p, q, s, r = 0-4.Preferred Process: In the method, the anion of the cobalt(II) salt is fluorine (F-), bromine (Br-), chlorine (Cl-), iodine (I-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-) or acetic anhydride (CH3CO2-). The temperature adjustment results through microwave radiation. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene (10 mg) and hexahydrate cobalt chloride (40 mg) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (4 ml) and 1M hydrochloric acid (0.01 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 120 degrees C for 4 days to obtain blue cubic crystals of metal-organic scaffolding compound of formula (Co4O(1,4-bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene)3) (70% yield), which was isolated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A dye sensitizing metal oxide semiconductor electrode is obtained by adsorbing metal complex pigment to an oxide semiconductor. A dye-sensitized solar cell has a redox electrode which contacts the dye sensitizing metal oxide semiconductor electrode and counter electrodes, and electrodes on an electroconductive support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    M=ruthenium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 metal complex dye are disclosed. E.g. Metal complex dye of formula (I, II, III, IV and V).    EXAMPLE - Ruthenium complex (1 g) of formula: RuL3Cl3, 2-phenyl pyridine (252 mg), triethylamine, ethanol and water were mixed, refluxed, cooled, filtered, washed and dried to obtain metal complex dye (I) (540 mg).    L3=4,4',4"-trimethoxy carbonyl 2,2':6',2'-terpyridine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The process gas is silane, diborane and phosphine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The inorganic fibers are selected from ceramic fibers, and/or glass fibers. The ceramic fibers comprise alumino-silicate fibers comprising fiberization product of (wt.%) alumina (45-72) and silica (28-55).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic fibers are selected from high alumina polycrystalline fibers, mullite fibers, biosoluble fibers, quartz fibers, and/or silica fibers. The high alumina polycrystalline fibers comprise fiberization product of alumina and silica. The biosoluble fibers comprise magnesia-silica fibers; or calcia-magnesia-silica fibers (preferably magnesia-silica fibers). The intumescent material is selected from unexpanded vermiculite, ion exchanged vermiculite, heat treated vermiculite, expandable graphite, hydrobiotite, water-swelling tetrasilicic fluorine mica, and/or alkaline metal silicates (preferably unexpanded vermiculite). The clay is selected from attapulgite, ball clay, bentonite, hectorite, kyanite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, palygorskite, saponite, sepiolite, and/or silimanite (preferably attapulgite clay).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antioxidant is selected from primary, secondary, and/or multifunctional antioxidants (preferably a blend of primary and secondary antioxidants).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is gas or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - One of the electrode layers is made of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), selected from a group consisting of Tin Dioxide (Sn02), Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZQ), Gallium-doped Zinc Oxide (GZO), and Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One of the electrode layer comprises a metal layer selected from a group consisting of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A zinc oxide particles combined film comprises contact points between particles of zinc oxide crystal grain deposition film, which are coupled by forming a neck. The combined film has structure in which zinc oxide particles combined with each other and form a continuous film, and has white porous membrane. A zinc oxide particles-combined self-supporting film comprises zinc oxide particles combined film. The self-supporting film has void-nature surface on opposite surface to a substrate surface, and flat surface. The surface is a continuous film in which particles are mutually bonded. The self-supporting film is porous membrane having zinc oxide particles. A zinc oxide film comprises laminated zinc oxide particles-combined self-supporting film on arbitrary substrate, and has continuous space, flexibility with respect to bendability of substrate. Preferred Process: The zinc oxide particles combined self-supporting film is formed by peeling zinc oxide particles combined film obtained by heat processing zinc oxide crystal grain deposition film, from substrate. The zinc oxide particles combined self-supporting film is formed using fusion deformation of glass substrate and tin oxide combined insulting layer. Preferred Substrate: The substrate is glass, metal, ceramics, polymer or paper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Ethylene diamine or ammonia is added to the reaction system, and the raw material concentration and/or pH of the reaction system is changed, and zinc oxide crystal grains are deposited during manufacturing process of zinc oxide crystal grain deposition film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The aluminum paste further comprises palladium, silver, platinum, gold, boron, gallium, indium, zinc, tin, antimony, magnesium, potassium, titanium, vanadium, nickel, and/or copper. The back side paste comprises, prior to firing, (a) 40-80 wt.% aluminum (b) 0.5-10 wt.% glass, and (c) 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle. It further comprises 0.1-50 wt.% silver, 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle, 1-50 wt.% copper, 1-50 wt.% nickel, and 1-50 wt.% magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The aluminum paste further comprises ceramic particles comprising silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, hectorite, talc, kaolin, attapulgite, bentonite, smectite, quartz, mica, feldspar, albite, orthoclase, anorthite, and/or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal oxide thin film contains oxide of titanium, zinc, indium or tin. The raw material liquid contains metal oxide fine particles, metal salt, metal alkoxide or metal complex. The zinc oxide precursor solution contains monoethanol amine, diethanol amine and/or triethanol amine. Preferred Condition: The heating of raw material liquid is performed at 100-500 degrees C. The heating of zinc oxide precursor solution is performed at 170-230 degrees C. Preferred Component: The raw material liquid contains metallic component raw material which is dissolved or hydrolyzed in a medium chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and 2-methoxy ethanol. The metal salt or compound in metallic compound raw material is fluorine, aluminum, gallium, niobium, indium, antimony or tantalum. The substrate is ceramics, metal, resin or glass having heat resistance of 300 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The foaming weather resistance base material further contains poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode is formed by a metal such as aluminum, titanium, tungsten, silver or gold. The p-type semiconductor layer comprises nickel (II) oxide (NiO) or titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electron-donating organic material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7I-dimethyl-octyloxy))-p-phenylene vinylene (MDMO-PPV), poly(2,7-(9-(2'-ethylhexyl)-9-hexyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5-(4I,7I-di-2-thienyl-2I,r,3I-benzothiadiazole)) (PFDTBT), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4Hcyclopenta(2,l-b;3,4-6')dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,l,3-benzothiadiazole)) (PCPDTBT), or poly(pphenyleneethynylene)-(pphenyleneethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPE-PPV). The electron-accepting organic material comprises (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The organic polymer is obtained by making organic polymer (a-1) which has silicon group in presence of curing catalyst (a-3) condense silicon compound (a-2). Preferred Components: The curing catalyst contains amine compound. The alkoxy is methoxy group. The main chain structure of organic polymer is polyoxyalkylene type polymer (preferably polypropylene oxide), saturated hydrocarbon type polymer and/or (meth)acrylic ester type polymer. The number average molecular weight of organic polymer is 3000-100000. The curable composition further comprises curing catalyst (B) which contains amine compound. Preferred Definitions:X=alkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The upper member and electrode are made of titanium nitride and tantalum nitride. The phase change phase material layer is made of chalcogenide. The lower member is made of cobalt tungsten phosphide and cobalt tungsten boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic layer is made of palladium, cobalt or copper. The electrode is made of tungsten, titanium, tantalum, polysilicon, aluminium or aluminium copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A methanol, alcohol, or a hydrocarbon fuel is used as the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The target consists of indium oxide (In2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), and tin oxide (SnO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Alloy: This is a platinum-cobalt alloy comprising cubic phases with lattice constants of 0.388 nm and 0.369 nm. Preferred Process: The alloy is formed by sequential precipitation of salts of the alloy-forming metals, especially platinum and cobalt nitrates, from a solution in the presence of a carbon support followed by reduction at a temperature below the melting point of the alloy. The product is dried under nitrogen. EXAMPLE - A suspension of carbon black (75 g) in water (3.5 L) was combined with a solution of platinum(II) nitrate (130 g) in water (1.5 L) and ethanol (5 L), stirred for 30 minutes and refluxed for 5 hours. The resulting platinum/carbon was filtered, washed with water and dried. A suspension of the platinum/carbon (16 g) in water (1.5 L) was stirred for 30 minutes, treated with a solution of cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate (20 g) in water (50 mL) while keeping the pH constant at 5.6, stirred and aerated at 60 degrees C for 1 hour, and adjusted to pH 7.5. The product was filtered off, washed with water and dried. The product (4 g) was heated to 600 degrees C in 3 hours and held at 600 degrees C for 3 hours while flushing with nitrogen (5 L/hour) and hydrogen (3 L/hour). The catalyst was passivated in nitrogen, suspended in 0.5 M sulfuric acid, stirred at 90 degrees C under nitrogen, filtered and dried. The product comprised two phases with lattice constants of 0.388 nm and 0.369 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Compounds: The compound (I) is preferably selected from compound of formula (II).Ar2=1-naphthyl, 9-anthracenyl or 1-pyrenyl (each aprotic H-atom substituted with a 1-4C alkyl group). Preferred Definitions:    Ch=(I') (substituting at 9 position of fluorene ring by ethyl group);    D'=dialkylamino and diarylamino group contains at least one phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 9-anthracenyl or 1-pyrenyl;    Acc=2-cyanovinyl;    Y'=carboxylic acid;    Acc+Y'=2-cyanoacrylic acid;    Sp2=2,5-thienylene group, butadien-1,4-diyl (optionally has side chain on the 3-carbon atom forming a five- or six-member ring with the acceptor group Acc, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl group, or trans-vinylene-2,5-thiazolylene).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 10 Compounds are disclosed as (I) e.g. (Z)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid (Ia), (Z)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-benzo(1,2,5)selenadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid, (Z)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(5-diphenylamino-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)selenadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid, (Z)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(5-diphenylamino-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid, 5-(9,9-Diethyl-7-(naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-amino)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde.    EXAMPLE - 5-(7-(4-Diphenylamino-phenyl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde was reacted with cyano-acetic acid, ammonium acetic acid, acetic acid and heated for 8 hours to obtain (Z)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazol-4-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-acrylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are metal sulfides and/or metal oxides. The metal oxide is zinc antimonide, oxygen-deficient molybdenum trioxide, and/or vanadium pentoxide. The nanoparticles can be titanium dioxides, zirconium oxide, molybdenum trioxide, vanadium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide. Preferred Parameters: The nanoparticles and the electrically conducting polymer are at weight ratio of 0.1-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive polymer is polythiophenes, poly(selenophenes), poly(tellurophenes), polypyrroles, polyanilines, polycyclic aromatic polymers, and/or their copolymers. The electrically conductive polymer can be polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polypyrrole, poly(thieno(2,3-b)thiophene), poly(thieno(3,2-b)thiophene), or poly(thieno(3,4-b)thiophene). The highly fluorinated acid polymer is sulfonic acid; sulfonimide; perfluoroolefin having perfluoro-ether sulfonic acid side chains; copolymer of 1,1-difluoroethylene and 2-(1,1-difluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)allyloxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid; copolymer of ethylene and 2-(2-(1,2,2-trifluorovinyloxy)-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid; or copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(3-oxa-4-pentenesulfonic acid). Preferred Parameters: The highly fluorinated acid polymer is greater than or equal to 95% fluorinated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic semiconductor layer has polycrystal silicon, amorphous silicon, germanium, gallium or silicon-germanium. Preferred Elements: The metal layer has metal, which is selected from nickel, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, molybdenum, cobalt, tungsten, titanium or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molar ratio of amino alcohol (m) is less than or equal to molar ratio of titanium alkoxide (n) and water (l).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amino alcohol is of formula (R1)3-n-N-(R2OH)n. The resin composition further contains solvent having nitrogen atom. The resin composition is used for film-shaped optical component having film thickness of 1-1000 mu m.R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;R2=1-20C alkylene;andn=1-3. EXAMPLE - Diethanolamine (in g) (11.04), water (1.08) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (33.44) were mixed, stirred in nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain a mixture. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (21.32) was added to mixture, heated, distilled, isopropyl alcohol as by-product was removed and mixture was cooled to room temperature. Mixture of water (0.54) and diethanolamine (3.15) was added to cooled mixture and mixed, to obtain metal-containing high refractive intermediate. 4-hydroxy butylacrylate glycidyl ether (5 weight parts) was added to metal-containing high refractive intermediate (95 weight parts) and stirred, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition was spin-coated on silicon wafer, heated at 150 degrees C for 10 minutes, to obtain film having thickness of 1 mu m. The obtained film was transparent and had refractive index of 1.64 at wavelength of 632.8 nm and free from cloudiness and yellowing characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermediate layer contains mixture of titania and niobium, mixture of indium trioxide and tin, indium trioxide, tin dioxide, mixture of tin dioxide and fluorine, mixture of tin dioxide and antimony, zinc oxide, mixture of zinc oxide and gallium, mixture of zinc oxide and aluminum, or mixture of zinc oxide and boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The blast material is the carbon dioxide particles. The polyimide film is obtained by polymerizing acid portion containing 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride and pyromellitic acid component, and a diamine component containing p-phenylene diamine and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether. The polyimide laminated material further contains insulating layer and/or metal layer formed in the surface of adhesive layer. Preferred Method: The surface of polyimide film contacted with silicone is not processed by silane coupling agent or surface treating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic electrolyte solution includes water soluble organic solvent including dimethylsulfoxide, ethylene glycol and/or acetamide. The crystalline phase is anatase phase and/or rutile phase. Preferred Method: The loose film on surface of titanium sheet is removed by ultrasonic or mechanical vibration. The material is modified by TiO2 film for increasing performance. The modification method includes TiO2 noble metal modification, anion modification, cation modification, nonmetallic element doping and semiconductor complexing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate consists of silicon or silicon-germanium. The translucent conductive layer contains titanium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer consists of aluminum. The passive layer consists of silicon nitride:hydrogen. The barrier layer consists of tungsten-titanium. A solderable layer comprises layers of materials from silver, nickel, nickel vanadium, nickel chromium or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metal and silicon powder are mixed and compression molded. The molded components are immersed on metal bulk component, or melt solution containing fine particles of sodium. Preferred Composition: The metal is chosen from iron, magnesium, chromium, molybdenum or their alloys. The silicon is chosen from ( beta )-ferrous silicate (FeSi2), magnesium silicate (Mg2Si), chromium silicate (CrSi2) or molybdenum silicate (MoSi2). Preferred Property: The metal and silicon are heated at 500-1200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Cobalt and 5 mol% of manganese (400 kg) was molded, and mixed with silicon powder (0.2 g). The molded component was mixed with sodium metal (0.2 g) in boron nitride crucible, heated for 3 hours, cooled and washed using ethanol and water to obtain metal silylated material. The metal silylated material had excellent heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of mercaptan is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin obtained from crude oil having sulfur content of 0.006 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation processing with KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum desulfurizing catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa with liquid space velocity of 2.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil. The obtained fuel oil had aromatic content of 16 volume%, initial boiling point of 152 degrees C, 10% distillation temperature of 172 degrees C, 50% distillation temperature of197.5 degrees C, 95% distillation temperature of 2370 degrees C and sulfur content in the sulfur compound of 184-218 g/mol molecular weight was 0.03 ppm based on JIS K 2541.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Moiety: The central moiety comprises fused aromatic rings, and is free of metal. The cyclic group(s) comprises sulfoxide group. The central moiety comprises 3 or more fused rings, each comprising 6 carbon atoms, and 4 or more heterocyclic rings, each fused to one of fused rings and comprising a sulfur atom. Preferred Material: The liquid crystal material further contains an amount of a photoactive binder distributed and electrically communicated with liquid crystal units. The binder comprises a polythiophene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate contains (in ppm) group IIIA element (1-20), group VA element (1-20), iron (5 or less), aluminum (5 or less), iron (5 or less), carbon (5 or less), chromium (5 or less), calcium (5 or less), sodium (5 or less) and titanium (5 or less) as impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The back metal-contact layer is comprised of a material consisting of silver, copper, molybdenum, aluminum, copper-aluminum alloy, silver-copper alloy or copper-molybdenum alloy. The positive-type semi-conductive compound is nano aluminum gallium arsenide, nano aluminum gallium nitride doped with hydrogen or nano aluminum gallium nitride doped with magnesium. The negative-type semi-conductive compound is nano gallium nitride, nano gallium nitride doped with silicon or nano indium gallium phosphide. The P-N junction layer is comprised of copper indium gallium diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The body comprises silicon. The molten material comprises a silicon-based material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate comprises a carbon filament. The refractory material comprises silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first conducting layer includes zinc oxide (ZnO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The externally exposed layer comprises pyrolytic carbon, oxide and/or nitride. The substrate comprises carbon. The refractory layer comprises silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element further comprises plastic film having transparent conductive layer as support for photoelectrode layer. The plastic film is a polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of silicon with respect to total content of metal residue and silicon during process (I) is 5-85 mass%. Preferred Process: The metal particles and halogenated silane are contacted at temperature (T1a), and then particles and halogenated silane are contacted at temperature (T1b) which is less than metal melting point and more than temperature (T1a) in process (I). The manufacturing process of silicon is carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Preferred Components: The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane, and/or monochlorosilane. Preferred Properties: The concentration of boron and phosphorus contained in halogenated silane is less than 1 ppm. The concentration of boron and phosphorus contained in metal is less than 1 ppm. The temperature (T1) of process (I) is 0.6 times or more of melting point ( degrees C) of the metal. The temperature (T2) of process (II) is 1.2 times or more of metal melting point ( degrees C) and is 0.8 times or less of melting point of silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from potassium, cesium, rubidium, strontium, lithium, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, zinc and manganese, preferably aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first dopant having a concentration near the surface of greater than 1x 1016 atoms/cm2 is arsenic. The second dopant is phosphorus or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of composite catalyst containing carbon carrier and platinum of fuel cell comprises (1) adding complexing agent to compound containing platinum solution, stirring and heating for 4-5 hours so that the platinum can be completely complexed with ligand; (2) regulating the pH value of the solution obtained in (1) to be 9-11, adding hydrogen tungsten bronze or hydrogen molybdenum bronze whose amount is 10-40 times the substance amount of the platinum to the solution; (3) adding carbon carrier to the solution obtained in (2), heating and ultra-sounding for 1-2 hours; (4) slowly adding reducer solution when fiercely stirring, and continuously stirring for 2-3 hours; (5), filtering, washing and drying at 60-80 degrees C to obtain the product; all the above process are processed under normal pressure. Preferred Composition: The amount of the platinum is 10-20%. The amount of the hydrogen tungsten bronze or hydrogen molybdenum bronze is 10-40 times the substance amount of the platinum. The added amount of reducer solution is 1-1.5 times the substance amount of the platinic chloride. Preferred Components: In (1), the compound containing platinum is platinic chloride. In (4), the reducer solution is sodium borohydride solution, formaldehyde solution, sodium citrate solution, sodium formate solution or ascorbic acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is carbon nanotube, activated carbon, acetylene black or graphite. In (1), the complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, sodium tartrate or imidazole, the added amount of the complexing agent is the same as the substance amount of platinic chloride. In (3), the carbon carrier is carbon nanotube, activated carbon, acetylene black or graphite, the added amount is amounted by the platinum amount needed by the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer is made of the resin material that is selected from translucent resins such as Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Polyvinyl acetate (PVA), Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), silicone resins, acrylic resins, epoxy resins and polysilazane materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An amine compound of formula (I) and halobenzene(c)fluorene compound of formula (II) are reacted in presence of a base and palladium catalyst to obtain benzo (c) fluorene derivative (1).X=halogen.Preferred Compound: The benzo (c) fluorene derivative (1) is of formula (2).R3-R8=R1. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=(un)substituted (phenyl group, naphthyl group, biphenylyl group, terphenyl group, anthryl group, fluorenyl group or pyridyl group);and    Ar2=(un)substituted (phenylene group, naphthylene group, biphenylylene group, terphenylylene group, anthrylene group, fluorenylene group or pyridylene group).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 benzo(c)fluorene derivatives are disclosed. E.g. Benzo(c)fluorene derivatives of formula (i, ii, iii, iv and v).    EXAMPLE - 7,7-Dimethyl-7H-benzo(c)fluorene (in g) (24.4), dimethylformamide (100 mL), solution of N-bromo succinic acid (23.1) and dimethylformamide (100 mL) and distilled water (300 mL) were mixed, concentrated and refined to obtain 5-bromo-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo(c)fluorene (22.9). Bis(N,N,N-triphenylamine) 1-phenylmethanamine (23.8), 10%-palladium activated carbon (4.8), formic acid (9.2), toluene (100) and water (25) were mixed at 80 degrees C for 10 hours, concentrated and distilled to obtain bis(N,N,N-triphenylamine)amine (48.3). 5-Bromo-7,7-dimethyl-7H-benzo(c)fluorene (6.5), sodium tertiary butoxide (2), ortho xylene (100), palladium acetate (47 mg), tri-tertiary butyl phosphine (170 mg) and bis(N,N,N-triphenylamine)amine (10.1) were mixed, concentrated, distilled and refined to obtain benzo(c)fluorene derivatives (i) (112.5), with yield of 84%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) Compound (1) is prepared according to Tetrahedron Letters, 39, 2367 (1998) by making a halobenzo(c)fluorene compound and an amine compound react in presence of base and palladium catalyst obtaining intermediate body, and making obtained intermediate body react with amine compound in presence of base and palladium catalyst. Preferred Components: Compound (1) is also of formula (2). (JP2009040731A-002)R3-R7=H, 1-18C alkyl, 1-18C alkoxy, 6-24C aryl, aryloxy or halo.Where aryl and aryloxy may bond together and form a condensed ring. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1=optionally substituted (except with NH2) Ph, naphthyl, biphenylyl, terphenyl, anthryl, fluorenyl or pyridyl; and    Ar2=phenylene, naphthylene, biphenylylene, terphenylylene, anthrylene, fluorenylene or pyridylene.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 Compounds (1) are specifically disclosed, e.g. group of formulae (A-1) to (A-5). (JP2009040731A-003) (JP2009040731A-004) (JP2009040731A-005) (JP2009040731A-006) (JP2009040731A-007)    EXAMPLE - An N-(4-chlorophenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-N-phenyl-7H-benzo(c)fluoren-5-amine (BFPCP) (8.9 g) in a 300 mL flask in nitrogen atmosphere was added with aniline (0.9 g), sodium tert-butoxide (2 g), ortho-xylene (100 g), palladium acetate (47 mg) and tri-tert-butylphosphine (170 mg); stirred at 130 degrees C for 4 hours; added with distilled water (50 mL) after completion of reaction; stirred for 0.5 hour; allowed to stand at room temperature; and water layer was separated. The separated water layer was washed with saturated salt solution of saturated sodium chloride aqueous solution, vacuum concentrated, and ortho-xylene solvent was distilled off obtaining residue. The obtained residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography, and 17.6 g of compound (A-1) with 99.9% purity was obtained with 83% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas in hydrogen supply body contains sulfur component of predetermined concentration. The gas is hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixed gas manufactured in petroleum industry, iron mill or coke oven gas (hydrogen-methane-carbon monoxide mixed gas).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium salt and solvent are present at 5:100-50:100 (preferably 10:100) volume ratio. The metal of metal doping agent is present in mixed solution at 1% of titanium salt. The colloid is present at 10%. Preferred Process: The hydrolysis is carried out at 180 degrees C. The coating step comprises coating layer(s) of colloid onto clearly washed conductive substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium salt is titanium isopropylate, tetrabutyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, tetrahexyl titanate or titanium tetrachloride. The solvent is normal butanol, isopropanol, absolute ethyl alcohol and/or water. The metal doping agent is mixture of tantalic acid-butyl ester and stannic chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The board is fluorine doped tin oxide, silicon, glass, metal, ceramics or polymer board. The titanium containing solution is titanium fluoride acid salt, sodium hexafluorotitanate (Na2TiF6), potassium hexafluorotitanate (K2TiF6), sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7), bis(acetylacetonate)oxotitanium (TiO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2), ammonium titanyl oxalate n-hydrate ((NH4)2(TiO(C2O4)2).nH2O), potassium titanium oxalate dihydrate (K2(TiO(C2O4)2).2H2O), titanium (III) sulfate n-hydrate (Ti2(SO4)3.nH2O) or titanium (IV) sulfate n-hydrate (Ti(SO4)2.nH2O). Preferred Method: The method further adds boric acid to reaction system or changes temperature, raw material concentration or pH of reaction system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal marrow board is made by aluminum alloy, copper alloy, tin, nickel or silver. The fuel metal cathode is selected from zinc, aluminum or magnesium. The cathode metal film has aluminum, tin, silver, nickel, copper, copper alloy or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The composition is mixed with conductive material, polyurethane resin, urethane rubber, ethylene propylene diene, M-class rubber, polyvinylidene fluoride, silicone rubber, fluorine rubber, fluorine resin, Teflon (RTM: Fluoropolymer), silver, nickel, activated charcoal or graphite. The sponge is prepared by using poly vinyl alcohol resin, phenol resin, cellulose-based compound or cotton. The gelling agent is selected from cellulose, polyacrylic acid, acrylamide, starch, polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin or Carbopol (RTM: Acrylic acid polymers).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): An amine compound (A) of formula (2) is reacted with dihalogen compound (B) of formula (3) and dihalogen compound (C) of formula (4), to obtain carbazole-containing compound (1).X1=halogen, preferably iodine, bromine, chlorine or fluorine, more preferably bromine. Preferred Definitions:    A=trifluoromethyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The carbazole-containing compound is chosen from 23 specific disclosed compounds, such as compounds of formula (I-V).    EXAMPLE - 2,2'-Dibromo biphenyl (in g) (5.7), palladium acetate (255), sodium t-butoxide (4), xylene (200 ml) and tri-t-butylphosphine (4) were refluxed in a flask (500 ml), under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane (3.08) dissolved in xylene (100), was dripped and heat-stirred for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was washed with toluene (100 ml), 1N hydrochloric acid (200 ml), distilled water (200 ml) and saturated salt solution (200 ml), one by one. The obtained organic layer was concentrated, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and purified to obtain carbazole-containing compound of formula (I) with yield of 32%. The obtained carbazole-containing compound had melting point of 278.8 degrees C and excellent photoelectron emission characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains nickel of 50-95 mass% in conversion of nickel oxide and molybdenum of 0.5-25 mass% in conversion of molybdic oxide. EXAMPLE - Boehmite (in g) (1.24) and 1N nitric acid (40 mL) were added to the ion-exchange water (1 L), warmed at 80 degrees C and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (149) was added, to obtain acid solution. Snow tex XS (RTM: silica) (33.9) was added to ion-exchange water (1 L), sodium carbonate (99.4) and ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24) (3) were mixed and warmed at 80 degrees C, to obtain basic solution. Then, the obtained acidic solution and basic solution were mixed at 80 degrees C and stirred for 1 hour such that the pH of solution was 6.23. Then, the reaction solution was stirred and filtered, to obtain agent. The obtained agent had excellent desulfurizing efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sulfur content derived from sulfur compound such as dibenzothiophene is 10 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fuel oil has total sulfur content in mercaptan of 2 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of the sulfur compound such as dibenzothiophene is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin obtained from crude oil having sulfur content of 0.006 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation processing with KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum desulfurizing catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa with liquid space velocity of 2.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil. The obtained fuel oil had aromatic content of 16 volume%, initial boiling point of 152 degrees C, 10% distillation temperature of 172 degrees C, 50% distillation temperature of197.5 degrees C, 95% distillation temperature of 2370 degrees C and sulfur content in the sulfur compound of 184-218 g/mol molecular weight was 0.03 ppm based on JIS K 2541.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of mercaptans is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur content. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having distillation temperature of 150-250 degrees C and sulfur content of 0.21 mass% obtained form crude oil was hydrogenated at 335 degrees C under pressure of 5 MPa and liquid-space-viscosity of 2.5 h-1 in presence of KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst), to obtain fuel oil. The fuel oil had 16C or more paraffin hydrocarbon content of 1.6 mass%, coke content of 1.8 mass%, sulfur content in sulfur compound of 0.03 mass ppm, mercaptan sulfur content of 0.3 mass ppm and total sulfur content of 4 mass ppm. Boehmite AP-3 (in g) (1.24) and aqueous nitric acid (40 ml) were added into ion-exchange water (1 liter), heated at 80 degrees C, nickel nitrate hexahydrate (149) was added and mixed, to obtain liquid (A). Snowtex XS (RTM: colloidal silica) (33.9), ammonium molybdate hexahydrate (3) and sodium carbonate (99.4) were added to ion-exchange water (1 liter) and heated at 80 degrees C, to obtain liquid (B). Liquids (A and B) were maintained at 80 degrees C, liquid (B) was added to liquid (A) in an instant, stirred for 1 hour, to obtain precipitate. The precipitate was washed with ion-exchange water (5 liter), filtered, dried at 120 degrees C for 12 hours, to obtain solid substance. The solid substance was baked at 400 degrees C for 1 hour and crushed to 12-16 meshes, to obtain desulfurizing agent. The desulfurizing agent (15 ml) was added into steel reactor, heated at 150-200 degrees C under hydrogen atmosphere, fuel oil was added and reacted, to obtain desulfurization-processed oil. The content of sulfur in desulfurization-processed oil was less than 100 mass ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sulfur content of mercaptans is 2 mass ppm or less among the total sulfur content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor comprises copper, indium, tellurium or gallium/aluminum. The first layer comprises indium, gallium, aluminum or copper and excluding tellurium. The second layer comprises tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal organic compound contains metallic element chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, preferably niobium or titanium. The metal organic compound contains an oxygen atom. The metal organic compound is selected from metal alkoxide, metal carboxylate, metallic amide or ( beta )-diketone complex. Preferred Property: The thermal decomposition is performed at 200-1000 degrees C. The electrode catalyst has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1-1000 m2/g and ionization potential of 4.9-5.5 electron volts. Preferred Process: The electrode catalyst is obtained by pulverizing the metal oxide. Preferred Component: The electrode catalyst is a powder. The membrane electrode assembly has an electrolytic membrane provided between the cathode and anode. The cathode contains the electrode catalyst layer. Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles. EXAMPLE - Titanium-2-ethyl hexanoic acid (5 g) was heat processed in an alumina crucible under nitrogen atmosphere at 600 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled and titanium oxide (0.66) was recovered. The obtained titanium oxide was pulverized, to obtain electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst layer of fuel cell formed using the electrode catalyst had excellent oxygen reducing ability, stability and corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution contains water, acetic acid or hydrogen peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The body fluid comprises glucose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner protective cover is formed from a plastic foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is formed of silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection electrode is formed of metal such as titanium, tantalum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer is formed of UV curable resin or thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin particles are thermoplastic resin, thermosetting resin or photoresist. The thermoplastic resin is polycarbonate resin, Hi-milan (RTM: resin), or methacrylate-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ionic compound (B) of electrolyte polymer layer further contains conductive polymers (b-2), (b-3) and (b-4) having chain structure different from main chain structure of conductive polymer (A). The conductive polymer (A) is chosen from polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene. The electrolyte polymer layer further contains 10-300 weight parts of thermoplastic resin with respect to 100 weight parts of conductive polymer (A), and fullerene compound. The transparent substrate and counter electrode substrate are polymeric transparent substrates chosen from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polysulfone, polyether-sulfone (PES) and polycyclo olefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The alkoxide oligomer comprises titanium alkoxide oligomer, zinc alkoxide oligomer and/or zirconium alkoxide oligomer. The copolymer and the metal alkoxide oligomer have a weight ratio of 20:80 to 80:20. Preferred Method: The sol-gel reaction has a reaction period of less than 30 minutes. EXAMPLE - Methyl methacrylate, methacrylamide, and styrene were charged in a two-necked round bottomed flask and dissolved by 1,4-dioxane utilizing nitrogen. The solution was heated to 80 degrees C, and then 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile was added and allowed to react for 24 hours, and then isopropane was added to precipitate the crude product and then filtered to obtain the crude product. When purifying the crude product, the steps of dissolving, precipitating, and filtering the crude product were repeated several times. Subsequently, the purified crude product was dried at 70 degrees C oven for 12 hours to yield poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylamide-costyrene). Linear titanium alkoxide oligomer (100 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) (pH = 1). The solution was then added to the poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylamide-co-styrene) (80 g) and then the solution was allowed to react in room temperature for 30 minutes to obtain an organic/inorganic hybrid material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A crystal wafer is cut arbitrarily in parallel with respect to area of ingot bottom portion vicinity. The ratio of random grain boundary of wafer is 30% or less with respect to total grain boundary. A dendrite crystal is grown in (112) or (110) direction along bottom face of crucible containing silicon melt solution, and left for predetermined time. Silicon bulk polycrystal is grown from upper surface of dendrite crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first atmosphere is tert-butyl arsine and arsine. The second atmosphere is hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas and inert gas. Preferred Process: The temperature fall processing is performed in atmosphere which does not contain hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprises at least one layer made of silicon oxide or a silicon amorphous compound. The second impurity doping step is performed by at least one selected from ion implantation, thermal diffusion and phosphooxychloride (POCl3) diffusion. The porous structure is formed by etching the silicon substrate using any one selected from wet chemical etching, dry chemical etching, electrochemical etching and mechanical etching processes. The passivation layer is formed by any one selected from a thermal wet oxidation of the surface of the silicon substrate having the porous structure; a thermal dry oxidation of the surface of the silicon substrate having the porous structure; and a plasma chemical vapor deposition to deposit a silicon amorphous compound on an upper surface of the silicon substrate having the porous structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wet etching and the electrochemical etching processes are performed by using at least one of acids selected from fluoric acid (HF), nitric acid (HNO3) and acetic acid (CH3COOH); and at least one compound selected from acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, formamide, diethyl sulfoxide, hexamethyl phosphoric triamide, dimethyl acetamide, water, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol, as a material reacting with the silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprises material including silicon nitride and silicon oxide. The holes are formed by neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) laser firing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin conductive layer includes aluminum, silver and aluminum silver alloy and thick conductive layer includes aluminum, nickel, copper and silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The material of p-n junction layer is subgroup III-V compounds or subgroup I-III-VI compounds including copper indium diselenide or copper indium gallium diselenide. The semiconductor layer comprises p-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, where p-type semiconductor layer is formed on and proximate to first electrode layer. The second electrode layer comprises transparent conducting film formed on semiconductor layer, and metal contacts formed on transparent conducting film. The material of transparent conducting film is transparent metal oxide or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The diameter of opening portion of three-dimensional structural component is 1 mu m or more. The height of surface of porous membrane to three-dimensional structural component is 1 mu m or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The unsaturated bond portion is phenyl, aldehyde, aromatic aldehyde, pyridine, thiourea or azo compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer structure portion is molecular structure of polyethylene oxide, polyacryl amide, urea or formalin resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is surface treated using an organic compound. The electroconductive composition is coated on a base material, and an electroconductive film is formed. The electroconductive film contains 30-50 mass% of carbon nanotube. EXAMPLE - (In mass parts) highly purified single walled carbon nanotube (10), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (10) and 20% aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (80) were mixed, to obtain carbon nanotube dispersion liquid. 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene was oxidized and polymerized in presence of aqueous medium and polystyrene sulfonate, to obtain a conductive polymer. Then, the obtained conductive polymer (10) and the obtained carbon nanotube dispersion liquid (100) were mixed for 1 hour, to obtain electroconductive composition. The obtained electroconductive composition was coated on a transparent polyethylene terephthalate base material and dried at 120 degrees C for 10 minutes, to form electroconductive film with excellent transparency and surface resistivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer is polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate. The polymer is opaque, and is chosen polyether ether ketone and liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor electrode layer comprises titanium oxide, tin oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, niobium oxide, or zinc oxide. Preferred Method: The further comprises after formation of semiconductor material layer, forming through-hole(s) in each of the semiconductor particles by using rapid thermal annealing process(es) at 450-700 degrees C, a rapid drying process, a supersonic treatment process, and a physical pressing process where the through-holes have diameters greater than dye molecules forming the dye layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye layer is ruthenium complex(es) including bis tetrabutylammonium salt of cis-diisothio-cyanato-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) (N719), cis-di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4-carboxylate-4'-carboxylic acid)-ruthenium(II) (N712), cis-bis(isothiocyanato)(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato) (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-di-nonyl) ruthenium(II) (Z907), cis-dithiocyanato-(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)-(4,4'-bis(3-methoxystyryl)-2,2'bipyridyl)-ruthenium(II) (Z910), or (4-(4-(dichloromethylsilanyl)-butyl)-4-methyl-2,2-bipyridyl)bis(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (K19).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel solution has methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electronic device forms a buffer layer on a substrate upper side selected from silicon oxide film, silicon nitride film, silicon oxynitride or silicate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The primary cross-linkable resin and/or secondary cross-linkable resin contain ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer and acid receiving agent, preferably magnesium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: The organic photoelectric transducer further consists of organic layer (II) containing an electron donor or an electron-accepting compound, adjoining layer (I). The organic layers are provided between a pair of transparent or semi-transparent electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron-accepting compound is a fullerene derivative. EXAMPLE - Bis((1,3,2)dioxaborolane)9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene (in g) (0.53), methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride (0.17), and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (1.7 mg) were taken in a reactor, and argon-substitution was carried out. 16.7 Wt.% sodium-carbonate aqueous solution (6 ml) was dripped at 60-80 degrees C, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 0.5 hours. During reaction, deaerated toluene (32) was added. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature. A mixed solution obtained by dissolving phenylboric acid (0.07) in tetrahydrofuran (0.5 ml) was added, and the reaction mixture was heat-refluxed. After reaction completion, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature vicinity, and toluene (17) was added. The reaction solution was liquid-separated and toluene solution was collected. The precipitate was dried under reduced pressure and again dissolved in toluene. After filtering the toluene solution, the precipitate was washed with methanol and dried under reduced pressure to obtain a polymer (0.42) of formula (A) having a weight average molecular weight of 1.7x 104 and a number average molecular weight of 9.8x 103 by polystyrene conversion. An organic photoelectric transducer obtained using the polymer had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of depositing comprises spin-coating, roller-coating, or spray-coating. The curing comprises exposing the coating layer to UV radiation for 5-120 seconds. Preferred Components: The low-index silicon based coating is an antireflection coating provided on the glass substrate, which comprises at least a layer provided directly on and contacting the glass substrate. The silica sol comprises a silane, which comprises (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane. The silica precursor further comprises an antifoaming additive, and a solvent comprising an alcohol. The photoinitiator is present at 0.1-10 wt.%. The silicon dioxide is present at 0.1-10 wt.%. The radiation curable composition comprises a UV-curable epoxy and/or a UV-curable acrylate. The low-index coating has: a thickness of 500-4000 A degrees after firing in the oven; and a refractive index of less than 1.32 (preferably 1.25) at 550 nm. EXAMPLE - A mixture of UV curable epoxy monomer Cyracure UVR-6107 (RTM: Cycloaliphatic epoxide resin) and a cationic Cyracure UVI-6992 (RTM: Cycloaliphatic epoxide) photoinitiator was prepared by combining resin (96 gm) with initiator (4 gm). To this mixture (15.65 gm), (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (0.5 gm) and dispersion colloidal silica in methylethyl ketone (0.7 gm) were added to form a stable silica precursor formulation. The resulting viscous formulation was particularly suitable for roller coating process to produce coatings on large substrates. This coating formulation was applied within minutes after preparation to soda lime glass substrates by spin coating method to produce coatings of varying thickness. Coatings were cured at room temperature by exposure to UV radiation for about 30-40 seconds, and then fired at 625 degrees C for 5 minutes to form silica coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The fuel cell apparatus includes gas permeable liquid proof membrane, fuel transporting piping, switch button, detector, and control unit. The circulating piping has second opening. The gas permeable liquid proof membrane covers the second opening. The pressing unit supplies first pressure to the cartridge. The fluid in the circulating piping supplies a second pressure to the valve when the pump is turned on. The fluid in the circulating piping supplies a third pressure to the valve when the pump is turned off. The first pressure is greater than the third pressure but less than the second pressure. The switch button is connected to the pressing unit. The pressing unit presses the cartridge when the switch button is turned on. The pressing unit does not press the cartridge when the switch button is turned off. The valve is an active or passive valve. The pressing unit is spring, rubber, or spring leaf. The control unit is electrically connected to the pump for controlling the pump to be turned off or on. The detector is electrically connected to the control unit. The control unit controls the pump to be turned on or off on the basis of detection result of the detector. The detector is concentration or current detector. The cartridge is connected to the sidewall of the first opening through the fuel transportation piping.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic and/or organic polymer. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (A) is sulfonium salt of formula: R1-S+(-R2)-R3.X- (3) or iodonium salt of formula: Ar4-I+-Ar5.X- (4). The cation polymeric compound is compound containing oxetanyl group or epoxy group in molecule.R1-R3=H, optionally substituted (alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heterocyclic, alkoxyl, aryloxy, heterocylicoxy, acyl, carbonyloxy and oxycarbonyl) or halogen, where R1 and R2, R1 and R3 or R2 and R3 optionally form ring system;andAr4,Ar5=optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heterocyclic group. Preferred Definitions:    X-=PF6- or SbF6-.    EXAMPLE - Cyracure UVI-6992 (RTM: energy ray sensitive acid generating agent) (in weight parts) (2), Epicoat 828 (RTM: bisphenol-A epoxy resin) (0.4), naphthalene-type epoxy resin (30) and cation polymeric compound (70) were mixed to obtain composition. A sealing material was formed using the obtained composition. The obtained sealing material had excellent heat resistance, durability, transparency and adhesiveness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon rubber further contains silica filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: An organic solvent used for manufacturing silicon rubber is alcohol, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, acetone, 1-10C fatty ethyl acetate and dimethylsulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoro polymer is selected from polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkoxy vinylether copolymer or perfluoro-ethylene-propylene. The film between the polyamide film and the fluorine polymer layer is polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate. The embedding material is selected from ethyl vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, monomer, polymethyl metacrylate, polyurethane, polyester or silicone elastomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is selected from any one of titanium, tantalum and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflection layer is made of silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and magnesium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-reflection layer is made of fluorinated alkyl polyether compounds, or perfluoroalkyl ether compounds and salts
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid used in the preparation of TiO2 crystal sizing agent is nitric acid or acetic acid. The organic titanium salt used in sizing agent preparation is tetraisopropyl titanate, titanium tetrachloride or tetrabutyl titanate. The film former used in the preparation of the sizing agent is polyethylene glycol or ethyl cellulose. The scatter solvent is terpineol or 2-ethyl hexanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ketone is methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone or acetone. The benzidine is 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine, 2,2'-dimethyl benzidine or 2,2'-dichloro benzidine. The bis(trimellitic acid monoester acid anhydride) is p-phenylene bis(trimellitic acid monoester acid anhydride) or 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane-di-benzoate-3,3',4,4'-tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride. EXAMPLE - N,N-dimethylformamide (in g) (223.5), 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (40), p-phenylene bis(trimellitic acid monoester acid anhydride) (5.7) and 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoro propanoic acid dianhydride (50) were added and stirred for 3 hours, and polymerized, to obtain polyamic acid solution. Then, ( beta )-picoline (16) and acetic anhydride (1) were added to the polyamic acid solution, stirred at 100 degrees C and heated for 1 hours, to obtain polyimide resin. The obtained polyimide resin was added into a funnel, and extracted, to obtain polyimide resin. The coating material containing polyimide resin had excellent transparency, heat resistance and chemical resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic filler is solvent dispersible silica-sol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of transparent resin is 20-200 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of glass fiber woven fabric. The transparent resin is hydrogenated biphenyl type cycloaliphatic epoxy resin of formula (I) or hydrogenated bisphenol A-type cycloaliphatic epoxy resin of formula (II). EXAMPLE - Hydrogenated biphenyl type cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (in mass parts) (70), OXT-191 (RTM: oxetanyl silicate) (30) and aromatic sulfonium cationic catalyst (1) were impregnated on a glass cloth, heated at 250 degrees C for 2 hours, to form core layer having thickness of 0.1 mm. Hydrogenated biphenyl type cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (100) and silica sol (200) and optical cationic polymerization catalyst (3) were mixed, and coated on both surfaces of the core layer. Then, ultraviolet light was irradiated, and heated at 250 degrees C for 2 hours, to form surface-smoothing layer having thickness of 4 mu m. Thus, transparent resin sheet having excellent transparency and heat resistance was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier film further has overcoat layer formed on the upper layer of the inorganic oxide layer. Preferred Composition: Alternately, the organic compound layer contains fluorine resin instead of fluorochemical surfactant (5-500 weight parts). The overcoat layer contains resin containing (meth)acryl group having functionality more than 2, and metal alkoxide of formula: R1-M-OR2.R1,R2=1-8C organic group;andM=metal atom.Preferred Property: The organic compound layer has film thickness of 10 nm to 20 mu m. The inorganic oxide layer has film thickness of 10-1000 nm. Preferred Process: The inorganic oxide layer is formed by physical vapor deposition method or chemical vapor deposition method. EXAMPLE - DPE-6A (RTM: acryl, monomer) (in weight parts) (400), BYK-340 (RTM: fluorochemical surfactant) (0.4), methyl isobutyl ketone (600) and Irgacure 184 (RTM: photoinitiator) (20) were mixed, to form a coating liquid. The obtained coating liquid was coated on A4100 (RTM: polyethylene-terephthalate film base material having thickness of 50 mu m), cured the film by bar-coat method and irradiated with metal halide lamp, to form organic compound layer. Then, silicon-oxide material was evaporated using electron-beam heating and cured, to form gas barrier film having water permeable rate of 0.5 g/m2.day and total light transmittance of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), silicone, glass, metal, ceramic or polymer substrate. The substrate is in the form of flat plate, particle, fiber or complicated shape. The anatase titanium dioxide crystal pattern has a nano titanium dioxide crystal layer which is deposited on the super hydrophilic region of FTO layer. The nano titanium dioxide crystal is subjected to anisotropic growth such that c-axis is stood to c-axial direction at right angle to FTO substrate. Preferred Process: The anatase titanium dioxide crystal pattern is selectively deposited on super hydrophilic region by liquid phase reaction carried out in reaction system. The titanium oxide crystals includes titanium fluoride acid ammonium, titanium-containing aqueous solution of hexafluoro titanium (IV) acid salt, titanate, titanyl acetylacetone, titanium (IV) oxalate or titanium sulfate. The reaction includes aqueous solution reaction, nonaqueous-solution reaction or hydrothermal reaction. The temperature, reaction material concentration or pH of reaction system is changed by adding boric acid to the reaction system. Preferred Layers: The FTO layer contains single phase stannic oxide. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer contains anatase single-phase titanium dioxide, and has hybrid hierarchy corrugated structure. The corrugation of nanocrystal is derived from the surface shape of FTO. In the super hydrophilic region, titanium dioxide micro pattern region is covered with accumulated component of 10-30 nm nanocrystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc carbonate hydroxide crystal self-supporting film has thickness of 5-30 nm and in-plane size of 500 nm to 300 mu m. Preferred Substrate: The zinc carbonate hydroxide crystal self-supporting film is transferred by a substrate such as glass, metal, ceramics or polymer substrate, in which the substrate is in the form of flat plate, particles, fiber or complicated shape. Preferred Methods: The preparation method of zinc carbonate hydroxide crystal self-supporting film further involves adding ethylene diamine to the reaction system, or changing temperature, raw material concentration or pH. A zinc oxide crystal self-supporting film is formed by phase transition of zinc carbonate hydroxide crystal self-supporting film, by heat-processing. A zinc oxide crystal self-supporting film doped with metal is formed by heating zinc carbonate hydroxide crystal self-supporting film and metallic compound. Preferred Solution: The zinc-containing solution is zinc nitrate, zinc acetate or organozinc-containing solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): A fluorene-containing compound of formula: Y1-Ar1-Y2 and thiophene-containing compound of formula: Y3-Ar2-Y4 are subjected to condensation polymerization to obtain polymer.Ar1=fluorene derivative-containing structure of formula (1);Ar2=thiophene-containing structure of formula (2);andY1-Y4=halogen, alkylsulfo, arylsulfo, arylalkyl sulfo, borate residue, sulfonium methyl, phosphonium methyl, phosphonate methyl, monohalo methyl, boric acid residue, formyl, cyano and vinyl.Preferred Components: The repeating unit is thiophene-containing repeating unit of formula (X). An organic photoelectric transducer comprises organic layer (A) having polymer and electron accepting compound, provided between transparent electrode and semi-transparent electrode, and organic layer (B) having electron donor. Preferred Definitions:    R=H.    EXAMPLE - Fluorene derivative (in g) (0.693) of formula (I), thiophene-containing compound (0.501) of formula (II), thiophene-containing compound (0.101) of formula (III), methyl trioctyl ammonium chloride (0.15) and dichloro bis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium(II) (1.9 mg) were mixed, and sodium carbonate aqueous solution was added to the resulting mixture, precipitated, filtered and dried to obtain polymer having number average molecular weight of 4.7x 103, and weight average molecular weight of 8.2x 103.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The diamine compound (A) is siloxane compound having amino group in both terminals and siloxane bond. The diamine compound is of formula (1 or 2).R1=1-10C alkylene;andm,n=0-10.Preferred Process: The adhesive agent is laminated on surface(s) of organic film, to obtain protection sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The vinyl copolymer has glycidyl group. Preferred Film: The organic film is fluororesin film. EXAMPLE - TSL9306 (RTM: diamino disiloxane), and AX8390 (RTM: ethylene-ethyl acrylate-maleic acid anhydride copolymer) were dissolved in toluene, and coating material for forming an adhesive layer was prepared. Then, coating material was coated on PCTFE (RTM: polychlorotrifluoroethylene film) having thickness of 23 mu m, and dried at 80 degrees C for 10 minutes, to form adhesive layer of 25 mu m thickness. Thus, protection sheet was obtained. The obtained protection sheet had excellent adhesive strength and light transmittance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains talc. Preferred Components: The vinyl aromatic compound-conjugated diene-type compound block copolymer has amino group and/or an acid anhydride group. The vinyl aromatic compound-conjugated diene-type compound block copolymer is styrene-butadiene diblock copolymer, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer, styrene-isoprene diblock copolymer, styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene diblock copolymer, hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene diblock copolymer or hydrogenated styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer. EXAMPLE - Tuftec MP10 (RTM: hydrogenated styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer) (in weight parts) (20) and poly-3-hydroxy butyrate homopolymer (100) were blended, to obtain poly-3-hydroxy butyrate-type polymer resin composition. Then, the obtained resin composition is palletized at 175 degrees C under 80 rpm, to obtain a pellet. The obtained resin composition had excellent moldability and impact resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxyl oligomer comprises oligomer of metals of titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), and/or aluminum (Al). Preferred Condition: The gel-sol reaction needs time less than or equal to 30 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The proportion by weight of the metal alkoxyl oligomer is 20:80-80:20. Preferred Condition: The vitrifying transferring temperature is greater than or equal to 160 degrees C. Preferred Parameters: The refractive index is greater than or equal to 1.67. The light transmittance is greater than or equal to 88%. The hydroscopic property is less than or equal to 0.5%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermally conductive material consists of nickel, copper, silver, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, zinc, tin, iron, and gold. The dry material consists of Zeolite and calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Bismuth oxide, bismuth powder, copper powder and tellurium powder are mixed in the vacuum sintering box, to obtain bismuth-copper-oxy telluride. Preferred Process: The reaction mixture is sintered at 400-570 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen containing macro cycle is based on tetrapyrrole skeleton, preferably a tetrapyrrole-metal-complex. The nitrogen containing macro cycle is: phthalocyanine, preferably naphthalocyanine, sub-phthalocyanine and/or superphthalocyanine; or dipyrrole compound of formula (I); or porphyrin, preferably tetraphenylporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin and/or tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin. The phthalocyanine (Q) is of formula (II) or (III), preferably (QI). The porphyrin is of formulae (IV)-(VI). The dielectric exists as a layer, preferably as a vapor-deposited layer. The layer exhibits a thickness of 3-5000 nm, preferably 20-100 nm. The nitrogen containing macro cycle exhibits a charge carrier mobility of maximum of 10-6 cm2/Vs, preferably maximum of 10-8 cm2/Vs.R1-R20 = H, F, Cl, Br, I, OR, SR, CN, NRR, NO2, Cn(RR)2n+1, substituted benzene group of formula (a), substituted cyclopenta-1,3-diene group of formula (b) or alkane group of formula (C(R)3-C(R)-C(R)3);X = S, O or NR;R = H, F, Cl, Br, I, NH2, OH, SH, NO2, CN, CH3, OCH3, N(CH3)2, CF3, C(CF3)3, C(CH3)3, C2H5, phenyl, O-phenyl, SO3H, NHCH3 or N(CH3)2;n = 1-12; andM = 2H, 2Li, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Fe, VO, Si(OH)2, Cr, Mn, Ti, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sb, In, Cd, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Ir, Pb, Bi, Se, Te, Ru, Rh, Mo, Nb, Zr, Y, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os or As.In formula (I):R1-R10 = R20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bus-bar portion contains one of silver, copper and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate comprises polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide and ethylene-vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin film is made of polyimide resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene naphthalate resin and aramid resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are glass. The silica-based binder is sodium silicate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxyfluoride microcrystalline glass base body is fluorosilicate glass, fluoroborate glass, fluorophosphate glass, fluoroborate-fluorophosphate glass, fluoroborate-fluorosilicate glass, or fluorosilicate-fluorophosphate glass. The rare earth ions includes ytterbium, and cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, europium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium or thulium. The oxyfluoride microcrystal is magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, barium fluoride, yttrium fluoride, zinc fluoride, calcium fluoride, calcium lanthanum fluoride, strontium lanthanum fluoride, barium lanthanum fluoride, strontium yttrium fluoride, calcium yttrium fluoride, barium yttrium fluoride and/or calcium gadolinium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block copolymer (A) is polyoxyethylene block-polyoxypropylene block-polyoxyethylene block whose molecular weight is 1000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etchant comprises (vol.%) sulfuric acid (1), phosphoric acid (4) and stabilized hydrogen peroxide (2). The etchant comprises potassium hydroxide (1 vol.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst layer consists of platinum, palladium, rhodium, carbon, or polythiophene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer consists of polyethylene, epoxy resin, fluororesin, silicone resin, silicon dioxide, or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plasma polymerization film contains oganometallic polymers containing polymers of trimethyl gallium or trimethylaluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The RIE processing is performed using gas which is argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, silane type compound. The inorganic oxide layer is aluminum oxide, and/or silicon oxide. The metal alkoxide is tetraethoxy silane, and/or triisopropoxy aluminum. The water soluble polymer has polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, and/or starch. The compound layer is formed by containing water soluble polymer, aqueous solution containing metal alkoxide or its hydrolyzate, and water and liquid mixture of alcohol on inorganic oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The thin film solar cell module has a transparent adhesive sheet containing ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or polyvinyl butyral.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The halogen containing 1,3-diformyl-2-benzothiophene is manufactured by forming monoformyl body which formylates halogen containing 2-benzothiophene of formulae (41) and (42), formylating after protecting formyl group of monoformyl body and deprotecting formyl group. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The halogen containing 1,3-diformyl-2-benzothiophene is 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-2-benzothiophene-1,3-diformaldehyde.    EXAMPLE - The 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-2-benzothiophene-1,3-diformaldehyde was manufactured by adding 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-1-formyl-3-(2',5'-dioxacyclopentyl)-2-benzothiophene (670 mg), tetrahydrofuran (THF) (25 ml) and 1.5 M hydrochloric acid (20 ml) to reaction container, stirring at room temperature for 2 hours, pouring and quenching sodium carbonate aqueous solution to the reaction mixture, extracting with chloroform, washing organic phase by saturated salt solution, washing in sodium carbonate aqueous solution, spin drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrating organic phase under reduced pressure and obtaining target compound (570 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The oxygen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The purified-water tank is a circular or square steel tank and equipped with purified-water inlet, purified-water outlet and blowhole. The oxyhydrogen fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell and equipped with hydrogen inlet, oxygen inlet, purified-water outlet, positive electrode and negative electrode. The hydrogen outlet of hydrogen storing tank and the hydrogen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel; the oxygen outlet of oxygen storing tank and the oxygen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar photovoltaic cell component comprises monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon or other compound solar cells. The purified-water electrolytic cell is provided with positive pole plate and negative pole plate. The hydrogen and oxygen control valves are both made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Sheet: A solar cell module has back surface protection sheet in outermost surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxides: The inorganic compound is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, tin oxide and/or zinc oxide. The metal alkoxide is silane alkoxide and silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The base material is a polyester film, an aluminum foil, or a gas barrier film having one or more vapor deposition layer containing metal aluminum or an inorganic compound, a transparent primer layer, and an overcoat layer having compound film containing hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound, metal alkoxide, its hydrolyzate and/or polymer. Preferred Compound: The hydroxyl-containing high molecular compound contains polyvinyl alcohol or poly(vinyl alcohol co-ethylene). Preferred Properties: The polyvinyl fluoride layer has thickness of 20-300 mu m. The thickness of vapor deposition layer is 5-300 nm. EXAMPLE - LR209 (RTM: acrylic polyol) (in weight parts) (1.6), A56 (RTM: isocyanate hardening agent) (2) and ethyl acetate (140) were coated on both surface of polyester film having thickness of 250 mu m, and dried to form adhesive layer having thickness of 2-3 mu m. Propyl alcohol, and polyvinyl fluoride dispersion liquid which dispersed in triethyl amine, were stirred and coated on single surface of the obtained adhesive layer. Further, the surface was dried at 25 degrees C to form polyvinyl fluoride layer having thickness of 25 mu m. The obtained layer, adhesive layer, polyester film, adhesive layer and polyvinyl fluoride layer were laminated to obtain back surface protection sheet. The obtained sheet provided solar cell module having excellent heat resistance, durability, weather resistance, hydrolysis resistance, damp proofing property, external appearance and gas barrier property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive material coated on the substrate is selected from indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide, ZnO-Ga2O3, ZnO-Al2O3, and SnO2-Sb2O3. The metal oxide layer is made of a metal oxide selected from titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), tungsten oxide (WO3), tin oxide (SnO2), and magnesium oxide (MgO). ORGANIC CHEMSTRY - The electrolyte is selected from a solution of iodine in acetonitrile, an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NNP) solution, and a 3-methoxypropionitrile solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalytic metal layer is composed of a metal selected from nickel, iron, cobalt, palladium, platinum, and alloys. The buffer layer is composed of a metal selected from aluminum, titanium, chromium, and niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide base is made up of aluminum sesquioxide and zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal base is made of gold, silver and platinum or aluminum material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate is made up of polymer material, which is selected from poly-dimethyl-siloxane, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polypropylene and diazo photo-resist or poly-methyl methacrylate material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: Organic contaminants are removed by using the carbon nanosheet titanate nanotube complex or carbon nanosheet titania nanorod composite, concentrating the contaminants on the surface, and decomposing the contaminants.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction of organic titanium compound and layered graphite oxide is carried out by mixing organic-solvent solution of organic titanium compound and organic-solvent suspension liquid of layered graphite oxide, and heating at 10-85 degrees C for 0.5-6 hours. The obtained carbon nanosheet titanate nanotube composite is baked by heating at 450-950 degrees C in an inert atmosphere, such as vacuum, helium, nitrogen and argon, for 0.5-6 hours, to obtain a carbon nanosheet titania nanorod composite. Preferred Component: The titanium oxide contains anatase fine crystals. EXAMPLE - Tetraisopropoxy titanium (in g) (5.68) was dissolved in ethanol (200 ml), to obtain tetraisopropoxy titanium ethyl alcohol solution. Layered graphite oxide (0.2) was stirred in ethyl alcohol (40 ml) for 30 minutes at room temperature, to obtain a graphite-oxide suspension liquid. The graphite-oxide suspension liquid was added to the titanium-ethanol solution, and thermal reaction was carried out at 65 degrees C in an oil bath for 3 hours. The product was collected after reaction completion, washed with ethanol, and dried overnight. The product was hydrothermally treated at 150 degrees C in sodium-hydroxide aqueous solution for 24 hours. The treated product was washed with hydrochloric acid aqueous solution till the pH was less than 7, and then with deionized water. The product was then dried at room temperature, to obtain a carbon nanosheet titanate nanotube composite having an outer diameter of 5-8 nm, a nitrogen adsorption BET specific surface area of 410 m2/g, a mesopore volume of 0.288 mL/g, and a mesopore size of 4 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is made of crystalline silicon or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor electrode layer is made of titanium oxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), silicon oxide (SiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), and zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate of upper electrode structure or lower electrode structure is made of stainless steel and aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The source solution coated on semiconductor electrode layer comprises acetone and methylpyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous high molecular layer comprises poly vinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The upper and lower plates are made of glass, sapphire, quartz and plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell is made of silicon. The lower plate is made of copper, iron, and stainless steel. The metal wires are made from gold, copper, aluminum, silver, nickel, molybdenum, palladium, platinum, zirconium, titanium, niobium, tin, and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The catalyst is selected from platinum, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhodium, rhenium, gold, nickel, titanium or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst layer is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, N-propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, water, glycerine, dimethylacetamide, N-butylacetate, dimethyl sulfuroxide, N-methylpyrrolidone or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal components can be nickel, aluminum, titanium, silver, gold, cobalt, antimony, palladium, and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The organic photoelectric conversion layer contains polymer or low molecular compound. The transparent conducting electrode of zinc oxide thin film further has a hole-transport layer, a hole extract layer, an electron extract layer and an electron-transport layer comprising polymer or low molecular compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The film-forming start temperature of the silicon nitride layer is 50-170 degrees C. The silicon nitride layer has thickness of 20-1000 nm. Preferred Process: The chemical vapor deposition method is a catalyst chemical vapor growth.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The electric circuit layer has a base layer and a plated layer for metallizing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: An electric circuit board has an electric circuit layer (3) formed on the resin substrate.
Preferred Definitions:    R-a, R-b=n-heptafluoropropyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Compounds (I) are specifically disclosed as N,N'-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentyl)-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide of formula (Ia), or N,N'-bis(heptafluorobutyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide.    EXAMPLE - Perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic bisanhydride (2.23 g), nonafluoropentylamine (4.00 g), and acetic acid (2.00 g) in dry N-methylpyrrolidone (34 ml) were heated at 200?oC for 48 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was poured onto 2 N hydrochloric acid; and the solid formed was filtered off. The solid was repeatedly heated in an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate (2% strength solution) to remove remaining bisanhydride. The solid was filtered off and crystallized from toluene to give 655 mg (13% of theory) of the N,N'-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentyl)-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible substrate may be formed of a resin of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate or polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the steps (D) and (E) are performed at least one time after the step (E) is first performed. The inorganic film has crystallinity. The non-monocrystalline film has an energy bandgap of greater than or equal to 3.5 eV before the non-monocrystalline film is irradiated with the short-wavelength light. The non-monocrystalline film contains oxide as a main component. The transmittance of the short-wavelength light through the non-monocrystalline film is greater than or equal to 10%. The transmittance of the short-wavelength light through the non-monocrystalline film is greater than or equal to 30%. The light-cutting layer reduces the proportion of the short-wavelength light which reaches the substrate by absorbing or by reflecting the short-wavelength light. The transmittance of the short-wavelength light through the light-cutting layer is less than or equal to 10% (preferably less than or equal to 5%). The light-cutting layer and the thermal-buffer layer has a function of a gas barrier. The step (A) includes a substep of forming a gas-barrier layer on at least one of a bottom surface and an upper surface of the substrate. In step (D), the non-monocrystalline film is formed by liquid phase deposition. The short-wavelength light is pulsed laser light. The short-wavelength light is excimer laser light. Preferred Device: Preferred Components: The inorganic film is a semiconductor film or conductive inorganic film. The thin-film device is a solar cell comprising an active layer realized by the semiconductor film. The thin-film device is a solar cell or semiconductor device comprising at least one wire and an electrode which are realized by a conductive inorganic film; and an active layer realized by a semiconductor film, where each of the conductive inorganic film and the semiconductor film is part of the inorganic film. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer particles are selected from polyethylenedioxythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and polystyrenesulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating composition of the sealant comprises oxide particles of silicon, aluminum, tin, antimony, zirconium, tungsten or titanium, or a curing agent such as a metal chelate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating composition of the sealant comprises silane group, a hydrolyzate of an organosilicon compound group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group, a methacryloxy group or an epoxy group, and a polyurethane group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The sealant layer is clear polyurethane, organic acrylate polymer or and polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed gas contains alcohol of 0.05-5 volume%. The mixed gas contains alcohol and water vapor in the volume ratio of 0.003-1. Preferred Properties: The amount (a) of halogen contained in the total titanium oxide powder is 100-10000 mass ppm. The amount (b) of halogen contained in the surface of the titanium oxide powder is 50-1000 mass ppm. The ratio of amount (a) of halogen contained in the total titanium oxide powder with respect to amount (b) of halogen contained in the surface of the titanium oxide powder is 0.05-0.3. The low halogen-containing titanium oxide powder has rutilized rate of 30% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol. EXAMPLE - Crude titanium oxide powder (1 kg) was contacted with mixed gas containing methanol, water vapor and air in the volume ratio of 4/20/76 at 350 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain titanium oxide powder having low chlorine content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The layer for reducing the electrolytic reaction is made of metal nitride or compound formed from metal and group IV element, titanium dioxide, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first substrate is composed of gallium-arsenide (GaAs). The first solar sub-cell is composed of an indium-gallium-(aluminum)-phospide (InGa(Al)P) emitter region and an indium-gallium-(aluminum)-phospide (InGa(Al)P) base region. The second solar sub-cell is composed of an indium-gallium-phosphide (InGaP) emitter region and an indium(0.015)gallium-arsenide (In(0.015)GaAs) base region. The grading interlayer is composed of indium-gallium-aluminum-arsenide (InGaAlAs). The composition of the ohmic contact layer is palladium, germanium, titanium, or titanium-gold. The metallic contact layer is nickel, nickel-cobalt (NiCo), and silver-gold (AgAu).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode contains semiconductor fine particles including titanium oxide. The dye is tris(isothiocyanate)-ruthenium(II)-2,2':6'2''-terpyridine-4,4',4''-tri-carboxylic acid and 2-cyano-3-(4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1,2,3,3a,4,8b-hexahydrocyclopent(b)indol-7-yl)-2-propenoic acid or bis(2,2'-dipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)-ruthenium (II)-2 tetrabutyl ammonium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The crucible has nozzle component formed of single-crystal silicon carbide or polycrystal silicon carbide. The nozzle component has through-hole in plate-shaped component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of compound having fullerene structure, and fullerene derivative(s) in the solution are 0.01-10 weight% and 1-50 weight%, respectively. Preferred Component: The compound having fullerene structure is unsubstituted fullerene, preferably unsubstituted C60 and/or C70. Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is of formula (1-4).R1,R2=(un)substituted (alkyl or aryl) or alkoxycarbonyl;andR3,R4=(un)substituted (alkyl or aryl). EXAMPLE - 4-benzoyl methyl-butyrate p-tosyl hydrazone, sodium methoxide and pyridine were mixed in nitrogen atmosphere for 15 minutes. Then, fullerene derivative (C60) dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene was added to the reaction mixture, maintained at 65-70 degrees C, reacted at 22 hours, concentrated and dried at 200 degrees C for 10 hours, to obtain phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate. Fullerene (C60) (in weight parts) (0.05) was added to o-dichlorobenzene (94.95) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Then, phenyl-C61-methyl butyrate (5) was added to the reaction solution and stirred for 1 hour, to obtain fullerene cluster solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The glass is a decolorized frontal glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Condition: The frontal portion of the silicon-based photovoltaic cell has blue-light green color. The absorption efficiency of the silicon-based photovoltaic cell for grade 1 solar radiation is less than or equal to 60-75%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conversion layer is formed of a nanometered oxygen-containing inorganic phosphor, which is prepared from elements of Groups IIIA and IVA of Periodic Table of Elements that have a cubic crystal structure so that the geometric size of the phosphor (32) is smaller than the wavelength of the light radiated on it. It further comprises titanium (Ti) ions as an activator in which the degree of oxidization is Ti+3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Condition: The photoluminescent light is within the orange, red, near-infrared and mid-infrared subband of electromagnetic spectrum. The maximum value of the solar radiation absorbed by the conversion layer is lambda -470 to 490 nm. The maximum value of the photoluminescent spectrum of the conversion layer is within the photosensitive spectral zone of the single-crystal silicon substrate lambda - 700 to 900 nm. Preferred Function: The conversion layer increases the effective utilization of solar radiation by 15-28%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conversion layer also comprises ethyl acetoacetate or polycarbonate-based light-transmissive polymer (31) comprising evenly distributed phosphor composed of alpha -aluminum oxide-titanium oxide (0.05-5 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conduction module further comprises a switch which a jumper or complementary metal oxide semiconductor switch. The fuel is hydrogen. The oxidizing gas is air or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A transparent adhesive film utilizes an epoxy resin adhesive film, light adhesive films utilizes epoxy resin adhesive film, insulating film utilizes polyimide film, and the encapsulation film utilizes modified polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer (A) is polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyacetaldehyde, poly-1,2-ethenylene thiophene, polyvinyl carbazole and their derivatives, and copolymer of these substances. The compound (B) is (un)substituted (polyethylene, polyvinyl ether, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid, polyphthalimide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyglycol, polyacetic acid and/or polyfluoride) and their derivatives, and copolymer of these substances.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The local cooling effect of the upper portion of silicon melt solution is improved. In the central region of the silicon melt solution surface, the coolant is brought close to the silicon melt solution surface from the upper portion of the crucible, and the upper portion of the melt solution is brought to a position at which local cooling is carried out. The silicon melt solution is maintained in a state in which the temperature gradient in the horizontal direction is as low as the upper direction. The upper surface of silicon melt solution is cooled locally, and overcooling degree is increased. The dendrite crystal is grown in the center portion vicinity of the silicon melt solution upper surface. Local cooling is carried out by spraying a coolant consisting of coolant gas. The temperature gradient from center portion of crucible to peripheral portion is set to 0.1-50 degrees C/cm, and the temperature gradient from liquid level to the bottom face of crucible in the orthogonal direction is set to 0.1-50 degrees C/cm. The temperature of center portion before growth of silicon melt solution is maintained at -20 degrees C to less than 20 degrees C with respect to the melting point. The silicon bulk crystal-growth orientation is (110) or (112) from the lower surface of dendrite crystal. The fluctuation range of silicon bulk crystal-growth orientation is -10 degrees to +10 degrees . Preferred Coolant: The coolant is a composite crystal formed by combining silicon group single crystal and/or polycrystal with crystal rod, carbon rod, silicon carbide rod, silicon nitride rod, or metal rod. The coolant gas contains a mixed gas of helium, neon, argon, xenon, nitrogen and/or hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The charge accepting semiconductor material comprises titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nanoparticle comprises silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The precursor solution contains a stabilizer chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine, preferably monoethanolamine, modifier chosen from acetoin, dimethylamineborane, glycine and acetol, and solvent chosen from 2-methoxy ethanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile and water. The solution further contains aluminum, indium, thallium, boron, iron, antimony, lithium, phosphorus and/or arsenic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The cartridge is configured to contain a hydrogen generating reaction having a chemical reaction between a liquid and a solid hydride reactant, a fluid processing component selected from a fluid filtration component, a fluid generation component, a fluid consumption component, and a fluid containment component. The biasing member is at least partially elastomeric and is configured to compress to generate the biasing force in response to an insertion of the cartridge into the cartridge receiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chip is made of materials based on silicon, gallium-nitride, aluminum nitride, aluminum-gallium-indium-phosphide, lead(II) sulfide, silicon carbide, and gallium arsenide.
EXAMPLE - Ketjen EC300J(RTM: porous conductive carbon black) (1 g) was dispersed in water (150 ml). The slurry was transferred to a beaker (if required with 50 ml additional water), fitted with temperature and pH probes and two feed inlet tubes connected to pH control unit. The ruthenium (Ru) nitrosyl nitrate (4.94 g) was added to water and volume made up to 100 ml. This solution was pumped into the stirred carbon slurry at 10ml/minute together with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to maintain pH at 5. When the addition was completed, the temperature was optionally raised to 100 degrees C, the slurry stirred and platinum (Pt) nitrate (6.09 g) was added. NaOH was added to maintain the pH at 5. The slurry was stirred. Once the reaction was completed, the catalyst was recovered by filtration and washed on the filter bed. The material was dried overnight at 105 degrees C and obtained 5.48 g yield. The sample of the dried material was fired in 5% hydrogen/nitrogen (H2/N2) at 200 degrees C for 1 hour, and produced 1.55 g yield having 21.5% Pt and 44.7% Ru; with 38.8% surface atomic percentage of Pt and 94% surface Pt enrichment compared to bulk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alternately, the core of semiconductor electrode contains an insulator. The core is zirconyl oxide. The dopant contained in shell is group 2, group 4 or group 5 metal atom, preferably magnesium, zirconium or niobium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment is of formula (1 or 2).R11,R21=substituent, preferably electron attractive group;n=0-4, preferably 1-4;X11-X14,X21-X26=oxygen, sulfur or selenium, and X11, X12, X14, X21, X22, X24, X26 are preferably sulfur atom and X13, X23, X25 are preferably oxygen atom;R12,R13,R22,R23=H or substituent;R14=-COOH or -PO3H2;L11,L21,L22=bivalent coupling group;R15,R25=optionally substituted alkyl;andR24,R26=H, -COOH or -PO3H2, and at least one is -COOH or -PO3H2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alkyl group is methyl group. Alkyl group in surface functional group of silica polymer is 40-90%. The electrically conductive paste contains 0.1-10 wt.% silica polymer with respect to silicon dioxide (SiO2) as inorganic particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rigid substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulfide glass, fluoride glass, a glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass. The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium trisulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, Zn1-xMgO, cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide or doped zinc oxide. The antireflective coating comprises magnesium fluoride, silicon nitrate, titanium nitrate, silicon monoxide, or silicon oxide nitrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rigid substrate comprises a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluoropolymer, polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The transparent tubular casing comprises polymethylmethacrylate, poly-dimethyl siloxane, ethylene vinyl acetate, perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon, nylon, crosslinked polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephtalate glycol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride. The filler layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane, room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, a polycarbonate, an acrylic, a fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The solar cell module comprises back surface filler sheet, solar cell element, front filler sheet, and transparent front substrate sequentially formed on a black surface protection sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The silane modified transparent resin is silane modified polymer formed by graft polymerizing an ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polyethylene resin. Preferred Property: The content of crosslinking agent contained in the flame resistance layer is 30% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic substance is silane-type oxide or titanium-type oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The unreacted organic functional group is hydrophilized by mixing coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A coupling agent is further mixed with room temperature-curing hydrophilic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A plastic shrink wrap is wrapped about coolant passageway which is a metal tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The two-dimensionally extending emitter is produced by phosphorus chloride oxide (POCl3) gas-phase diffusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The borosilicate glass frit is present at (0.5-5 wt.%). The co-ground blend has a particle D50 of less than 5 microns. The glass frit is glass A, glass B and/or glass C. (I) absorbs at least 65% of incident infrared radiation of 700-2500 nm. The staining component particle D50 is less than 74 microns. The co-ground blend further comprises a metal is nickel, copper, cobalt, tellurium, aluminum, ruthenium, tin, an oxide of a metal is metals having atomic numbers of 23-29, 49-51 and/or iron oxide, where the total co-ground blend of such metals and oxides constitutes no greater than 10 wt.% of the dry portion. The silver component (100 wt.%) comprises: silver powder (75-99 wt.% or 35-65 wt.%) having a tap density of more than 2-4.3 g/cc, silver powder (50-85 wt.%) having a tap density of 0.4-4.3 g/cc or silver powder (1-25 wt.%, preferably 2-15 wt.%) having a tap density of 0.4-2 g/cc and a specific surface area of 0.25-1.5 m2/g; silver flake (15-50 or 5-25 wt.%) and a specific surface area of 0.5-1.25 m2/g. The co-ground blend has a particle D50 of 2-5 microns. The composition is free of intentionally added lead and/or cadmium. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): silver powder having a tap density of 2.4-3.1 g/cc (50); silver powder having a tap density of 5.1 g/cc (12); silver powder having a tap density of 1.2-2.3 g/cc (9); selenium/glass frit (co-ground) (10); carbon black (4.5); V-7702 copper chromium pigment (1); staining compound (1.5); organic vehicle (12); and Disperbyk 110 (RTM: 1:1 Blend of methoxypropylacetate and alkylbenzenes) (5 drops).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lead-containing cathode catalyst comprises a lead dioxide (PbO2) cathode catalyst. The compound with lower oxidizing potential than oxygen is selected from nitrate, sulfate, iron, manganese, arsenate, selenate, uranium, and chromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The target is made out of a material selected from lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2) and CIGS (Cu(In, Ca)Se2); or is made out of a material selected from lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium nickel vanadium oxide (LiNiVO4), lithium cobalt manganese oxide (LiCoMnO4), lithium cobalt nickel manganese oxide (LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium vanadium oxide (LixV2O5), lithium molybdenum oxide (LixMoO3), lithium tungsten oxide (LixWO3), lithium titanium sulfide (LixTiS2), lithium molybdenum sulfide (LixMoS2) and lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12). The target material is prepared by compressed-sintering and a ceramic thin film having the same composition with the target material is deposited by sputtering. Preferred Method: The first applied AC/RF power has the same power level with the hybrid power in terms of a sum of AC/RF and DC powers; or the first applied AC/RF power has a lower power level than the hybrid power in terms of a sum of AC/RF and DC powers. The DC power in the hybrid power corresponds to greater than or equal to 30% of a sum of AC/RF and DC power. The application of an AC/RF power serves to produce and maintain plasma, and the application of a DC power serves to provide power required for sputtering.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The matching box includes input ends for receiving power from the AC power source and from the DC power source, and an output end for outputting power to the target. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cell conforms to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflection coating is constituted of zinc and tin mixed oxide or indium oxide. The antireflection base layer includes silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide. The anchoring layer is constituted of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blocking layers are constituted of nickel, titanium, nickel alloy or nickel chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cell conforms to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antireflection coating is made of zinc and tin mixed oxide or indium oxide. The antireflection base layer includes silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide. The anchoring layer is made of zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blocking layers are made of nickel, titanium, nickel alloy or nickel chromium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The elastic spacer is a molded body of resin selected from a group of vinyl chloride, fluorocarbon, ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM), elastomer, polyethylene and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor of the active component comprises platinic chloride and platinum nitrate. The precursor of the addition agent is nitrate of cerium and metal having zirconium, yttrium and/or rare earth elements, and further comprises oxide and carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent comprises glycol, propanetriol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and sodium borohydride. Preferred Process: The composite electro-catalyst is prepared by scattering carbon black carrier to prepare suspending liquid (I), mixing a certain proportion of the precursor of the active component and the precursor of the addition agent to obtain precursor mixture (I), mixing the suspending liquid (I) and the precursor mixture (I), reducing by reducing agent, filtering to obtain sediment, washing and drying the sediment under vacuum to obtain dried sediment, reducing the dried sediment at a certain temperature to obtain platinum-cerium-metal-oxide/carbon composite electro-catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition layer comprises (wt.%) zirconium-based electrolyte material (20-60), and perovskite cathode material (40-80). The intermediate temperature cathode comprises (wt.%) perovskite cathode material (40-80), and cerium-based electrolyte material (20-60). The anode comprises metallic catalyst, and composite ceramics. The metallic catalyst comprises nickel, cobalt, copper, rhodium, iron, platinum, palladium, molybdenum and/or titanium. The zirconium-based electrolyte material is zirconium oxide doped with yttrium oxide (5-20 mol%) or scandium oxide (5-20 mol%). The cerium-based electrolyte material comprises LaxCe1-xO2, SmxCe1-xO2, GdxCe1-xO2, and/or YxCe1-xO2, where x is 0.1-0.5. The perovskite cathode material is La1-xSrxMnO3 or LaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3, where x and y are 0-1. The electrolyte film is prepared by sintering at 1300-1450 degrees C, vapor depositing, and performing sol-gel or plasma spraying while controlling thickness of film at 10-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching paste has etching component that is selected from one of potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The piezoelectric layer comprises metal oxide chosen from lead zinc titanate (Pb(ZnTi)O3), a solid solution of lead zinc niobium oxide (Pb(ZnNb)O3) and lead titanate (PbTiO3), and a solid solution of lead magnesium niobium oxides (Pb(MgNb)O3) and lead titanate (PbTiO3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The piezoelectric layer further comprises polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric polymer, and has a hydrophobic membrane disposed on its surface. The hydrophobic membrane contains polymer chosen from polytetra fluoro ethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive oxide film is formed of high molecular material or glass fabric. The high molecular material is selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant paste is made of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protruded circumference is made of material selected from polyethylene terephthalate, poly ethylene naphthalate, polyvinyl alcohol, polydimethylsiloxane, polycarbonate, polyester, polyester sulfonate, polysulfonate, polyacrylate, fluorinated polyimide, resin fluoride, polyacryl, polyepoxy, polyethylene, polystyrene, PVC, polyvinyl butyral, polyacetal, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyether imine, polyphenylenesulfide, polyethersulfone, polyether ketone, polyphthalamide, polyether nitrile, polybenzimidazole, polymethyl acrylate, polymetha crylamide, epoxy resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, Urea resin, nitrile rubber, acryl rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, butyl rubber and poly styrene-nose-butadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The functionalized group comprises optionally substituted 1-20C alkyl; oxadiazole compounds; porphyrin compound derivatives including N,N' -diphenyl-N,N'-di(3-methylphenyl)-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-dinaphthyl-4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, and N,N,N',N'-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin; triarylamine derivatives including polymers having aromatic tertiary amines in its main or side chains, 1,1- bis(4-di-p-tolylaminophenyl)cyclohexane, N,N,N-tri(p-tolyl)amine, and 4,4',4'-tris(N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamino) trimethylamine; carbazole derivatives including N-phenylcarbazole and polyvinylcarbazole; phthalocyanine derivatives including nonmetallic phthalocyanine and copper phthalocyanine; starburst amine derivatives; enamine stilbene derivatives; derivatives of aromatic tertiary amine-containing styryl amine compounds; spirobifluorenyl anthracene; tetrafluorene; thiophene; aniline; pyrrole; and phenylene vinylene. The substituted alkyl are compounds of formula (CH2CH2O)n (3), (CH2)n-A1-(CH2)n (4), or (CH2)n-A1(CH2)n-A2(CH2)n(5). The nanoparticle is a compound of formula M-X-F', preferably a compound of Formula (6) or (7). In formula (3):n=1-5.In formulae (4) and (5):A1, A2=O, S, carbonyl, ester, carbonyl amine, or ester amine; andn=1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A material of a chock material layer has polyesters macromolecule comprising poly-para-phenylene dimethyl acid ethylene ester and polyacrylonitrile, or polyolefines macromolecule comprising polyethylene or polypropylene. A material of a hydrophobic porous material layer is polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene or polyether sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The P-type semiconductor layer is made of aluminum gallium nitride, or aluminum gallium arsenide. The P-N junction layer is made of cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide or copper indium gallium diselenide. The N-type semiconductor layer is made of gallium nitride or indium gallium phosphide. The P-type and N-type semiconductor layers are made of P-type amorphous silicon and N-type amorphous silicon respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The substrate is made of stainless steel selected from austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel and martensitic steel. The back metal layer is made of silver, copper, molybdenum, aluminum, copper aluminum alloy, silver copper alloy or copper molybdenum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic is yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The metal is ferritic stainless steel. The porous YSZ is infiltrated with nickel particles and cathode catalyst comprising element selected from transition metals or lanthanide series. The cathode catalyst is lanthanum strontium manganate (LSM), lanthanide nickel ferrite (LNF), lanthanum strontium cobaltite ferrite (LSCF), pyridine N-oxide (PNO) and/or lanthanide strontium chromium manganate (LSCM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of the thin film semiconductor device further comprises producing crystalline nuclei on the substrate before forming the silicon thin film. The crystalline nuclei are produced by a reactive thermal chemical vapor deposition process or plasma chemical vapor deposition process in which a high order silane gas (1) and germanium halide gas are used as film forming gases. Alternately, the crystalline nuclei are produced by plasma chemical vapor deposition process in which hydrogen gas and/or inert gas is used together with silane gas of formula: SimH2m+2 (2) as film forming gases. The crystalline nuclei are produced by a hydrogen plasma treatment of a surface of the substrate.m=1 or more.Preferred Gas: The film-forming gases further consist of inert gas. The germanium halide gas is germanium (II) fluoride, germanium (IV) fluoride and/or germanium chloride. Preferred Properties: The inert gas is used at a flow rate of not more than flow rate of the hydrogen gas. The total flow rate of the film forming gases is not less than 50, where the flow rate of the high order silane gas is taken as 1. The flow rate of the hydrogen gas is greater than the flow rate of the inert gas in the nucleation process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The magnetic layer includes nickel(Ni)-iron(Fe) alloys, Fe-silicon(Si) alloys, terbium (Tb) alloys, neodymium (Nd) alloys, samarium (Sm) alloys, or gadolinium (Gd) alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxides are selected from oxides of titanium, zirconium, strontium, zinc, indium, lanthanum, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, yttrium, scandium, samarium, gallium or strontium-titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Dehydration reaction of methanol is carried out in presence of catalyst, to obtain dimethyl ether. EXAMPLE - HIQ-40 (RTM: alpha -alumina monohydrate) was pulverized to a mean article diameter of 7.5 mu m, and baked at 600 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain crystalline gamma -alumina including sodium oxide (0.001 wt.% or less). The crystalline alumina was granulated, and liquid formed by diluting alumina sol was sprayed to the granulated product, to obtain spherical compact of 2-4 mm in diameter. The obtained compact was dried at 200 degrees C, to obtain aluminum hydroxide compact. The obtained aluminum hydroxide compact was immersed in aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate (10.9 g) and water (25.3 g), dried at room temperature for 6 hours, and baked at 600 degrees C, to obtain catalyst. The obtained catalyst contained 5.29 weight parts of sulfur (based on sulfur tetroxide conversion) with respect to 100 weight parts of alumina. Dehydration reaction of methanol was carried out in presence of obtained catalyst, to obtain dimethyl ether. The methanol reaction rate at initial stage of the reaction and after 24 hours was calculated and found to be 82.3% and 80.3%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Platinum type catalyst particle platinum catalyst or alloy supported in carbon particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alcoholic dispersion medium is tert. alcohol which is tert-butyl alcohol. Ester dispersion medium is ethyl lactate. The composition contains (mass %) platinum catalyst particles (4-18), polyelectrolyte (2-8), water (27-67) and tert-butyl alcohol (2-63).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur containing titanium oxide contains 0.02-0.3 mass% of sulfur. Preferred Component: A part of the titanium site in the titanium oxide structure is substituted by a sulfur atom. The sulfur containing titanium oxide supports a metal or metallic compound. The titanium oxide raw material is obtained neutralizing a titanium salt with an alkali compound, or hydrolyzing a titanium salt. The titanium salt is titanium tetrachloride. Preferred Parameter: The crystal structure of the sulfur containing titanium oxide is an anatase main body with a specific surface area of 70-140 m2/g. The half value width of the peak (101) of the anatase its X-ray diffraction analysis is 2 theta =0.60-1.5 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The high-purity-silicon production apparatus has reactor comprising vertical cyclone, silicon holding unit in lower portion of the cyclone, multiple zinc supply structures radially arranged around the cyclone and tetrachlorosilane supply structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tetrachlorosilane supplied by the supply structure is gaseous tetrachlorosilane, liquid tetrachlorosilane, or mixed gas of tetrachlorosilane and inert gas. Preferred Process: The stirring process is carried out by changing flow direction of the reactive gas containing silicon or silicon precursor. The flow direction of the reactive gas is changed by an obstacle plate (6) in which collision of silicon or silicon precursor is provided in the reactor. The tetrachlorosilane is supplied to the reactor from multiple nozzles, and is made to perform the mutual collision of silicon or silicon precursor. The silicon or silicon precursor produced at both nozzles vicinity is made to mutually collide. The mutual collision of silicon or silicon precursor is performed where a portion of reactive gas containing silicon or silicon precursor is returned in the reactor. The melted silicon is held at the silicon holding unit. The silicon crystal is melted by contacting the melted silicon. Preferred Condition: The reaction tower wall temperature of the portion which the silicon or silicon precursor in a reactor collides and mixed is 1030-1300 degrees C. The temperature of supply nozzle vicinity into the reactor, of zinc gas supply structure and tetrachlorosilane supply structure, is 950-1300 degrees C. The wall temperature of the vertical cyclone is maintained at 1030 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The silver concentration in paste composition is 70-90 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The boiling point of the amine is 70-380 degrees C. Preferred Components: The dispersion medium is hydrocarbon or higher alcohol with molecular weight of 100-300 and boiling point of 180-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ceramic suspension comprises a ceramic material selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, boron nitride, silicon carbide, silicon nitride and tungsten carbide (preferably aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal comprises nickel, copper, gold, silver, platinum, iron, aluminum or palladium (preferably silver, nickel or copper).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The precursor comprises a metal salt or an organometallic compound and the suspension comprises a metal suspension, a polymer suspension or a ceramic suspension. The polymer comprises polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (preferably polystyrene or polyethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor wires comprise crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, micromorphous silicon, protocrystalline silicon, nanocrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium selenide, copper- indium- gallium-selenide-gallium arsenide, gallium arsenide phosphide, cadmium selenide, indium phosphide, and/or alpha -silicon hydride alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The charge conducting layer comprises non-aqueous and aqueous solvent with an electrolyte (930), conducting polymer, metal oxide semiconductor interface, and metal. The photoanode semiconductor wires and/or the photocathode semiconductor wires have attached heterogeneous multi-electron catalysts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The film comprises a flexible composite polymer film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) Compound (1) is obtained by making benzene derivative of formula (9) and a triamine derivative of formula (11) react in solvent in presence of catalyst.X3=halo. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (1) are specifically disclosed, e.g. formulae (1-1) and (1-2)    EXAMPLE - An N1,N3,N5-tris(4-(E)-styrylphenyl)benzene-1,3,5-triamine (5 g), (2-biphenyl) dicyclohexyl phosphine (0.120 g), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.157 g), sodium t-butoxide (9.9 g), and (E)-2-(4-bromobenzylidene)-1,1-diphenylhydrazine (8 g) were placed in a 300 mL 2-neck flask; added with distilled ortho xylene (500 mL); carried out with argon gas substitution; stirred for 5 hours; heated at 120 degrees C; and cooled to room temperature. The organic layer of reaction liquid was washed with ion-exchange water 3 times, activated using anhydrous sodium sulfate, dried, carried out with adsorption treatment, filtered, and xylene was depressurizingly distilled. The residue was purified in column chromatography, and yellow crystal form of compound (1-1) (8.4 g) was obtained with 75% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gas-barrier property film layer contains silicon compound(s) (Si(OR1)4) or (R2Si(OR3)3), where OR1 and OR3 are hydrolysable groups and R2 is organic functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises washing the substrate by water, ethanol followed by water, trichloromethane followed by water, or acetone followed by water, or ultrasonically washing the substrate by water, ethanol followed by water, trichloromethane followed by water, or acetone followed by water; taking out the substrate; putting in hydrogen peroxide, mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide at 1.5-4:1 volume ratio, or mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide at 1.5-4:1 volume ratio; steeping at 15-90 degrees C for 10-60 minutes; taking out; washing by ethanol, distilled water followed by ethanol, or distilled water followed by isopropanol; and drying by air or nitrogen or drying naturally in clean environment. The amino silane is aminopropyltrimethoxy silane or aminopropyltriethoxy silane. The organic solvent used in the first step of immobilization step is anhydrous methanol, anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous cyclohexane, or anhydrous toluene. In the third step of immobilization step, the deoxyribonucleotide oligomer is a sequence with rich guanine bases; and the buffer solution is aqueous solution with sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4)-Na2HPO4, aqueous solution with potassium phosphate (K2HPO4)-KH2PO4, or aqueous solution of tris-boric acid having pH of 6.5-7.5, where buffer solution includes 100 mM of sodium chloride or potassium chloride. In the third step of immobilization step, the deoxyribonucleotide oligomer is a sequence with rich cytimidine; and the buffer solution is aqueous solution with NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4, aqueous solution with KH2PO4-Na2HPO4 and K2HPO4-KH2PO4, or aqueous solution of 2-(N-morpholino)ethyl sulfonic acid having a pH of 4.5-6.8. Preferred Parameter: The concentration of TiCl4 aqueous solution is 5-18 mM; and the concentration of hydrochloric acid is 0.01-0.2 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic alcohol solvent of the prepared perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin solution is methanol, ethanol, normal propyl alcohol and/or butanol; the solvent with high boiling point added in the perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin diluted solution is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and/or 1-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine. Preferred Condition: The temperature of hot table for putting the steel bracket fixed with the varicosity PTFE Millipore basement membrane is 60-130 degrees C. Preferred Parameters: The aperture of the varicosity PTFE Millipore basement membrane is 0.05-1.0 mu m with poriness greater than or equal to 80% and thickness of 5-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inner region comprises titanium dioxide. The conducting layer comprises solid or sintered titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The outer region includes an electrically conducting layer and a harvesting layer comprising layers of organic material. The photovoltaic material comprises an organic photoactive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper sulfide nanoparticle of formula Cu2-deltaS is manufactured as seed crystal and is mixed with indium compound and sulfur compound. EXAMPLE - The wurtzite type nano crystal was prepared by mixing copper acetate (79 mg) and oleyl amine (1.8 ml) in toluene (20 ml), stirred in argon atmosphere, heating to 100 degrees C, dissolving sulfur (13 mg) in dodecane thiol (2.5 ml) which was added to toluene solution, stirring for 30 minutes at 90 degrees C, cooled, and target copper sulfide nanoparticle was obtained with centrifuge, mixing indium acetate (117 mg) and 1-dodecane thiol (2.46 ml) in trioctylamine (15 ml), heating to 90 degrees C, stirring in argon atmosphere for 30 minutes, dissolving copper sulfide nanoparticle (0.2 mmol) in trioctylamine (5 ml) and was added to indium acetate solution, stirring for 30 minutes at 200 degrees C and the obtained nanoparticle was aggregated by adding ethanol to reaction solution, and collecting by centrifugation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The p-i buffer intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer is deposited by a gas mixture having a hydrogen gas to silane gas ratio of 20:1 to 30:1. Formation of the intrinsic type layer further comprises adjusting a ratio between a first gas and a silane gas during the formation of the intrinsic type layer, where the first gas comprises hydrogen. The first gas to silane gas ratio is controlled at 20:1 to 200:1. Formation of n-type amorphous silicon layer comprises delivering a silane gas a first flow rate to a surface of the substrate; delivering a hydrogen containing gas so that the hydrogen to silane dilution ratio is 5.0-9.0; delivering a doping precursor gas at a flow rate so that the doping precursor gas to silane gas mixture ratio is 1:1 to 1:3; and controlling the pressure in a processing volume adjacent to the surface of the substrate at 1-3 Torr. Preferred Material: The interfacial layer is silicon oxynitride (SiON), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon oxide (SiO), silicon oxycarbide (SiOC), silicon carbonitride (SiCN), or other C-, O- or N-containing silicon based materials or silicon alloys. The first upper interfacial layer is heavily doped p-type amorphous silicon layer, p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, p-type amorphous silicon layer, SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and/or other C-, O- or N-containing silicon based materials or silicon alloys. Preferred Components: The p-type microcrystalline silicon layer has a boron concentration of 1x 1018-1x 1020 atoms/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The energy-level intermediary layer is a metal oxide later from silicon oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, alumina, zinc oxide, ceria, zirconia, or nickel oxide. It can be a metal halide layer that is a metal fluoride layer from lithium fluoride, cesium fluoride, sodium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, barium fluoride, or strontium fluoride. The metal halide layer can be a metal chloride layer from lithium chloride, sodium chloride, cesium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, aluminum chloride, barium chloride, strontium chloride, or nickel chloride. The metal carbonate is sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, cesium carbonate, nickel carbonate, zinc carbonate, cerium carbonate, or zirconium carbonate. The metal nitrate is calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, zinc nitrate, cerium nitrate, or zirconium nitrate. A transparent electrode (116) that is indium-tin oxide is disposed between the second electrode layer and the second substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The energy-level intermediary layer is an organic metal complex layer that is of metal acetate, metal carbonate, or metal nitrate. The metal acetate is sodium acetate, calcium acetate, magnesium acetate, cesium acetate, zirconium acetate, or nickel acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The membrane contains aluminum oxide ceramics, zircon oxide ceramics or mixture of aluminum oxide ceramics, zircon oxide ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from the group consisting of n-hexane, n-heptane, petroleum, petrolether, cyclohexane, 2-Pentanone, Diethyl ether, tertiary-butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofurane, acetone, toluol, ethylmethylketone and/or gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reflectivity-reduction agent further contains organosilicon compound. The reflectivity-reduction agent further contains positive-charge substance chosen from cation, conductive material or dielectric material having positive charge and conductive and dielectric material having positive charge or composite component of semiconductor. The reflectivity-reduction agent further contains negative-charge substance chosen from anion, conductive material or dielectric material having negative charge and conductive and dielectric material having negative charge or composite component of semiconductor. Preferred Compounds: The titanium oxide is titanium peroxide. The carbon in reflectivity-reduction agent is chosen from carbon black, graphite, fullerene, carbon nanotube and form of Indian ink.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The thermally decomposable organic compound is saccharide, sugar alcohol or water-soluble organic polymer. The saccharide is monosaccharide or disaccharide. EXAMPLE - SH3746M (RTM: organosilicon compound) (in g) (100) was mixed with liquid which carried out pure-water dilution of silicon doped amorphous type titanium peroxide dispersion (50). The ratio of organosilicon compound and the dispersion was 10:0.2. Then, the saccharose (2 weight%) was mixed with the solution, to obtain liquid mixture. The obtained liquid mixture was coated on substrate of float glass having thickness of 3 mm by spray coating. The substrate was then surface treated at 500 degrees C for 15 minutes. The porous layer having several corrugations was formed on the surface of the substrate. The thickness of the porous layer was 150 nm. The obtained substrate was then subjected to ultraviolet ray. The obtained substrate had transmittance of 91.51% and permeability of 5.84%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The photoelectric transducer has mixture layer containing fullerene derivative as electron acceptor and compound as electron donor between pair of electrode, formed by coating the solution. The mixture layer is formed by vapor deposition method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative has 2 or 3 organic groups having 1-50 carbon atoms. The fullerene is chosen from 60C fullerene and/or 70C fullerene. The fullerene derivative is of formula: C60(R1)(R2) (I), preferably of formula (II-VIII).R1,R2=1-50C organic group, where R1 and R2 do not combine with each other to form ring.Preferred Group: The organic group having 1-50 carbon atoms is a group which contains aromatic group, and is of formula: -(CH2)n-W'(-R3)(-R5)-R4 (IX).W'=atom of IVB group of periodic table, preferably Si;R3-R5=H, 1-50C hydrocarbon, alkoxy or amino, preferably 1-20C hydrocarbon;andn=1-10, preferably 1-5.Preferred Compound: The compound as electron donor is heterocyclic high molecular compound such as porphyrin compound or phthalocyanine compound, polythiophene or copper-phthalocyanine compound and tetra-benzoporphyrin. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=-CH2-Si(-CH3)(-R5)-CH2;and    R5=1-20C alkyl or phenyl, preferably methyl or phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silicone resin film comprises a curable elastomeric silicone composition formed using a de-volatilized polymer and at least one de-volatilized cross-linker. The de-volatilized polymer comprises a de-volatilized vinyl functional siloxane polymer exposed to at least one of a vacuum and heat to remove volatiles from the polymer. At least one de-volatilized cross-linker comprises a de-volatilized methyl hydrogen siloxane polymer with SiH functional groups exposed to at least one of a vacuum and heat to remove volatiles from the cross-linker. The silicone resin film comprises at least one fiber-reinforced silicone resin film having silicone resin film impregnated with a fibrous material. The fibrous material having a first side adjacent to the first layer, and a second layer of the silicon-containing composition adjacent a second side of the fibrous material, the second side being opposite the first side; glass fabric comprising a glass fibers. The silicone resin film is at least one of a substrate and a superstrate for the photovoltaic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorescent dye is perylene and terrylene having 1-12C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The first and second polymers comprise a polycarbonate, or polyester-polycarbonate. The second layer further comprises an organic diffuser comprising poly(acrylates); poly (alkyl methacrylates); poly (tetrafluoroethylene); silicones; and/or hydrolyzed poly(alkyl trialkoxysilanes).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is formed of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP). The sacrificial layer is formed from aluminum gallium arsenide (AlxGa1-xAs), indium aluminum arsenide (InxAl1-xAs), aluminum phosphide antimonide (AlPxSb1-x) and aluminum arsenide antimonide (AlAsxSb1-x). The III-V compound is gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium indium phosphide (Ga1-xInxP), gallium indium arsenide (Ga1-xInxAs), indium phosphide (InP) and gallium indium arsenide phosphide (Ga1-xInxAs1-xPy), and aluminum gallium indium phosphide ((AlxGa1-x)1-yInyP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper selenide having dendrite structure is formed on surface of aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is ethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and/or polypropylene glycol. The reactant precursor, ethyl cellulose, polypropylene carbonate, or aqueous polypropylene glycol and binder are mixed and formed on material to obtain a transparent oxide conductive film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The solar cell further has primary electrode and primary substrate sequentially provided on the primary organic layer, and secondary electrode and secondary substrate sequentially provided on the secondary organic layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic semiconductor layer is formed using titanium dioxide. The inorganic semiconductor layer has a pn-junction region.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The primary organic layer has p-type semiconductor property, while the secondary organic layer has n-type semiconductor property. Preferred Composition: The primary organic layer is formed using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polysupersulfone and/or polyaniline. The secondary organic layer is formed using poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-14-phenylene vinylene) and/or polyfluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye molecule layer comprises dye selected from ruthenium complex or dithiafuvalene based compounds. The ruthenium complex is selected from Ruthenium 620-1H3TBA (RTM: Ruthenium Dye), Ruthenium 470 (RTM: Ruthenium Dye), Ruthenium 505 (RTM: Ruthenium Dye), Ruthenium 520-DN (RTM: Ruthenium Dye), Ruthenium 535 (RTM: Ruthenium Dye) or Ruthenium 535-bisTBA (RTM: Ruthenium Dye). The metal oxide layer is selected from titanium dioxide, tin oxide or zinc oxide. The electrolyte layer is made up of iodine-based oxidation-reduction liquid electrolyte. The conductive layer is made up of indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dithiafuvalene based compounds are selected from compounds having formula (I) to (IV), In formula (III),X=ru, rh, pd, transition metal or lanthanide series metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ions are hydrogen, helium, beryllium, argon, carbon, silicon or germanium. The III-V semiconductor is gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium nitride arsenide, gallium phosphide nitride, gallium indium arsenide phosphide nitride, aluminum gallium indium arsenide and gallium indium arsenide phosphide. The pn-transitions are formed through gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide and gallium arsenide phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first metal comprises an aluminum-silicon material or a silver alloy material. The glue layer comprises a spin-on-glass and an aluminum phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal simple substance is platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is platinum, nickel, ruthenium, cobalt chloride, or an alloy of cobalt or boron. Preferred Components: The solid element is calcium carbide and the liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate acetylene, the solid element is chloral urethane and the liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate chlorine, the solid element is manganese oxide and liquid reagent is chlorohydric acid to generate chlorine, or the solid element is sodium peroxide and liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is malic acid, or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substitution radical is selected among carboxy radical, phosphorous acid group, sulfonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, hydroxyl group or oxycarboxylic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substitution radical is made up of vinyl group, benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, biphenyl or blood.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substitution radical is made up of polyvinyl, pyrrole, thiophene or carbazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dye sensitizer is ruthenium-bipyridine complex. The nanocrystalline metal oxide is nanocrystalline titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer matrix is polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, poly acrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic type surface modification agent has C-C bonding and is alkoxysilane compound, siloxane compound, surfactant and/or titanium coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred process: The surface modified zirconia particles are dispersed into a resin, to form composite component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polytetrafluoroethylene porous film is extended along biaxial direction. Preferred Component: The elastomer is fluorine-containing elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: the organic alcohol liquor for preparing PFSA liquor is one or mixture of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, butanol; the agent with high boiling point is one or mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine. Preferred Conditions: The temperature of heat stage is 60-130 degrees C. The vacuity of vacuum in the space under the steel frame basilemma; is negative 0.001-0.08 MPa. The aperture of expansion polytetrafluoroethylene micro-pore basilemma is 0.05-1.0 mu m; the porosity is greater than 80%; and the thickness is 5-40 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The micro-pore getting through plane on the stage is set on the heating stage; and the micro-pore is connected to vacuum pump on the other port of heat stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The preparation method of the lead-free solar cell silver paste comprises (1) preparing lead-free glass binding agent by weighing materials of 70-85% bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), 5-15% silicon dioxide (SiO2), 2-15% antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), 1-5% aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 0-3% zinc oxide (ZnO), 0-3% magnesium oxide (MgO), and 0-3% titanium dioxide (TiO2); mixing evenly and putting into high-temperature muffle furnace for heating at 1000-1400 degrees C; insulating for 30-60 minutes and quenching the fused glass powder particles; then ball milling the obtained materials; (2) preparing organic carrier, mixing and stirring organic solvent and organic additive according to weight ratio of 3:1-7:1; (3) preparing solar cell silver paste, weighing and stirring 70-85% silver powder, 5-10% lead-free glass binding agent, and 5.5-25% organic carrier evenly and putting the mixture into ball mill for ball milling to obtain uniform lead-free solar cell silver paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The preparation of aryltrianhydride comprises:(A) mixing trihydroxyl compound, alcohol and alkali under nitrogen and water separator;(B) heating to vaporize alcohol and water, and adding halogenated or nitro-substituted naphthalic anhydride, organic solvent and entrainer;(C) reacting for 1-8 hours, vaporizing entrainer and water, reacting at 150 degrees C for 4-30 hours, and adding into acetone to crystallize; and(D) washing solid with water, filtering, vacuum drying to obtain crude product of aryltrianhydride, and recrystallizing using acetic anhydride.The trihydroxyl compound and alkali are present at mole ratio of 1:3; trihydroxyl compound and alcohol is at 1:1-1:20; and halogenated or nitro-substituted naphthalic anhydride and trihydroxyl compound is at 1:3. The alcohol and organic solvent is present at 1:1-1:20 volume ratio; and alcohol and entrainer is at 1:1-1:20. Preferred Component: The trihydroxyl compound is 1,3,5-trihydroxyl benzene, 2,2,2-tri(4-hydroxylphenyl) ethane or 1,3,5-tri(4-hydroxylphenyl) benzene. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, triethylamine or pyridine. The halogenated or nitro-substituted naphthalic anhydride is 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 4-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride or 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalic anhydride. The organic solvent is N-methyl formamide, N-methyl acetamide or pyrrolidone acetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The complexes of rhenium is prepared by: (a), on the protection of nitrogen, mixing the 3,4-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,5-dithiole-3-sulfur ketone and di(2-pyridyl) of the same quality, adding toluene and triethoxy phosphine and then flowing back, the added volume is 7-10 ml toluene for every 4 ml of 3,4-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,5-dithiole-3-sulfur ketone, 5-8 ml triethoxy phosphine for every 4 ml of 3,4-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,5-dithiole-3-sulfur ketone, cooling, separating out red crystal object 4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid methyl esters; (b) on the protection of nitrogen, mixing the 4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid methyl esters obtained in (a) with the chloride pentacarbonyl composite rhenium (I), adding toluene and then flowing back, the added volume is 100-150 ml toluene for every 3 ml of 4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid methyl esters, cooling and filtering, obtaining yellow solid chloride tricarbonyl (4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid) composite rhenium (I); and (c) dissolving the yellow solid chloride tricarbonyl (4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid) composite rhenium (I) obtained in (b) in tetrahydrofuran, adding potassium hydroxide (KOH) water solution until the solution pH is 9-10, drilling in warm temperature room for 1 hour, reducing the pressure and concentrating, adding acetic until the pH is 3, obtaining yellow deposition, which is chloride tricarbonyl (4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiole-1,2-dimethyl acid) composite rhenium (I). Preferred Compositions: The volume of tetrahydrofuran in (c) is 80-100 ml for dissolving every 1.3 ml of chloride tricarbonyl (4-(di(2-pyridyl)methylene)-3,5-dithiol-1,2-dimethyl acid) composite rhenium (I). Preferred Conditions: The pressure is 10-20 Kpa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single bandgap material comprises silicon, germanium, compound semiconductors, or organic semiconductors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high refractive index liquid comprises water, oil, glycerol, acetone, and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent solid comprises glass or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The target value of the yield percentage is 0.9 or less. The ratio of target maximum aluminum concentration and aluminum concentration of raw material silicon melt solution is 1/1000-3/100.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of chalcogen element coordinate to surface atom is 22-95%, preferably 33-88% with respect to surface atom of transition metal crystal grain. Preferred Elements: The transition metal element is ruthenium, molybdenum, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, iron, nickel, palladium and/or rhenium. The chalcogen element is sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor with catalyst particles in the size of 20-2000 mu m. Heat transfer mechanism is used to control the temperature, preferably in the fluidized bed reactor. The process comprises hydrogen or steam feeding (e.g. from a recycle stream) at the top, the bottom of the reactor, and/or in between, e.g. as secondary injection into a fluidized bed. It uses bed of active carbon, zinc oxide, or other metal oxides to remove species e.g. hydrogen sulfide and/or COS. The process comprises water removal before the bed of active carbon, zinc oxide, or other metal oxides to enhance the separation efficiency, e.g. by a membrane; removal of carbon dioxide; feeding of steam, followed by a second methanation step that is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor; and removal of carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen that is used as a recycle stream fed into the first methanation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The assembly of small Au and/or Ag clusters confined in molecular sieves are embedded in a matrix containing particle binder. The small clusters are oligo atomic clusters. The molecular sieves are a microporous material. The molecular sieves are selected from microporous materials selected from zeolites, porous oxides, silicoaluminophosphates and aluminosilicates. The molecular sieves are zeolites selected from small pore zeolites among zeolite A like materials such as zeolite 3 A, Zeolite 13X, Zeolite 4A and Zeolite 5A and/or ZKF. The molecular sieves are large pore zeolites of Faujasites X or Y. The molecular sieves are selected from molecular sieves MCM-41, MCM-48, HSM and/or SBA-15. The molecular sieves containing the small clusters of metals are tuned by solar radiation excitation to emit radiation at wave length of 400-750 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conversion layer comprises assembly of small gold (Au) and/or silver (Ag) clusters confined in molecular sieves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The rare earth compound is cooled by free cooling, air cooling, water cooling and/or Peltier device. The rare earth compound is cooled after removing light energy by system, temperature is felled to normal temperature level, and rare earth compound is returned to original state. The light energy is an ultraviolet light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: A diamine compound of formula (11) and nitrogen-containing compound of formula (9) are reacted in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst to manufacture diamine derivative. EXAMPLE - Dicyclo hexyl phosphine (in g) (0.1), tris(dibenzylidene acetone) dipalladium (0.13), sodium t-butoxide (8), a bromine compound of formula (6-1) and diamine compound (1.6) of formula (10-1) were mixed under argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 5 hours, and heated at 120 degrees C. The reaction liquid was cleaned after cooling, dried, filtered and purified to produce diamine derivative at yield of 85%. The obtained compound provided photoreceptor having sensitivity of 0.85 mu J/m2 and high rest potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel such as citric acid, propanetriol, glucose, sucrose or starch is used in microbial power generation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powder has tap density of 1.30-3.50 g/cc. Preferred Components: The aluminum powder comprises (wt. pts.) spherical aluminum with average granularity of 1-2.8 mu m (40-75) and spherical aluminum with average granularity of 3-7 mu m (25-60); or spherical aluminum with average granularity of 1.5-2.7 mu m (50-70) and spherical aluminum with average granularity of 4-6 mu m (25-60).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sizing agent further comprises sintering auxiliary agent, tackifying agent, stabilizing agent, or dispersant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic carrier contains cellulose nitrate and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent insulating layer has zinc oxide (ZnO) layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The light converting layer is patterned by dry etching process using gas that conforms to nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrogen bromide (HBr), chlorine, boron trichloride (BCl3) and combination with any one of argon (Ar), oxygen (O2), helium (He) and nitrogen(N2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The charged surface of the inorganic compound is: partially neutralized by an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte; and recharged by an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Preferred Components: The inorganic component is an oxidic compound made of silicon, titanium or zirconium. The inorganic component represents a silicon compound with nitrogen. The surface of the inorganic silicon compound is provided with an imide group (N-H). EXAMPLE - Typical composite material comprised of: polymer component (Victrex (RTM: Polyetheretherketone)) with an IEC value of 1.1 mmol/g and inorganic component (Aerosil A300 (RTM: Fumed silica)). Both the components (in a ratio of 92.5/7.5) were mixed as solution and/or dispersion to obtain the composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The display device transmits and receives the radio frequency (RF) signal according to the Bluetooth and IEEE 02.11/11a/11b/11g standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The luminescent layer includes a luminescent material of formula (AaB1bXx), where A is selected from elements of Group IA; B1 is selected from elements of Group VA; X is selected from elements of Group VIIB; a and x is 1-9; and b is 1-5. The luminescent layer includes a luminescent material selected from indium phosphide (InP), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO), copper indium gallium sulfur alloy (CuInGaS), and copper indium gallium selenide alloy (CuInGaSe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carbon film is porous carbon-nanotube film. The catalyst particles contain noble metal and transition metal. Reducing agent and solution containing polar solvent and catalyst metal ion are used during the manufacture of electrode catalyst-substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemically bonded titanium dioxide nanoparticles include sintered titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The conductive carbon layer further includes zirconium oxide particles, distributed among the carbon black particles, the graphite powder, the expanded graphite particles, and the titanium dioxide particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layer is made of a metal e.g. silver, copper, gold, aluminum, nickel, chromium, titanium, tantalum or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The backsheet is a single layer of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composition. The PVDF composition is a polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer; a polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer; a blend of PVDF polymer with compatible polymer, where greater than or equal to 50 wt.% of the blend is PVDF; or an acrylic modified fluoropolymer with less than or equal to 50% PVDF content. The functionalized PVDF composition comprises a functionalized PVDF or PVDF blended with a functional co-resin. The photovoltaic module includes a barrier layer comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, aluminum or reactive polyethylenes. The backsheet substrate is polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate substrate. It is chemically treated to improve adhesion of the PVDF coating. The PVDF coating composition is an acrylic-modified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion. The PVDF is a homopolymer or a copolymer having a melting point of greater than 130 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The coating composition comprises 2-33 wt.% crosslinker.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microsphere: In the microsphere, the silicon has a crystalline state of a different nature, for example, amorphous state, hydrogenated amorphous, poly-crystalline, and mono-crystalline. The microsphere is preferably solid or porous. The microsphere material is an alloy of silicon and germanium, in any stoichiometric proportion. It is presented in isolation or in a cluster, is of silicon, and preferably more, of amorphous silicon is solid. It can also be presented in isolation or in bunches, is an alloy of silicon and germanium, whether in crystalline or amorphous. It is in the form of a cluster, cluster or pine formed by more than one microsphere, with identical or different size and characteristics. Preferred Photonics: In the sponge photonics, the microspheres are silicon and/or an alloy of silicon/germanium, and in which the crystalline state of the mixture can be any of the following: amorphous hydrogenated amorphous, poly-crystalline and mono-crystalline. It marked the microspheres kind of solid and/or porous. Preferred Method: In production of microspheres and sponge as photonics, the material precursor (i) is a precursor of germanium material, preferably germanium in a gaseous state. The material precursor (i) is a mixture of precursor materials for silicon and germanium, preferably disilane, and germanium in a gaseous state. The diborane is included as a dopant in conjunction with the reaction disilane, in a gaseous state. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sulfur content of the first component is reduced to at least 20 ppb before reacting catalytically the synthesis gas to obtain a desired reagent. The power source is a fuel cell. The reforming process is partial oxidation, catalytic partial oxidation, autothermal, steam reforming, plasma reforming, super critical reforming, cracking, and/or dry reforming. The reforming process comprises the use of a precious group metal based catalyst. The process for producing a fuel feedstock further comprises the step of reintroducing the reagent into the combustion process. Preferred Components: The additives are sulfur or detergent compounds having a partial pressure less than the first component. The reagent is ethers and/or alcohols. The ether is dimethyl ether. The alcohol is methanol. The reagents comprise a mixture of dimethyl ether to methanol in approximately 4:1-8:1 ratio on a molar basis. The reagents are olefinic products, ketone products and/or aldehyde products. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The antenna in the display device, transmits and receives radio frequency (RF) signals according to IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g and Bluetooth standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electroded sheet further comprises a coating added to an electroded surface formed from the electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive electrode stripes comprise a material from a transparent conductive polymer, nanotubes, nanorods, and/or a physical vapor deposited coating. The release layer is a silicone based material, a carbon based material, a metal material, and/or a layer of small particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The sulfonated dendrimer is selected from polyamidoamine dendrimer, polypropyleneimine dendrimer, aromatic polyether dendrimer, phenyl acetylene dendrimer, polyphenylene dendrimer, polyalkyl ester dendrimer or polyalkylene ether dendrimer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substituted radical is selected from carboxy radical, phosphorous acid, sulfonic acid, phosphinic acid, hydroxyl group, oxycarboxylic acid or acid amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cobalt precursor is selected from cobalt chloride hexahydrate, cobalt acetylacetonate hydrate or cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The platinum precursor is selected from tetrakis(trifluorophosphine) platinum, platinum acetylacetonate, (trimethyl) methylcyclopentadienyl platinum, (trimethyl) methylcyclopentadienyl platinum, tri methylcyclopentadienyl platinum or trimethylacetyl acetonate platinum, dichloro(dicarbonyl) platinum or tri methyl acetyl acetonate platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The inorganic binder is made of raw material selected from oxide titanium, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, boric oxide, bismuth oxide, sodium oxide or zinc oxide or their mixture. The additive is selected from titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride, antimony trioxide, antimony peroxide, manganese oxide, bismuth oxide, zinc oxide, chromium oxide, iron oxide, titanium, molybdenum, calcium sulfide or zinc sulfide. The anti-diffusion agent is selected from phosphorus, phosphorus oxychloride, silver phosphate, tirphenylphosphate, phosphorus sulfide, phosphorus chloride, bromine cargo phosphorus, phosphoenolpyruvic acid monopotassium salt or phosphonomethyl glycine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 1,2-Diamino-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene is reacted with dicarboxylic acid anhydride of formula (A) in presence of N-methyl pyrrolidine solvent and zinc acetate (Zn(OAc)2) to obtain tetrafluoro benzimidazole compound of formula (B and C). Preferred Components: A coloring composition comprises tetrafluoro benzimidazole compound containing a fused aromatic ring. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 Specific tetrafluoro benzimidazole compounds are claimed and 17 specific tetrafluoro benzimidazole compounds are disclosed. E.g. Perylene-containing compound of formula (1-11 to 1-15).    EXAMPLE - 3,4,5,6-Tetrafluoro-1,2-phenylenediamine (in g) (2.75) and 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid anhydride (2), zinc acetate (0.8) and N-methyl pyrrolidone (30 ml) were mixed, heated for 4 hours, filtered and dried to obtain perylene-containing compound of formulae (1-11 and 1-12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Electrode: The electrode contains organic electroconductive material consisting of polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, polyacetylene and polyisothia naphthene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The squarylium pigment may be of formula (2).R21,R22=alkyl or aromatic;R21+R22 total carbon numbers=2-25;X2,Y2=C;A2=atomic group which forms optionally substituted 4-10C cycloalkane or benzene ring with X2 and Y2; andn=1-3.Provided that when R21 and R22 combine, an alicyclic structure may be formed. Preferred Process: The photoelectrode layer is impregnated into zinc oxide porous body, and is formed under deoxycholic acid coexistence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Additionally, the carbon material is carbon black, carbon powder, acetylene black, carbon fibre, or mixtures thereof. The solvent is aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, alicyclic solvent, or aromatic solvent, trichloromethane, trichloroethane, alcohol, ether, or toluol. The oxidizer is ammonium persulfate, silicon dioxide, oxyful, potassium bichromate, potassium permanganate, or mixtures thereof.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or metal alloy comprises gold, silver, copper, platinum, palladium and/or nickel. Some of the nanostructures comprises zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, titanium oxide, silicon carbide and/or gallium nitride. The core or shell comprises silica and gallium nitride. The semiconducting nanoparticles include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide and/or aluminum oxide. A portion of the nanostructures comprises gallium nitride. A portion of the nanoparticles comprises gold. The first and/or second electrodes comprise indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation portion is quaternary ammonium cation of formula: R11-N+(-R8)(-R10)-R9 (IV), quaternary phosphonium cation of formula: R30-P+(-R27)(-R29)-R28 (VIII) or cation having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton such as imidazole cation of formula (V), pyridinium cation of formula (VI) or triazine derivative cation of formula (VII).R8-R11,R27-R30=saturated alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, cyclo alkyl, heterocylic group, aryl, or alkoxy alkyl;andR12-R22=H, saturated alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy aryl.Preferred Anion: The anion portion is halide ion, triflate anion, tetrafluoro borate anion, hexafluoro phosphate anion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, N(CF3SO2)2-, N(CN)2-, C(CN)3-, CH3OSO3-, (C2H5)2PO4-, N(C2F5SO2)2-, N(CF3CO)2-, N(CF3SO2)-,N(CF3CO)2-, N(CF3SO2)(CF3CO)-, N(FSO2)2- or CF3COO-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acetal or ortho ester compound is dimethyoxy methane, diethoxy methane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxy ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy propane, 1,1-diethoxy propane, 2,2-dimethoxy propane, 2,2-diethoxy propane, 1,1-dimethoxy butane, 1,1-diethoxy butane, 2,2-dimethoxy butane, 2,2-diethoxy butane, ortho methyl formate, ortho ethyl formate, ortho methyl acetate or ortho ethyl acetate. Preferred Process: The manufacture of ionic liquid further involves purifying the mixture obtained by removing moisture content, using ketone, aldehyde or ester compound of formula: R5-C(=O)-R6 (II) and alcohol of formula: R7-OH (III).R5,R6=H, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy;andR7=1-8C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Alternately, the resist lower layer film formation composition contains a fullerene derivative of formula (3), and organic solvent. The modification group has oxygen atom(s), and is of formula (4). The fullerene used as skeleton of the fullerene derivative is mixture containing 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene or 60C fullerene, and 70C fullerene. The organic solvent is capable of dissolving the fullerene derivative.R4=heterocyclic optionally substituted by H, (un)substituted alkyl, (un)substituted aryl, preferably alkyl;R5=(un)substituted aryl, or (un)substituted alkyl, preferably (un)substituted aryl;R6=(un)substituted aryl, (un)substituted alkyl, carboxyl optionally substituted by H, ester of formula: -COOR7, aldehyde, preferably ester of formula: -COOR7;andR7=organic group, preferably alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The resist lower layer film formation composition further contains a polymer. Preferred Definitions:    R2=(un)substituted aryl, (un)substituted alkyl, or ester of formula: -COOR3;    R3=alkyl;and    n=2 or 3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive particles include the metal powder, which is selected from gold, platinum, silver, hydrargyrum, copper, nickel, iron or aluminum. The conductive particles also includes the semiconductor oxide, which is selected form stannic oxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, indium oxide, cadmium, selenium, cadmium sulfide or barium titanate . The conductive substrates are made of indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The metal semiconductor layer is made of titanium dioxide, tin ash or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper salt compound is copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride or copper hydroxide, preferably copper nitrate. The copper selenide has compositional formula: CuSe2. The solar-cell module contains copper-indium-gallium selenide-type absorber comprising copper selenide particles as raw material. Preferred Condition: The admixture is heated at 120-160 degrees C. Preferred Method: The copper-indium-gallium selenide-type absorber is obtained by reacting gallium selenide particle, copper selenide particles and indium selenide particles. The indium selenide particles are obtained by reacting indium salt compound and selenite. Preferred Property: The copper selenide has particle diameter of 10 nm to 2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solvent is polyol compound chosen from polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol. EXAMPLE - Cupric nitrate (3.75 g) and selenious acid (5.16 g) were mixed with polyethylene glycol (200 ml) under argon atmosphere, heated at 160 degrees C and dried, to obtain copper selenide crystals (3.1 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The linear conjugated type polymer is polythiophene type polymer such as poly-3-alkyl thiophene and/or poly-3-alkoxy thiophene. The poly-3-alkyl thiophene is poly-3-hexyl thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Claimed) Compound (1) is prepared by making compound (3) react with (meth)acrylic acid chloride.Compound (2) is prepared by reacting compound (4) with (meth)acrylic acid chloride. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 20 Compounds (1) or (2) are specifically disclosed, e.g. group of formulae (1a)-(1e).    EXAMPLE - 4-(2,2-Diphenylethynyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(4-methoxy-4'-stilbene)-aminobenzene (4.5 g), triethylamine (1.9 g) and dehydrated tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) were put on a reaction container, stirred under ice cooling, dripped with acryloyl chloride (1.55 g), and allowed to react at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction liquid was poured into ice water, and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was water-washed, separated, dried with magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified with silica gel chromatography, and 4.36 g yellow crystal of 4-(2,2-diphenylethynyl)-N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(4-hydroxy-4'-stilbene)-aminobenzene with melting point of 140.5-141.5 degrees C was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is germanium, and soldered to a metal layer. The metal layer is copper layer, and is deposited into a substrate layer. The substrate layer is alumina substrate. The heat exchanger comprises baseplate (18) and heat pipe (20). The baseplate and heat exchanger are copper. The restraining unit is iron-nickel (FeNi36), steel, nickel alloy or carbon composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Monomer: The polymer compound is obtained using an acrylic monomer or a methacrylic monomer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 8 Specific non-polymerizable compounds are claimed. E.g. 4-(4-Isopropoxy-benzene sulfonyl)-phenol of formula (1A), 4-(4-methoxy-benzene sulfonyl)-phenol, 4-(4-octyloxy-benzene sulfonyl)-phenol, 2-(4-(4-ethoxy-benzene sulfonyl)-phenoxy)-ethanol, and 2-(4-(4-ethoxy-benzene sulfonyl)-phenoxy)-ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The spring material (13) is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon or polyethylene having the ability of absorbing methanol more than that of absorbing water. The methanol absorbing material (24) is polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon or polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, deionzed water, toluene or isomerides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is polyvinyl butyral solution, polyvinyl alcohol solution or methyl cellulose solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic dyes is mixtures of phthalo blue, grouping phthalo blue, phthalo green, hansa red, and resorcinolphthalein. The ultraviolet absorber is azimino-benzene or benzophenone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The black polyester main materials comprise 50-90 wt.% polyester slices, 7-20 wt.% carbon black, 1-8 wt.% silicon dioxide, 1-4 wt.% organic dyes, and 1-3 wt.% ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyester master batch comprises silicon dioxide (1-7%), titania (23-40%), and UV absorbent (1-3%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The UV absorbent is azimino-benzene or benzophenone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyester master batch comprises polyester chip (50-75%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The barrier layer is made up of silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The welding material of electrode is made of silver or aluminum. The lower substrate includes non-conductor such as copper, iron and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode interconnection is coated with an electrical insulating layer that is selected from a group consisting of polycarbonate, acrylic resin, acetal resin, polyamide, polyimide polyacryl sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide and chlorinated polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The platinum based catalyst precursor is selected from chloroplatinic acid, potassium (II) chloroplatinite, platinic acid, tetraamineplatinum (II) hydrogen carbonate, tetraammine platinum(II) chloride, ammonium hexabromoplatinate (IV), ammonium hexachloroplatinate (IV) or hydrates. 0.1-20 vol.% of hydrogen gas is infused into an unreactive gas. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- Preferred Components: The alcohol is selected from isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferably the content of catalyst is 55-70 weight%, binder is 30-45 weight%, dispersing agent is 1-2 weight% and antifoaming agent is 0.5-2 weight%. Preferred Property: Preferably the viscosity of catalyst slurry is 8000-12000 cP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent contains isopropyl alcohol. The carbon black contains acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty acid of natural binder is selected from arcrylate or malate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfonated group is selected from styrene sulfonic acid, methylpropene sulfonic acid, sulfopropyl methacrylate, sulfoethylmethacrylate, sulfobutyl ethacrylate, sulfopropyl acrylate, sulfoethyl acrylate or sulfobutyl acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine-based polymer is selected from polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluroethylene or poly (difluoroethylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The polyethylene-terephthalate film is biaxial stretching polyethylene-terephthalate film having apparent density of 1.37-0.85 g/cm3. Preferred Properties: The film has whiteness of 75% or more, and permeation value of steam of 2 g/m2/24Hr/0.1 mm or less, based on JIS Z0208-73.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The outer layer further contains additive chosen from cross-linking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, UV-absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The light emitting layer comprises oxadiazole derivative of formulae (2-4).Ar4-Ar7=aryl, aryloxy or heterocyclic group, and is optionally having substituent, and adjacent groups optionally combined to form cyclic structure;andR1-R20=hydrogen, hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon oxy, aryl, aryl oxy, heterocyclic, aryl amino, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl and halogen, and is optionally having substituent, and adjacent groups optionally combined to form cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell consists of any one of gallium-indium-phosphide, gallium-arsenide and germanium-copper-indium-gallium-sulphur-selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell consists of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon nitride film is patterned using an etching paste which contains 20-40 wt.% of phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesion layer contains silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The organic film is fluorine resin film. Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin film contains poly-fluorination ethylene chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tungsten carbide is of formula: WC1-x.x=0-0.5.The support is chosen from carbon, alumina, silica, and/or powder material of titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The luminescent material preferably contains anthracene derivative of formula (G2). Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=branched alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The film-forming composition further contains alkoxide of silicon, titanium, zirconium and aluminum, and non volatile catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophilic film-forming composition further contains a hydrophilic polymer (3) having partial structure containing structural units of formulae: A1-L5- and -(C(-R10)(-R12)-C(-R11)(-L6-B1))-, or hydrophilic polymer (4) having structure units of formulae: -(C(-R13)(-R15)-C(-R14)(-L7-A2))x1- and -(C(-R16)(-R18)-C(-R17)(-L8-B2))y1-.R10-R18=same as R1;L5-L8=same as L1;x1,y1=same as x;A1,A2=same as X1;B1,B2=-OH, -ORa, -CORa, -CO2Re, -CON(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb), -NHCORd, -NHCO2Ra, -OCON(Ra)(Rb), -NHCON(Ra)(Rb), -SO3Re, -OSO3Re, -SO2Rd, -NHSO2Rd, -SO2N(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc)(Rg), -PO3(Re)(Rf), -OPO3(Re)(Rf) or -PO3(Rd)(Re);Ra-Rc=H or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Rd=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Re,Rf=H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metal or onium;andRg=linear, branched or cyclic-alkyl-group, halogen atom, inorganic anion or organic anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic oxide fine particles consist of zirconium oxide or titanium oxide. The content of surface modified acrylic polyvinyl alcohol and inorganic oxide fine particles is 5-200 weight% and 1-80 weight%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal carboxylate having intrinsic birefringence is 1-200 mass%. The number fraction of cellulose non-woven fabric having 10-100 nm-fiber diameter is 0.7 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The phosphorus is separated along with oxide coated on surface of semiconductor material, by etching or grinding. The semiconductor material is heated at 900-1200 degrees C. Preferred Apparatus: The regeneration apparatus further has an oxidation apparatus for removing boron contained in semiconductor material by oxidation treatment, or inactivation apparatus for inactivating boron by thermal donor at 300-500 degrees C, and an evaporator for carrying out evaporation removal of phosphorus contained in semiconductor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The ethylene and polar monomer-copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, or ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of glass fiber is 1-100 weight parts and talc is 1-50 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of poly 3-hydroxybutyrate-type polymer. Preferred Process: The talc and glass fiber are processed by surface treating agent. A binding agent is adhered to glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline earth metal in titanic acid alkaline-earth metal is strontium. Preferred Property: The titanic acid alkaline-earth metal is a needle crystal with average aspect ratio of 10-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rhodanine-type pigment is of formula (1 or 2).R11,R21=substituent;R12,R13,R22,R23=H or substituent;R14=carboxy group or phosphono group;R15,R25=alkyl;R24,R26=H, carboxy group or phosphono group, where atleast one of R24 and R26 is carboxy group or phosphono group;L11,L21,L22=bivalent coupling;X11-X14,X21-X26=oxygen, sulfur or selenium;andn=0-4.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkyl isocyanide is ethyl isocyanide, propyl isocyanide, normal butyl isocyanide, isobutyl isocyanide, sec-butyl isocyanide, isopentyl isocyanide, isopropyl isocyanide, ter-butyl isocyanide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The composition further contains metal alkoxide and catalyst. The metal of metal alkoxide is silicon, titanium, zirconium or aluminum. The catalyst is non-volatile catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The hydrolysable silyl group is of formula: (R1O)mR23-mSi-L1-. The hydrophilic functional group is of formula: -(C(-R3)(-R5)-C(-R4)(-L2-X))-.R1-R5=H or 8C or less hydrocarbon;L1-L2=single bond or multivalent organic connecting group;m=1-3;X=hydrophilic radical, -OH, -ORa, -CORa, -CO2Re, - CON(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb), -NHCORd, -NHCO2Ra, -OCON(Ra)(Rb), -NHCON(Ra)(Rb), -SO3Re, -OSO3Re, - SO2Rd, -NHSO2Rd, -SO2N(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc)(Rg), -PO3(Re)(Rf), -OPO3(Re)(Rf) or -PO3(Rd)(Re);Ra,Rb,Rc=H or linear, branched or cyclic 1-8C alkyl group;Rd=linear, branched or cyclic 1-8C alkyl group;Re,Rf=H, linear, branched or cyclic 1-8C alkyl group, alkali metal, alkaline-earth metals or onium;andRg=linear, branched or cyclic 1-8C alkyl group, halogen atom, inorganic anion or organic anion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The composition is coated on the substrate, to obtain hydrophilic component. The substrate is glass, plastics, metal or tile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent which dissolves hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative substituted by fluorine-containing group is dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane or methyl cyclohexane, preferably tetrahydrofuran. The solvent of the solution is a poor solvent of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative substituted by fluorine-containing group, preferably 5-12C hydrocarbon based solvent.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R14=H, fluorine, 1-20C alkyl, 4-30C aryl or 2-30C alkenyl;    m=0;and    l,n=2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of particles having cube shape or rectangular parallelepiped shape is 50 vol% or more. Preferred Property: The indium tin oxide powder has powdered average particle diameter of 0.05-5 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The holder contains titanium oxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The pigment contains dimer of the complex pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionizing compound is lithium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium sulfate and/or sodium sulfate. The ionizing compound is present at approximately 5-35 wt.%. The chelating agent is a carboxylate. The carboxylate is potassium nitrate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and/or ammonium acetate. The chelating agent is present at approximately 5-20 wt.%. The metal electrode consists of magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the apparatus, first metal electrode and second metal electrode are arranged in the electrolyzer. The hydrogen producing apparatus is connected with a fuel cell to feed hydrogen to fuel cell. EXAMPLE - Typical electrolyte solution comprised of calcium chloride (30 wt.%) and sodium citrate (5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas separation membrane is made of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The bond layer is made of ethyl vinyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell units are made of amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The preparation of TEA and CuCl2.2H2O complex solution comprises dissolving CuCl2 (0.52 g) and TEA (4.7 ml) into deionized water (50 ml). The preparation of nitric acid and InCl3.4H2O complex solution comprises dissolving InCl3.4H2O (0.44 g) and citric acid (0.32 g) into deionized water (50 ml). The two solutions are left for 2 hours and mixed to obtain mixed cation precursor solution at 100 ml and pH 8. The preparation of anion precursor solution with pH 5 comprises dissolving Na2SeSO3 (1.16 g) into deionized water (100 ml). The clean substrate is immersed into cation precursor solution for 30 s, washed for 10 s, immersed into anion precursor for 30 s and washed for 10 s. The immersing and absorption steps are repeated for 100 times. Preferred Component: The substrate is zinc oxide, indium selenium oxide, indium tin oxide glass, tin oxide, titanium dioxide, normal glass or silicon sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of anode catalytic coating is 10-20 mu m. Preferred Components: The content of Ni or Ru in the catalyst is 5-10% of total weight of catalyst. The content of La2O3 and Li2O is 3-10% of total weight of catalyst. The electrolyte is cerium oxide doped with samarium oxide, cerium oxide doped with gadolinium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum strontium gallium and magnesium or scandium zirconium stabilized by yttrium. The cathode materials are lanthanum strontium manganese, lanthanum strontium scandium manganese, barium strontium cobalt iron, lanthanum strontium cobalt or iron, strontium scandium cobalt. The anode is electrolyte/nickel composite anode, lanthanum strontium scandium manganese, or lanthanum strontium chrome manganese calcium perovskite anode. The anode coating catalyst in the cell system is prepared by measuring nitrate of various metals according to chemical measurement ratio, dissolving nitrate with deionized water, adding glycine, stirring and then heating to 80-120 degrees C; subjecting paste in bake oven for spontaneous combustion at 200-300 degrees C, calcining at 800-1000 degrees C for 5-10 hours; and cooling, crushing into powder to obtain the catalyst. The mole ratio of glycine and total metal ions is 2:1-3:1. The anode catalytic coating is prepared with full-automatic ultrasonic spraying coating method. Preferred Parameters: The operation temperature is 600-1000 degrees C. The system has tube type or flat plate cell structure in anode supporting type or electrolyte supporting type. The cell system includes addition of oxygen gas, water vapor or carbon dioxide into main fuel of methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: Hardening treatment is carried out at 150-550 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, or deionized water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In step (c), ammonia is added into the solution obtained by step (b) to adjust pH value into 8-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In (3) the pre-prepared electrolyte is mixed electrolyte of 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 0.5-2.0 mmol/L chloroplatinic acid. Preferred Conditions: In (2), working electrode is dried in vacuum for 4-14 hours at 45-85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of fuel battery electric catalyst comprises certain quantity of titanium dioxide prepared by hydro-thermal method, adding metrological aqueous solution of chloroauric acid with concentration of 2 mg/mL; (2) putting the suspension obtained in (1) under ultraviolet ray to irradiate for 2-5 minutes, where the wavelength of UV ray is 320-400 nanometers, and power is 0.6-0.85 Mw/cm2; and (3) drying the suspension obtained in (2) and grinding to powers to obtain the fuel battery electric catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The processed active carbon fiber added in air filter is processing active carbon fiber to one of carbon fiber paper, carbon fiber felt, carbon fiber underlay to be put in filtering part of air filter. The processing method of processed active carbon fiber comprises (1) pre-treatment of active carbon fiber: putting processing active carbon fiber into reacting tube, leading nitrogen with high purity in reacting tube for protecting, heating it to 150-200 degrees C under protection of nitrogen with high purity, operating constant temperature for 30-60 minutes; (2) absorbing organic amine on active carbon fiber: reducing temperature to room temperature for processed active carbon fiber according to (1), leading nitrogen with high purity in bubbling machine which contains organic amine, nitrogen with high purity enters active carbon fiber reacting tube which contains organic amine, using bubbling method to make organic amine enter reacting tube with active carbon fiber with organic amine, venting for 20-90 minutes under room temperature; (3) operating high temperature activating to active carbon fiber: rising temperature to 800-900 degrees C for processed active carbon fiber by speed of 2 degrees C/minute or 6 degrees C/minute under protection of nitrogen with high purity, operating constant temperature for 1-2 hours, and reducing temperature to room temperature after constant temperature. Preferred Components: The active carbon fiber is pan-based carbon fiber, viscose carbon fiber, bitumen carbon fiber or phenolic aldehyde carbon fiber. The organic amine is allylamine, ethylamine, propyl amine or butyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cathode is immersed in a culture solution inoculated with non-photosynthesizing bacterium, particularly iron protoxide thiobacillus, for oxidizing ferrous ion to ferric ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor optical catalyst is natural semiconductor mineral or its modified blend, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2)-zinc blend or TiO2-graphite blend. The titanium oxide-graphite blend is prepared by mixing natural TiO2 powder and acetylene black at 9:1 weight ratio; adding ethanol as solvent; ultrasonically vibrating; adding PTFE latex dropwise; stirring the mixture until a thick paste; rolling into thin film on graphite plate electrode; and drying naturally. The electron acceptor is oxygen in the air, where outer side of cathode is exposed to atmospheric air while inner side is contacted with electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A cathode chamber and an anode chamber are separated by a proton-exchange film or connected through salt bridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron donor is ascorbic acid, ethanol, sulfite, hypophosphite, triethylamine, methyl viologen, waste oil, organic waste water, or organic waste filtered liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The photic anode of dye sensitized solar battery is provided with nano-oxide membrane with multiaperture, where the nano-oxide membrane with multiaperture is soaked with phenoxazine dye. Soaking comprises dissolving the phenoxazine dye in the organic solvent, and soaking the nano-oxide membrane with multiaperture in the solution for 30 seconds to 30 hours to obtain the sensitized photic anode. Preferred Components: The material of the nano-oxide membrane with multiaperture istitania, zinc oxide, or tin oxide. The organic solvent is methylene dichloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, alcoholic organic solvent, ether organic solvent, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide, benzene, toluene, dimethylbenzene, tert-butyltoluene, or chlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion G- is halogen anion such as chlorine anion, bromine anion, iodine anion, boron tetrafluoride anion, phosphorus hexafluoride anion, nitrate radical anion or trifluoromethyl sulfoacid radical anion. The inorganic filler comprises titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide or gamma -aluminum trioxide. Preferred Parameters: The elemental iodine and the total of inorganic salt and ionic liquid are in molar ratio of 1:2-1:20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte further comprises organic additive (0.1-0.8 M); (in)organic salt (0.1-0.5 M); ionic liquid (0.1-1.5 M) containing cation E+ and anion G-;and nanometric inorganic filler (2-10 wt.%). Preferred Components: The guanido cation A+ is 1,3-N,N'-dimethyl-2-N''-methyl-N'''-n-heptane guanidine ion, 1,3-N,N'-dimethyl-2-N''-methyl-N'''-n-octane guanidine ion, 1,3-N,N'-dimethyl-2-N''-methyl-N'''-n-nonane guanidine ion or 1,3-N,N'-dimethyl-2-N''-methyl-N'''-n-decane guanidine ion. The organic additive comprises pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 3-ethylpyridine, 2-propylpyridine, 2-butylpyridine, 3-butylpyridine, 4-tertiarybutylpyridine, 2-amylpyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylpyridine, 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine, hexahydropyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, aniline, dianiline, dibutylamine, acetamide, or optionally substituted imidazole. The (in)organic salt comprises lithium iodide, lithium perchlorate, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, ammonium iodide, tetrapropyl ammonium iodide or tetrabutyl ammonium iodide. The cation E+ is imidazole cation, pyridine cation, piperidine cation, pyrrole cation, carbazole cation or quaternary ammonium salt cation of formula E.R1'=Me; andR2'=3-10C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The silicon deposition process is a thin film silicon layer deposition process; and the silicon layer is part of solar cell. The energy source (E1) is thermal, microwave or plasma energy source. The source of silane is silane, disilane or a silane/hydrogen mixture. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The carrier gas is inert gas. Preferred Composition: The reactor contains ceramic material such as quartz or silicon carbide. The reactor has an extraction chamber (3,4) containing ceramic material such as quartz or silicon carbide. The reactor has a metal core which supplies electricity to a reaction chamber (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The phosphorus is separated from the semiconductor material with oxide which covers the semiconductor material. The separation of phosphorus includes etching or grinding process. The regeneration process of semiconductor material further involves subjecting semiconductor material to oxidation process (S15) for removing the contained-boron or subjecting to inactivation process for inactivating boron by thermal donor (S13), and subjection to evaporation (S16) for performing evaporative-removal of phosphorus. The inactivation process is carried out by heating semiconductor material at 300-500 degrees C. The semiconductor material is particulate silicon. Preferred Condition: The heating-process is carried out at 900-1200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ultraviolet absorber of formula (2) is preferably of formula (3). The ultraviolet absorber of formula (3) is benzodithiole-containing compound of formula (4). The ultraviolet absorber of formula (B-I) is preferably of formula (B-Ia). The nitrogen-containing compound of formula (TS-II) is preferably of formula (TS-IIa).A31,A32=heteroatom chosen from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur;Y31,Y32=Y21;D=atomic group bonded with carbon to form 5 or 6-membered ring;Y41,Y42=cyano or optionally substituted (alkyl carbonyl, aryl carbonyl, heterocyclic carbonyl, alkyl sulfonyl, or aryl sulfonyl);V41,V42=H or monovalent substitutent;Rba1-Rba4=cyano, monovalent substitutent chosen from optionally substituted (alkoxy carbonyl, aryloxy carbonyl, carbamoyl, alkyl carbonyl, aryl carbonyl, alkyl sulfonyl, aryl sulfonyl, sulfamoyl, nitro, acyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, arylsulfinyl, alkoxy carbonyl, aryloxy carbonyl, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group);Rba5,Rba6=optionally substituted (alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, alkoxy carbonyloxy, aryloxy carbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, amino, acylamino or carbamoylamino);andR200=monovalent substitutent.Preferred Composition: The total content of ultraviolet absorber of formula (2 or B-I) is more than 0 mass% and less than 80 mass%. The content of compound of formula (TS-I or TS-II) is more than 0 mass% and 80 mass% or less. The ratio of compound of formula (TS-I or TS-II) with respect to ultraviolet absorber of formula (2 or B-I) is 1:5-5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silica-based template particles are amorphous silica. The silica-based particles are mesoporous.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The removable template particles are silica-based. The silica-based template particles are removed by chemical etching. The method (M1) further involves selecting removable template particles to use so as to produce electrocatalytic material with a desired pore size; and selecting the removable template particles and tetraaza chelate precursors to use so as to shift the reaction mechanism of the electrocatalytic material towards the 4 e-pathway. The electrocatalytic material is made of 50:50 molar percent H2 tetraphenyl porphyrin and cobalt tetraphenyl porphyrin. Preferred Material: In the material, the pyrolyzed porphyry is the pyro product of cobalt tetraphenyl porphyrin or cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin. The material comprises pores of 3-10 or 30-70 nm in diameter. The material comprises cobalt atom centers bonded to one, two, three, or four nitrogen atoms in the 2+ form and cobalt particles coated in a thin oxide film deposited on the pyropolymer backbone. Preferred Components: The transition metal tetraaza chelate precursor is selected from tetraaza chelates containing Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ru, Cu centers, porphyrins, phthalocyanies, and structures based on the pyroproducts of the above (preferably cobalt tetraphenyl porphyrin or cobalt tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The plasma ions are ions of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide conductor formed on the substrate is made of indium, tin, zinc or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The refractive index of cured material is 1.56-1.64. The precision of refractive index of the compound is less than plus minus 0.001. Preparation: The urethane (meth)acrylate type compound is prepared by mixing ethylacrylate, p-xylylene derivative and organic solvent, heating mixing reaction at predetermined time and adding ether as polymerization inhibitor and distilling of the solvent. EXAMPLE - The 1,4-di(methylthioethylcarbamoyl(meth)acrylate)benzene was synthesized by mixing 2-isocyanato ethylacrylate (52.2 g) and dibutyltin dilaurates (0.02 g), mixing solution of ( beta )-hydroxyethylthio-p-xylylene (46.5 g) and tetrahydrofuran (700 g), heating mixing reaction at 60 degrees C, reacting by dripping solution at 370 g/hour from dropping funnel which was finished when residual isocyanate group became 0.1%, adding hydroquinone methyl ethers (0.4 g) as polymerization inhibitor and distilling of the solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zirconia is stabilized by yttria, calcia, magnesia or ceria. Preferred Components: The microparticles liquid is a slurry of zirconia particle dispersed into predetermined solvent and which may be a zirconium acetate solution, zirconium nitrate solution, zirconia sol, zirconium chloride solution and/or zirconium carbonate solution. Preferred Composition: The added resin bonding agent is not less than 1 weight part solid content with respect to 100 weight part of raw material powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molybdic acid compound is of formula Mo4O11+alpha, formula Mo17O47+alpha, formula Mo5O14+alpha, formula Mo8O23+alpha, formula Mo26O75+alpha, formula Mo9O26+alpha, formula Mo19O55+alpha and/or formula Mo13O38+alpha.alpha=- 0.01 to 0.01.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic element is zinc copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 5-Bis(trimethyl silyl) benzaldehyde, 4-formyl methyl benzoate and pyrrole are reacted, to obtain 5-(4-methoxycarbonyl phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(3,5-di-trimethyl silyl)porphyrin. Then, 5-(4-methoxycarbonyl phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(3,5-di-trimethyl silyl)porphyrin, isopropyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide aqueous solution are reacted, to obtain 5-(4-carboxy phenyl)-10,15,20-tris (3,5-ditrimethyl silyl)porphyrin of formula (2). Preferred Composition: The porphyrin complex contains porphyrin derivative and metallic element. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl or phenyl, preferably methyl, butyl or phenyl;    a,b,c=2;and    d=1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The porphyrin derivative of formula (1) is 5-(4-carboxy phenyl)-10,15,20-tris (3,5-ditrimethyl silyl)porphyrin of formula (2) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 5-Bis(trimethyl silyl) benzaldehyde (3.76 g), 4-formyl methyl benzoate (0.82 g) and pyrrole (1.34) were reacted, spin-dehydrated, boron trifluoride diethylether complex (0.25 mol) was added and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere for 2 hours. Then, chloranil (4.42 g) and triethylamine (5 ml) were added, washed and filtered, to obtain 5-(4-methoxycarbonyl phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(3,5-di-trimethyl silyl)porphyrin (0.79 g). Then, 5-(4-methoxycarbonyl phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(3,5-di-trimethyl silyl)porphyrin (0.79 g), isopropyl alcohol (200 ml) and potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (20 ml) were reacted and stirred at 70 degrees C for 4 hours. Then, organic layer was separated from the reaction mixture, washed and purified, to obtain 5-(4-carboxy phenyl)-10,15,20-tris (3,5-ditrimethyl silyl)porphyrin (0.47 g) in the yield of 61.8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogenous heterocycle compound is one or more mixture of naphthyridine, 4-tertiary butyl naphthyridine, imidazole, and methyl imidazole. The ketone is one or more mixture of acetylacetone, acetone, hypnone, and pentanone. The organic solvent is one or more mixture of acetonitrile, methoxy propionitrile acetone, and ethanol. Preferred Conditions: The concentration of the nitrogenous heterocycle compound is 1-2.6 M, concentration of iodine is 0.1-0.4 M, and concentration of ketone is 0.1-0.4 M. Preparation: The electrolyte is prepared by adding nitrogenous heterocycle compound, iodine simple substance and ketone into the organic solvent, stirring for dissolving to be reacted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nitrogenous heterocyclic alkaline polymer is 1-polyvinylimidazole imidazole, 4- polyvinylimidazole imidazole, 1-polyvinylimidazole pyridinium or 4-polyvinylimidazole pyridinium. The acid polymer is poly-acrylic acid or poly-ethylene phosphorous acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Grain size of SiO2 is 100 mu M to 10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: (A) is moved continuously through the reactor(s) or is stationary within the reactor(s). The method further comprises: recovering unreacted materials in a recycling unit; separating the unreacted materials; and depositing additional materials on the substrate. The temperature of the reactor(s) is 300-1500 (preferably 573-973)K. The pressure of the reactor(s) is 1 x 100 to 1 x 105 Pa. The sources are reacted with hydrogen chloride, hydrogen iodide and/or hydrogen bromide within the carrier gas. Preferred Components: (A) is a moving substrate that moves through the reactor(s). (A) is a roll-to-roll substrate. (A) is a silicon wafer, plastic, resin, glass, ceramic, or metal object or film, gallium arsenic layer or any semiconductor layer or device. (A) is a soda lime glass or a silicon oxide-based glass. The group VI source: is pure selenium or sulfur; or contains selenium or sulfur. The group III source contains indium, trimethyl indium or other organo-indium compound, indium trichloride and/or indium monochloride; gallium, trimethyl gallium or other organo-gallium compound and/or gallium trichloride. The copper source contains copper. The sources of selenium, sulfur, indium, gallium, and/or copper are independently introduced into the reactor(s) in a carrier gas. The carrier gas is helium or other carrier gas. The carrier gas also contains hydrogen chloride. The carrier gas with the copper source comprises helium or other carrier gas and hydrogen chloride; or nitrogen and hydrogen chloride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nickel chromium nitride layers comprise nickel chromium nitride (NiCrNx), or nichrome sputtered in nitrogen gas (preferably nichrome with an atomic mixture of 80% of nickel and 20% of chrome sputtered in 100% of nitrogen gas). The silicon Nitride layer comprises SixNy (preferably Si3N4). The additional five-layer structure (410) includes a first titanium dioxide layer, applied to the silicon nitride layer; a tantalum oxide layer, applied to the first titanium dioxide layer; a silicon dioxide layer, applied to the tantalum oxide layer; a second titanium dioxide layer, applied to the silicon dioxide layer; and a magnesium fluoride layer, applied to the second titanium dioxide layer. The additional sixteen-layer structure includes a first titanium dioxide layer, applied to the silicon nitride layer; a first magnesium fluoride layer, applied to the first titanium dioxide layer; a second titanium dioxide layer, applied to the first magnesium fluoride layer; a first silicon Dioxide layer, applied to the second titanium dioxide layer; a first tantalum oxide layer, applied to the first silicon dioxide layer; a second silicon dioxide layer, applied to the first tantalum oxide layer; a second tantalum oxide layer, applied to the second silicon dioxide layer; a third silicon dioxide layer, applied to the second tantalum oxide layer; a third tantalum oxide layer, applied to the third silicon dioxide layer; a fourth silicon dioxide layer, applied to the third tantalum oxide layer; a fourth tantalum oxide layer, applied to the fourth silicon dioxide layer; a fifth silicon dioxide layer, applied to the fourth tantalum oxide layer; a third titanium dioxide layer, applied to the fifth silicon dioxide layer; a sixth silicon dioxide layer, applied to the third titanium dioxide layer; a fifth tantalum oxide layer, applied to the sixth silicon dioxide layer; and a second magnesium fluoride layer, applied to the fifth tantalum oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester resin component (A) contains a crystalline polyester resin and a non-crystalline polyester resin. The ratio of content of non-crystalline polyester resin and content of cyclic olefin resin in white polyester layer is 0.01-0.85 or 0.95-1.75. The content of crystalline and non-crystalline polyester resin is less than 50 wt.% and 10 wt.% or more, respectively with respect to white polyester layer. Preferred Properties: The polyester layer contains alicyclic diol component or alicyclic dicarboxylic acid component and/or isophthalic acid component, and satisfies relations given by: 0.01 less than (X+Y)/Z less than 0.33 and 0.37 less than (X+Y)/Z less than 0.75, where X is content (in mol%) of alicyclic diol component, Y is total content (in mol%) of dicarboxylic acid component and isophthalic acid component with respect to dicarboxylic acid component in polyester layer, and Z is content (in wt.%) of cycloolefin resin in polyester layer. Preferred Resin: The cycloolefin resin is not-crystalline cycloolefin resin. Preferred Layer: The polyester layer further contains 0.1 wt.% or more of dispersing agent, such as crystalline polyester polyalkylene glycol copolymer formed using a polyester component and polyalkylene glycol component. The content of crystalline polyester resin and crystalline polyester polyalkylene glycol copolymer in white polyester layer is less than 50 wt.%. Another polyester layer is laminated on surface(s) of white polyester layer. The cycloolefin resin exists as dispersion in polyester layer. 99% or more of dispersion has diameter of 7 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The molding layer consists of platinum and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base layer consists of resin selected from the group of cyclic olefinic resin, acrylic resin, polycarbonate, vinyl ether or fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The formation of nanostructure involves allowing layer to dry prior to exposing the layer to heat. The heating process comprises exposing layer to visible light to increase temperature of layer and induce nanostructure formation. The temperature of the layer increases to at least 100 degrees C. The visible light is focused onto surface using a lens or a mirror, where source of visible radiation is laser. The layer is exposed in visible light simultaneously. The heating is carried out at 100-200 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanostructure growth compound comprises amine including compound hexamethylenetetramine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sublayers are made of layer(s) of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), their oxide, their nitrides or their carbides. The elements are present with the difference of less than or equal to 3, preferably 0-1 at. %. The element composition of each sublayer comprises Si, oxygen (O), and/or nitrogen (N). The element ratio of Si to N is 1-20, preferably 1.7-15. The element ratio of O to N is 0.1-30, preferably 1.4-26. The element ratio of O to S is 0.1-2, preferably 0.8-1.7. The element composition of each sublayer comprises (at. %) Si (30-50), O (10-65), N (1-50), and optionally carbon (0-5). The sublayer has element ratio of O and N to Si of 0.5-1 and provided a formula (O2+N4/3)/Si. The sublayer is 0.1-50 nm thick. The multiple layer film includes coating layer. The sublayers are deposited using silicon nitride (Si3N4) as single target material under mixed reactive gas of N and O. The mixed reactive gas of N and O is used at ratio of less than or equal to 0-60 % based on total process gas. The ratio of O and N in mixed reactive gas of N and O is 1:100-80:30. Preferred Methods: The forming of sublayers is performed at 0.5-20 mTorr. The method includes forming coating layer on side(s) of multiple layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode comprises stainless steel. The anode comprises a titanium (Ti) metal as a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic crystalline resin of support layer and scattering layer is thermoplastic polyester. The thermoplastic polyester is ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate component as main repeating unit. The particles are silica particle or melamine resin particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternatively, another curable composition contains vinyl polymer (I) containing alkenyl group which carries out hydrosilylation reaction in one molecule (A), compound (II) containing hyrosilyl group (B), hydrosilylation catalyst (C), amine antioxidant (E) and anatase type titanium oxide. The coating composition further contains reinforcement property silica. Preferred Property: The molecular weight distribution of vinyl polymer is less than 1.8. Preferred Components: The principal chain of vinyl polymer is obtained by polymerizing a monomer chosen from (meth)acrylic-type monomer, acrylonitrile type monomer, aromatic vinyl-type monomer, fluorine-containing vinyl type monomer and silicon-containing vinyl-type monomer. The manufacturing method of vinyl polymer contains components chosen from ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-methoxy butyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate and stearyl acrylate. Preferred Process: The principal chain of vinyl polymer is manufactured by living radical polymerization which is atom transfer radical polymerization. Vinyl polymer is obtained by polymerizing vinyl-type monomer having terminal structure of formula: -C(R1)(R2)(X) (1) by atom transfer radical polymerization and converts into substituent having alkenyl group which carries out hydrosilylation reaction of terminal halogen of polymer. The obtained vinyl polymer is reacted with compound having at least two polymerizable low alkenyl groups. Preferred Compound: The vinyl polymer is (meth)acrylic-type polymer, acrylic type polymer and acrylic acid type polymer. organo-hydrogen-polysiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): An alkyl group-containing compound of formula: X1-C(A1)=C(A2)-X2 (100) and an alkyl sulfonate group-containing compound of formula: Y1-Ar200-Y2 (200) are reacted and presence of palladium catalyst and base, to obtain high molecular compound having benzofluorene-containing repeating unit (1).A1,A2=same as Rd1;X1,X2=boric acid or boric-acid ester;Ar200=group of formula (201);Rf4,Rg4,Rf5,Rg5=same as Rf1;andY1,Y2=halogen, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, or arylalkyl sulfonate.Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound further has fluorene-containing repeating unit of formula (2).Rf3,Rg3=same as Rf1;andRd3,Re3=same as Rd1. Preferred Definitions:    Rd1,Re1=1-12C alkyl, or phenyl.    EXAMPLE - Bromo-benzofluorene-containing monomer (in g) (1.116) of formula (I), boron-containing monomer (0.350) of formula (II), Aliquat336 (RTM: methyltrioctyl ammonium-chloride) (0.12), dichloro bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (1.7 mg), and toluene (15 ml) were added and reacted under argon gas atmosphere. Then, 16.7 mass% sodium carbonate aqueous solution (5 ml) was dripped to the resulting solution and heated for 12 hours, and cooled. Then, toluene (40) was added to the resulting solution, and liquid-separated. The toluene solution was filtered, and the resulting mixture was washed using ion-exchange water, and precipitated. The precipitate was added to methanol, and re-precipitated. The obtained precipitate was washed using methanol and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain a high molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 1.3x 104, and number average molecular weight of 7.4x 103, based on polystyrene conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound further has a fluorene-containing repeating unit of formula (2). The high molecular compound is prepared by reacting boric acid group-containing compound of formula: X1-C(A1)=C(A2)-X2 (3) and benzene-containing compound of formula: Y1-Ar200-Y2 (4), in presence of palladium catalyst and base.Ar200=group of formula (5);Rf3,Rg3,Rf4,Rg4=same as Rf1;Rd3,Re3,A1,A2=same as Rd1;X1,X2=boric acid group or its ester;Y1,Y2=halogen, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate or aralkyl sulfonate;andRa4-Ra6,Rb4-Rb6=same as Ra1.At least one of Rd1 and Re1 or Rd3 and Re3 is 1-12C alkyl or phenyl. EXAMPLE - Aliquat 336 (RTM: methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride having density of 0.884 g/ml) (in g) (0.13) and dichloro bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (2 mg) were stir-mixed in a reaction container, under argon atmosphere. Toluene (15 ml) was added and mixed. The reaction solution was then bubbled and deaerated with argon gas. Subsequently, 16.7 mass% sodium carbonate aqueous solution (5 ml) was dripped, refluxed for 1 hour, and cooled. Toluene (40) was added, mixed, and filtered. The resulting solution was added to methanol and mixed. The precipitated substance was washed by methanol, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain high molecular compound having weight average molecular weight of 1.5x 104 and number average molecular weight of 7.7x 103, based on polystyrene conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The amorphous, transparent, polycrystalline and electroconductive thin film is formed on resin substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The metal foil contains non-thermoplastic polyimide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises glass or ceramic. The cover comprises high transmittance glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is copper(Cu)/zinc oxide(ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The micro-lens comprises cylindrical lens or spherical lens. A vacuum layer is formed between the micro-formation and optical concentrator. Photosensitive electrodes facilitate photo-electrochemical water decomposition within the micro formations. Photovoltaic cells are mounted within the micro-formations and arranged to facilitate the generating of electricity when solar energy is focused on them. The micro-formation comprises a layer of thermoelectric material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The substrate comprises SU8 polymer photoresist material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactor: The reactor further comprises at least one distributed combustion chamber is in a heat transferring relationship with the catalyst bed. The reactor is a steam-reforming reactor or a dehydrogenation reactor. The gas separation module is a tube. A metal hydride precursor is separated from the reaction chamber by the gas separation module, where the metal hydride precursor is located to react with hydrogen permeating gas separation module to form a metal hydride. Preferred Components: The hydrogen-selective membrane is formed of palladium or its alloy with at least one of the metals selected from copper, silver, gold, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, yttrium, cerium and indium. The porous substrate is a porous ceramic substrate or a porous metal substrate selected from stainless steel, an alloy comprising chromium and nickel, a nickel based alloy, and an alloy comprising chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. The intermediate porous metal layer comprises palladium or palladium and group IB metal (preferably alternating layers of palladium and group IB metal). The intermediate porous metal layer has an average thickness of 1 - 10 micrometers. The mean pore size of the intermediate porous metal layer is less than the mean pore size of the porous substrate. The layer of a ceramic overlies the porous substrate and underlies the intermediate porous metal layer. The surface of the porous substrate is oxidized and is seeded with nuclei of a hydrogen-selective metal. When the reactor is a steam reforming reactor, then the catalyst bed is a steam reforming catalyst bed and when the reactor is a dehydrogenation reactor, then the catalyst bed is a dehydrogenation catalyst bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sheet comprises silver and anodized aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer comprises silicon nitride, and second layer comprises titanium oxide. The semiconductor film comprises a layer containing cadmium sulfide (CdS) and a layer containing cadmium tellurium (CdTe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liner insulation comprises graphite or carbon foam material. The base insulation comprises a ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent of the paste is at least one solvents selected from water, alcohol-based compounds, carbonate-based compounds and glycol-based compounds. The paste further includes at least one dopants selected from Na, K, Ni, P, As, Sb and Bi. The paste further includes a binder that assists in formation of the coating layer. The compound of the absorption layer is Cu(In,Ga)Se2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The TCO film comprises zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin-oxide, indium zinc oxide, tin antimony oxide, or zinc gallium aluminum oxide. The semiconductor film comprises a first layer comprising cadmium sulfide, and a second layer comprising cadmium telluride. The TCO film comprises a first layer comprising silicon oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride; and a second film comprising titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal in the metal alkoxide compound is chosen from silicon, titanium, zirconium and aluminum. The metal alkoxide compound is of formula (R8)m-Z-(OR9)4-m (VI-1) or Al-(OR9)3 (VI-2).R8=hydrogen, alkyl or aryl;R9=alkyl or aryl;Z=silicon, titanium or zirconium;andm=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic polymer is hydrophilic polymer having hydrolysable silyl group of formulae: X-A-(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))-asterisk (I), asterisk-(CH(-R3)-C(-R4)(-L2-B'))-asterisk asterisk-(CH(-R5)-C(-R6)(-L3-X))-asterisk (II), or asterisk-(C-(-R7)(-H)-C(-R8)(-L4-Y'))m2-asterisk asterisk-(C-(-R9)(-H)-C(-R10)(-L5-X))n2-asterisk (IV). The hydrophilic polymer is of formula: X-L11-D-L12-X (V). The aqueous coating material composition further comprises crosslinking agent, curing catalyst and particles. The curing catalyst is metal complex. The crosslinking agent is metal alkoxide compound. The particles are pigment. The aqueous coating material composition further comprises antifreezing agent.R1-R6=hydrogen or hydrocarbon group;X= hydrolyzable silyl group of formula (a);A,L1-L3=single bond or linking group;Y'=-NHCOR7, -CONH2, -CON(R7)2, -COR7, -OH, -CO2M, -SO3M, -PO3M, -OPO3M or -N(R7)3Z1;R7=alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;M=hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium;Z1=halogen ion;B'=silyl-containing group of formula asterisk-(CH(-R1)-C(-R2)(-L1-Y'))-asterisk (III);R7-R10=hydrogen or hydrocarbon;L4,L5=single bond or linking group, preferably L5 is -CONH-, -NHCONH-, -OCONH-, -SO2NH- and -SO3;m2,n2=compositional ratio of respective structural unit;X=hydrolyzable silyl group of formula (a);L11,L12=divalent linking group having three or more kinds of atoms chosen from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur;andD=polymer or oligomer.When sum of m2 and n2 is 100, m2 is greater than 30. Preferred Property: The particles have particle diameter of 0.01-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The photoresist material is a phenol-formaldehyde polymer. The source electrode and drain electrode are made from metal or conducting polymer. The gate structure comprises doped silicon, metal, or conducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layers include silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantum dots comprise semiconductor material. The semiconductor material comprises transition metal chalcogenide. The transition metal chalcogenide is cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide or zinc sulfide. Preferred Property: The quantum dots have diameter of 1-20 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The linking molecule includes polycyclic polyaromatic group having ( pi )-( pi ) interaction with surface of the carbon nanotube and group (R) bonded between the polycyclic polyaromatic group and one of the quantum dots. The polycyclic polyaromatic group comprises pyrenyl group. The group (R) is of formula: -(C)n-S-, preferably of formula (1).n=0-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), glass, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The film is formed on a zinc oxide seed layer. The whisker-like particles are particles in the shape of whiskers, needles, bars, or rods. The substrate is metal or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is a polymer substrate. It is in the form of a plate, particles, fibers, or has a complex shape. The reaction solution system includes hexamethylenetetramine, ethylenediamine or ammonia, polyethyleneimide, amino group-bearing polymer, or amino group-bearing monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon nanotube composition is porous, solid material, film, fiber or shaped solid component. The carbon nanotube composition is heated under hydrogen at 500-800 degrees C. The heating the carbon nanotube composition comprises heating the carbon nanotube composition under a vacuum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The transition metal compound is an organometallic compound, transition metal salt, octacarbonyl dicobalt, nonacarbonyl diron, biscyclooctadiene nickel, ferrocenylethynyl phenylethynylbenzene or their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic compound comprises an aromatic group, ethynyl group, aromatic precursor or their combinations. The organic compound is an aromatic-containing polymer, polyacrylonitrile, phthalonitrile-terminated polymer, phthalonitrile-terminated bisphenol A-benzophenone polymer, cyanate ester-terminated aromatic polymer, cyanate ester-terminated bisphenol A-benzene polymer, aromatic epoxy, polyether sulfone, polyetheretherketone, phenolic polymer, aromatic polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polycarbonate, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(phenylethynyl)benzene or their combinations. The precursor composition comprises a metal-ethynyl complex-containing compound. The precursor composition comprises a transition metal salt and aromatic compound or a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic film is a small piece of a surface derived from a host substrate. The host substrate is silicon or germanium substrate. The inorganic film is a layer of silicon or germanium substrate transferred from the host substrate. The host substrate is oriented in a direction of (100), (110), and (111). Preferred Methods: The inorganic film is a small piece of a film formed by a chemical vapor deposition, an inkjet printing, a roll to roll process, a spin-coating, or a hydrogen ion-cut process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible substrate is made of organic polymer, a glass, or a metal. The organic polymer is a polyimide, a poly(ethylene naphthalate), or a poly(ethylene terephthalate). The structure includes an organic polymer (33) stacked on the inorganic film; and a particular film deposited on the organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The surface area of perforations is less than 5% of a surface area of module. The diameter of each of perforations is less than 3 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin comprises a thermoplastic resin selected from at least one of acrylic, polycarbonate, polyester, urethane, nylon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride and silicones. The resin comprises a thermosetting resin selected from at least one of functional epoxy, epoxy-polyester, silicone and ultraviolet (UV) curable polymer. The first layer is made of a UV curable thermoplastic. The second layer is made of polycarbonate, acrylic or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is the hydrocarbon fuel such as methanol of gas or liquid state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The styrene-isobutylene block copolymer is polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene type block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred compound: The sealing component of the fuel cell stack is formed of resin chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacryl imide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyurethane, silicon, fluororesin, polybutylene terepthalate, polyethylene terepthalate, polyethylene napthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyether nitrile, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyallylate, polyamidoimide, polyether imide and thermoplastic polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The durometer hardness of the sealant as specified by the industrial standard JISK 6253 is A30-A90.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The sealant comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacryl imide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polyurethane, silicone, fluororesin, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone, liquid crystal polymer, polyether nitrile, modified polyphenylene ether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyacrylate, polyamidoimide, polyether imide and/or thermoplastic polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Alternatively, the coating composition contains inorganic microparticles (C) formed by dispersing inorganic microparticles (A) and surfactant (B) into a polar solvent, and inorganic microparticles (E) formed by dispersing dispersion liquid (I) and surfactant (D) into a mixture of organic solvent and polar solvent. Preferred Film: An electroconductive film is formed by coating the coating composition on a base material such as porous material. The porous material is paper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The indium hydroxide material is formed using a self-assembled monolayer having zeta potential. The self-assembled monolayer is aminopropyltriethoxysilane self-assembled monolayer. Preferred substrate: The substrate is glass, silicon, metal, ceramic or polymeric substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A desulfurizing agent absorbs-and-removes sulfur compound in the raw material. A modification unit produces hydrogen-containing-gas from the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The content of unreacted isocyanate group in carbodiimide compound is 0.5 mass% or less. The carbodiimide compound having weight average molecular weight of 100-10000 is formed by polymerization of diisocyanate compound. The unreacted isocyanate group is modified by urethane group-containing group and/or ureylene group-containing group. The carbodiimide compound is of formula: R1-R3-(N=C=N-R3)n-N=C=N-R3-R2 (I).R1,R2=-NHCONH2, -NHCONHR4, -NHCONR4R5 and/or -NHCOOR6, preferably -NHCOOR6;R4,R5=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or hydroxyalkyl group, each optionally having substituent;R6=H or (alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or hydroxyalkyl)optionally having substituent, preferably 1-10C hydroxyalkyl group optionally having substituent;R3=alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene or aralkylene interrupted by arylene, each optionally having substituent, preferably phenyl group-containing compound of formula (II);R4=H or alkyl;m=1-4;andn=1 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The sealing film contains 0.05-2 mass parts of carbodiimide compound and further contains 0.1-2 mass parts of organic peroxide with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer. The content of polar monomer in ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer is 20-35 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The six-membered- ring acid anhydride unit is of formula (1). The ultraviolet absorber is benzotriazole-type compound or benzotriazine-type compound. The thermostabilizer is hindered phenolic antioxidant or phosphorus-type processing stabilizer.R1,R2=H or 1-5C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polymer is block copolymer or graft copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: A vacuum conveyor has a lubricating film containing fluoropolymer which has functional group, and perfluoropolyether, a lubricating film containing fluoropolymer and perfluoropolyether which have functional group, and fluororesin, and a lubricating film containing lubricating oil which has alkylation cyclopentane or polyphenyl ether as main component, and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) containing substituted aromatic compound has symmetrical structure. The crosslinked composition has cyano group in principal chain and/or side chain terminal as crosslinked portion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The non-perfluoro type fluorine-containing elastomer contains 0.1-5 mol% of crosslinked functional groups in principal chain and/or side chain terminal and is chosen from vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and/or hexafluoropropylene or vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/propylene copolymer, hexafluoropropylene/ethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene/vinylidene fluoride/fluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer or chlorotrifluoroethylene/vinylidene fluoride/fluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer. The crosslinked functional groups are chosen from cyano group, carboxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group and acid halide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The macrocyclic metal complex has bimolecular structure. The macrocyclic molecule containing nitrogen is porphyrin, phathalocyanine, tetraazaanulene, or their derivative. Preferred Property: The distance between cobalt of bimolecular macrocylic metal complex is 4.4-4.5 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inner sleeve is made from non-metal material such as polyoxymethylene or PVC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is formed by a material comprising a silicon oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: the catalyst layer makes the catalysts, such as: ceric oxide (CeO 2), niobium pentoxide (Nb 2O 5), silicon dioxide (SiO 2), alumina (Al 2O 3), calcium oxide (CaO)-Al 2O 3, magnesium oxide (MgO)-Al 2O 3, oxidative diamond or carbon material of loading metal; where the loading metal is at least one of the group consisting of Co, Ru, Ni, Rb, Pt, Re, Ir, Pd, Cu, W, Fe or Mo. Preferred Conditions: The reacting temperature of the alkane catalytic cracking system is 500-800 degrees C; the pressure of the reacting gas of the alkane catalytic cracking system is 0.05-0.2 mP; the temperature of the Pd film filtering system heating electric furnace (19) is 300-400 degrees C; and the entering air pressure of gas is 0.04-0.2 mP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The silicon bar is phi 100-300 mm and the specific number is decided by the mold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of the rare earth element Re is that y is greater than or equal to 0.02 and less than or equal to 0.2 or y is greater than or equal to 0.05 and less than or equal to 0.15. Preferred Components: The rare earth element is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, yttrium or its mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Process in (c) involves evenly mixing tetramine manganese phthalocyanine and bisphenol A epoxy diglycidyl ether according to a mole ratio of 1:30-1:50, loading into the flask, adding 5 ml catalyst sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with a mass percentage concentration of 30%, heating to 80-120 degrees C in oil bath, reacting for 6-12 hours, finally using chloroform to dissolve the reaction product, filtering to remove the undissolved substance, vaporizing to remove the solvent, and obtaining the manganese phthalocyanine bisphenol A epoxy derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon granule is active carbon granule, carbon soot granule, or carbon nanometer-tube granule. Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor granule is titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, silicon dioxide, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide, tantalum pentaoxide, niobium pentaoxide, tin dioxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide, hafnium oxide, strontium oxide, indium oxide, vanadium pentaoxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, magnesium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gadolinium oxide, strontium titanium oxide, zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, or cadmium sulfide granule. The conductive substrate is conductive glass whose surface has fluorine-doped tin dioxide or indium oxide-doped tin film. A reducing agent comprises formic acid, sodium thiosulfate, sodium borohydride, and potassium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: A metal in the metal granule is an alloy of gold, silver, platinum, copper, zinc, tin, nickel, iron, iridium, ruthenium, or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye layer contains photoactivated dye comprising ruthenium polypyridyl complexes, porphyrinate complexes, phthalocyanines complexes, and non-metal organic dye. The reducing agent comprises formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine containing resin is homopolymer of vinylidene chloride, tetrafluoroethylene or hexafluoropropylene or its copolymers. The modified resin is polyvinylidene chloride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene resin modified by carboxy, sulfonic, aziridine, isocyanate, epoxy, amido, hydroxyl or active methylene. The fluorine containing polymer layer comprises inorganic filler of titanium, aluminum, tin or silicon. The solvent is toluene, butanone, ethyl acetate and/or butyl acetate. Preferred Property: The fluorine containing polymer layer has a thickness of 25-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Dibromo perylene-containing compound of formula (4) or diiodo perylene-containing compound of formula (5) and dibutoxy-aryl alkyne-containing compound of formula (6) or fluorene-alkyne-containing compound of formula (7) are subjected to Sonogasira coupled reaction in toluene and isopropyl amine solution using cuprous iodide and triphenyl phosphorus palladium as catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain crude polymer. Then, the crude polymer is treated with methanol and acetone Soxhlet extraction, to obtain perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer.R1,R2,R4,R5,x=same as defined above.Preferred Component: The dehydrobenzene or fluoreneethyne is connected to amide of perylene imide in perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer of formulae (I) and (II) and dehydrobenzene or fluoreneethyne is connected to perylene imide at bay-position in perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer of formulae (III) and (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Property: The conjugated polymer has absorption spectrum absorption edge of 500 nm or more. Preferred Definitions:Ar=heterocyclic compound of heteroatom containing nitrogen and/or sulfur which is benzothiodiazole, napzothiodiazole, thiophene or thiophthene, preferably sulfur-containing group chosen from the formula (2-8).    R1-R6=alkyl, alkoxy, 1-20C alkoxyl oxygen phenyl or benzene ring group-containing of formula (9);    R3=H or CN;and    R1,R2=same as defined above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethanol and/or acetone. The light anode material is 4-tert-butyl pyridine. The organic material is polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorothene hexafluoropropylene and/or polypropylene. Preferred Composition: The electrolytical mixture further comprises plasticizer (0.05-0.3 L) dissolved in the organic solvent. The plasticizer is propylene carbonate ester and/or carbonic acid vinyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The sheet contains resin component such as ethylene-type copolymer resin or ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin. Preferred Property: The sheet has cross-linking rate of 60% or more, and heating contraction of 30% or less at 75 degrees C as measured based on JIS C2318-1997 (5.3.4 dimensional changes).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode electro-catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell comprises 20% of Pt, 17.1% of M1-xNxO2, 62.9% of C.M=Ce;N=strontium (Sr); andx=0.05.Preferred Parameters: The Pt and M1-xNxO2 are in nanometer level. Preferred Components: The C is Vulcan XC-72 or carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The mass content of sodium borohydride in mixed water solution is more than 10%, or the mass content of hydrazine is less than 2%, the sodium hydroxide is added to the mixed water solution of sodium borohydride-hydrazine to improve the stability of the sodium borohydride and the mass% of sodium hydroxide in the mixed solution is 5-10 %. Preferred Components: The fuel cell is any one of the solid oxide fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphate fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, anion exchange membrane fuel cell or alkaline fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Heat conducting padding in (1) is alumina, magnesium oxide, berrylium oxide (BeO), aluminum nitride (AlN), or silicon carbide (SiC) of the inorganic padding. Preferred Parameters: The granularity of the padding is in range of 10 nm to 1 micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coupling agent is the coupling agent of silane sequence or the coupling agent of titanate. Cross-linking curing agent in (2) is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(peroxy-tert. butyl) hexane of the peroxide classification. The antioxidant in (3) is p-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-bi-tert. butyl phenyl) metacetonic acid o-octadecyl ester of the suffocate phenol classification. The UV light stabilizer in (3) is di(2,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidine) sebacic acid ester of the suffocate amine classification. Preferred Composition: In the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grain in (2), the mass proportion of the segmer vinyl and the vinyl acetate in 1 molecule is 2: 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film is prepared by (1) mixing the heat conducting padding of 30-200 parts and the coupling agent 0-0.4 parts, drying, grinding and dispersing the mixture in order to obtain the active heat conducting padding; (2) mixing the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grain of 100 parts with the cross-linking curing agent of 0-0.4 part; (3) mixing the antioxidant of 0.1-1.0 parts, UV light stabilizer of 0.1-1.0 parts with active heat conducting padding prepared in (1); and (4) adding the mixture of (3) into the mixture of (2), mixing and protruding the mixture, controlling the temperature at 80-105 degrees C, and obtaining the film through the processes of casting, cooling, drawing and rolling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon oxidation apparatus has fuel electrode containing oxygen ion conduction material and hydrocarbon processing catalyst. The hydrocarbon processing catalyst is a metal which may be nickel, cobalt, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium or iron, or alloy containing metal which may be nickel, cobalt, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantum dots comprise indium arsenide phosphide (InAsxP1-x), where x is 0-1. The core comprises InAsxP1-x, where x is 0-1. The shell comprises zinc selenium sulfide (ZnSeS) or zinc sulfide (ZnS).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ligands comprise alkyl-amines, thiols or mild alkyl chain based acids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin layer contains polyimide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The cartridge fixing section is made of an elastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The depositing comprises sputter-depositing the conductive electrode comprising Mo so that the conductive electrode comprising Mo is more oxided at a location closer to the substrate than at a location further from the substrate. The method further comprises ion beam treating a major surface of the conductive electrode in order to texture, or additionally texture, the major surface of the electrode thus providing a textured electrode having a textured reflective surface; and providing a layer comprising titanium (Ti) and/or chromium (Cr) between the substrate and the conductive electrode comprising Mo. Preferred Components: A buffer layer is located directly on and contacting the glass substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The light absorption layer is formed utilizing hydrogen gas and silicon source material comprising silane or disilane. A formed first sub-layer comprises amorphous silicon. A formed second sub-layer comprises microcrystalline silicon. Preferred Components: The first impurity-doped semiconductor layer comprises p-type amorphous silicon. The second impurity-doped semiconductor layer comprises n-type amorphous silicon. The light absorption layer comprises intrinsic amorphous silicon. Preferred Ratio: For the first and second sub-layers, the amount of hydrogen gas used is 20-80% (is 25% for a third sub-layer) of the amount of silicon source material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The active layer is a hole transport layer. When the active layer is a photoactive layer, it further comprises a photoactive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The compounds are prepared by using variety of known techniques such as Yamamoto coupling. Preferred Compounds: The compound comprises at least one set of adjacent naphthyl groups; or at least one set of adjacent aryl groups having at least one substituent selected from alkyl and alkoxy, where the set of adjacent aryl groups is selected from biphenyl-4,5,4',5'-tetrayl (substituted on 2,2'-positions by R), naphthalene-4,5,6-triyl (substituted on 2-position by R and on 1-position by T1), (1,1')binaphthalenyl-4,5,4',5'-tetrayl (substituted on 2,2'-positions by R) and (1,1')binaphthalenyl-4,5,4',5'-tetrayl (substituted on 7,7'-positions by R). The compound (I) or (II) is selected from 7 groups as given in the specification e.g. a compound of formula (II').R=alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or aryloxy group;T1=phenyl-1,3,4-triyl (substituted on 2-position by R). Preferred Definitions:    T'=a group of formula -Ar3-N(Ar5)-Ar4-N(Ar5)-Ar3-;    Ar3=phenylene, naphthylene or binaphthylene;    Ar4=phenylene, biphenylene, naphthylene or binaphthylene;    Ar5=phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, naphthyl or binaphthyl.    The Ar3 has at least one substituent selected from alkyl and alkoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 1 Compound is specifically claimed as the compound (I) or (II) i.e. N4,N4'-bis-(4-(2-octyl-4-diphenylamino-naphth-1-yl)-3-octyl-naphthalen-1-yl)-N4,N4'-diphenyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine of formula (I').    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The size of anatase-type titanium oxide particles is 10-200 nm. The thickness of film is 10 nm to 10 mu m. The thickness of intermediate layer is 5 nm to 5 mu m. The band gap between film and/or intermediate layer is 3 eV or less. The potential of conduction band and electric charge element of inorganic compounds other than titanium oxide is nobler than titanium oxide. Preferred Components: The anatase-type titanium oxide particles are single crystals. An anion chosen from nitrogen, sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, boron and fluorine is doped with anatase-type titanium oxide particles. An intermediate layer is provided between film and base material. The inorganic compound is tungsten oxide. Preferred Process: The anatase-type titanium oxide particles are obtained by hydrothermally treating nanotube of titanic acid in aqueous medium containing urea and/or thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The flexible optically transparent cover is comprised of dopants of metals such as copper, cobalt, zinc or lead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doping acid comprises phosphoric acid and/or sulfuric acid. The water stable polyazole solubilizing acid comprises sulfonic acid, methane sulfonic acid (preferred), trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, trifluoromethane carboxylic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, and/or fluoro-sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred components: The polyazole comprises polybenzimidazole (preferred), polyimidazole, polytriazole, polypyrazine, polypyrimidine, polytetrapyrene, polyoxazole, polyindazole, polyisoxazole, polyisothiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzoxadiazole, polyoxadiazole, polypyrazole, polyquinoxaline, quinoxazoline, polythiadiazole, polypyridine, polytetrazapyrene, poly(2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole), poly(2,2'-(1,3-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole), and/or poly(2,5-benzimidazole). The water stable polyazole solubilizing acid has a pKa of 0 to -14. The gel further comprises water. The support is a glass support or a polymer support. Preferred Process: The polyazole-acid solution is formed at below 200 degrees C. The method comprises flushing the polyazole-solubilizing acid from the polyazole-acid gel with water for forming a polyazole-water gel, then contacting the polyazole-water gel with a doping acid. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The device comprises a donor material and an acceptor material, and where the donor material comprises the at least one nonplanar porphyrin. and the acceptor material comprises another nonplanar porphyrin (I). The acceptor material comprises C60. Preferred Definitions:    R' and R=Cl atom, Br atom or I atom; group comprising C as the valence atom selected from phenyl, tolyl, xylenyl, mesityl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl; group comprising O as the valence atom selected from OH, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy or isopropoxy having O as the valence atom; group comprising N as the valence atom amino group, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, alkenylamino groups, dialkenylamino groups, alkynylamino groups, dialkynylamino groups, N-alkyl-N-alkenylamino groups, N-alkyl-N-alkynylamino groups, N-alkenyl-N-alkynylamino groups, acylamino groups, N-acyl-N-alkyl amino groups, N-acyl-N-alkenyl amino groups, N-acyl-N-alkynyl amino groups, N-acyl-N-cycloalkyl amino groups, N-acyl-N-cycloalkenyl amino groups, N-acyl-N-aryl amino groups, nitro group, heterocyclic groups comprising a nitrogen valence atom or substituted heterocyclic groups comprising a nitrogen valence atom; or group comprising S as the valence atom is selected from thiol group, alkylthio groups, alkenylthio groups, alkynylthio groups, aralkylthio groups, aralkenyltho groups, aralkynylthio groups, cycloalkylalkylthio groups, cycloalkenylalkylthio groups, cycloalkynylalkylthio groups, cycloalkylthio groups, cycloalkenylthio groups, cycloalkynylthio groups or arylthio groups;    M'=Pt or Pd;    A1=phenylene-1,2-diyl, naphthalene-2,3diyl, acenaphthene-1,2-diyl, fluoranthene-2,3-diyl, naphthalen-1,2-diyl or cyclohexane-1,2-diyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 2 compounds i.e. Pt(tetraphenyl benzo-porphyrin) (Ia) and Pd(tetraphenyl benzo-porphyrin) are specified as (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type dopant source comprises a boron-doped silicon dioxide. The n-type dopant source comprises a phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide. The solar cell includes anti-reflective coating, p-type dopant source, n-type dopant source, metal contacts, undoped silicon dioxide layer formed between p-type and n-type dopant sources, second tunnel oxide layer, and second doped polysilicon layer. The p-type dopant source comprises boron-doped silicon dioxide. The n-type dopant source comprises phosphorus-doped silicon dioxide. Preferred Properties: The first tunnel oxide layer is formed to a thickness of 10 Angstrom . Preferred Methods: The method includes forming a second tunnel oxide layer over a front side of the solar cell substrate; forming a second polysilicon layer over the second tunnel oxide layer; forming a second n-type dopant source over the second polysilicon layer; and doping the second polysilicon layer by diffusing dopants from the second n-type dopant source into the second polysilicon layer. The method can also include texturing a front side of the solar cell substrate, and diffusing n-type dopants into the solar cell substrate by way of the front side of the solar cell substrate. A first undoped silicon dioxide layer is formed between p-type and n-type dopant sources prior to doping the first polysilicon layer. A second undoped silicon dioxide layer is formed over the n-type dopant source prior to doping the first polysilicon layer to prevent dopants from the n-type dopant source from escaping into a furnace environment during the doping of the first polysilicon layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The visible light absorption photocatalyst compound is selected from a visible light absorption dye, which is cis-dithiocyanato bis(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylate) ruthenium (II) (N3 dye), (tri(thoicyanato)-2,2',2''-tert pyridyl-4,4',4''-tricarboxylate) ruthenium (II) ( black dye) or perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride. The silane coupling agent is 3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The visible light absorbing dye bonded titanium dioxide photocatalytic compound is selected from the compounds having general formula (I), (II) or (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains palladium. The substrate film contains zinc oxide. Preferred Method: An intermediate layer and catalyst layer are sequentially provided on the support (101), to form reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite material includes carbon and a metal such as platinum, palladium, gold, silver, copper and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further includes proving photovoltaic device with front electrode comprising transparent conductive metallic infrared (IR) reflecting layer with silver and/or gold, and transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film. Preferred Components: The TCO film comprises zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin-oxide or indium zinc oxide. The electrode comprises first layer containing molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti) and/or chromium (Cr).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The component parts are made of hard gelatin, cellulose, chitosan and/or carbon containing polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substrate: The transparent conductive anode substrate is indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, and/or tin oxide glass or film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anti-blocking agent includes silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The former and third sheet layers include 0.01-5 pts.wt. of ultraviolet-absorbing agent, 0.1-1.0 pts.wt. of anti-blocking agent, 0.005-5.0 pts.wt. of cross-linking agent, 0.1-2.0 pts.wt. of triallyl cyanurate and 0.05-5.0 pts.wt. of phenol-derived antioxidant. The ultraviolet-absorbing agent includes hindered amine light stabilizer, benzotriazole group, benzophenone group, salicylate group or their mixture. The cross-linking agent includes dicumyl peroxide, di-tert.-butylperoxy diisopropylbenzene or di-tert.-butyl peroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Ethyl vinyl acetate and polyvinyl fluoride for sound absorption are successively laminated on the aluminum plate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive lead outs are comprised of tin or aluminum-tin alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive layer formed on the internal and external glasses is made of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyvinyl butyral (PVB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the single crystal block without dislocation is 5-20 mm. The thickness of the molten part of the single crystal block is 10-90% of the total thickness of the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The back side metallic layer may also be made of nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, tungsten, vanadium, chromium, and/or tin. Preferred Component: The transparent conductive oxide is tin dioxide:fluorine; zinc oxide:aluminum; and/or indium oxide:tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The diffuse reflective layer is made of polyamide, sulfo-polyester, polyketone, polyester, and/or acrylic resins loaded with a white pigment such as sub-micrometer particles of titanium dioxide to make them reflective. The back side metallic layer is made of electric conducting plastics and/or other electric conducting polymer formulations such as carbon polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The silicon oxide vapor deposition layer is formed on the surface of polyethylene-terephthalate film (12) by vapor deposition. The weather resistant resin layer contains film of polyethylene naphthalate or fluororesin. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the sphere-shaped particles is 4-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The (meth)acrylic type copolymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer containing 15-50 weight% of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 50-85 weight% of butyl(meth)acrylate. Preferred Properties: The adhesive layer has thickness of 30-150 mu m. The ether type urethane resin foam sheet has thickness of 1-6 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flexible bonding material layer comprises polyvinyl butyral or transparent ethylene-vinyl acetate. The insulating plate comprises epoxide resin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flexible substrate comprises leather.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium (Ti). The base material is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) coated with a solder or silver (Ag), and copper, invar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating film is a polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, a polybutylene terephthalate. The connection structure of the wiring contains either polyphenylene sulfide and polyvinyl fluoride. The insulating material contains an insulating organic material containing either a polyimide, a polyamidoimide, an epoxy and an acryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plates with square or rectangular shape are made of resin equipped of glass fiber and by molding of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blade is made of a low damping material such as titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid composition (C1) is a liquid top coat composition further comprises at least one additive selected from a non-conductive pigment, inorganic filler, slippery agent, UV absorber, hindered amine light stabilizer, defoamer, antioxidant and cure enhancing agent. The liquid composition (C1) is a liquid base coat composition further comprises a UV absorber, hindered amine light stabilizer, antioxidant and leveling agent. The liquid base coat composition (C2) comprises (wt.%): at least one aliphatic urethane acrylic oligomer (35-75); acrylate diluent monomer (0-30); photo-initiator (1-5); and leveling agent (0.1-1). The liquid top coat composition (C3) further comprises nonionic defoamer and cure enhancer. The liquid top coat composition (C3) comprises (wt.%): at least one aliphatic urethane acrylic oligomer (35-70); acrylate diluent monomer (15-30); photo-initiator (1-5); nonconductive pigment (1-10), nonionic wetting agent (0.1-1.5); nonionic UV stabilizer (1-5); and nonionic antioxidant (0.5-3.5). Preferred Components: The substrate surface is silicon dioxide, where the substrate is a PV module. The aliphatic urethane acrylic oligomer comprises aliphatic urethane acrylate and the acrylate diluent monomer comprises isobornyl acrylate. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves after applying a liquid base coat, curing the base coated surface; after applying a liquid top coat curing the coated surface, where curing involves exposing the base coated surface or exposing the coated surface to UV light and the liquid primer coat composition comprises a wetting agent. EXAMPLE - A liquid composition was prepared comprising (%): Z-6030 (RTM: silane coupling agent) (0.5), Z-6070 (RTM: hydrophobic silane) (0.3), and TMN-6 (RTM: non ionic wetting agent) (0.05) and the pH was adjusted using acetic acid to 4.1. The solution was stirred at 40 degrees C for 10 minute before application to the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rare earth fluorescent material comprises one or mixture of more than one of rare earth doped aluminate fluorophore, rare earth doped silicate fluorophore, rare earth doped phosphate fluorophore, rare earth doped sulfide fluorophore, rare earth doped molybdate fluorophore, rare earth doped nitride fluorophore, rare earth doped fluoride fluorophore or rare earth doped metal oxide fluorophore. The substrate comprises rigid block, rigid plate or flexible thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is a plastic alloy layer of polyvinylidene fluoride alloy and inorganic material. The inorganic material is selected from one or more of the inorganic substances whose structural formula is AxBy; A is silicon, magnesium, titanium, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum or barium; B is oxygen, sulfur or sulfate radical; x and y are selected from 1, 3 and 3, respectively. The inorganic substance comprises silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and molybdenum sulfide, or zinc sulfide, barium sulfate and titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide. The inorganic material accounts for 10%-40% of the total weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer. The white polyethylene layer is a plastic alloy layer made of polyethylene mixed with inorganic white paint, ultraviolet stabilizer and thermal oxidative aging stabilizer. The inorganic white paint is titanium pigment or barium sulfate. The structural reinforcement layer is a polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is a biaxially oriented polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The first and the second adhesive layers can be one selected from polyurethane adhesive layer, acrylate adhesive layer and epoxy adhesive layer. Preferred Conditions: The thickness of the polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is 4-40 mu m. The inorganic white paint accounts for 3-10% of the total weight of the white polyethylene layer. The white polyethylene layer is 10-300 mu m thick. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is 40-400 mu m thick. The first and the second adhesive layers are both 1-30 mu m thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The interconnect is made of copper, aluminum, tungsten and copper-nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The encapsulating layer is made of polyolefin-based block copolymers and poly carbonate. The protective layer is made of protective polymer such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate and poly carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The transparent electrode at the first layer is made from indium tin oxide conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The organic solar battery has a transparent electrode at the first layer; a conductive coating at the second layer; a crystalline organic semiconductor induction layer at the third layer; a donor material layer at the fourth layer; a donor material and receptor material co-mixed layer at the fifth layer; a receptor material layer at the sixth layer; an electrode buffer layer at the seventh layer; and a metal electrode at the eighth layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode buffer layer can be made from lithium fluoride. The metal electrode at the eighth layer is silver or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive coating is made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). The crystalline organic semiconductor induction layer at the third layer is made of 5,5'-bis(4-biphenylyl)-2,2'-bithiophene(BP2T), 2,5'''-bis(4-phenyl)-5,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (P4T) and 2,5'''-bis(4-1-methyl-phenyl)-5,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-tetrathiophene (methylP4T). The donor material is phthalocyanine containing no metal, phthalocyanine containing metal, pentacene, rubrene, thiophene oligomer, bithiophene oligomer, or their functionalized variant. The receptor material is allotropes of carbon, where carbon atomic number in the allotropes of carbon is greater than 59-less than 100; 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride; or its functionalized variant. The electrode buffer layer is made from 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum; or 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The weather-resistance base material consists of polyethylene-terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first (0.01-5 wt.%) or the second fluorescent powder (0.01-5 wt.%) employs an oxygen-containing compound of element from group II, III, IV or V as substrate. The first fluorescent powder and the second fluorescent powder have a mixing ratio of 40-60:40-60 within the polymerization adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymerization adhesive is added at a volume equal to the volume of the mixture of the first and second fluorescent powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor colloidal solution containing titanium oxide, acetic acid, deionized water, acetylacetone and citric acid is prepared and coated on the surface of glass tube. The outer glass tube of solar cell is coated with transparent conductive coating and further coated with nano crystalline titanium semiconductor coating and dyed using high energy photon absorption organic pigment. The reduction/oxidation couple permits the regeneration of dye molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar collection device further comprises thermal transfer device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell is crystalline silicon single junction cell; and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-1150 nm with major portion of light greater than 1150 nm not reflected, multi-junction gallium-arsenic (GaAs) cell and the solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 350-1750 nm with major portion of light greater than 1750 nm not reflected, amorphous silicon single junction cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 300-720 nm with major portion of light greater than 720 nm not reflected, ribbon silicon cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-1150 nm with major portion of light greater than 1150 nm not reflected, copper indium gallium selenide cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 350-1100 nm with major portion of light greater than 1100 nm not reflected, or cadmium telluride cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-895 nm with major portion of light greater than 895 nm not reflected. Preferred Property: The solar concentrating mirror exhibits reflectivity of greater than or equal to 98% of light corresponding to the absorption bandwidth of the solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The device housing support portion is comprised essentially of a polymeric framing material, and the photovoltaic cell assembly is framed on several sides with the polymeric framing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal powder consists of 50-80 pts.wt. of copper or nickel plated on silver sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The organic solvent is selected from butyl CARBITOL(RTM: any of a group of solvents consisting of ethers of diethylene glycol and their derivatives) or sorbitol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pressure sensitive adhesive mass comprises (meth)acrylate or synthetic rubber. The pressure sensitive adhesive mass comprises solvent based, solvent-free or water based system. The pressure sensitive adhesive mass contains 0.5-30, preferably 5-15 wt.% of fillers, and 0.01-5, preferably 0.15-1.8% of a reactive crosslinker. The pressure sensitive adhesive band comprises single- or double-sided, carrier based or strapless adhesive band. The carrier based, double-sided adhesive band contains a diffusion film as carrier material, preferably polyester compound or aluminum composite. The carrier based, single-sided adhesive band contains closed-cell polyethylene foam as carrier material. Preferred Method: The pressure sensitive adhesive mass is produced by actinic radiation, preferably UV radiation. The adhesive band is applied as punched part. EXAMPLE - Ethyl acetate (180 GT) was heated in a three-necked flask and stirred. After reaching a boiling point, 50% of a monomer mixture consisting of acrylic acid (30 GT) and ethylhexyl acrylate (70 GT), and a mixture comprising azobisisobutyronitrile (0.1 GT) in ethyl acetate (20 GT) were added and stirred for 120 minutes and cooled to obtain corresponding pressure sensitive adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkoxysilane is chosen from dialkoxysilane having amino group, 3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane, and N-3-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane. The weathering stabilizer is chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The ethylene copolymer composition is further obtained by mixing weathering stabilizer and additive with ethylene and polar monomer copolymer. The laminated sheet is further obtained by carrying out corona-treatment to aluminum foil surface, and ozonizing and laminating on a melted film of the ethylene copolymer composition. Preferred Component: The ethylene and polar monomer copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene, unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, and ethylene and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer. The fluororesin is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene ethylenic copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, chlorotrifluoroethylene ethylenic copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride. The polyester resin is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate. Preferred Layer: The fluororesin or polyester resin and aluminum foil are laminated through polyurethane resin adhesive layer of two-component type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass substrates of outer photoelectric glass layer and inner glass layer are selected from toughened glass, semi-toughened glass, float glass, wired glass and laminated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film solar cell assembly is selected from copper indium diselenide (CIS) thin film solar cell, copper indium gallium diselenide (GIGS) thin film solar cell and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin film solar cell assembly is made of polycrystalline solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The unit comprises an input port that receiving the exercise programming by universal serial bus (USB), Firewire, Ethernet and small computer system interface (SCSI) communication protocol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal weight ratio of composition metal wire grid anode layer Ag/Cu/Ni is 3:1:1. A LiF layer covers the composition metal wire grid anode layer Ag/Cu/Ni. Preferred Process: The process further involves copper plating metal silver grid pattern by chemical plating method using chemical plating liquid, consist of copper sulfate with pH value of 12.5, 180 Mm/L triethanolamine and 0.002 Mm/L yellow prussiate, to plate copper for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C, plating nickel on chemical copper plated grid pattern by using a chemical plating liquid consist of nickel sulfate with pH value of 12.5, 180 Mm/L triethanolamine and 0.002 Mm/L yellow prussiate to plate nickel for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C and adjusting the thickness of vacuum evaporated LiF layer and square resistance of metal grid/LiF composite anode at 0.1-15 Ohm/square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Cavity transmission layer is coated with PEDOT:PSS layer by spin coating. Active layer is spin-coated P3HT/PCBM film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet-like support structure is made of foaming polyethylene or foaming polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sunlight panel is made of one among gallium-arsenide, copper, indium, gallium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The light capturing pane is made of optically transmissive material containing glass, poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, urethane, polyurethane, silicone rubber, optical epoxies and/or cyanoacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The roofing substrate is a tile, shake or shingle. The return electrical path is a wire or strip of metal, or a ribbon wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The receiver element comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductive material comprises a metal, metal compound, and/or metal silicide. It comprises titanium and/or titanium silicide, or aluminum. The receiver element comprises a metal or a metal compound. The lamina comprises crystalline silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The conductive material comprises a metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The receiver element comprises a plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The overlying layer further comprises nickel. The conductive core further comprises nickel; or a material selected from copper, silver, aluminum, and elemental constituents and alloys having high electrical conductivity. The transparent electrically conductive oxide layer further comprises a conductive oxide selected from zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide and indium tin oxide. An absorber layer of the solar cell comprises copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic material is preferably zinc oxide, titanium oxide, cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, ferric oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ultraviolet visible absorption peak of composite material is subjected to remarkable red shift and the light-emitting range of composite covers the whole ultraviolet visible absorption region. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=linear or branched 6-13C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, 4-6C cycloalkyl, aryl, amido, carboxyl, ester, halo, or nitro;and    n=300-500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The curable composition comprises silicon atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The curable composition comprises ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyurethane, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylfluoride, and/or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises cleaning the electrode using a cleaning solution after forming the concavo-convex pattern on its surface. The second electrode is formed on the semiconductor layer by, forming a concavo-convex pattern on a surface of the second electrode. The concavo-convex pattern on the surface of the second electrode is formed by, partially etching the second electrode using an etching solution including hydrofluoric acid. The etching solutions are provided to the electrodes by spraying. The electrodes are formed by a sputtering method. Preferred Component: The electrodes comprise zinc oxide (80 wt.%) doped with aluminum or gallium. The etching solution further comprises deionized water. The semiconductor layer comprises silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium selenide, or gallium arsenide. Preferred Property: The electrode has a haze of 5-60%. Preferred Condition: The haze in the electrode is controlled by adjusting the predetermined process time. A square average value of a surface roughness of the electrode is 10-200 nm. The square average value is controlled by adjusting the predetermined process time. A weight ratio of the hydrofluoric acid to the deionized water in the etching solution is 1:10 to 1:1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The array of photovoltaic cells are respectively made of gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2) and aluminum gallium indium phosphide (Al2GaInP4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The glazing material comprises a fluoropolymer composition. The fluoropolymer is homopolymer or copolymers with ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoromethyl (or propyl) vinylether, or chlorotrifluoroethylene. It is a polyvinylidene fluoride-based composition or blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casting compound is a radiation transparent elastic polymer such as polyurethane, aliphatic polyisocyanate, native polyurea systems, cast-silicone, native epoxide or plastisol. The carrier is made from plastic such as polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate and polypropylene, biopolymers such as polylactic acid and polylactic acid-copolymers, or duroplastics such as pheol-, polyester- or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device complies with a Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The incident and reflective photovoltaic cells are each sandwiched between a front metal contact (72a) and a back metal contact (72b); and each absorbing surface of each cell abuts a corresponding front metal contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A conductive adhesive is sandwiched between the incident photovoltaic cell and the reflective photovoltaic cell to provide a common ground to both photovoltaic cells. A flexible dielectric adhesive (70) is sandwiched between the incident and reflective photovoltaic cells. It abuts the back metal contacts of the incident and reflective photovoltaic cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermocouple metal traces in connection with the Peltier thermoelectric device is formed on a thin polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid compound is hydrofluoric acid and sour ammonium fluorides added with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or HCl; hydrofluoric acid or sour potassium fluoride added with HCl and H2SO4, or barium sulfate and starch. Preferred Method: The operation of pickling the surfaces not covered with paint is carried out, so that a diverse pickling depth on the surface of the glass can be achieved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The positively-controlled implementation sends the data to a motion control end computer through a RS-232 serial port. The interruption process of the motion platform is implemented in the motion control end computer by the motion control card Peripheral Component Interconnect-7356 (PCI-7356).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The n-type silicon thin film layer is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The body is combined to an external device through an Universal serial bus (USB)cable or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (S-ATA) cable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silyl containing polyacrylate polymer comprises a silyl terminated polyacrylate polymer. The second seal comprises a XMAP (RTM: telechelic polyacrylate). The first seal comprises a thermoplastic material and a desiccant. The first seal is comprised of a butyl sealant material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component:
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is obtained by reacting N-substituted glycine with fullerene, in toluene. The triarylamine derivative is bromotriarylamine, iodotriarylamine or chlorotriarylamine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of 2-polyphenol. The organic solvent is toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The two battery units are single crystal silicon solar battery, multi-crystal silicon solar battery, amorphous silicon solar battery, III-V family solar battery or II-VI family solar battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer comprises zinc oxide or zinc-aluminum oxide. The buffering layer is made from one of groups formed by materials such as transparent conductive oxide such as indium-tin oxide, zinc-aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflection layer and the two conductive layers are respectively selected from one of groups formed by materials such as aluminum, molybdenum, silver, aurum, chrome and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is glass with refractive index of at least 1.7. At least one of the first and second chromophores is an organometallic compound (preferably porphyrin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control system communicates information to bicycle that conforms to Bluetooth, wireless fidelity (WiFi) and universal serial bus (USB) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The soft magnetic material comprises iron, cobalt, nickel and/or their alloys and oxides. The magnetic film comprises samarium iron nitride, neodymium iron boride, samarium cobalt, barium ferrite, strontium ferrite, cobalt platinum alloy, and/or cobalt palladium alloy. Preferred Component: The photovoltaic element comprises polycrystalline silicon or a single crystal silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low melting point metal based material comprises indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal back electrode layer is made of molybdenum or platinum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The monomer (A) or polymer (D) is of formula: S1-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf4-S2. The monomer (B) or polymer (E) is of formula: S3-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf3-S4. The monomer (C) is of formula: X-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf5-X. The polymer (F) is of formula: X-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf6-X.S1-S4=(-NZ1Z2), -SO2NZ1Z2, -SO2X, -CONZ1Z2 or -COX;Z1,Z2=H, M or trimethyl silyl;M=metallic element;andX=halogen or OH, preferably halogen, boronic acid, boronic acid cyclic ester. Preferred Definitions:    E1,E2=(-(SO2NM)i3SO2-);    i3=1 or more;and    Ar=benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, naphthacene, pentacene, phenanthrene, pyrene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, carbazole, oxazole, oxathiazole, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, tetraphenyl, terphenyl, biphenyl, fluorene, stilbene or their derivative.    EXAMPLE - A perfluoro sulfonamide was obtained using 4,4'-Diiodo biphenyl, copper bronze, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate. Then, the obtained perfluoro sulfonamide and perfluorosulfonyl fluoride were polymerized, to obtain electrolyte. The obtained electrolyte had excellent proton conductivity and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material of transparent low- or high-resistance composite thin film is indium oxide (In2O3):tin (Sn), zinc oxide (ZnO):aluminum (Al), SnO2:fluoride (F), SnO2:antimony (Sb), cadmium oxide (CdO), CdIn2O4, Cd2SnO4, or Zn2SnO4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide nano-particle is selected from zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, gallium zinc oxide, antinomy tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide or zinc oxide. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide nano-particle is made of tin, gallium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum or antimony. The p-type absorber is a copper, indium, gallium or selenium film absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lens made of epoxy is arranged on the transmitter and receiver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of tin dioxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional layer is made of silicon dioxide, aluminum dioxide, or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar battery is comprised of phosphorus, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The heat radiation layer is made of copper or mixing material of aluminum and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The absorber layer comprises pin structure comprising amorphous hydrogenated silicon. The resistive TCO layer comprises undoped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capillary metal pipe contains heat transfer medium preferably methane, freon and alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The filtered water is sent to a vacuum circulation water storehouse, changing the heat into steam in steam recycling storehouse, and passing the steam in steam turbine through a middle pressure steam storehouse lowering temperature and pressure to change steam into supercritical liquid. The low temperature and pressure steam is discharged after generating electricity, then sent to the vacuum circulation storehouse, heat is changed into steam, and recycled by steam recycling storehouse and further used for generating electricity. Condensed water produced in compressing and heating layers passes through high pressure steam storehouse, the middle pressure steam storehouse, steam recycling storehouse and heat exchanger at bottom portion of the vacuum circulation water storehouse, and filtered using activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical resonant cavity is formed with indium tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The absorber layer is formed from molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), molybdenum-chromium (MoCr) alloy and titanium (Ti).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell includes semiconductor layer comprising polythiophene and fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PVC or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The peak contains at least one type of a carbon and nitrogen as impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: The photoactive material comprises an inorganic semiconductor material comprising silicon, germanium, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, a II-IV semiconductor or a III-IV semiconductor, or a semiconductor alloy comprising SixGe1-x, ZnxCd1-xSe or InAs1-yPy.x,y=0-1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Material: The solar turf unit has a shape resembling a plant, fungi, rock, animal or blades of grass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron poor aromatic unit comprises a optionally substituted benzothiadiazole, thiadiazoloquinoxaline, quinoxaline, thienothiadiazole, thienopyrazine, pyrazinoquinoxaline, benzobisthiadiazole or thiadiazolothienpyrazine, preferably 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The photoactive material comprises a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer (DA-CP). The DA-CPs of the solar blades have a green (preferable), black, red, orange, yellow, blue or purple hue when in a neutral state. The DA-CP comprises substituted dioxyheterocycle (preferably dioxythiophene) based donor repeating units, or acceptor repeating units comprising electron poor aromatic unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The exercise machine is provided with a communication interface i.e. wired RS-232 to universal serial bus (USB) connecting interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The exercise assistance system is connected through a local area network (LAN) such as Ethernet in the individual residence.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic nano-material is nano-montmorillonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred compounds: The isocyanate pre-polymer comprises 20-70 pts.wt. of polyol, which is polyether polyol or polyester polyol, 5-20 pts.wt. of vegetable oil and 20-80 pts.wt. of diphenylmethane diisocyanate. The diphenylmethane diisocyanate is 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 2,2'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate or o-toluene diisocyanate. The vegetable oil is a natural castor oil or modified castor oil. The catalyst is selected from triethylene diamine, tetramethyl alkylene diamine, dimethylcylcohexylamine, dibutyltin laurate, stannous octoate, dibutyltin mercaptide or dibutyltin diacetate. The antioxidant has methyl tetra methylene(3,5-ditertbutyl-4-hydroyxl benzene propanoate), triglycoldi-(3-(3-tertbutyl-4-hydroxyl-5-methylphenyl) propionate), 2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methylphenol or 2,6-ditertbutyl paracresol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The data interface of the controller that controls the force generator comprises interface between the controller and other computers and peripheral devices consisting of universal serial bus (USB) port, Ethernet (RTM: Industrial specification for local area networks) port, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard (IEEE) 1394 interface, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (RTM: Industrial specification for wireless technology), Digital Visual Interface (DVI) (RTM: Video interface standard), and RCA connectors. The memory card interface is configured to couple to a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card, a PC card, a Compact Flash (RTM: Mass storage device format) card, a Memory Stick (RTM: Flash memory card format), a miniSD (RTM: Small form factor removable and portable memory device) card, a microSD (RTM: Removable flash memory card format) card, a Multi media card (MMC) micro card, and a Secure Digital (SD)RTM: Flash memory card format).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The sensor of the controller may be a potentiometer, tilt switch, pressure switch, strain gauge, material motion detector, linear variable differential transformer, and accelerometer that is configured to detect motion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Substance with alkoxy silyl group as main component is Si(OA)4 or (AO)3Si(OSi(OA)2)mOSi(OA)3.m=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A substance with alkoxy silyl group as main component is further added to the composition. Preferred Parameters: The pH of processing liquid is 5-11. Preferred Components: Alcohol is ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol or ethylene glycol and surfactant is tetraalkylammonium salt of formula R1-N+(R2)(R3)-R4 X- (1). Substance with fluorocarbon, hydrocarbon and alkoxy silyl group as main component is CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2-Si(OA)3, Or (CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2)2-Si(OA)2, (CF 3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2)3-SiOA or CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2-SiA(OA)2.X=halogen;R1=10-20C alkyl; andR2-R4=1-2C alkyl;n=0-16; andA=alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermo-element contains an oxide containing a transition metal. The thermoelectric material contains strontium-titanium complex oxide (SrTi1-xMxO3, where M is niobium, vanadium and tantalum, and x is 0-0.5), zinc complex oxide (Zn1-aM'aO, where M'is aluminum, gallium and indium, and a is 0-0.5), nickel oxide (NiO), titanium oxide (TiO2-b, where b is 0-0.5), calcium-cobalt oxide (Ca3Co4O9), sodium-cobalt oxide (NayCoO2, where y is 0.7-1) and/or indium-zinc oxide (In2-zRzO3(ZnO)m, where R is aluminum and gallium, m is 1-19, and z is 0-1). The gate insulating film (B) contains titanium oxide (TiO2), lead-zirconium-titanium oxide (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), strontium-titanium oxide (SrTiO3), lanthanum-aluminum oxide (LaAlO3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), strontium-zirconium oxide (SrZrO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), barium-titanium oxide (BaTiO3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), indium-gallium-zinc oxide (InGaO3(ZnO)n, where n is 1-19) and/or hafnium oxide (HfO2) as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is formed of metal selected from titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, chromium and nickel. The conductive clusters are formed of titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mounting rail is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The light guide comprises a plastic sheet comprising acrylic or polycarbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat transport device is formed by aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper and a copper alloy. The thermal interface layer is composed of a multiphase material, a silver alloy, a liquid metal, a liquid metal alloy, a tin-indium alloy, a tin-bismuth alloy, and a lead-free solder. The electrical contact area comprises gold. The electrical insulator layer comprises aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solar concentrator array includes a polymer layer covering the metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stiffening member comprises aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), and/or zinc (Zn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stiffening member may comprise alloy of Al, Cu, Fe, Ti and/or Zn. The first stiffening member is made of steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stiffening member can be made of wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thick, elastically resilient, soft layer is formed of foamed plastic i.e. polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The piezoelectric pressure sensor exhibits a foil or a layer of plastics foam such as polymer propylene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The filler and coating consists of boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silver and diamond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coating also consists of aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Audio signals are transmitted to an ear-mounted unit via electromagnetic radiation compatible with the Bluetooth (RTM: industrial specification for personal area networks) standard, such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 802.15.1-2002 and IEEE Standard 802.15.1-2005.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer comprises nickel, aluminum, titanium, silver, gold, cobalt, antimony, palladium and/or copper. The crystallization-annealing temperature is lower than a solid phase crystallization temperature of an amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) consists of a resin containing infrared-permeable coloring agent. The layer (C) consists of a resin containing white pigment. The layer (B) consists of thermoplastic resin (I) with a glass transition temperature of 120 degrees C or more, and layers (A,C) consists of thermoplastic resin (II) with a glass transition temperature lower that that of resin (I). The resin (II) is rubber-reinforced styrene resin formed by polymerizing vinylic monomer including aromatic vinyl compound and other copolymerizable monomer in presence of rubbery polymer, and/or styrene resin containing (co)polymer of vinylic monomer. The rubbery polymer is chosen from ethylene- alpha -olefin type rubber, hydrogenated conjugated diene type rubber, acrylic type rubber, silicone type rubber, and/or silicone acryl composite rubber. The resin (I) is rubber reinforced vinyl type resin formed by polymerizing vinylic monomer in presence of rubbery polymer, and vinyl type resin containing (co)polymer of vinylic monomer. The styrene resin contains maleimide type unit (1-30 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The control device includes an input interface that is set up to receive analogue signals and digital signals transmitted according to Digital video broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The redox species are all iodine-based redox species, and includes cobalt complex. The polycrystalline semiconductor includes titanium dioxide. The porous separator layer includes zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection part has aluminum as main component and output extraction portion has silver as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The luminescent material is a compound of formula (AaBbXx), preferably indium phosphide, zinc phosphide, cuprous oxide, cupric oxide, copper indium gallium sulfide, and copper indium gallium selenide.A=elements of Group IA;B=elements of Group IVB;X=elements of Group VIIB;a=1-9;b=1-5;andx=1-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binding material layer comprises polydimethylsiloxane and insulating polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pump in the electrochemical plating cell has fluid source that supplies electrolyte containing copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper pyrophosphate and copper fluoroborate, to the metallized surface and the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pump in the electrochemical plating cell has fluid source that supplies electrolyte containing metal ion consisting of silver, nickel, zinc or tin, to the metallized surface and the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Component: The polymer is prepared by using 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene molecule and conjugated azole molecule as monomer. EXAMPLE - Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (0.553 g) and 2,2'-bipyridene (0.33 g) were reacted in nitrogen-free and moisture-free atmosphere, added with ,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bithiazole (1.003 g), and reacted for 20 minutes in vacuum. Anhydrous toluene (15 ml) containing catalyst was added, activated at 60 degrees C for 30 minutes, then further added with toluene containing the monomer (20 mL), and melted under nitrogen atmosphere at 80 degrees C for 16 hours. 1-Bromo-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene (0.006 mL) was added, extracted for 2 hours, refluxed, and toluene was removed. The obtained product was then dissolved in chloroform, recrystallized in methanol, filtered, and oven dried to obtain poly(4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bithiazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The composite getter material comprises zeolite, silica gel, alumina and alkaline earth metal oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric material (14) is chosen from ethylvinylacetate (EVA), low density polyethylene (LDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), Polyether block amide (PEBA), ionomeric resin, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, polyvinylidiene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylbutyral (PVB) and polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPR), ethylene-propylene diene monomer rubbers (EPDM) and butyl rubbers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foils are made of materials such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, polyfluorethylene-propylene and polyethylenterephthalat .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The small particles are made of metal e.g. gold, silver, platinum, copper, Indium, tin, palladium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The CdTe membrane sample is glass substrate/transparent conducting film/n-cadmium sulfide/p-CdTe that experienced cadmium chloride annealing treatment. The back contact layer is copper-zinc telluride, copper-mercury telluride, antimony telluride or nickel telluride of 30-200 nm thick. The back contact is nickel, nickel-aluminum alloy or gold of 100 nm-3 mu m thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of 65% nitric acid, 99.5% glacial acetic acid and deionized water is 1-5:60-100:10-60. The concentration of NaAc is 1-3 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier uses high viscosity and low viscosity composite ethyl cellulose as the thickener. The organic carrier comprises solvent, thickener, plasticizer, surface active agent, and other auxiliary agents. The solvent is terpineol. The thickener is celluloses. The plasticizer is phthalate. The surface active agent is lecithin or Span 85(RTM: sorbitan trioleate). Preferred Composition: The ratio of the high viscosity/low viscosity composite ethyl cellulose is 2:8-4:6 (wt./wt.), which makes the slurry to have a good rheological characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is benzene, toluene, xylene, and/or 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The alcohol solution comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, benzene, toluene, or xylene. The basic solution comprises sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, pyridine, triethylamine, or diisopropylethylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The fullerene derivative (I) is prepared by reacting alkyl ester of oxothiophenyl alkyl acid (100-300 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. resin) and para-tosyl hydrazide at 50-200 degrees C in alcohol solution to obtain basic solution containing tosyl hydrazone compound derivative; reacting tosyl hydrazone (100-300 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. resin) with solution containing fullerene at 50-200 degrees C for 5-40 hours to prepare thienyl C61 alkyl acid alkyl ester; dissolving in organic solvent and refluxing; and concentrating and purifying. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Two fullerene derivatives (I) are claimed, i.e., (6,6)-thienyl C61-propionic acid methyl ester of formula (A) and (6,6)-thienyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester.    EXAMPLE - Tosyl hydrazone (0.9 g) was dissolved in pyridine. Sodium methoxide (0.14 g) was added and stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. A solution containing fullerene (0.89 g) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene was added, stirred and refluxed at 70 degrees C. The intermediate was separated by column chromatography, dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene and stirred for 5 hours and refluxed. After the final reaction concentration was concentrated, it was washed with methanol after separating the solid by centrifugation. The solid was vacuum dried at 80 degrees C to obtain (6,6)-thienyl C61-propionic acid methyl ester (TCPM; 0.45 g; 36% yield) as a brown solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: An organic electro-optical device consists of an anode, a cathode, and organic thin film layer(s) provided between the anode and cathode. At least one of the organic thin film layers, contains the material (A). The organic thin film layer is chosen from light-emitting layer, hole-transport layer, hole injection layer, electron-transport layer and electron injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dopant: The material (A) further contains dopant (a) such as red, green, blue or white fluorescence/phosphorescence dopant. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 23 Specific symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclohexanes are claimed, such as compounds of formula (I-V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxygen is introduced into solution for 10-15 minutes before pulsed electro-deposition, during process of pulsed electro-deposition, and introducing oxygen into solution all the time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The first metal electrode and third metal electrode are made of silver. The second metal electrode is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic alkali is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or cesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by reacting carbazole derivative monomer of formula (III) with a fluorene diboric acid ester monomer of formula (IV) in an organic solvent containing inorganic alkali in the presence of organic palladium as catalyst.X=Cl or Br; andp,q=2-8 (preferably 4-8).Preferred Ratio: The mole ratio of carbazole derivative monomer and fluorene diboric acid ester monomer is present at 1:1. Preferred Component: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene or chlorobenzene. The organic palladium catalyst is palladium acetate, tetrakis(triphenyphosphine)palladium, or tris(dibenzylidene)dipalladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The copolymer material is prepared by reacting the carbazole derivative monomer and fluorene diboric acid ester monomer at 60-150 degrees C for 48-100 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The top thermally conductive surface is made of aluminum or another thermally conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gasket includes epoxy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive base is made from aluminum. The conductive panels are made from stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The pad utilizes a shell that is selected from a group consisting of thermoplastic, polycarbonate, polyurethane, or an electrometric rubberized compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The single particle is a material chosen from organic polymer e.g. polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate; metal oxides e.g. silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO2) and calcium oxide (CaO2); metals e.g. aluminum (Al), gold (Au), titanium (Ti), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and silicon (Si); semiconductor material and inorganic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic pigment component is titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The adhesive layer contains blended material of resin component (20-99 weight%) and inorganic pigment component (1-80 weight%), and further contains ultraviolet absorber. The organic film (A) is a fluorine containing-resin film. Preferred Components: The resin component contains diamine component (A) having siloxane bond and vinyl copolymer (B). The vinyl copolymer (B) is obtained by reacting ethylene and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid derivative having functional group, and further contains glycidyl group. The diamine component (A) is siloxane compound having amino group in both terminals is of formula (1 or 2).R1=1-10C alkylene;andm,n=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A lens plate of lens unit is formed of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conducting material comprises: aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold or an alloy of it; and indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black filled oxide, a carbon black carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon blackfilled oxide, an epoxy, a conductive glass or a conductive plastic. The transparent conductive layer comprises carbon nanotubes, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide (ITO), doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide and/or boron doped zinc oxide indium-zinc oxide. The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer comprises cadmium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The germanium mesa structure is formed with gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, and aluminum arsenide layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The power collecting electrode comprises thermosetting paste with conductive particles as filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The conductive polymer layer (8) contains polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises titanium, steel, coated steel, aluminum or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The system is equipped with a communication unit for controlling a group of communications ports by utilizing one among RS-232C, general-purpose interface bus (GPIB), controller area network (CAN), universal serial bus (USB), local area network and serial communication bus. The system confirms to code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), wireless broadband (WiBro) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A conjugated monomer containing active terminal group bromine, ester of boric acid, stannic acid, butyl lithium, anhydride and an amine derivative are used during manufacture of polymer donor material. 3-methyl-oxacyclobutane compound and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-benzene are further used during manufacture of polymer donor material. Preferred Process: Monobromobenzene or monoborate is used for improving the photo-thermal stability of the polymer donor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Thickness of silicon-titanium formation film layer is 0.01-5 (0.01-2) microns. Preferred Method: Silicon-titanium formation film layer is formed on the surfaces of basal layer and fluorine-based film layer via plasma silicon-titanium processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluorine-based film layer is tetrafluoroethylene based film layer or chlorotrifluoroethylene based film layer. Preferred Parameters: Thickness of fluorine-based film layer is 5-200 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Basal layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) basal layer or polyethylene (PE) superfine closed cell foaming layer. Preferred Parameters: Thickness of basal layer is 0.1-10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reflective material formed in the truncated pyramid shape structures, comprises a plastic or poly film, laminate, foil, polyester film and polymer film containing ethylene or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode is formed by a metal such as aluminum, titanium, tungsten, silver or gold. The p-type semiconductor layer comprises nickel (II) oxide (NiO) or titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electron-donating organic material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7I-dimethyl-octyloxy))-p-phenylene vinylene (MDMO-PPV), poly(2,7-(9-(2'-ethylhexyl)-9-hexyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5-(4I,7I-di-2-thienyl-2I,r,3I-benzothiadiazole)) (PFDTBT), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4Hcyclopenta(2,l-b;3,4-6')dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,l,3-benzothiadiazole)) (PCPDTBT), or poly(pphenyleneethynylene)-(pphenyleneethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPE-PPV). The electron-accepting organic material comprises (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The light source device comprises an inorganic LED, an organic LED, a polymer LED or a laser diode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The lamination layer comprises a thermoplastic or resin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The tube of the drum assembly is formed of extruded aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phase change material is sodium sulfate decahydrate/ammonium chloride/potassium chloride; calcium chloride/calcium bromide/hexahydrate/potassium bromide; calcium chloride/calcium bromide/hexahydrate/sodium sulfate decahydrate/sodium chloride; calcium chloride/hexahydrate; sodium sulfate decahydrate; calcium bromide hexahydrate; thiosulfate heptahydrate; magnesium chloride/magnesium nitrate hexahydrate; sodium phosphate decahydrate; magnesium nitrate hexahydrate; ammonium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate; and magnesium chloride hexahydrate. The article has first temperature of 25-75, preferably 40-60 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phase change material is neopentyl glycol; paraffin wax; sodium methyl carbonate trihydrate; polyethylene; tetradecane; pentadecane; hexadecane; heptadecane; octadecane; nonadecane; eicosane; heneicosane; docosane; tricosane; tetracosane; pentacosane; hexacosane; heptacosane; octacosane; nonacosane; triacontane; and micro-encapsulated long straight-chain paraffinic hydrocarbons of formula CnH2n+2, where n is 10-30.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The phase change material is polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The CNT is chosen from single wall CNT, double wall CNT, multi-walled CNT and bunch-type CNT. Preferred Ion: The metallic ion is a transition metallic ion such as copper ion, nickel ion, palladium ion or mercury ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The one or more bases in the single-stranded DNA is substituted with hydroxy pyridine, pyridine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine or 2-amino-4,6-dichloropyridine base. The CNT composite composition further includes a dispersing agent. The single stranded DNA comprises a thiol group, amine radical, hydroxyl radical or a phosphate group at the 5'terminus. The method involves using ethylenediamine, propylene diamine or butylene diamine. The cross-linking agent is succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC). Preferred Process: The CNT is oxidized and one or more carboxylic acid groups are included in the surface of the CNT. The oxidation of CNT is performed by adding nitric acid, sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. The carboxylic acid group included on the CNT surface is chlorinated by thionyl chloride, acetyl chloride and carbonyl chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is a flexible transparent substrate chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene sulfonic, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyether imide, acrylic resin, norbornene-based resin and olefin maleimide or its copolymers, and inorganic substrate such as glass, quartz or indium-tin (ITO) deposition substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic semiconductor layer has polycrystal silicon, amorphous silicon, germanium, gallium or silicon-germanium. Preferred Elements: The metal layer has metal, which is selected from nickel, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, molybdenum, cobalt, tungsten, titanium or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The material of p-n junction layer is subgroup III-V compounds or subgroup I-III-VI compounds including copper indium diselenide or copper indium gallium diselenide. The semiconductor layer comprises p-type semiconductor layer, n-type semiconductor layer, where p-type semiconductor layer is formed on and proximate to first electrode layer. The second electrode layer comprises transparent conducting film formed on semiconductor layer, and metal contacts formed on transparent conducting film. The material of transparent conducting film is transparent metal oxide or indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive oxide film is formed on the plastic substrate or glass substrate. The plastic substrate is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyallylate, polyether sulfone, amorphous polyolefin, polystyrene or acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoro polymer is selected from polyvinylfluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidenefluoride, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkoxy vinylether copolymer or perfluoro-ethylene-propylene. The film between the polyamide film and the fluorine polymer layer is polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate. The embedding material is selected from ethyl vinyl acetate, polyvinyl butyral, monomer, polymethyl metacrylate, polyurethane, polyester or silicone elastomer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The device interacts with computer/web server using a communication system that conforms to universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM) standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The oxygen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The purified-water tank is a circular or square steel tank and equipped with purified-water inlet, purified-water outlet and blowhole. The oxyhydrogen fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell and equipped with hydrogen inlet, oxygen inlet, purified-water outlet, positive electrode and negative electrode. The hydrogen outlet of hydrogen storing tank and the hydrogen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel; the oxygen outlet of oxygen storing tank and the oxygen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar photovoltaic cell component comprises monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon or other compound solar cells. The purified-water electrolytic cell is provided with positive pole plate and negative pole plate. The hydrogen and oxygen control valves are both made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: One plate (130) comprises glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The other plate (120) comprises the lamellae and a polymeric material, i.e. polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ultrasonic probe is made of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fixed position of the frame and supporting component, fixed position of supporting component, and fixed position of supporting component and roof are fixed with fastening metal fitting (31) which is component formed by processing melted aluminum type plated steel plate. The solar power generation module is covered with a cover between the modules (32).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A transparent adhesive film utilizes an epoxy resin adhesive film, light adhesive films utilizes epoxy resin adhesive film, insulating film utilizes polyimide film, and the encapsulation film utilizes modified polyethylene terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photovoltaic material comprises copper-indium-diselenide (CuInSe2) or copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic dye of the photovoltaic material is naphthalene dyes or perylene dyes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive weft thread is formed of stainless steel filament yarn.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The middle layer and the outer layer of the pad are made from woven polyester fabric and polyester felt, respectively. The non conducting weft thread is made of polyester filament yarn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The hole, slot, holes or slots are shaped to fit the shapes of the semiconductor bodies. The semiconductor body has a shape, and each slot or hole has shape, which will not allow assembly in any orientation that makes improper electrical connections. The semiconductor body has a specific repeated shape structure that fits each slot or hole shape and structure, and further comprises a light transmitting cover placed over the semiconductor bodies that results in elastic compression or elastic containment of at least two electrodes on two different regions of each semiconductor body to form a photodiode when the semiconductor body is placed between the slot or hole and the light transmitting cover. The light converted by the photon converter is sunlight, thermal radiation, radioactive light emission, chemical light emission, from an electric light source, or laser light. The light conduit and the slot or hole structure are affixed to each other with glues, soldering, welding, clamps, fasteners, or interlocking components. At least one semiconductor body used two different material electron conducting contacts to the semiconductor body and forms a thermoelectric junction, thermoelectric junctions, electron tunneling junction, electron tunneling junctions, themionic junction, or themionic junctions. The semiconductor and electrodes secure electrical contacts by soldering, welding, diffusion, brazing, or alloying with heating from heat conduction, hot gas contact, flash light absorption, laser light absorption, vibrational energy or electrical current.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The rear side of the plate and/or the inner side of the ring is made of aluminum or coated with aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The heat-damming material is formed by foamed polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The meter has the universal serial bus (USB) socket for plugging a portable storage element such as MPEG audio layer-3 (MP3) disk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Multiple shaft movement control cards confirm to programmable multi axis controller (PMAC) 2-PC/104 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The single bandgap material comprises silicon, germanium, compound semiconductors, or organic semiconductors.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The high refractive index liquid comprises water, oil, glycerol, acetone, and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The optically transparent solid comprises glass or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Properties: The aluminum powder has tap density of 1.30-3.50 g/cc. Preferred Components: The aluminum powder comprises (wt. pts.) spherical aluminum with average granularity of 1-2.8 mu m (40-75) and spherical aluminum with average granularity of 3-7 mu m (25-60); or spherical aluminum with average granularity of 1.5-2.7 mu m (50-70) and spherical aluminum with average granularity of 4-6 mu m (25-60).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sizing agent further comprises sintering auxiliary agent, tackifying agent, stabilizing agent, or dispersant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic carrier contains cellulose nitrate and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The p-type and n-type semiconductor layers are formed of material selected from the group consisting of single-crystal silicon, amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium gallium phosphide, cadmium telluride and copper indium selenide. The electrodes are made of aluminum, silver or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The luminescent layer includes a luminescent material of formula (AaB1bXx), where A is selected from elements of Group IA; B1 is selected from elements of Group VA; X is selected from elements of Group VIIB; a and x is 1-9; and b is 1-5. The luminescent layer includes a luminescent material selected from indium phosphide (InP), zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO), copper indium gallium sulfur alloy (CuInGaS), and copper indium gallium selenide alloy (CuInGaSe).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The backsheet is a single layer of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composition. The PVDF composition is a polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer; a polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer; a blend of PVDF polymer with compatible polymer, where greater than or equal to 50 wt.% of the blend is PVDF; or an acrylic modified fluoropolymer with less than or equal to 50% PVDF content. The functionalized PVDF composition comprises a functionalized PVDF or PVDF blended with a functional co-resin. The photovoltaic module includes a barrier layer comprising ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, aluminum or reactive polyethylenes. The backsheet substrate is polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate substrate. It is chemically treated to improve adhesion of the PVDF coating. The PVDF coating composition is an acrylic-modified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion. The PVDF is a homopolymer or a copolymer having a melting point of greater than 130 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The coating composition comprises 2-33 wt.% crosslinker.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper salt compound is copper nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride or copper hydroxide, preferably copper nitrate. The copper selenide has compositional formula: CuSe2. The solar-cell module contains copper-indium-gallium selenide-type absorber comprising copper selenide particles as raw material. Preferred Condition: The admixture is heated at 120-160 degrees C. Preferred Method: The copper-indium-gallium selenide-type absorber is obtained by reacting gallium selenide particle, copper selenide particles and indium selenide particles. The indium selenide particles are obtained by reacting indium salt compound and selenite. Preferred Property: The copper selenide has particle diameter of 10 nm to 2 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solvent is polyol compound chosen from polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol. EXAMPLE - Cupric nitrate (3.75 g) and selenious acid (5.16 g) were mixed with polyethylene glycol (200 ml) under argon atmosphere, heated at 160 degrees C and dried, to obtain copper selenide crystals (3.1 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is germanium, and soldered to a metal layer. The metal layer is copper layer, and is deposited into a substrate layer. The substrate layer is alumina substrate. The heat exchanger comprises baseplate (18) and heat pipe (20). The baseplate and heat exchanger are copper. The restraining unit is iron-nickel (FeNi36), steel, nickel alloy or carbon composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic dyes is mixtures of phthalo blue, grouping phthalo blue, phthalo green, hansa red, and resorcinolphthalein. The ultraviolet absorber is azimino-benzene or benzophenone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The black polyester main materials comprise 50-90 wt.% polyester slices, 7-20 wt.% carbon black, 1-8 wt.% silicon dioxide, 1-4 wt.% organic dyes, and 1-3 wt.% ultraviolet absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The barrier layer is made up of silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell consists of any one of gallium-indium-phosphide, gallium-arsenide and germanium-copper-indium-gallium-sulphur-selenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The solar cell consists of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cathode is immersed in a culture solution inoculated with non-photosynthesizing bacterium, particularly iron protoxide thiobacillus, for oxidizing ferrous ion to ferric ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor optical catalyst is natural semiconductor mineral or its modified blend, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2)-zinc blend or TiO2-graphite blend. The titanium oxide-graphite blend is prepared by mixing natural TiO2 powder and acetylene black at 9:1 weight ratio; adding ethanol as solvent; ultrasonically vibrating; adding PTFE latex dropwise; stirring the mixture until a thick paste; rolling into thin film on graphite plate electrode; and drying naturally. The electron acceptor is oxygen in the air, where outer side of cathode is exposed to atmospheric air while inner side is contacted with electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: A cathode chamber and an anode chamber are separated by a proton-exchange film or connected through salt bridge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron donor is ascorbic acid, ethanol, sulfite, hypophosphite, triethylamine, methyl viologen, waste oil, organic waste water, or organic waste filtered liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The self-assembly method comprises immersing cleaned and dried monocrystalline silicon substrate in silicon alkane solution having a viscosity of 0.1-10 mu g/ml for 20 seconds to 24 hours; subjecting to ultra-cleaning using toluene, chloroform and ethanol solvent simultaneously for 2-15 minutes each cleaning; subjecting to ultra-cleaning using deionized water for 2-3 times for 2-15 minutes each cleaning; and dyeing in nitrogen environment. The etching is done at 20-80 degrees C and speed of 100-800 rpm for 2 minutes to 2 hydroxide. Preferred Component: The alkaline solution having a viscosity of 0.001-10 mol/l is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline solution having a viscosity of 0.001-10 mol/l is tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The phosphorus is separated from the semiconductor material with oxide which covers the semiconductor material. The separation of phosphorus includes etching or grinding process. The regeneration process of semiconductor material further involves subjecting semiconductor material to oxidation process (S15) for removing the contained-boron or subjecting to inactivation process for inactivating boron by thermal donor (S13), and subjection to evaporation (S16) for performing evaporative-removal of phosphorus. The inactivation process is carried out by heating semiconductor material at 300-500 degrees C. The semiconductor material is particulate silicon. Preferred Condition: The heating-process is carried out at 900-1200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Antioxidant is hindered phenolic antioxidant or its composite mixing of phosphorous acid ester antioxidant 16. Hindered phenolic antioxidant is 1076. Preferred Compositions: The composite mixing of the hindered phenolic antioxidant and phosphorous acid ester antioxidant 168 is 1076/168 of 1:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The relative density of the PBT is 1.3-1.35 g/cm3; the melting point is 220-240 degrees C and the melt viscosity is 0.6-0.9. Preferred Components: ABS is the terpolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene. SAN is the copolymer of styrene and acrylonitrile. Glass fiber is alkalineless glass fiber, of which the surface is disposed by silicane coupling agent. Compatibilizer is polymer A grafted maleic anhydride, styrene copolymerization maleic anhydride (SMA) or ABS grafted maleic anhydride (ABS-g-MAH). polymer A is styrene polyacryl (PA), the copolymer SAN or ABS of styrene and acrylonitrile. Lubricant is super high molecular polysiloxane. Preferred Compositions: The rubber content of ABS is 35%-70%. Preferred Parameters: The fusil index of SAN is 15-40 g/10minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The vanadium flow cell or battery stack comprises positive half cell and negative half cell with solution comprising electrolyte chosen from sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid or mixture of hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid, and ions chosen from vanadium (III), vanadium (IV), vanadium (V) and polyhalide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The method enables the mechanism controller to communicate with control panel that conforms to Serial Peripheral Interface bus standard. The method enables computer-readable media that conforms to Universal serial bus drives standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Adhesive: The adhesive agent is an anisotropic electroconductive adhesive film formed by curing epoxy adhesive containing electroconductive particles (30 wt.% or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The polyfluorene derivative of alkyl dithio-formic ether is prepared by:(A) adding ethanol solution of 9-akyl-9-(n-bromoalkyl)-fluorene into reactor;(B) dropping ethanol solution of alkyl dithio-potassium formate;(C) reacting on normal temperature;(D) filtrating and distilling to remove ethanol;(E) dissolving the product in trichloromethane and washing with diluted hydrochloric acid;(F) decompressing and distilling to obtain yellow liquid which is alkyl dithio-formyl alkyl fluorene monomer;(G) melting the alkyl dithio-formyl alkyl fluorene monomer in anhydrous trichloromethane under argon gas protection;(H) adding ferric trichloride;(I) stirring for 24-74 hours to obtain black solution;(J) adding trichloromethane and dropping the dissolved solution into ethanol solution;(K) depositing; and(L) filtrating and washing the deposition with ethanol to obtain yellow liquid that is polyfluorene derivative of alkyl dithio-formic ether group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): Dibromo perylene-containing compound of formula (4) or diiodo perylene-containing compound of formula (5) and dibutoxy-aryl alkyne-containing compound of formula (6) or fluorene-alkyne-containing compound of formula (7) are subjected to Sonogasira coupled reaction in toluene and isopropyl amine solution using cuprous iodide and triphenyl phosphorus palladium as catalyst under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain crude polymer. Then, the crude polymer is treated with methanol and acetone Soxhlet extraction, to obtain perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer.R1,R2,R4,R5,x=same as defined above.Preferred Component: The dehydrobenzene or fluoreneethyne is connected to amide of perylene imide in perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer of formulae (I) and (II) and dehydrobenzene or fluoreneethyne is connected to perylene imide at bay-position in perylene imide-aryl alkyne-containing polymer of formulae (III) and (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethanol and/or acetone. The light anode material is 4-tert-butyl pyridine. The organic material is polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorothene hexafluoropropylene and/or polypropylene. Preferred Composition: The electrolytical mixture further comprises plasticizer (0.05-0.3 L) dissolved in the organic solvent. The plasticizer is propylene carbonate ester and/or carbonic acid vinyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The preparation method of the gelatinous poly-ion liquid electrolyte used for solar energy battery comprises (a) pre-processing and weighing histidine; dispersing pre-processed histidine in acetonitrile; adding ethyl iodide to react fully at 50-100 degrees C, where histidine is nmol, acetonitrile is n x 8L, ethyl iodide is 25 nmol; (b) filtering the mixture obtained in (a) to eliminate all the solvent; dissolving mixture in the water; extracting it to eliminate the impurity; evaporating the water in the water phase to obtain the ion liquid production; (c) purifying the ion liquid of (b); dissolving the purified ion liquid and the polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the organic solvent; reacting fully at 100-140 degrees C; purifying the production to obtain poly-ion liquid production that is poly-histidine ester ion liquid, where the ion liquid is n mol, and polyvinyl alcohol is 3n mol; (d) dissolving poly-ion liquid obtained in (c) into the organic solvent; adding lithium iodide and simple iodine; stirring mixture evenly to obtain jelly-shape gel electrolyte that is the gelatinous poly-ion liquid electrolyte; and (e) dropping poly-ion liquid electrolyte series obtained in (d) onto the surface of the dye sensitizing nanometer crystal film; baking it in the oven at 80 degrees for 2-3 hours; installing the conductive glass counter electrodes plated with platinum onto it; baking it until the electrodes are adhered firmly; and assembling it into dye sensitizing nanometer crystal solar energy battery, where n is natural number.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Heat conducting padding in (1) is alumina, magnesium oxide, berrylium oxide (BeO), aluminum nitride (AlN), or silicon carbide (SiC) of the inorganic padding. Preferred Parameters: The granularity of the padding is in range of 10 nm to 1 micron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coupling agent is the coupling agent of silane sequence or the coupling agent of titanate. Cross-linking curing agent in (2) is 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(peroxy-tert. butyl) hexane of the peroxide classification. The antioxidant in (3) is p-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-bi-tert. butyl phenyl) metacetonic acid o-octadecyl ester of the suffocate phenol classification. The UV light stabilizer in (3) is di(2,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidine) sebacic acid ester of the suffocate amine classification. Preferred Composition: In the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grain in (2), the mass proportion of the segmer vinyl and the vinyl acetate in 1 molecule is 2: 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film is prepared by (1) mixing the heat conducting padding of 30-200 parts and the coupling agent 0-0.4 parts, drying, grinding and dispersing the mixture in order to obtain the active heat conducting padding; (2) mixing the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer grain of 100 parts with the cross-linking curing agent of 0-0.4 part; (3) mixing the antioxidant of 0.1-1.0 parts, UV light stabilizer of 0.1-1.0 parts with active heat conducting padding prepared in (1); and (4) adding the mixture of (3) into the mixture of (2), mixing and protruding the mixture, controlling the temperature at 80-105 degrees C, and obtaining the film through the processes of casting, cooling, drawing and rolling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The games and game data are loaded into the system by utilizing a Universal serial bus (USB) memory stick device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thermoelectric conversion material has dimensionless performance index of 0.2 or more at 600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The non-fresh water is pre-treated to remove organic components, algae, and particulate such as sand, waste material and other impurities. The heat is recovered using high temperature heat exchanger (11). The external source of energy is chosen from solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, fossil fuel energy and geothermal energy. A combustor (9) of the system producing fresh water includes refractory material. The fresh water-producing system further includes a unit which minimizes corrosion of any component which is in contact with salts and minerals (6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The blade is made of a low damping material such as titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition further contains inorganic particles chosen from nanoclay and glass bead. The glass flake comprises one unmilled glass flake milled glass flake. Preferred Component: The photoinitiator is sulfonium salt, ferrocenium salt and/or diazonium salt. Preferred Properties: The glass flake (GF35) has particle size of 0.35 mu m. The glass flake (GF50) has particle size of 0.5 mu m. The glass flake (GF70) has particle size of 0.7 mu m. The glass flake (GF100) has particle size of 1 mu m. The glass flake (GF300) has particle size of 3 mu m. The glass flake (GF500) has particle size of 5 mu m. The glass flake (GF750) has particle size of 7 mu m. The unmilled glass flake (80% and 20%) has particle size of 1700-150 mu m and 150-50 mu m, respectively. The milled glass flake (10%) has particle size of 1000-300 mu m. The milled glass flake (65%) has particle size of 300-50 mu m. The milled glass flake (25%) has particle size of less than 50 mu m. The milled glass flake (2%) has particle size of more than 150 mu m. The milled glass flake (10%) has particle size of 150-50 mu m. The milled glass flake (88%) has particle size of less than 50 mu m. The glass flake has refractive index of 1.50-1.60. The glass flake (GF10) has particle size of 0.1 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is cycloaliphatic, modified cycloaliphatic and/or hybrid resin-type epoxy resin. Preferred Composition: The epoxy resin contains 1-50 weight% of vinyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The translucent insulating material is made of polyvinyl alcohol resin or ethylene-vinyl acetate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of activated carbon and carbon material(s) is preferably 8-10 mass parts. The electroconductive fiber contains fiber which is covered with metal fiber and metal. The carbon material(s) is chosen from carbon black, graphite and carbon fiber, preferably carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanorods are made of a material selected from a group consisting of zinc oxide, silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide and germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar power generating portion comprises a light absorbing material with a ruthenium-based dye. The transparent housing has a layer of metal i.e. gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The meltable material is made of zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The meltable material is made of plastic, a polyethylene or a polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: When the hydrogen-sulfide concentration is 10 mg/l, the usage amount of activated carbon fiber is 0.56 kg or more per flow volume of 1 m3/hour of water. The oxygen-containing gas is air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The main material is a powder obtained by pulverizing single crystal containing thermoelectric raw material containing gallium obtained by gallium self flux method. The thermoelectric raw material is a clathrate compound of formula: Ba8-xAxB'46-y-zGayCz, Ba24-aAaB100-b-cGabCc or Ba1-mAmGa4-nBn, where A is IA group element, IIA group element and/or IIIA group element, B'is IVB group element, C is transition metal element, IIB group element, IIIB group element and/or VB group element, x is 0-8, y and z are 0-46, y+z is 46 or less, (8-x)+y is more than 0, a is 0-24, b and c are 0-100, b+c is 100 or less, (24-a)+b is more than 0, m is 0-1, n is 0-4 and (1-m)+(4-n) is more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is a platelet, needle-like or fibrous, and the absorber layer is a copper indium gallium di-selenide (CIGS)/copper indium di-selenide (CIS absorber layer. The filler is selected from oxides, nitrides and/or carbides. The filler comprises oxygen and at least one member of aluminum, silicon, titanium and/or magnesium; platelet talc, acicular titanium dioxide. The film is reinforced with a thermally stable, inorganic: fabric, paper, sheet and/or scrim.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rigid rod type dianhydhde is selected from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and/or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The rigid rod type diamine is selected from 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD), 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidene (TFMB), 1,5-naphthalenediamine, and/or 1,4-naphthalenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent section comprises transparent resin, polymethyl methacrylate, or polyepoxy compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid-liquid phase-change heat-storing material is villiaumite lithium fluoride (LiF) and/or calcium fluoride (CaF2) at weight ratio of 2-1.1:1; and is present at 80-95 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The foamed metal skeleton material is foamed metal nickel (Ni) or copper (Cu). The shaped container is made of cobalt-based, nickel-based or niobium-based refractory alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The mass mean molecular weight of poly(N-vinylacetamide) is 100000 or more. The average particle diameter of graphite powder is 10 mu m or less. Preferred Composition: The electro-conductive material contains carbon black and/or graphite powder. Preferred Component: The carbon black is acetylene black. The graphite powder is highly purified artificial-graphite powder. Preferred Process: An electrode (10) is formed by joining a polarizing-electrode layer (12) by the conductive adhesive on the surface(s) of a sheet-like collector (11). Preferred Material: The sheet-like collector has a plane aluminum foil. The polarizing-electrode layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The function ring is made of ceramics based on silicon nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide or zirconium dioxide, in area of bearing race.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The function ring has a surface layer, particularly, functional coating and the support ring has a carrier ring boundary layer, particularly functional coating. The carrier ring boundary layer or surface layer is chemically or electrodeposited nickel or chromium layer or a layer deposited by physical vapor deposition, particularly a diamond coating or metal carbides layer. The support ring is made of a seawater resistant steel, a tempered steel, a seawater resistant bronze steel, a sintered material or a ceramic. The function ring is made of a bearing steel, a corrosion-resistant steel, particularly nitrogen, thermo-chemical or heat-treated hardened martensitic, stainless steel, ceramic, metal-ceramic composite material, hard metal, powder metallurgical alloy, crystalline metal, austenitic steel with a hard material content greater than 30%, austenitic stainless steel, thermo-hardened steel or thermo-treated steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Lacquer: The boundary layer is a lacquer, which is anti-corrosive or protective against organic fouling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support ring is made of high-strength plastic or fiber-reinforced plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The highly heat-conductive material is aluminum, aluminum nitride, non-silicon type grease or silicon-type grease.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cooling source circulates chlorofluorocarbon alternative (R134a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fixer body is molded by injecting acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (ABS) engineering plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluororesin-siloxane graft-type polymer is formed using a radical polymerizable fluororesin, a radical polymerizable polysiloxane, an alkoxysilyl-containing monomer, a hydroxyl-containing monomer, and an isocyanate compound as cross-linking agent. The microparticles are microparticles having preset average particle diameter, or a mixture of two or more types of microparticles having differing average particle diameter. Preferred Composition: The content of microparticles is 10-70 wt.% with respect to the solid content of graft-type polymer. Preferred Conditions: The environmental test includes water immersion test which involves immersing the coating film in water for preset period, and direct weathering test which involves exposing the coating film after water-immersion test to outdoor natural environment for preset period. In the environmental test, the water-immersion test and direct weathering test are taken as one cycle and repeated for preset times. The measurement tests include measurement of water-droplet sliding-down angle of the coating film after environmental test, water contact angle, ice-accretion adhesion, ice-accretion area ratio, amount of ice accretion, and hydrophobic measurement. The rating value is computed by grading the measured value in accordance with preset determined evaluated criteria for every measurement test. The comprehensive evaluation of the coating film after exposing to environmental test, is carried out by determining which reference of the comprehensive evaluation reference of difficult ice accretion and easy ice-accretion removability of the coating film meets the rated value computed for each measurement test.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer is formed using a vinylidene-chloride lacquer obtained by dissolving a vinylidene-chloride-type resin powder in an organic solvent, or a vinylidene-chloride emulsion. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin powder and vinylidene-chloride emulsion are obtained by emulsion-polymerizing a monomer containing vinylidene chloride (50 mass% or more). The silicone-modified acrylic resin layer is formed using a silicone-modified acryl emulsion containing a silicone resin and an acrylic resin. A silicone modification agent is added before, during and/or after emulsion polymerization, when silicone-modified acryl emulsion is obtained by emulsion-polymerizing acrylic resin. A UV absorber and/or an optical stabilizer are blended with the silicone-modified acryl emulsion. The acryl emulsion is used as a coating material mixed with a pigment. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer is a coating layer of a vinylidene-chloride lacquer or a vinylidene-chloride emulsion. The silicone-modified acrylic resin layer is a coating layer of a silicone-modified acryl emulsion. The base material is a plastic base material manufactured using a hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene-terephthalate type-resin. Preferred Properties: The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer and silicone-modified acrylic resin layer contact directly. The thickness of silicone-modified acrylic resin coating layer is 10-100 mu m, and the thickness of vinylidene-chloride-type resin coating layer is 5-50 mu m. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer and base material are laminated through an adhesive agent (3).
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The surface and/or floor space of the swimming base is equipped with a reflecting material, e.g. mirror foil. The vertical contact of the solar module guarantees a better use of both the reflecting surface of the swimming base and the surrounding water, and in the winter of snow and ice. The solar module is not only vertically mounted on the swimming base, but also positioned in east, south east, south, south west and west or in circle directions. The solar module is bent in east to west direction or rotated without tracking. The ambient reflection uses weak light-, scattered light-, oblique light-, preferably thin film or similar (amorphous)- module. The solar modules are arranged parallely, and are equipped to avoid the current reflux into the respective shaded module with suitable blocking diodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent polymer electrode material is indium tin oxide. The electron blocking is formed of silicon dioxide, perfluorooctane or nickel oxide. The small molecule material comprises tin (II) phthalocyanine (SnPc) or lead phthalocyanine (PbPc).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first acceptor material layer is formed of 60C, (84)PCBM((6,6)-phenyl 84C butyric acid methyl ester), copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16-CuPc), perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI), 3,4,9,10-perylentetracarbonic acid dianhydride (PTCDA), poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline), TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), or F4-TCNQ (tetrafluorotetracy-anoquinodimethane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graded interlayer is composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen or antimony based III-V compound semiconductors subjected to the constraints of the in-plane lattice parameter, which is greater or equal to that the middle subcell and less than or equal to that the bottom subcell. The upper subcell is composed of aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The window layer is composed of gallium indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The panel is provided with a universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cell unit has a P-type semiconductor layer selected from a group consisting of P-type amorphous silicon, aluminum gallium nitride, and aluminum gallium arsenide. The P-N junction of the cell unit is made of a material selected from a group consisting of copper indium gallium diselenide, Cadmium telluride and Copper Indium Diselenide. The N-type semiconductor layer of the cell unit is selected from a group consisting of N-type amorphous silicon, gallium nitride, and Indium gallium phosphide. The transparent conductive layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of Indium Tin oxide, and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell unit has a rear metal layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of silver, copper, molybdenum, aluminum, copper aluminum alloy, silver copper alloy and copper molybdenum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The producing module of the pre-warning format file is provided to produce or convert pre-warning audio information to be sent as/to the format file supporting MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 (MP3) and windows media audio (WMA) formats by an audio compression coding. The wireless receiving and sending module is formed as a general packet radio service (GPRS)/code division multiple access (CDMA) or third generation (3G) mobile communication module integrated with a relative communication protocol. The audio decompression playing module decompresses and reduces MP3 or WMA format file to voice to play with an universal serial bus (USB) interface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersant is organic silicon or polyacrylic ester dispersant. The siccative is organic tin or zinc octoate siccative. The flatting agent is organic silicon or polyacrylic ester dispersant. The organic solvent is ester, ketone, or ether. The anti-settling agent is organic bentonite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The method for preparing the anti-corrosion fluorocarbon finishing coat for wind power generation equipment comprises: (a) adding fluorocarbon resin, epoxy resin, dispersant, pigment and filler, and anti-settling agent, uniformly dispersing in dispersion machine, sand grinding in sand grind, controlling fineness of the material; (b) adding flatting agent, siccative, and organic solvent, uniformly dispersing to obtain the coat; and (c) weighing the curing agent, uniformly mixing with the obtained coat, adding diluter to regulate viscosity, and obtaining the product. Preferred Composition: The coat comprises (wt.%) fluorocarbon resin (55-75), epoxy resin (0-10), pigment and filler (10-30), dispersant (0.01-2), flatting agent (0.01-0.5), siccative (0.01-0.3), other auxiliary agent (0-5), and mixed organic solvent (10-30). Preferred Components: The curing agent is aliphatic polyisocyanate, preferably hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) biuret or HDI tripolymer. The fluorocarbon resin is fluoro ether vinyl ethylene (FEVE) normal temperature cured trifluoro resin or tetrafluoro resin. The epoxy resin is bisphenol A. Preferred Parameters: The fluorocarbon resin has hydroxyl value of 20-80 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g, acid value of 0-12 mg KOH/g, fluorine content of not less than 24%, and solid content of not less than 50%. The molecular weight of the epoxy resin is not greater than 500; the epoxy value is more than 0.40; and it is liquid state at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylic compound is gluconic acid. The adsorption agent is activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of carbon material is 1-20 mu m. Preferred Components: The metal oxide particles contain 1-30 mass% of transition metal oxide with respect to carbon material. The transition metal oxide is manganese oxide or iron oxide. The manganese oxide is trimanganese tetraoxide. The iron oxide is triiron tetraoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The targets are adhesive-layer targets made of nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The targets are lubricant-layer targets made of silver-palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The refractory filler powder is at least one member comprising silica, cordierite and zirconium phosphate type oxides (zirconium phosphate, zirconium tungstate phosphate, zirconium niobate phosphate, zirconium tantalate phosphate and/or a composite oxide). The low melting point glass powder contains a low-melting point glass containing, by mol.% as calculated as oxides, tin (II) oxide (20-68%), tin (IV) oxide (0.5-5%) and phosphorus pentoxide (20-40%), and by an outer percentage, less than 0.5 mass% in total of metal oxide has a structure of formula ((R)2O) (I) and (R1O) (II), when the mass of the low-melting point glass is regarded as 100 mass%, or a low-melting point glass containing bismuth oxide (30-50%), diboron trioxide (15-25%) and zinc oxide (25-35%). The refractory filler powder is present at 35-55 (preferably 30-50) vol.%, and the low-melting point glass powder is present at 45-65 vol.%. The frit comprises a heat absorbent powder (1-10 vol.%). The heat absorbent powder is made of at least one metal comprising iron, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and copper or a compound containing the metal.R = Li, Na or K; andR1 = Ca, Sr or Ba. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised of: tin (II) oxide (55.7 mol.%); tin (IV) oxide (3.1 mol.%); phosphorus pentoxide (32.5 mol.%); zinc oxide (4.8 mol.%); aluminum oxide (2.3 mol.%); silicon dioxide (1.6 mol.%); alkaline metal oxide compound of formula (((R)2O) and (R1O)) (where R was Li, Na or K; and R1 was Ca, Sr or Ba) (0.12 mass.%); low-melting point glass powder (56 vol.%); and refractory filler powder (44 vol.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Construction: The inductor loop (21) is U-shaped, at least one branch of the U being corrugated. The loop has widened and constricted parts, which optimize the energy of the HF magnetic field and allow low-energy operation of the HF generator. The loop is formed from a tube in which coolant flows. The effective length of the loop is adjustable. A screw or bolt can be applied to a widened part to cause a short circuit at the site. Each widened part has a magnetic field-neutral lower holder (27), which passes through the widened part and presses the electric conductor (7) onto the strip conductor. Preferably a soldering head is provided with a number of inductor loops equal to the number of strip conductors of the solar cells (1, 2) to be connected to the electric conductors, all of the strip connectors of a solar cell being soldered simultaneously onto the overall length of the conductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cells are made from one of a group consisting cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium sulfide and copper indium gallium sulfur selenide. The quantum dots-semiconductor materials are selected from one of a group consisting of indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium nitride, indium gallium arsenide, gallium/indium phosphide, cadmium oxide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury sulfide, mercury selenide, mercury telluride, lead suldfide, lead selenide and lead telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The crosslinked norbornene resin composition further contains crosslinking adjuvant of 0.1-10 weight parts with respect to 1 weight part of organic peroxide. Preferred Component: The crosslinking adjuvant is allyl crosslinking adjuvant or methacrylate crosslinking adjuvant. EXAMPLE - 1-Hexene (in weight parts) (0.05), diisopropyl ether (0.30), triiso butyl aluminum (0.20), isobutyl alcohol (0.70) and cyclohexane (500) were mixed and dehydrated in nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 2-norborneses (250) and tungsten-hexachloride toluene solution (15) were added and subjected to ring open polymerization reaction at 55 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain polymer having weight average molecular weight of 83000 and dispersion degree of 1.8. Then, diatomaceous earth supported nickel catalyst (0.5) was added to polymer and hydrogenated, to obtain norbornene ring-opened polymer hydrogenated substance. The obtained polymer had melting point of 140 degrees C. Norbornene ring-opened polymer hydrogenated substance (100) Irganox 1010 (RTM: antioxidant) (1) and nucleating agent (0.5) were blended, to obtain crosslinked norbornene resin composition. The film formed using the obtained crosslinked norbornene resin composition had excellent water vapor barrier property, heat resistance, oil resistance, mechanical characteristics, transparency and workability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), gold (Au) and silver (Ag).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic layer is made of material selected from the group comprising aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer of the laminated structure is made of copper, gold, or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consists of cobalt, copper, silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The objects are iron blocks, aluminum blocks or copper blocks.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biomass is further subjected to cracking reaction in mixer pump at 250-380 degrees C, and the dewatering of fuel is carried out. The fuel is utilized for generating electricity. The fuel is combusted in a turbine, and the exhaust gas from the turbine is utilized for generating cracking temperature and drying fresh biomass such as biological waste material. The exhaust gas of turbine is used for introducing heat in thermal oil circulation which produces cracking temperature. The biological waste material is residual of material containing sugar beet, rapeseed and wood. The portion (B) of non-outgassed liquid fraction is heated. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a processing device, a storage tank (50) fluidly connected to the condenser for receiving fuel, a turbine (54) which receives fuel from the storage tank, a generator (56) which operatively connected to the turbine, and an ultrasound device disposed between the reservoir and the transport device. The processing device is a centrifuge in which downstream of the outlet of condenser is disposed, and the fuel is dewatered. The receiving tank has a double-jacketed configuration for circulation of hot thermal oil. The thermal oil has a temperature adjusted to closely reach the cracking temperature. The receiving tank is portion of a circulation system for the thermal oil. The circulation system further includes a heat exchanger. The generator is connected to the public power grid. The biomass mixture includes biocatalyst and/or biological residue. The heating unit is communicated with the circulation system of hot thermal oil for receiving heat energy from the thermal oil. The apparatus includes a primary flow circulation system to catalytically crack a biomass in the form of a mixture of biological residue and biocatalyst to produces a liquid fraction and a vapor fraction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas stemming comprises gas stemming of carbon dioxide. Preferred Methods: The heating of starch rich fraction is carried out using generated in the heat force coupling.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The device includes unit for storage of starch-rich fraction and/or residue fraction. The unit for enzymatic conversion comprises two containers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The starch-rich fraction optionally after conservation treatment is stored. The enzyme system comprises amylase(s) and amyloglucosidase(s). The enzymes for enzymatic conversion and/or ferments for conversion by fermentation are retained. The residue fraction is stored. The starch source comprises corn. Preferred Methods: The second, third, and fourth steps are performed under aseptic circumstances. The gelled starch from starch-rich fraction is pressed. The enzymatic conversion comprises enzymatic conversion of starch into sugars and conversion of sugars into conversion products such as ethanol by fermentation. The fifth step comprises ethanol distillation particularly by gas stemming and ethanol condensation. The residue fraction and/or thick fraction from biogas fermentation is treated using calcium hydroxide. The thick fraction is heated for removal of dissolved carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed is removed by using carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing ambient comprises ammonia and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The distensible tube comprising conducting polymer is displaced by a force transducer formed of electroactive polymer material, comprising a deformable conduit made of resilient elastic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - The distensible tube comprises conducting fibers such as carbon fibers, metal filaments and Kevlar (RTM: para-aramid synthetic fiber).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electric power generation layer is comprised by p-type silicon and n-type silicon which are laminated. The electric power generation layer surface is formed with transparent electrode layer comprised with transparent conductive organic compound or transparent conductive inorganic compound. The transparent conductive inorganic compound is indium tin oxide, tin dioxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive organic compound is polyacetylene or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The lens has a convex face covered by a protective layer comprising a continuous transparent plastic sheet made of Polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermal barrier is made from high-temperature resistant plastic e.g. polyamide, polyethersulphone, polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, and polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermocouple metal traces in connection with the Peltier thermoelectric device is formed on a thin polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fat and oil are waste edible oil, or animal-and-plant fats and oils. The fry slag is also added during manufacture of livestock dung solid fuel. Ethanol derived from biomass is used as ignition agent in a combustion apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermal diffusion layer has surface direction heat conductivity of 30 W/(m.K) or more and thermal-expansion surface direction coefficient of 30 ppm/k or less. Preferred Layer: The thermal-diffusion sheet further comprises electric-insulation layer having electric resistance of more than 1x 10E6 ( Omega .cm), laminated on thermal diffusion layer. Preferred Component: The matrix material of thermal diffusion layer and electric-insulation layer is thermoplastic resin and/or thermoplastic elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrical wires are made up of copper, tin, zinc, silver, gold, aluminum, platinum, palladium or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The communication units are implemented using radio waves e.g. Wireless Fidelity type radio waves, Zigbee type radio waves, Mi-Wi type radio waves, and Bluetooth type radio waves.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The carbonizer is comprised such that the biomass is thermally decomposed by waste heat of the furnace, and is arranged contacting the outer surface of the furnace. The airtight container is arranged in the furnace. The purification apparatus further has hydroxide supply unit (8) for supplying hydroxide to the molten carbonate, bubble fragmentation unit for sub-dividing the bubble of pyrolysis gas circulated through the molten carbonate. The molten carbonate contains catalyst. The electric power generation unit is equipped with high temperature fuel cell, or gas engine and generator operated by the gas engine, or turbine combustor and gas turbine. The fuel cell is provided with fuel electrode which is supplied with fuel gas from the fuel gas supply tube. The gas engine is operated with the fuel gas from the fuel gas supply tube. The turbine combustor burns the fuel gas. The gas turbine drives a generator by obtaining power by expansion of combustion gas from the turbine combustor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fiber: The support is natural fiber or regenerated fiber. Preferred Definitions:    G=residue excluding carboxyl group from gluconic acid.    EXAMPLE - Broad leaved tree bleaching kraft pulp (in g) (10), water (1 l), ferrous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (0.4), glycidyl methacrylate (12), non-ionic surfactant (0.6), thiourea dioxide (0.5), distilled water (400 ml) and hydrogen peroxide (1.4) were stirred for 3 hours, and heated with diethylene triamine (0.82) and methyl thioglycolate at 75 degrees C for 1 hour. The mixture was further refluxed for 3 hours, and the product was filtered and dried. Glucono-1,5-lactone (1.42) was added to the dried component and refluxed to obtain semimetal adsorbent having excellent complexing ability and boron adsorption capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (claimed): The protein is isolated from extract of adult B.amphitrite. EXAMPLE - The tissues of Balanus amphitrite adult was homogenized by adding Tris-hydrochloride buffer solution (pH 7.5). The homogenized solution was centrifuged and ammonium sulfate solution was added to the supernatant, and concentrated. Then, gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography and hydroxyapatite column chromatography were performed sequentially and eluted using sodium chloride solution and potassium dihydrogen phosphate to obtain purified protein. The obtained protein was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results indicated that the highly purified protein has molecular weight of 32 kDa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane type surfactant is silane coupling agent or silicone oil. Preferred Properties: The content of carbon nanotube is 5-75 weight% and content of silane type surfactant is 0.5-25 weight% with respect to carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ambient temperature molten salt is imidazolium type ionic liquid, pyridinium type ionic liquid, ammonium type ionic liquid, phosphonium type ionic liquid and/or sulfonium type ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A resin composition contains carbon nanotube dispersion (0.01-200 weight parts) with respect to thermoplastic resin (100 weight parts). EXAMPLE - 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (in weight parts) (56) and KBM-3103 (RTM: decyl trimethoxysilane) (4) were mixed to obtain electroconductive composition. Electroconductive composition and Lupilon S3000 (RTM: polycarbonate resin) (900) were mixed to obtain resin composition having excellent dispersibility and moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carrier body consists of a stainless sheet metal e.g. galvanized steel sheet, aluminum plate or a high-grade steel sheet metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The substrate material comprises glass, sapphire, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate material also comprise semiconductor or metal. The conducting layers are constructed from a conducting transparent oxide, indium tin oxide, or metal. The nanostructure-supporting layer, nanostructure-surrounding layers, and nanostructures are constructed from different photosensitive materials comprising an elemental semiconductor, a III-V alloy semiconductor, or a II-VI alloy semiconductor. The photosensitive materials comprise crystalline, microcrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous materials. The amorphous semiconductor is amorphous silicon. The III-V alloy semiconductor is indium phosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate material may also be a polymer. The nanostructure-supporting layer, nanostructure-surrounding layers, and nanostructures may also be constructed from different photosensitive materials a photosensitive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The protective coating film is made of silicon dioxide, hafnium oxide, Zirconium dioxide, Titanium Dioxide and tantalum oxide. The beam splitter is made of gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide phosphide and indium gallium arsenide materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The electron diffusion barrier comprises silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitrogen oxide (SiNxO1-x), silicon carbide, titanium (IV) oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide (WOx), magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, and/or aluminum oxide. The electrical contacts include gold, silver, nickel, platinum, chromium, tungsten, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, aluminum, iron, titanium, tantalum, cerium, hafnium, zirconium, niobium, thorium, lead, zinc, yttrium, palladium, calcium, carbon, lithium, copper, nickel-chromium, lithium-aluminum (LixAl1-x), calcium-aluminum (CaAl1-x), magnesium-aluminum (MgxAl1-x), indium oxide, lanthanum nickel oxide, indium tin oxide, cadmium oxide, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, copper aluminum oxide, and/or cesium carbonate. Preferred Component: A copper oxide outer layer is included for absorbing solar energy to generate thermal energy for the active layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The active layer is a semiconductive alloy including silicon, germanium and/or tin. It may also include germanium tin alloy, iron oxide (Fe3O4), titanium oxide (Ti2O3), or manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is methanol and/or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor powder is indium antimonide (InSb), bismuth telluride (BiTe), and lead telluride which belong to diamond formed with shock wave which belongs to unit semiconductor, germanium, silicon, compound semiconductor, calcium-manganese which belongs to oxide semiconductor, calcium-chromium, zinc, oxide of titanium, ferrisilicon (FeSi2), cobalt silicon alloy which belongs to silicide semiconductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The incompatible polymer is epoxy type, acrylic type, carbonate type, nylon or organic polymer in vinyl type resin. The incompatible polymeric group of semiconductor particle blending uses polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polymethacrylate (PMA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capillary metal pipe contains heat transfer medium preferably methane, freon and alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Device: The electrolyzing device is DQ375/1.6 type pressure water electrolysis hydrogen making device or ZDQ/1.6 type water-electrolytic hydrogen making device; and the wind-driven generating set of the large-scale non-grid-connected wind power is a high power wind-driven generating set, whose power is not smaller than 1.5 megawatt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The body is formed of silicon or glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is selected from hot melt adhesive, silicon adhesive, rubber-based adhesive, modified silicon-based adhesive, acrylic adhesive, polyamide adhesive, polyolefin adhesive, Teflon (RTM: polytetrafluoroethylene)-based adhesive, epoxy adhesive, UV curable adhesive, UV adhesive, thermoplastic resin, gel, wax, thermosetting tape, and thermoplastic tape. The gel is selected from polyacrylamides, poly(meth)acrylates, and polyvinylamides. The thermoplastic resin is selected from cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyoxymethylene acetal polymer (POM), perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyetheretherkotone (PEEK), polyamide (PA), polyether sulfone (PSU), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The wax is selected from paraffin wax, synthetic wax, and microcrystalline wax. The adhesive further comprises micro-sized heat generating particles to absorb energy generated from heat generating apparatus. The heat shrinkable stopple comprises material selected from Teflon-based material, silicon-based material, and polyolefin-based material. The body is formed of material selected from plastic, aerogel, PMMA, polypropylene, polyacrylate, polyvinylalcohol, polyethyelene, COC, and polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Cellulose: The wood cellulose is crop straw, bush plant, wood shaving and wood meal. Preferred Composition: The wood cellulose contains cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermo-element contains an oxide containing a transition metal. The thermoelectric material contains strontium-titanium complex oxide (SrTi1-xMxO3, where M is niobium, vanadium and tantalum, and x is 0-0.5), zinc complex oxide (Zn1-aM'aO, where M'is aluminum, gallium and indium, and a is 0-0.5), nickel oxide (NiO), titanium oxide (TiO2-b, where b is 0-0.5), calcium-cobalt oxide (Ca3Co4O9), sodium-cobalt oxide (NayCoO2, where y is 0.7-1) and/or indium-zinc oxide (In2-zRzO3(ZnO)m, where R is aluminum and gallium, m is 1-19, and z is 0-1). The gate insulating film (B) contains titanium oxide (TiO2), lead-zirconium-titanium oxide (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), strontium-titanium oxide (SrTiO3), lanthanum-aluminum oxide (LaAlO3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), strontium-zirconium oxide (SrZrO3), magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon nitride (Si3N4), barium-titanium oxide (BaTiO3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), indium-gallium-zinc oxide (InGaO3(ZnO)n, where n is 1-19) and/or hafnium oxide (HfO2) as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The durable, lightweight material is a high strength plastic material chosen from a group consisting of polyhydroxybutyrate plastic, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, nylon, acrylic, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, silicone, and polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low temperature electrode is comprised of copper sheet with thickness 0.2-0.4 mm. The barrier layer is made of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor thin film comprises titania; and is comprised of some or all of the titania forms selected from anatase, rutile, brookite, and amorphous titania.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus comprises a reservoir for retaining liquid in contact with the semiconductor thin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is light-transmissive and has a surface provided with nanoscale undulations, and the semiconductor thin film overlies this surface of the substrate. The substrate has the form of a polymeric fiber of substantially circular cross-section, where each of the several polymeric fibers has a semiconductor thin film on it, are formed into a fabric, and the fabric is formed into a filter or an envelope; or the substrate has the form a substantially spherical polymeric particle, and comprises substantially spherical bodies deposited upon the substrate. At least one thin film layer is added between the substrate and the semiconductor thin film to promote at least one of adhesion, conductivity, and additional stress control. ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Processes: The solidification process is performed by discharging the silicon metal solution from a nozzle portion (1a) of the crucible, by cooling. The method further involves removing a projection portion of the crystalline-silicon particles, in which the impurities are formed, and adding a dopant during formation of silicon melt solution. EXAMPLE - Silicon powder having primary particle diameter of 10 nm was granulated using polyvinylacetate as a binder, to obtain silicon powder aggregate. The obtained aggregate was heated in a crucible, to obtain silicon melt solution. Then, boric oxide as p-type dopant was add-mixed, and resulting solution was solidified, to obtain crystalline-silicon particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material is formed of aluminum, copper, iron, molybdenum, titanium, nickel, tin, zirconium, zinc and magnesium. The thermoelectric element is formed of rare earth element, uranium, thorium, plutonium, cobalt, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, platinum, antimony, hafnium, silicon, manganese, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, gallium, germanium, indium, vanadium, niobium, barium, magnesium, chromium, tantalum, copper oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide, aluminum nitride, uranium nitride, silicon nitride, molybdenum disulfide and cobalt antimonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of cleaning involves immersing the aluminum foil in a solution of acetone and methanol. The step of electropolishing involves immersing the cleaned aluminum foil in a solution composed of 5 vol.% of sulfuric acid, 95 vol.% of phosphoric acid, and 20 g/l of chromic oxide at a potential of 20 V for 20 seconds. The step of anodic oxidizing of the electropolished aluminum involves immersing the electropolished aluminum foil in an electrolytic bath of 0.4 M of phosphoric acid maintained at 40 degrees C using a potential of 160 V and a current density of 1.1 A/cm2. The vertical pores have average thickness of 10 mu m, and average diameter of 200 nm. The branched pores haves an average thickness of 7 mu m and average diameter of 200 nm. An average of interpore distance between vertical and branched pores is 280 nm. In the process for making the compositionally modulated nanowire, the first and the second material include electrodeposition of bismuth-tellurium-selenium (Bi-Te-Se) ternary compounds from a single electrolytic bath, containing 10 mM of bismuth nitrate ((Bi3+) (Bi(NO3)3)), 10.3 mM of telluric acid (HTeO2+ (H2TeO3)) and 1 mM of selenious acid (Se4+ (H2SeO3)) dissolved in 1 M of nitric acid (HNO3), applying reduction potentials and durations of growth of 40 mV at 2 seconds and -60 mV at 5 seconds. Preferred Components: The nanowire array comprises bismuth telluride or lead telluride. The compositionally modulated nanowire is made of bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3). The compositionally modulated nanowire has a self-supporting structure. The compositionally modulated nanowire is supported by a composite template comprising one of SU-8 (RTM: photosensitive epoxy resin), polyamic acid, polystyrene, silicone, and polymethyl methacrylate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The small particles are made of metal e.g. gold, silver, platinum, copper, Indium, tin, palladium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal catalyst is selected from platinum, palladium, ruthenium, vanadium, nickel, tungsten, iridium or cerium. The fuel is selected from hydrogen, hydride compound or natural gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fuel is optionally selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, propane or butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - A system is provided with a glass pouring, particularly from glass balls. A system acts with a porous material which surrounds the main pipe, particularly around balls, particularly of glass or ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A system is provided with a heat carrier which circulates a refrigerant, particularly ammonia or carbon dioxide or a combination of both.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A system has main pipe which is made, particularly of high quality steel or poly vinyl chloride. A system has a heat exchanger which consists of, particularly polyethylene, high quality steel or copper or a combination of them.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-metallic substance is selected from carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, iodine, bromine, sulfur, chlorine and oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solid conductive material is made of material selected from alloy of gold, platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, carbon, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, vanadium, aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, mercury, cadmium, chromium, titanium, potassium, sodium, lithium, magnesium, calcium, silicon semiconductor, germanium semiconductor and conductive ore.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass flakes are a mixture (a) of unmilled glass flakes (in weight%) (80) having particle size of 150-1700 mu m and unmilled glass flakes (20) having particle size of 50-150 mu m, mixture (b) of milled glass flakes (10) having particle size of 300-1000 mu m, milled glass flakes (65) having particle size of 50-300 mu m and milled glass flakes (25) having particle size of 50 mu m or less, or a mixture (c) of micronized glass flakes (2) having particle size of 150 mu m or more, micronized glass flakes (10) having particle size of 50-150 mu m and micronized glass flakes (88) having particle size of 50 mu m or less. Preferred Property: The glass flakes have refractive index of 1.5-1.6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic nanoparticles are nanoclay particles and/or glass nanofibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The photoinitiator is chosen from sulfonium salt, and ferrocenium salt. Preferred Fiber: The glass nanofiber is chosen from GF10 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.1 mu m), GF35 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.35 mu m), GF50 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.7 mu m), GF100 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 1 mu m), GF300 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 3 mu m), GF500 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 5 mu m), and GF750 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 7 mu m).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is chosen from cycloaliphatic-type epoxy resin, modified-cycloaliphatic type epoxy resin, and hybrid-type epoxy resin. The epoxy resin contains 1-50 weight% of vinyl ether. Preferred Substrate: A plastic substrate (110a) has a hardcoat layer formed using the encapsulating composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stack of thermal electric conversion devices comprises individual cores including material pairs which are optimized for highest thermal electric efficiency at certain temperature. The material pairs comprise silicon germanium at 900 degrees C (P and N junctions); tin telluride or cerium-iron-antimony at 600 degrees C (P junction); cobalt triantimonide at 600 degrees C (N junction); lead telluride, tellurium-antimony-germanium-silver, bismuth-tellurium or antimony-tellurium at 500 degrees C (P junction); less than or equal to 500 lead telluride at less than or equal to 500 degrees C (N junction); zinc antimonide at 380 degrees C (P junction); less than or equal to 500 lead telluride at 380 degrees C (N junction); and bismuth telluride at 160 degrees C (N junction).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The power line communications conform to Consumer Electronics Power line Communications Alliance standard, European Telecommunications Standards Institute Power Line Communications standard, Home Plug Power line Alliance standard, IEEE P1675, IEEE P1775, IEEE P1901, Open power line communication European Research Alliance standard, POWERNET standard, Universal Power line Association standard. The power conversion system conforms to Wireless Fidelity, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Bluetooth, Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus, R5232.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The phone device is provided with a Bluetooth function.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device has a dielectric layer that is made of dielectric material e.g. silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, barium titanate and barium lead titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The temperature reaction layer is made of a material such as lanthanum, aluminum, hafnium, lithium, calcium, rubidium, cesium, stainless steel, nickel and chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected form group including lithium, magnesium, aluminum or alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The semiconductor comprises the elements silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), cadmium selenide (CdSe), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and/or zinc oxide (ZnO), and optionally doped with a valence-five element or a valence-three element (preferably Si and/or Ge). The first electrode comprises a first opaque material and the second electrode comprises a second opaque material. The first electrode and the second electrode are in electrical communication.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The material of the ultrasonic probe is high molecular piezoelectric film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The combustible hydrocarbon is liquefied in step (iii) for temporary storing, before it is used in a power plant for the formation of current, where the power plant is a gas power plant. The stable operational mode of the circuitry takes place for a long time. A circuitry regulator controls the frequency of the electric circuitry by load distribution, preferably holds almost constant. A portion of the renewable energy in the electric circuitry controls the intensity of the electrolysis after subjected to a superordinated control. The renewable energy is supplied in a separate second circuitry, which supplies to an electrolysis station, which produces hydrogen. The superordinated control increases or reduces or induces the storage quantity, which is temporarily stored in one of the storage for hydrogen or combustible gas. The hydrogenation in the hydrogenation plant is modified with the method according to Fischer-Tropsch. The current obtained with renewable energy is transferred to renewable hydrogen, e.g. a first storable energy carrier. The renewable hydrogen is used for the maintenance of a hydrogenation process, with which a second, storable energy carrier, e.g. a fluidizable hydrocarbon is produced. The renewable energy as current is completely supplied to the first circuitry and to the second circuitry. The procedure after Fischer-Tropsch is modified in such a manner that carbon dioxide is activated by input energy. A circuitry regulator controls the production of current from the basic load-energy producer, dependent on the need in the circuitry, for the origination of a contribution to plannable current in the circuitry.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The transparent lid is formed of semi-cylindrical empty glass body.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - One of the profile plates is formed of copper, while the other profile plate is formed of cast iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active chemical species comprises oxidants, reductants, corrosion-inhibitors, and/or corrodants.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rigid substrate comprises aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, dichroic glass, germanium/semiconductor glass, glass ceramic, silicate/fused silica glass, soda lime glass, quartz glass, chalcogenide/sulfide glass, fluoride glass, a glass-based phenolic, flint glass, or cereated glass. The absorber layer is copper-indium-gallium-diselenide. The junction partner layer is indium selenide, indium trisulfide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium indium sulfide, cadmium zinc sulfide, zinc indium selenide, Zn1-xMgO, cadmium sulfide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide or doped zinc oxide. The antireflective coating comprises magnesium fluoride, silicon nitrate, titanium nitrate, silicon monoxide, or silicon oxide nitrite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The rigid substrate comprises a urethane polymer, an acrylic polymer, a fluoropolymer, polybenzamidazole, polymide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyetheretherketone, polyamide-imide, glass-based phenolic, polystyrene, cross-linked polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polytetrafluoro-ethylene, polymethacrylate, nylon 6,6, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate, rigid vinyl, plasticized vinyl, or polypropylene. The transparent tubular casing comprises polymethylmethacrylate, poly-dimethyl siloxane, ethylene vinyl acetate, perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarbon, nylon, crosslinked polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephtalate glycol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, or polyvinylidene fluoride. The filler layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, silicone, silicone gel, epoxy, polydimethyl siloxane, room temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber, polyvinyl butyral, thermoplastic polyurethane, a polycarbonate, an acrylic, a fluoropolymer, or a urethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor nanowires are silicon nanowires or Si/Ge nanowires.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The rare earth compound is cooled by free cooling, air cooling, water cooling and/or Peltier device. The rare earth compound is cooled after removing light energy by system, temperature is felled to normal temperature level, and rare earth compound is returned to original state. The light energy is an ultraviolet light.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - The photoautotrophic organism is selected from algae (preferably botryococcus braunii, chlorella, or dunaliella), bacteria, euglena, diatom, and phytoplankton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The light source is configured to emit pulses of light or is placed on the exterior of the reactor. The container is made of a material selected from metal, glass, semi-conductor, polymer. The light source is selected from a light emitting diode, a laser, an incandescent light bulb, and a gas discharge bulb. The light conducting channel comprises a glass, a plastic, a polymer, or a reflective element. The energy converter is selected from a solar panel, a wind turbine, a combustion device, a steam turbine, a dam. The renewable energy source is solar energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Carbon-fiber composite and silicon nitride insulated substrate are mutually brazed with silver-copper-indium-titanium filler metallic brazing material. Silicon nitride insulated substrate and heat dissipating plate is mutually brazed with silver-copper-indium-titanium filler metallic brazing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin comprises (wt.%) 618 epoxide resin (30), SK3 epoxide resin (30), or 2124 phenolic resin (40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The cooling liquid is 0.2-5% polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution having temperature of 30-40 degrees C and pressure intensity of 0.05-0.10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The cathode comprises stainless steel. The anode comprises a titanium (Ti) metal as a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The architectural sewage processing system comprises grease filter, aerobic reactor, precipitator, water tank for irrigation, anaerobic fermentation device, dehumidifier and dried soil collector; the grease filter is respectively connected with aerobic reactor and anaerobic fermentation device by tube and then the anaerobic fermentation device is connected with precipitator by tube, at last the precipitator is connected with water tank for irrigation by tube; the anaerobic fermentation device is connected with dehumidifier by tube and then the dehumidifier is connected with dried soil collector by tube. The solar heat collecting system comprises solar heat collecting device, high-temperature water tank and low-temperature water tank; the high-temperature water tank is respectively connected with solar heat collecting device and low-temperature water tank by tube. The hot water driving cooling system comprises hot water type cooler, cooling tower, freezing water tank and fan pipe coil; the hot water type cooler is respectively connected with cooling tower and freezing water tank by tube and the freezing water tank is connected with fan pipe coil by tube. The anaerobic fermentation device is connected with generator and biogas tank by tube. The high-temperature water tank is connected with afterheat reclaiming system by tube. The generator is electrically connected with hot water type cooler. Also, the low-temperature water tank is connected hot water type cooler by tube. A pump is set between the grease filter and anaerobic fermentation device and another pump is set between anaerobic fermentation device and dehumidifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compositions: Methacrylic acid monomer to poly ethylene glycol monomethyl ether can be 1-6:1, and the molecular weight of poly ethylene glycol monomethyl ether is 650-2000. The dosage of the catalyzer, anti-coagulant, initiator and transferring agent are 0.1-6%, 0.1-6%, 0.1-10% and 0.1-5%, respectively of the total weight of methacrylic acid. Preferred Components: The methacrylic acid monomer is crylic acid, methacrylic acid, hydroxy ethyl acrylate, sodium allylsulfonate and/or acrylamide. The catalyzer in (a) can be oil of vitriol and/or triphenylsulfonium tosylate. The anti coagulant is p-hydroquinone. The initiator in (b) can be sodium persulfate or ammonium persulfate. The chain-transferring agent is mercaptoethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source is a mixed solid and gaseous carbon source. The material is a lithium iron phosphate and carbon composite electrode material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gaseous carbon source is hydrocarbon gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethylene, benzene, propylene and/or methylbenzene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The solid carbon source includes acetylene black, sugar, starch, sucrose, glucose and/or polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of binder in primary and secondary catalyst layers is 1:4-1:1.3. The catalyst is platinum-based catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred particles: The microparticles are inorganic oxides chosen from titanium dioxide, alumina, magnesia, silica, zinc oxide and tin oxide. The electrode having the precoat layer and mixture layer is positive electrode, and the active material is lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The solvent-type binder is polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic polymer used in film manufacturing is selected from polyamide based polymer, polyester based polymer, polycarbonate polymer, polyacetyl based polymer, polyphenylene ether containing polymer, polyphenylenesulfide containing polymer, polyurethane based polymer, epoxy-based polymer, polyoxyalkylene based polymer, polyolefin based polymer: styrene polymer, halogen containing polymer, acryl class polymer, vinyl acetate containing polymer, vinylpyrrolidone containing polymer or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is selected from one of manganese oxide, nickel oxide, ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, cobalt oxide or tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from one of di-methylacetamide, di-methylformamide, acetone, ethanol, tetra hydro furan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membranous polymers material is selected from one of polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic solvent is distilled water. The polymerization initiator is aqueous solution of oxidizer selected from ammonium persulfate, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate or cupric chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfonate salt is benzene sulfonate or 4-sulfobenzoic acid potassium salt. The electrically conductive monomer is selected from pyrrole, aniline, thiophene or ethylenedioxythiophene. Acetone or methanol is used as polymerization terminator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode further comprises graphite. The lithium-based compound bound to the graphite is positioned on a metallic substrate comprising copper foil. The fourth material comprises a gas including air and oxygen gas. The first material comprises lithium carbonate. The second material comprises titanium dioxide, and anatase titanium dioxide. The third material comprises molybdenum disulfide. The heating step comprises heating a second vessel including a platinum crucible. Preferred Method: The method further comprises the step of grinding the lithium-based composition after the lithium-based composition has cooled below 900 degrees C. It further comprises the step of storing the lithium-based composition within a plastic container. Preferred Condition: The ground vessel is heated at approximately 900 degrees C for approximately 24 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The binder includes N-methyl pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anode further comprises a binder including polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass frit is selected from a group consisting of silicon dioxide-lead oxide-zinc oxide-aluminum oxide-titanium dioxide composition, silicon dioxide-lead oxide-boron trioxide- aluminum oxide composition, zirconium oxide- silicon dioxide-lead oxide-zinc oxide- boron trioxide- aluminum oxide composition and silicon dioxide-strontium oxide- boron trioxide composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The synthetic resin is selected from epoxy resin polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyetheretherketone, phenol resin or vinyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metallic catalyst is comprised of metal selected from aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gadolinium, samarium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, tungsten, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, mercury, lead or bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: In the solid solution alloy of nickel and manganese the atomic composition ratio of nickel is 40% or less. The solid solution alloy in which nickel and manganese has a face centered cubic structure, to form a single phase is heated at 720-1020 degrees C and rapidly quenched. The manganese is removed by dissolving in the aqueous solution which has neutral pH of 4.5-8.5. From the molded product which is molded to arbitrary shape using solid solution alloy of nickel and manganese by the method of plastic working including rolling, extrusion or press, manganese is selectively removed by dissolving in aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The corrosion-resistant coating layer is titanium, titanium nitride, stainless, nickel, chromium, gold, platinum, palladium, rhodium, copper, tin, or silver. The corrosion-resistant coating layer is nitride of titanium and aluminum, and/or oxide of titanium and aluminum. Preferred Method: The step of oxidizing is the step of anodizing. The step of hydrating is step of boiling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The metal microparticles contain metal such palladium, vanadium and/or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is compound having an aromatic ring. The characteristic group of organic compound is isocyano group, pyridyl group and/or phosphino group. Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage material has structure in which metal microparticles are bonded through the organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte material has tertiary cation or quaternary cation both including nitrogen atom as cation center. The matrix material contains an organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxylic methyl ester (b) is a solvent chosen from methyl acetate, methyl propionate, n-methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, n-methyl valerate and/or methyl isovalerate, preferably methyl propionate. The nonaqueous solvent (c) is chosen from propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile, sulfolane and/or gamma -butyrolactone, preferably propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. The spiro-type quaternary ammonium cation of electrolyte is chosen from spiro-(1,1')-bi-pyrrolidinium ion, piperidine-1-spiro-1'-pyrrolidinium ion and/or spiro-(1,1')-bipiperidinium ion. The anion of electrolyte is chosen from tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, hexafluoroarsenide ion, hexafluoroantimonide ion, fluoride ion, perchlorate ion, tetrafluoroaluminum ion, tetrachloroaluminum ion, hexafluorotantalum ion, hexafluoroniobium ion, hexafluorosilicon ion, cyanide ion, methyl trifluoroboron ion, fluoric acid ion (F(HF)n-) and/or sulfonylfluoroalkyl ion. The electrolyte (a) is spiro-(1,1')-bi-pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate, piperidine-1-spiro-1'-pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and/or spiro-(1,1')-bipiperidinium tetrafluoroborate. The sulfonylfluoroalkyl ion is of formula: N(RfSO2)2-, C(RfSO2)3-, RfSO3 and/or N(FSO2)2-.Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl;andn=1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxynitride raw material contains metallic element of one or more chosen from group 4 and group 5 in an IUPAC periodic table. EXAMPLE - Potassium hydroxide aqueous solution and ammonia aqueous solution were added to zirconium oxychloride aqueous solution, and raw material solution was prepared. After adding raw material solution (30% with respect to internal volume of reaction container) in reaction container and carrying out sealing, the reaction container was put in electric furnace heated at 400 degrees C. The reaction container was removed and the whole container was cooled by water, after heating. Then, the slurries of a product were collected, separated into solid and liquid, washed and dried to obtain zirconium oxynitride from the reaction container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The energy beam absorber comprises titanium oxide, cerium oxide, indium tin oxide, and carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicone material comprises polydimethylsiloxane, and silanol group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The production of hydrogen is performed using catalytic hydrolysis of chemical hydride such as alkaline metal, alkaline earth borohydride or amino borane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen storage tank, heat exchanger, gas liquid separator, condenser, fuel storage tank, product storage tank, collector, pipeline and valve are made of metal material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel storage tank, product storage tank, collector, pipeline and valve are made of plastic. The insulation layer formed in the catalytic reaction chamber is made of polyurethane foam or asbestos.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The amide group is a polyamide, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), N, N- dimethylformamide, or N-methylpyrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Ammonium persulfate is used as oxidizer. The metal nanoparticles are nanosilver particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon catalyst has atomic ratio of surface oxygen atom with respect to surface carbon atom of 0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon-precursor compound containing oxygen atom is acetylacetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The separation film is also included, which contains palladium-copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The repair liquid includes palladium powder and aluminum powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas is selected from nitrogen gas, argon gas, helium gas or hydrogen gas. The solution is selected from sulfuric acid or nitric acid. An additive is used for the manufacturing of stainless separator. The additive is hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive is oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous carbon contains carbon material having air bubble of average diameter of 10-40 nm. The aspect ratio and porosity of the carbon material is 1-1000 and 20-80%, respectively. The carbon material is fibrous material, cloth or non-woven type material. The carbon material contains pore-forming material chosen from oxide of silicon, aluminum, zirconium and/or titanium, alkaline, microemulsion polymer bead and styrene. The carbon precursor is petroleum type pitch, coal type pitch, polyimide, polybenzimidazole, polyacrylonitrile, mesophase pitch, furfuryl alcohol, furan, phenol, cellulose, sucrose and/or polyvinylchloride. The weight ratio of the carbon precursor and pore-forming material is 99:1-5:95. Preferred Method: The spinning process during manufacture of porous carbon is electro spinning, melt spinning or melt blown carbon spinning process. The spraying process is performed by electrospray and/or spray drying method. Preferred Components: The acid is nitric acid, sulfuric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid. The base is sodium hydroxide or mixture containing sodium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substructure comprises a polymer layer including polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyester carbonate, polyethylene terephthalate glycol or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, in the form of an extruded film or layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The template is polyacrylate acid. The metal particles are palladium. Preferred Property: The size of metal particles is nanoscale.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The slurry contains active material, electro-conductive auxiliary, binder, and solvent. The viscosity of the slurry is 1000-30000 cps. The binder and solvent are polyvinylidene fluoride and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal bend actuator has active beam made of thermoelastic material selected from group consisting of titanium nitride, titanium aluminium nitride and vanadium-aluminium alloys, and passive beam made of material selected from group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal bend actuator has an active beam comprising thermoelastic material selected from the group consisting of titanium nitride, titanium aluminum nitride, and vanadium-aluminum alloys, and a passive beam comprising material selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid carbon is initially present in the form of graphite, either as chunks of graphite or graphite powder or graphite flakes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sonication is performed in the dipping step. The method further involves after step (c), annealing the substrate adsorbed by the catalysts and supplying ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen (H2) gas to the annealed substrate to reduce the metal catalysts. At least ten carbon nanotube bridges are connected between the two adjacent nanorods or are formed horizontally inside the nanoholes to form three-dimensional networks of the carbon nanotubes. Preferred Components: The number of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks per unit volume is at least 1.5/ mu m3. The number of carbon nanotube bridges formed between the two adjacent nanorods per unit height of the nanorods or inside the nanoholes per unit depth of the nanoholes is at least 3/ mu m. The nanorods or nanoholes have a height of 2-200 mu m and an aspect ratio of 2-100 and are spaced apart from each other at intervals of 50-2000 nm. The carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes. The Fe-Mo catalyst solution contains Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and an aqueous solution of molybdenum (Mo). The molar concentration ratio of Fe to Mo in the Fe-Mo catalyst solution is 5:1-0.5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source gas is selected from methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, hexane, ethanol, methanol and/or propanol gases. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic, and/or an organic polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy is of formula: Ln1-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb, where Ln is rare earth element(s) containing yttrium, M is cobalt, manganese and/or zinc, x is 0.1-0.2, y is 3.5-3.9, a is 0.1-0.3 and b is 0-0.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive material are carbon material, electroconductive ceramics, electroconductive oxide and metal material. The carbon material is graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube and/or glassy carbon. The graphite is scale-type graphite, artificial graphite, flaky graphite and/or earthy graphite. The electroconductive ceramics is titanium carbide and/or titanium nitride. The electroconductive oxide is vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide and/or tungsten oxide. The electrode active material of electrode is metal oxide containing compound and/or radical stable compound. The metal oxide containing compound is cobalt group oxide, nickel group oxide, manganese group oxide and/or iron olivine acid group oxide. The metal oxide containing compound is capable of occlude and discharge lithium ion. The radical compound is nitroxyl radical, compound having oxy radical and/or compound having nitrogen radical.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal material of collector is nickel, silver, gold and/or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carboxylic ester compound is contained in an amount of 0.1-20 vol.% with respect to the whole solvent. The linear carbonate is ethylmethyl carbonate and is contained in an amount of 5-80 vol.% with respect to the whole solvent. The carboxylic ester compound is chosen from butylacetate, propyl propionate, ethyl butyrate and/or methyl valerate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid purified liquid contains nitric acid or sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alkali-cleaning liquid contains alkali chemical (0.5-5 weight%), aluminum corrosion inhibitor (0.1-10 weight%), chelating agent, surfactant and water. The surfactant is chosen from non-ionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, and cationic surfactant, preferably fluorochemical surfactant having 4-10C perfluoro alkyl or perfluoro alkenyl group, and compound containing phosphate, carboxylate salt, trimethylammonium salt, betaine, alkylamino oxide, and ethylene oxide adduct in hydrophilic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are rutile type titania and/or alumina particles, which does not have a surface-treatment layer. The concentration of dispersing agent in inorganic particle layer is 0.1-5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of inorganic particles. The concentration of aqueous-based binder in the inorganic particle layer is 30 weight parts or less with respect to total of 100 weight parts of inorganic particles and dispersing agent. Preferred Properties: The solid-content acid value of the polycarboxylic-acid salt is 200-550 mgpotassium hydroxide (KOH)/g. The thickness of inorganic particle layer is 4 micrometer or less. The average particle diameter of inorganic particles is 1 mu m or less. The average pore diameter of separator is smaller than the average particle diameter of inorganic particles. The packing density of positive electrode is 3.40 g/cm3 or more. The positive electrode is charged until 4.30 V or more (preferably, 4.40 V or more) with respect to lithium reference electric potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Additive such as crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, UV absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant is mixed to the multilayer sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is an oxide catalyst supported by noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating coating consists of polyphenylene sulfide, polyurethane, polyethylene, and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of silicon/(platinum+gold) is 0.1-0.32 atomic%. The gold is present in the catalyst structural body at 0.1-6.4 atomic%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mercapto containing group of the siloxane polymer is alkylthiol, an alkylenethiol or an alkanethiol having 2-8 carbon atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing ion exchange resin contained in protective layer is perfluoro polymer which has ion exchange group. Preferred Composition: The cathode or anode further has adhesion drainage layer (28,38) which contains carbon fiber whose average fiber diameter is 1-200 nm between catalyst layer and protective layer. The adhesion drainage layer further contains fluorine-containing ion exchange resin. The cathode or anode further has microporous layer (29,39) containing carbon particles between protective layer and gas diffusion layer. Preferred Properties: The protective layer has thickness of 15-80 mu m. The ion exchange capacity of the fluorine-containing ion exchange resin contained in protective layer is 0.5-2.0 mEq/g dry resin. The adhesion drainage layer has thickness of 2-15 mu m. The mass ratio (f/c) of fluorine-containing ion exchange resin (f) and carbon fiber (c) which are contained in adhesion drainage layer is 0.05-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium complex metal oxide raw materials are lithium compound and a mixture of transition-metal former raw material, where the transition-metal former raw material contains iron, and further contains one or more of element chosen from nickel, manganese and cobalt. The inert melting agent composed of chloride is potassium chloride. The amount of an inert melting agent is 0.1-100 weight part with respect to 100 weight part of lithium complex metal oxide raw materials. The retention temperature in firing lithium complex metal oxide raw material is 650-850 degrees C. The nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery further comprises a separator, where the separator is a separator which consists of a laminated porous film in which a heat-resistant porous layer and the porous film containing a thermoplastic resin are laminated. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition metal oxide comprises vanadium oxide as a main component and is prepared by adding phosphorus pentachloride and strontium oxide to vanadium pentoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The active material further contains carbon material in which occlusion and discharge of lithium is possible. The weight fraction of carbon material is 0.01-0.5 with respect to sum of lithium niobium complex oxide and carbon material. The metal (M) in the lithium niobium complex oxide is of formula: Mn1-zLz, where z is 0-0.5 and L is element chosen from vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The group III metallic element contains yttrium and/or erbium. The hydrogen alloy storage particles further contain rare earth element and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The concentration of electrolyte solution which dissolves the active material is more than 0.1 mol/l. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains solvent chosen from acetonitrile, ( gamma )-butyl lactone, propylene carbonate, ethyl carbonate, butyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The active material is pyridinium derivative, bipyridyl derivative, preferably viologen derivative in which the anion is bromine anion, iodine anion, hexafluorophosphate anion or tetrafluoroborate anion, transition metal complex, organic molecule having 2-10 nitrogen atoms, 2-10 benzene rings and molecular weight of 184 or more, radical compound and/or ( pi )-conjugated polymer. Preferred Component: The positive electrode and/or negative electrode are activated carbon electrodes, and are obtained from porous raw material and/or fibrous raw material. Preferred Property: The energy storage device has electrode density of 0.2-1.8 g/cm3. Preferred Material: The separator is ion-exchange membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber may be a copper type absorber that absorbs mercury by having main body consisting of impregnated charcoal and copper, halide absorber that absorbs halide, or desulfurizing agent that absorbs sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic paper also includes alumina or silica. The latter coating layer is formed by using a coating solution. The coating solution includes aluminum hydroxide and phosphoric acid. The ceramic media is selected from alpha-aluminum oxide, gamma-aluminum oxide, theta-aluminum oxide, magnesium aluminate spinel, magnesium oxide or calcium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The starting products of phosphorus bromide and bromine of the electrochemical reaction are decomposed itself to form phosphorus pentabromide when heated to 140 degrees C in a closed cycle. The process is carried out in a solution of carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide or methyl cyanide and the maximum of heat is recuperated in the continuous heat exchanger, and the heat of the incoming waves is used. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bipolar plate further exhibits a second layer, which is arranged over the first layer, where the second layer is a hydrophilic layer. Preferred Components: The first layer is a hydrophilic layer. The canal forming surface is set for the formation of liquid current canal, which is arranged in such a way that it distributes the liquid current over at least one side of the plate. The first layer contains residue of colloidal silica. The bipolar plate is of formula (Q1-Q2-Si(R1)3) (I). The silane coupling agent is of formula ((R1)3-Si-Q2-Si(R1)3) (II), preferably bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl)ethane; ((R1)3Si-(CH2)o-Si(R1)3) (III); (X-(CH2)o-Si(OR1)3) (IV); (V); (Si(R1)3-(CH2)n-CH(R2)-(CH2)m-Si(R1)3) (VI); (CH3-(CH2)7-CH(Si(R1)3)-CH2-Si(R1)3) (VII); (Si(R1)3-(CH2)n-NH-(CH2)m-Si(R1)3) (VIII); (Si(R1)3-(CH2)n-NH-(CH2)p-NH-(CH2)m-Si(R1)3) (IX); (X); (XI); or (Si(R1O)3-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)n-Si(R1)3) (XII).R1 = alkoxy or halo;Q1 = a residue with one or more atoms, which is bound to H or exhibits energetically advantageous interactions with water;Q2 = a hydrocarbon containing residue, which affords a spatial separation between Q1 and Si(R1)3 groups;X = halo; andm, n, o = 0-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Between the bipolar plate and the first layer, a conductive coating is arranged. The fractions of the plate covered by the first and the second hydrophilic layer exhibits a contact angle of approximately less than 20 degrees . The contact angle of the bipolar plate is less than 60 degrees , preferably 30 degrees . The surface coated with the second hydrophilic layer exhibits a contact angle of approximately less than 15 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is selected from carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon felt or carbon-based material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ionomer is a sulfonated polymer selected from Nafion(RTM: Sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer), ionomer or sulfonated poly(trifluoromethylstyrene). The Teflon(RTM: Fluoropolymer) group polymer is a mixture of polytetrafluroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene or fluorinated ethylene propylene. The polymer is selected from perfluorosulfonic acid, hydrocarbon-based polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazenes, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, doped polybenzimidazole, polyetherketone or polysulfone. The conductive substrate is a fluorine-based resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte stabilizing agent comprises metal ion of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, iron, chromium, copper, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, molybdenum, tin, cerium and/or tungsten elements, preferably cerium metal ion. The conductive particle comprises Vulcan(RTM: activated carbon) carbon, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, graphite and/or Ketjen(RTM: carbon black) carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-active layer is gas diffusion layer (20) including microporous layer (23) comprising carbon particle, hydrophobic polymer and electrolyte stabilizing agent. The electrolyte layer comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer electrolyte. The gas diffusion medium further comprises microporous layer disposed upon fiber matrix, where microporous layer comprises electrically conductive particle, electrolyte stabilizing agent and optionally polymer resin. The fiber matrix comprises carbon fiber in matt, nonwoven, paper, woven or knit configuration. The polymer resin is hydrophobic fluoropolymer or polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The controller area network (CAN) bus (5) is connected with a CAN bus interface of the CPU. The RS-232 interface is connected with a universal asynchronous receiver transmitter 2 (UART 2)and UART 3 of the CPU.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wire is formed from one of aluminum, copper, gold, silver, steel, titanium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode catalyst is platinum on carbon cathode catalyst. The inorganic acid is heteropolyacid, silicotungstic acid (STA), phosphotungstic acid (PTA), tungstomolybdic acid, zirconium hydrogen phosphate, and/or phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Preferred Composition: The cathode catalyst is 46.5 wt.% of platinum. The inorganic acid is present at 10 wt.%. Preferred Method: The fabrication of electrode assembly further includes drying cathode catalyst at 140 degrees C for 1 hour; mixing water and methanol with cathode catalyst and ion-exchange material to form cathode catalyst mixture; homogenizing with homogenizer; converting ion-exchange material and inorganic acid to cesium form; soaking membrane or material layer in cesium carbonate or sulfuric acid; hot-pressing at 180 degrees C under 20 psi; and protonating to convert ion-exchange material and inorganic acid to acid form. The cathode catalyst mixture is applied on membrane or material layer by spraying, screen printing, or by forming cathode catalyst mixture decal that is transferred to the membrane or material layer. Preferred Properties: The ion-exchange material has equivalent weight of 600-1000; and membrane or material layer has equivalent weight of 850-1200.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ion-exchange material is polymer electrolyte, perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer or sulfonated polyether ether ketone polymer. The membrane or material layer is proton exchange membrane. The electrode assembly further includes porous polymeric matrix material which is PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The average value of the pore formed in the insulation cover is acquired by bubble point method confirming to JISK3832 or JISB8356-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The channel section, the introduction section and the manifold section are integrally molded with each other using a composite material, which is selected from a carbon fiber prepared using a thermoplastic and thermosetting resin as a matrix, and a polymer containing a conductive carbon fiber, a carbon black, graphite particles and metal particles. An elongated hollow member is inserted into each of cooling water flow channels of the channel section, where the hollow member is selected from a metal pipe, a composite material pipe and a poly vinyl chloride (PVC) pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a fluorine-containing polymer. Preferred Composition: The content of aqueous medium is 30-90 mass% with respect to the entire amount of paste. The paste is used as an aqueous dispersion liquid emulsified by water and/or the fluorine-containing polymer is dispersed in water. The aqueous dispersion liquid of the binder is obtained by mixing and preparing aqueous dispersion liquid of a crystalline fluorine-containing polymer, and an aqueous dispersion liquid of a non-crystalline fluorine-containing polymer. Preferred Polymers: The crystalline fluorine-containing polymer is a copolymer having a unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro(alkylvinylether) or perfluoro(alkyloxyalklylvinylether) of formula: CF2=C(ORf)nF2-n, and/or chlorotrifluoroethylene. The non-crystalline fluorine-containing polymer is a copolymer having a unit derived from two or more of tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidenefluoride, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro(alkylvinylether) or perfluoro(alkyloxyalklylvinylether) of formula: CF2=C(ORf)nF2-n, and chlorotrifluoroethylene, and 1 or more of alkylvinylether or alkyloxyalkylvinylether of formula: CH2=CHOR, ethylene, and propylene.Rf=perfluoroalkyloxyalkyl including ether linkage(s) in a molecule, or 1-8C perfluoroalkyl;n=1 or 2;andR=alkyloxyalkyl including ether linkage(s), or 1-8C alkyl.A cyclic structure may be represented even though the carbon chain includes a branch or may be linear.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has carbon concentration of 0.6-1.5 mass%, specific surface area of 7-30 m2/g by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and primary particle size of 200 nm or less. Preferred Process: The tetraethylene glycol and lithium source are added to iron phosphate and heat-processed before baking process. Preferred Condition: The calcination temperature is 850 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of zirconium or titanium and phosphorus is 1:2-1:5. The weight ratio of imidazole or imidazole derivative with respect to zirconium-hydrogen phosphate or titanium-hydrogen phosphate crystal and phosphate ions is 1:0.1-1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hetero element is a boron or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer consists of copper/zinc. The catalyst layer consists of platinum. The tube-shaped flow path consists of silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery cover board is made of long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate consists of an electroconductive material. The substrate is a molded product. The substrate consists of carbon, a metal, an inorganic material and resin. The fuel cell has a separator integrally formed on opposite side to the side in which the carbon catalyst of the gas diffusion electrode is formed. Preferred Catalyst: The carbon catalyst contains nitrogen atom and/or boron atom. The total content of nitrogen atom and/or boron atom contained in the carbon catalyst is 0.5-20 mass% with respect to total weight of carbon catalyst. The carbon catalyst contains transition metal or transition metal compound. The transition metal is chosen from cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, titanium, chromium and zinc. The compound of transition metal is chosen from chloride, oxide, organic material and organic-complex material, preferably cobalt chloride, cobalt oxide, phthalocyanine cobalt, iron chloride, iron oxide and phthalocyanine iron. Preferred Method: The carbon-precursor polymer is heated at 300-1500 degrees C and carbonized. Nitrogen or boron is introduced after carbonizing carbon-precursor polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The carbon-precursor polymer is a high molecular compound containing nitrogen atom and/or boron atom. One or whole portion of carbon-precursor polymer contains polyacrylonitrile or its copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The acid leachate comprises hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine gas or sodium chlorate. The concentration ratio of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid is 3:1 or 30:1. The depleted powder comprises residual catalytic element, which is platinum or ruthenium. The fuel cell membrane assembly comprises phosphoric acid. The concentration of platinum in the powder is 0.5-4 weight%. Preferred Process: The surfactant solution and agglomerant are further added for forming slurry with acid leachate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The carbon catalyst has atomic ratio of surface nitrogen atom with respect to surface carbon atom of 0.01-0.3, and ratio of nitrogen atom (a) and nitrogen atom (b) of 0.8-1.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon-precursor compound containing nitrogen atom is imidazole.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A carbon-precursor polymer is prepared using polybenzimidazole. The transition metal or compound of transition metal is mixed to carbon-precursor polymer. The mixture of transition metal or compound of transition metal and carbon-precursor polymer are carbonized, and nitrogen is added to carbonized carbon-precursor polymer to obtain carbon catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The porous substrate refers to carbon paper or carbon cloth. The hydrophobic solution is mainly composed of hydrophobic components. In (a), the drying process refers to drying through blowing with hot air by a blower at 45-80 degrees C, naturally airing or drying using a blasting oven or an infrared heater at 45-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The hydrophobic components include fluoropolymer, where the fluoropolymer refers to one or mixture of several of polyfluortetraethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylfluoride (PVF) and fluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The component (d) is a curing catalyst selected from organic tin compounds, titanates, guanidyl-containing compounds, and 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The component (a) is a linear fluoropolyether compound having the general formula (CH3-C(=CH2)-O)n-Si-(R3-n)-CH2-CH2-(X1)a-Rf'-(X')a-CH2CH2-Si-(R3-n)-(O-C(=CH2)-CH3)n.X1=-CH2-, -CH2O-, -CH2OCH2- or -Y1-NR-CO-;Y1=-CH2- or an o-, m- or p-dimethylsilylphenylene radical of formula (i);R=H, methyl, phenyl or allyl (disclosed);X'=-CH2-, -OCH2-, -CH2OCH2- or -CO-NR1-Y'-;R1=H or an optionally substituted monovalent hydrocarbon radical;Y'=-CH2- or an o-, m- or p-dimethylsilylphenylene radical of formula (ii);Rf'=a divalent perfluoropolyether radical;a=0 or 1;andn=2 or 3. EXAMPLE - Under dry nitrogen, 100 parts of a polymer (viscosity 24500 mPa-s, average molecular weight 16000) of the formula (CH3-C(=CH2)-O-)2Si-(CH3)-CH2CH2-Si-(CH3)2-phenyl-NC(=O)(CH3)-CF-(CF3)-(OCF2-CF(CF3))mOCF2CF2O(CF(CF3)CF2O)nCF(CF3)-NC(=O)(CH3)-phenyl-Si(CH3)2CH2CH2Si(CH3)(-O-C(=CH2)-CH3)2 (where m+n=90), 2.0 parts of gamma-ethylenediaminopropyltrimethoxy-silane, 2.0 parts of gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 0.5 part of tetramethylguanidinopropyltrimethoxysilane, 160 parts of m-xylene hexafluoride, and 40 parts of ethyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether were mixed, yielding composition as a viscous liquid. The composition prepared was tested for its adhesion to KE-1950 (RTM: silicone rubber). The results showed that the composition showed good adhesion to silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of negative electrode contains lithium titanium oxide or titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorption unit contains lithium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium silicate or sodium zirconate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer consists of polyimide, polyamide, epoxy resin, polyolefin and fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation layer comprises material selected from group containing epoxy resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyimide resin, polyvinyl resin, silicone resin and a fluoro-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base layer of insulating material is made of porous polytetrafluoroethylene. The fusion layer of insulating material is made of tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Article: The article comprises a layered structure having at least one layer and an ionic liquid within the layered structure. The layered structure includes a gel and the gel is configured to reduce the relative ionic current density of at least one of protons and hydroxyl ions. The layered structure includes a support layer and the ionic liquid includes cations that are bonded to the support layer. The support layer and gel include at least one polymer. The support layer further includes a gel and at least a portion of the ionic liquid is immobilized within the gel. At least a portion of the ionic liquid is bonded to the permeable support layer. Preferred Method: In the method, reaction of the ionic liquid with the matrix results in cations bonded to the matrix. The method involves producing the gel with a portion of the ionic liquid held in place within the gel; casting the gel from a formulation that contains the ionic liquid; or penetrating the gel with a monomer mixture that includes the ionic liquid. The sufficient ionic liquid within the gel reduces the ionic current density of at least one of protons and hydroxyl ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium ion secondary battery consists of positive electrode active material such as mendelevium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, silicon, magnesium, carbon, strontium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, zinc, indium, tin, chromium, niobium, or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating material contains inorganic oxide such as alumina, zirconia, titania or mixtures of these oxides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating layer contains polymeric materials such as polyimide, polyester or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sheet metals are made of copper and manganin(RTM: alloy of copper, manganese and nickel).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acetic acid is obtained from ethanol by electrolytic process, dehydrogenation process or converting ethanol into acetaldehyde using oxidizing agent and oxidizing obtained acetaldehyde. The methanol is obtained using bioethanol as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating resin sheet is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of the Ru nanoparticle is 4 nm, and mass percent of platinum is 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium acetate, lithium oxalate, lithium benzoate or lithium polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The compound (I) is prepared by:(A) adding non-sulfonated aromatic anhydride dinaphthyl in drying reactor mounted with agitating and condensing devices;(B) adding slowly with 10-60 wt.% concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid at - 5-30 degrees C and agitating to form reaction solution having solid content of 30-70 wt.%;(C) heating at 50-80 degrees C, reacting for 2-10 hours and pouring in ice water; and(D) salting-out with sodium chloride, washing solids with saturated saturation solution, filtering and drying under vacuum condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diluted acid is diluted hydrochloric acid, diluted nitric acid, or diluted sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The soluble lithium salt can be organic potassium salt or inorganic lithium salt, comprising one of lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, lithium carbonate, lithium sulfate, lithium phosphate, lithium chloride, lithium chlorate or lithium acetate, lithium oxalate, lithium benzoate and lithium acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The basic solution is an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Preferred Method: The catalyst is obtained by supporting platinum on the support after supporting ruthenium on the support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fill used in the anode module comprises at least one rolled graphite foil. The fill used in the cathode module comprises at least one rolled silver foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact plate used for joining the current collection tabs is made of alloy of copper and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The cathode active material is oxide containing vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer also consists of material selected from nitride, oxide and carbide of the metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The intermediate layer consists of material selected from the group of metals comprising chromium, nickel, tungsten, titanium, cobalt, molybdenum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sodium oxalate can be substituted with 60 mu mol/L uric acid. The added sodium oxalate is present at 10-50, preferably 30 mu mol/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The apparatus immobilizes carbon dioxide using plant chloroplast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The internal container is made of polyethylene, PVC, neoprene or silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The alkaline storage battery has a positive electrode (11) containing nickel, a negative electrode (12) containing hydrogen occlusion alloy powder, and an alkali electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of lithium hydroxide in lithium hydroxide aqueous solution is 0.1-8 mol/L. The concentration of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide in alkali metal hydroxide aqueous solution is 7-20 mol/L and 5-13 mol/L, respectively. The hydrogen occlusion alloy powder has oxygen concentration of 1.10 wt.% or less, and magnetic-component content of 1.30 wt.% or more. The hydrogen storage alloy powder has cerium nickel (Ce2Ni7 or CeNi3) type crystal structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The battery pack includes twelve nano-technology lithium iron phosphate cells connected in series.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali solution is an electrolytic treatment solution, where the electrolytic treatment solution is either a sodium hydroxide (5-50 wt.%), or an aqueous solution prepared by adding trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate (0.2-20 wt.%) and sodium carbonate (0.2-20 wt.%) as buffers to a solution of sodium hydroxide (5-50 wt.%). The temperature of the electrolytic treatment solution is 20-95 degrees C, a current density is not less than 0.5 A/dm2, and a treatment time is not less than 10 seconds. The water is ion-exchanged water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber comprises a hydrofluoric acid-binder. The absorber is used in the form of dry tablets. The absorber consists of silicon dioxide, aluminum monoxide, silicon carbide, silicon-aluminum oxide, boron nitride, clay, silicate or mica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber consists of: carbon, cellulose, starch, gelatin, cotton or a super absorbing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fuel cell comprises a stack of individual cells that exhibit a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and membrane-electrolyte-arrangement.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electronic conductive metal oxides include ruthenium oxide or iridium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dielectric membrane is made of acrylic, silicone, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or complex hybrid element. The electronic conductive polymers include polypyrole, polythiophene or polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid electrolyte contains lithium, phosphorus and sulfur.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material consists of graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, activated carbon, Vulcan (RTM: Carbon black), Ketjen black (RTM: Carbon-black powder), carbon black and/or carbon nanohorns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder consists of poly(perfluorosulfonic acid), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) and/or fluorinated ethylene-propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Ru salt ruthenium chloride ruthenium (II) nitrosyl nitrate (RuCl2-Ru(NO)(NO2)2). The dissolvable alkali metal is nitrate of alkali metal. The alkaline-earth metal is nitrate of alkaline-earth metal. The hydrogen gas is 10-70 (preferably 30-50) wt.% of hydrogen gas-inert gas mixture. The inert gas is nitrogen or helium. The mole ratio of Ru and metal element of alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal is 1-10:1. The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The alkaline-earth metal is magnesium or calcium. The aluminum gel is 3-5 wt.% of catalyst. Preferred Method: The drying process is carried out for 5-10 minutes by microwave. The roasting temperature is carried out at 300-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The to-be-alloyed element is selected from group consisting of carbon, titanium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, aluminum, indium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reactor has a rotating stirring blade (18) for carrying out stirring. The grinder has a rotating pulverization blade (22) for pulverizing aggregated powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The pulverizing unit has fluidized bed (13) in which rigid balls are arranged. Preferred Compound: The transition metal chalcogen compound is a compound having olivine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The hydrogen-producing substance contains aluminum, magnesium, silicon, zinc, and/or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent further contains compound having dielectric constant of 25 or more, preferably cyclic carbonate or sulfone compound of formula (2). The sulfone compound is chain-shaped sulfone preferably asymmetrical chain-shaped sulfone or cyclic sulfone. The solvent contains the fluorine-containing cycloalkane (10-100 weight%) as a solvent component.R1 and R2=1-4C alkyl and R1 and R2 optionally couple to form cyclic structure.Preferred Salt: The supporting electrolyte salt is lithium salt or quaternary ammonium salt. Preferred Definitions:    n=1 or 2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The stress light emission component contains alumina and strontium carbonate, zinc sulfide and manganese, zinc sulfide and copper, or spinel structure having metallic aluminate (M1Al2O4) and metal (M2), metallic aluminate (M13Al2O6) and metal (M2), metallic aluminate (M1Al12O19) and metal (M2), calcium-aluminum-silicon complex (Ca2Al2SiO7) and metal (M4), magnesium-aluminum complex (M3MgAl10O17) and metal (M4), or magnesium-silicon complex (M33MgSiO8) and metal (M4), where M1 is magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium, M2 is europium, cerium, terbium, samarium, copper or manganese, M3 is barium, strontium or calcium and M4 is europium, cerium, samarium, copper or manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The microparticles of electroconductive carrier are vapor-deposited in deposition chamber (I) maintained in an atmosphere of reduced pressure (I). The microparticles of catalyst metal are vapor-deposited in deposition chamber (II) maintained in an atmosphere of reduced pressure (II). The substrate is conveyed from chamber (I) to chamber (II), after vapor deposition of the microparticles of the electroconductive carrier. After completion of vapor deposition of the microparticles of the catalyst metal, the surface conveyed from chamber (II) chamber (I). Two or more chambers (I) and chambers (II) are alternately installed along the conveyance direction of the substrate. The vapor deposition of the microparticles of electroconductive carrier and microparticles catalyst metal are alternately repeated for two or more times. Preferred Material: The electroconductive carrier is a carbonaceous material. The catalyst metal is platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is connected mutually to form carbon nanotube network (16). The carbon nanotubes are entangled and arranged isotropic in the carbon nanotube network. The carbon nanotubes are arranged along same direction or different directions. The carbon nanotube network comprises a carbon nanotube film, and the carbon nanotube is connected with intermolecular force.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive polymer fiber and carbon nanotube are dispersed uniformly in the carbon nanotube/electroconductive polymer composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon material is silicon monoxide and the lithium material is lithium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface insulating layer is an aluminum oxide film or silicon-oxide film. The microreactor main component has a raw material inlet and a gas exhaust port. The microreactor main component is positioned in a vacuum sealing cavity of a vacuum casing. The raw material inlet is connected with the exterior of the vacuum casing by material supplying pipe. The gas exhaust port is connected with the exterior of vacuum casing by gas discharge pipe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substance: The carbonaceous material is obtained by heating foaming polyimide having glass transition temperature of 300 degrees C or more, and carbonizing. Preferred Property: The granular carbonaceous material has average particle diameter of 1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The reaction portion contains a fuel cell which generates electric power by reaction of the reacting material. The fuel cell is solid oxide type fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The dielectric layer is formed by layer (I) formed of calcium fluoride, and layer (II) formed of calcium fluoride and zinc sulfide, which are laminated two or more times sequentially. The layer (I) has film thickness of dh and refractive index of nh. The layer (II) has film thickness of dl and refractive index of nl. The refractive index nh is greater than refractive index nl. The dielectric multilayer reflects portion(s) of radiation of wavelength of 2(dhnh + dlnl).The dielectric multilayer reflects portion(s) of radiation in the wavelength region of 610-800 nm, preferably 400-800 nm. The radiation transmission region having dielectric multilayer reflects portion(s) of radiation of wavelength having radiation permeation depth of 50 mu m or less, with respect to human skin. The dielectric multilayer reflects portion(s) of radiation of 2.7-3.1 mu m and 5.9-6.5 mu m wavelength region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The ionic liquid contains nitrogen atom-containing cation as cation component. The non-aqueous electrolyte contains halo ion. Preferred Component: Cationic polymerization initiator of polymer of monomer (m1,m2) contains hexafluoro lithium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The cross-linked polymer is polymer containing compound having radical polymerizable functional group, and/or monomer (m1) having ring-opening polymerizable functional group and monomer (m2) does not having ring-opening polymerizable functional group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of dispersing agent with respect to 100 weight parts of electrode active material is 0.01-10 weight parts. Preferred Property: The weight average molecular weight of dispersing agent is 1000-500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The platelets or flakes are functionalized with one or more transition metal oxides or sulfides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder or matrix material is made of conducting polymer, polymeric carbon, amorphous carbon, petroleum pitch and its derivative or coal tar pitch and its derivative. The platelets or flakes are bonded by conductive material comprising polymeric carbon derived from phenolic-formaldehyde, polyacrylonitrile, or cellulosic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotubes are multiwall carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of carboxyl groups is 0.1-1 mmole/g. The polymeric aniline is 3-300 meric aniline. EXAMPLE - To concentrated nitric acid (400 ml), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (1-25 mu m long, 10-50 nm in diameter, without graphitization) (15 g) were added. After stirring for 24 hours, the treated product was separated by suction filtration. The separated product was added to nitric acid (2.5 mole/l), followed by stirring at 130 degrees C for 48 hours. The reaction product was separated by suction filtration, thoroughly washed with deionized water, and centrifuged at 3000 revolutions per minute. The washed reaction product underwent Soxhlet extraction (with tetrahydrofuran) for 24 hours to obtain carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (10.5 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The piezoelectric element comprises lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Ti,Zr)O3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper and lower electrodes are made of platinum, gold, copper or aluminum. The fixed wafer is made of silicon material. The intermediate layer is made of titanium or chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. EXAMPLE - Phenyl magnesium bromide (PhMgBr) (17.5 ml) was dripped at the stirring solution of iodine containing compound (CF3OCF2CF2I) (50.7 mmol) in anhydrous diethylether (300 ml) at -78 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour, and stirred further at -78 degrees C for 1.5 hours. The trimethoxy borane (B(OCH3)3) is added over 10 minutes, stirred at -78 degrees C for 2 hours, formed to room temperature. The obtained suspension liquid was poured into 48% of hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution (100 ml), cooled and stirred rapidly. After making saturation with potassium chloride at 0 degrees C, the ether phase is separated and water phase was extracted. The ether extract was washed in potassium bicarbonate aqueous solution and dried. The solvent was removed in vacuum and recrystallized in methyl alcohol-chloroform to obtain the anion with a yield of 52%.The ionic liquid formed using anion had high electrical conductivity, and low viscosity and melting point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The nickel aluminide and/or iron aluminide is present up to 150 mu m from the surface of the article.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The component comprises iron base alloy, nickel base alloy, or super alloy. The article comprises stainless steel. It comprises a metal component present in a fuel cell. The metal component comprises a frame for securing an electrode to the fuel cell, a gas inlet tube, or a metal casing. The metal species comprises chromium. Preferred Method: The article is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) aluminizing the surface of stainless steel, and heating the article at 800-1200 degrees C for 2-8 hours in the absence of air. The diffusion coating process involves aluminizing the surface of the article to produce nickel aluminide and/or iron aluminide. Prior to the aluminizing step, the surface of the article is coated with less than 50 mu m thick nickel. The diffusion coating process involves pressure bonding aluminum foil (2, 3) on the surface of the article; and heating the article to produce a metal aluminide layer on the surface of the article. Prior to the diffusion coating, a layer of nickel foil (3-15 mu m thick) is applied to the surface of the component. The diffusion coating process may involve applying the layer of nickel foil to two surfaces of the component to produce two nickel layers each has an exposed surface; pressure bonding aluminum foil on each exposed surface of each nickel layer; and heating the article to produce a metal aluminide layer on the two surfaces. It may involve electroplating nickel on the surface of the article to produce a nickel layer (0.5-5 mu m thick); electroplating aluminum on the nickel layer to produce an aluminum layer (5-30 mu m thick); and heating the article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Crystal: The lithium ion (LiVOPO4) crystal is ( beta )-lithium ion (LiVOPO4) crystal. Preferred Composition: The crystallized glass contains (in mol%) lithium oxide (25-60), vanadium pentoxide (25-40) and phosphorus pentoxide (25-40). Preferred Method: The crystalline glass is heat processed at a temperature of more than glass transition temperature and less than liquid temperature, preferably, more than glass transition temperature and 800 degrees C or less. The crystalline glass is pulverized into crystalline glass powder, before heat processing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mol. ratio of Ru to alkali metal oxide and/or metal element in alkali metal oxide is 1-10:1. The content of alumina gel is 3-5 wt.% of catalyst. The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The alkali earth metal is magnesium or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: An alcohol, preferably ethanol is added to the sol-gel solution. Acetone or acetylacetone is added as an additive during preparation of sol-gel solution. An organic acid of formula: CxHyOz, preferably acrylic acid is added to the sol-gel solution, and agitated. The dip coating of the stainless steel is repeated for 2-3 times and at a speed of 4-6 cm/second. The dip-coated steel is dried at 20-30 degrees C for 60-90 minutes, before heating. The dip-coated steel is heated by thermal annealing process which is carried out at 600-900 degrees C 60-90 minutes. The stainless steel surface is polished and washed, before dip coating process.x=2-5;y=2-10;andz=2-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zirconium compound is zirconium acetate hydroxide. Preferred Solution: pH of the sol-gel solution is 3-4. The molar ratio of zirconium acetate hydroxide, ethanol, acetone and acrylic acid in the sol-gel solution is 1:60:1:1. Preferred Property: The thickness of the zirconia thin film of the fuel cell separator is 0.1-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The dye has thermal decomposition temperature of 200 degrees C or more, preferably more than 200 degrees C, and exists in the form of monomer. The expanded graphite oxide has inter-layer space (d002) of 0.8 nm or more, preferably 0.8-1.5 nm. Preferred Process: The contact process of oxidized graphite and dye is carried out by adding the oxidized graphite in the dye solution. The graphite oxide is added in the dye solution in a state that the graphite oxide is water-dispersed into a basic solution with pH value of 9 or more. The manufacture process of expanded graphite oxide further involves heat-treating the graphite contacted with dye in inert atmosphere. Preferred Components: The dye is chosen from (bathocuproine disulfonic acid disodium salt), coumarin 343, methylene blue, brilliant cresyl blue and/or lucigenin(bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alumina-zirconia complex oxide carrier comprises zirconium (1-10 wt.% with respect to total carrier).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Zirconium alkoxide and chelating agent are used during manufacturing process of nickel catalyst. The zirconium alkoxide is chosen from zirconium butoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium tert-butoxide and/or zirconium isopropoxide. The chelating agent is chosen from 2,4-pentanedione, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-tetraacetic acid and diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal intermediate layer is metal species that does not dissolves at positive electrode potential during charging of a lithium ion battery, and metal intermediate layer is used as positive electrode current collector of the lithium ion battery. The metal species is titanium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium and/or tungsten. The metal species not alloyed with lithium at a negative electrode potential, is copper and/or nickel. Preferred Properties: The metal used in the metal intermediate layer has affinity for both metal foil element and carbon thin film layer. The metal intermediate layer is metal species that does not dissolves at a negative electrode potential during discharging of a lithium ion battery, and the metal intermediate layer used as a negative electrode current collector of the lithium ion battery; or metal species not alloyed with lithium at a negative electrode potential during charging of a lithium ion battery, and metal intermediate layer used as a negative electrode current collector of the lithium ion battery. Preferred Conditions: The internal stress applied to the metal intermediate layer is tensile stress. The thickness of the metal intermediate layer is set to cancel internal compression stress occurred due to formation of carbon thin film layer, depending on the thickness of the carbon thin film layer. Preferred Methods: The metal vapor deposition is performed by sputtering vapor deposition. The sputtering vapor deposition employs magnetron sputtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains (in mol/L) magnesium ion (0.42 or less), aluminum ion (0.29 or less), and phosphoric acid (0.2 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The value of x is preferably 0.005-0.019. The negative electrode contains carbon material which occludes-discharge lithium ion. EXAMPLE - Oxalic acid iron anhydride (FeC2O4.2H2O) (in mol) (0.995), cobaltous acetate (CO(CH3COO)2.4H2O) (0.005), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) (1) and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) (0.51) were added to ethanol and wet-blended for 2 hours to obtain the mixture. The obtained mixture was subjected to calcination at 700 degrees C for 2 hours to obtain lithium-iron-cobalt-phosphate (LiFe0.995Co0.005PO4). The obtained positive electrode active material had excellent high-temperature storage stability, charge-discharge cycle characteristics. The lithium secondary battery formed using positive electrode active material had high capacity, output and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves forming precipitation using alkaline aqueous solution containing titanium compound, iron compound or manganese compound, hydrothermally treating formed deposit by alkaline conditions with oxidizing agent and water-soluble lithium compound, and baking in presence of lithium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is preferably tetraethylammonium, tri-ethyl-methyl ammonium tetramethylammonium, ethyltrimethyl ammonium, n-propyl trimethyl ammonium, N,N-diethyl N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, tetraethyl phosphonium, N-methyl-N-propyl-piperidinium or 5-azonia spiro(4.4)nonane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The collector of electrons contains iron. The surface conversion layer forming the active material contains iron oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The adhesive agent further contains organic compound having carboxyl group(s) in a molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound contained in the electrolyte is 1-phenylpyrrole, 9-ethylcarbazole, 9,10-dihydroxyanthracene, fluoranthene, phenylbenzylether, 1,1-diphenylethylene, 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, and/or fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The polarizing electrode layer is obtained by applying shear force and pulverizing carbon fiber in presence of ionic liquid having solvent polarity parameter (Reichadt's Scale) of 4 or more. The ionic liquid contains cation chosen from alkyl imidazolium ion, alkyl pyridinium ion, alkyl ammonium ion and alkyl phosphonium ion, and anion chosen from hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, methyl sulfate and trifluoromethane sulfate. The polarizing electrode layer further contains conductive carbon and binder. Preferred Fiber: The carbon fiber has peak of 1-2 nm in pore distribution calculated by Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis method by nitrogen adsorption method, average diameter of 1-500 nm and aspect ratio of 10-15000. The carbon fiber is single wall carbon nanotube. The carbon fiber is coated with activated carbon particle on surface. The total value of specific surface area of activated charcoal and carbon fiber is 800-2300 m2/g. Preferred Component: The polarizing electrode layer contains a compound having ionic permeability with electroconductive adhesive layer, and carbon microparticles. The compound having ionic permeability is compound obtained by cross-linking polysaccharide with cross-linking agent chosen from acrylamide, acrylonitrile, chitosan pyrrolidone carboxylic acid salt and hydroxypropyl chitosan.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode is sealed in container of stainless steel using sealing material containing polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyether ketone resin, polyether ether ketone resin, polyethylene terephthalate resin, and/or polybutylene terephthalate resin, or material containing glass or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel is a liquid-phase hydrogen-rich fuel. The liquid-phase hydrogen-rich fuel is a mixture containing an alcohol (preferably methanol or ethanol) and a liquid (preferably water). The flexible tubes are metal flexible tubes or silicone flexible tubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte is sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid solution. The inorganic coating is exposed to hydrogen, and other side of the inorganic coating is exposed to air or the oxygen. The catalyst solution includes platinum, ruthenium or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst layer includes sulfone group. The inorganic coating is exposed to hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The strong-oxidizing compound comprises nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium permanganate. Preferred Conditions: The heating involves electric heating, radiation conducting heating, or microwave radiating heating. Electric heating is carried out using electric heating tube and electric heating board. Coating is carried out by concave printing, reverse printing, and edge-type rotary reverse printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high-molecular film comprises high-molecular microporous film, or high-molecular microporous film and bidirectionally-stretched film. The high-molecular microporous film comprises polypropylene microporous film, polyethylene microporous film, and polyethersulfone microporous film. The bidirectionally-stretched films comprise polypropylene bidirectionally-stretched film, polyethylene bidirectionally-stretched film, styrene bidirectionally-stretched film, polyvinylidenechloride bidirectionally-stretched film, polyvinyl alcohol bidirectionally-stretched film, polyfluoroethylene bidirectionally-stretched film, and nylon 6 bidirectionally-stretched film. The residual carbonate rate of the substrate is higher than 50%, the thickness is 0.01-0.20 mm, the pore size is 0.01-300 mu m, and the porosity is 30%-60%. Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin comprises unsaturated polyester resin, epoxy resin, ethenyl resin, phenolic resin, or polyimide resin. Preferred Composition: The amount of thermosetting resin is determined according to the mass% of thermosetting resin to the high-molecular film, given by a relationship, mass% = (thickness of high-molecular filmx areax porosity of high-molecular film)/weight of high-molecular film. The mass% of thermosetting resin is 5-60. The water-proof paste is hydrophobic resin, including PTFE, petroleum resin, epoxy resin, or oil-soluble phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive metal oxide powder is obtained from lanthanum-nickel iron oxide (LaNi1-xFexO3), lanthanum-strontium cobalt oxide (La1-xSrxCoO3), lanthanum cobalt oxide, lanthanum-strontium manganese oxide (La1-xSrxMnO3), samarium-strontium cobalt oxide (Sm1-xSrxCoO3) and/or lanthanum-strontium-cobalt iron oxide (La1-xSrxCo1-yFeyO3, where x and y are more than 0 to less than 1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic sheet is a self-reinforced polypropylene composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium nickel complex oxide is of formula: Li1-xNaxNi1-yMeyO2. The lithium nickel complex oxide does not have secondary particle.Me=cobalt, manganese, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, cerium and/or yttrium;x=more than 0 and 0.05 or less;andy=0-0.34.Preferred Property: The lithium nickel complex oxide has a polygon template-like primary particle, average primary particle diameter of 3-13 mu m and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 0.3-0.8 m2/g. Preferred Conditions: The sodium nickel complex oxide is obtained by baking the mixture of nickel complex oxide and sodium compound at 750-850 degrees C. The ion-exchange process is performed in an atmosphere of dew point of 20 degrees C or less. The ion-exchange process uses molten salt in excess such that the molar ratio of lithium in the molten salt is 3 or more with respect to the amount of sodium in the sodium nickel complex oxide. Preferred Process: After baking, the reaction material is washed with water and vacuum-dried at 150-300 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler includes silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum dioxide (Al2O3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), silicon disulfide (SiS2), silicon phosphate (SiPO4), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), barium titanate (BaTiO3), natural clay, organically modified clay and/or inorganic materials having an average particle size of 0.01-5 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inner layer includes polypropylene of 30-70 wt.% having a melting temperature of greater than or equal to 150 degrees C and a filler of 70-30 wt.% having a melting temperature of greater than or equal to 140 degrees C, where the gross content of the filler and the polypropylene in the inner layer is greater than or equal to 80 wt.%. The surface layers include polyethylene of greater than or equal to 80 wt.%. The filler includes polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethylpentene, polyethylene terepthalate, polycarbonate, polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylene oxide, polyamide, or their heat resistant resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive elements is made of platinum, gold, carbon, stainless steel, and their alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The unit layer arranged at outer side of the multilayer structure of the separator is made of spherical polyethylene particle and spherical PTFE particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amino compound is ammonia or hydrazine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The platinum-modified palladium alloy is a core-shell structure using palladium alloy as the core and platinum as the shell. The palladium alloy is alloy of palladium and nickel, copper, cobalt, or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenolic compound has two or more functionality. The epoxy resin is a non-glycidyl compound. The solvent is methylethylketone, acetone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethyl formamide, pentanol, butanol, dioxolane, isopropanol, methoxy propanol, methoxy propanol acetate, dimethylformamide, glycol, glycol acetate, toluene and/or xylene. The composition comprises: the benzoxazine monomer (10-90 parts by weight); the epoxy resin (2-60 parts by weight); the catalyst (0.1-20 parts by weight); the toughening agent (0.1-40 parts by weight); and the solvent (1-50 parts by weight). The composition, upon curing, has a glass transition temperature greater than 160 degrees C, preferably greater than 230 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Phenolphthalein based benzoxazine (35%), 3,4-epoxy cyclohexane carboxylate (25%), tetraphenolethane (10%), Flexibilizer DY 965 (RTM: Toughener) (10%) and acetone (20%) were added to a glass container and sufficiently mixed to homogeneity. Then the mixture was cast and cured at 200-255 degrees C for 1-5 hours and then post-cured at 200-240 degrees C for 1-4 hours to obtain the halogen-free curable composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The selective recognition layer (L2) comprises indium-zinc-oxide, zinc-oxide or indium-gallium-zinc-oxide, tin-oxide, titanium-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The selective recognition layer (L1) comprises aminopropyldimethylsiloxane (APDMS), polystyrene ethylene diamine (PSEDA), propylaminopropylpolysiloxane (PAPPS) or polypropylenimine (PPI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The superelastic alloy forming the internal vessel is nickel-titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor elements are selected from silicon semiconductor element, diamond semiconductor element, silicon carbide semiconductor element and gallium nitride semiconductor element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorine absorbers are selected from calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, magnesium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, magnesium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate or sodium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine absorption is available as undissolved solid, solution or unfluorinated polymer or a mixture of multiple unfluorinated polymers like polyurethane, polystyrene, polyurethane foam or polystyrene foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The internal carrier layer is made of porous ceramic, the cathode layer is made of lanthanum manganate, the electrolyte layer is made of ceramic mixture of e.g. yttrium and zirconium oxide and the anode layer is made of nickel-zirconium oxide metal-ceramic compound. A barrier valve interrupts the flow of the combustion gas and the recycled remaining gas in a clock frequency and in open/close intervals at an outlet of the reformer reactor and/or the shift reactor, where the intervals optimize the charge-producing reactions in the fuel cell. The barrier valve is activated by an electromagnetic coil. A stagnation of the combustion engine is bridged with reduced fuel (2g) in addition and corresponding to the air supply in a stand-by-operation. The inner side or a part of the interior of the reformer reactor and the shift reactor is filled with the catalyst on the porous ceramic carrier and/or is introduced on the deviating sections, which accelerates the reactions in the desired products through surfaces contacts. The fuel gas for loading reformer reactor consists of liquefied gas, natural gas, gasoline fuel or diesel fuel, vaporized bio-diesel oils, or naphthalene in normal conditions of solid hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The positive electrode active material is further obtained by mixing lithium hydroxide with nickel-hydroxide particles containing element (M) and cobalt element. Preferred Property: The molar ratio of lithium with respect to sum total of cobalt, nickel and element (M) is 1.5-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phenanthrene compound (1) is formulae (2-4).R=H or 1-12C hydrocarbyl.Preferred Component: The non-aqueous electrolyte includes an electrolyte solute containing lithium salt as main component, and a nonaqueous solvent containing cyclic ester and/or strand-shaped ester as main component. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 10 Phenanthrene compounds (1) are disclosed, e.g. 9-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-8-oxa-9-phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-1(10),2(7),3,5,11,13-hexaen-9-one of formula (A), 8-oxa-9-phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-1(10),2(7),3,5,11,13-hexaen-9-one, 9-hydroxy-8-oxa-9-phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-1(10),2(7),3,5,11,13-hexaen-9-one, 9-methyl-8-oxa-9-phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-1(10),2(7),3,5,11,13-hexaen-9-one and 9-ethenyl-8-oxa-9 -phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-1(10),2(7),3,5,11,13-hexaen-9-one.    EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed in weight ratio of 4:6, to obtain nonaqueous solvent. Lithium hexafluorophosphate containing 9-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-8-oxa-9-phosphatricyclo-tetradeca-hexaen-9-one and nonaqueous solvent were blended with base electrolyte solution containing vinylene carbonate (1 wt.%), to obtain electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The battery further comprises a membrane for preventing short circuit provided between the anode and cathode; and a transfer pump for driving electrolyte to flow between the storing tank and battery through a delivering pipe, when the battery is in operation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid in the electrolyte is sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or mixture of H2SO4 and nitric acid, perchloric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, or phosphoric acid. The concentration of H2SO4 in the electrolyte is 10-45%. The concentration of other acids is 0.1-15%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The cathode current collector is carbon electrode, metal electrode, alloy electrode, or metal compound electrode which does not participate in the battery reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte further comprises 0.03-10% complexing agent. The complexing agent is amine triacetic acid, sodium citrate, EDTA, or sodium glutamate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ceramic board is formed on the ceramic paper, which includes ceramic fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic board includes a coating layer of aluminum oxide and another coating layer of aluminum phosphate formed on the former coating layer using aluminum hydroxide and phosphoric acid, where atomic ratio of phosphorus and aluminum is 3:50. The ceramic paper includes alumina and silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes slurry composition having organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The ceramic board is formed on the ceramic paper, which includes ceramic fiber. The channel plate surface includes ceramic media selected from cerium, zirconia or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic board includes a coating layer of aluminum oxide and another coating layer of aluminum phosphate formed on the former coating layer using aluminum hydroxide and phosphoric acid, where atomic ratio of phosphorus and aluminum is 3:50. The ceramic paper includes alumina and silica. The channel plate surface includes active ingredient selected from platinum, rhenium or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes slurry composition having organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ceramic board is formed on the ceramic paper, which includes ceramic fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ceramic board includes a coating layer of aluminum oxide and another coating layer of aluminum phosphate formed on the former coating layer using aluminum hydroxide and phosphoric acid, where atomic ratio of phosphorus and aluminum is 3:50. The ceramic paper includes alumina and silica. The catalyst layer includes metallic catalyst selected from platinum, rhenium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold or their mixture. The catalyst layer includes catalyst supporter selected from alumina, ceria, zirconia, calcium aluminate, magnesium oxide, cesium oxide, cupric oxide, zinc oxide or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes slurry composition having organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ceramic paper includes organic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The electrolyte contains ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, and lithium hexafluorophosphate. It comprises adhesive including biphenyl, cyclohexyl benzene, and partly hydrogenated terphenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ordered silicon dioxide template comprises mesoporous silicon dioxide such as SBA-15 (RTM: mesoporous silicon dioxide), MCM-41 (RTM: mesoporous silicon dioxide), MCM-48 (RTM: mesoporous silicon dioxide) and KIT-6 (RTM: mesoporous silicon dioxide). The unordered silicon dioxide template comprises porous silica gel or silicon dioxide molecular-sieve with average pore diameters of 6-100 nm. Preferred Property: The silicon dioxide template has average pore diameter of 4-30 nm. Preferred Process: The carbon primer and inorganic template are mixed, heated at temperature slightly higher than the melting point of the carbon primer at the velocity of 2-5 degrees C/minute for 0.5-10 hours. The electric furnace is heated at temperature of 900-1000 degrees C and velocity of 5-20 for 0.5-10 hours, and the temperature is maintained for 1-2 hours. Preferred Component: The carbon material has laminated composite phase structure, rich carbon atoms on edges of pore walls, special phase with controlled pore structure, surfaces and pore structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Copper powder and borosilicate glass-making feedstock are mixed with the filtrate. The moisture content is removed from the obtained liquid mixture. The liquid mixture is heated to obtain copper lump and borosilicate glass, and gold or platinum group element is removed from the copper lump. Alternately, powder of borosilicate glass containing dispersed copper particle is mixed with the filtrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steel sheet contains (in mass%) carbon (less than 0.020), silicon (0.25 or less), manganese (less than 2), phosphorus (less than 0.060), sulfur (less than 0.008), chromium (12-20), nickel (less than 1), nitrogen (less than 0.020), boron (0.0005-0.0100) and niobium which satisfies the following relation: 10x (C(%)+N(%))-0.80%. The steel further contains molybdenum (less than 5), tungsten (less than 5), titanium (less than 0.5), zirconium (less than 0.5), cobalt (less than 3), copper (less than 2) and/or vanadium (less than 0.5). The cooling rate of steel upto 900-700 degrees C satisfies the following relation: cooling rate greater than or equal to 50x (Nb mass%)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating material layer consists of silicone resin, epoxy resin, urethane resin, polybutadiene resin, polypropylene resin, polyethylene resin, paraffin wax resin, phenol resin, polyimide resin, cyanoacrylate resin, and urea resin.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The electrolytic membrane contains hydrocarbon type proton conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The compound or element of negative electrode active material layer (I) is silicon, tin and/or its oxide. The carbon material of negative electrode active material layer (II) is graphite, pyrolytic carbon, coke, sintered material of organic polymer compound or mesocarbon micro bead.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemically modified graphene sheet is made of carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, anhydride, nitrogen containing group, sulfur containing group, halide and halogen containing group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The chemically modified graphene sheet is made of quinine, phenol, ether and lactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal is selected from a group consisting of vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, gold, osmium, iridium, tantalum, palladium, ruthenium, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, mercury, silver, copper, titanium, tin, lead, germanium, zirconium, cerium, nickel, cobalt, iron, chromium, zinc, manganese, aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, lithium, barium and cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfuric acid and vanadium pentoxide has a mole ratio of 1-3:1. The sulfuric acid has a concentration of 1-15 mol/l.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is isobutyl alcohol, butyraldehyde, oxalic acid, 1,3-propanediol, and/or 2-butylene. The reducing agent and vanadium pentoxide has a mole ratio of 0-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The bis-sulfonyl imide group containing compound (1) is made by reacting a sulfonamide-functional polymer with an aromatic disulfonyl anhydride or 1, 2 benzenedisulfonyl anhydride. EXAMPLE - Sulfonamide-functional polymer (10 g) at 10% solids and pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (5.6 g) were dissolved in Aldrich sealed acetonitrile (45 ml). The addition was done under nitrogen. After stirring the mixture for 1 hour, at this time all solids dissolved in the solution, Aldrich sealed triethyl amine (4.25 g) was added to the mixture and stirred for 2 hours followed by mild heating (72 degrees C) for an additional 15 minutes. Sample from the crude mixture was analyzed with NMR. The fluorine NMR showed a strong peak at - 113.4 ppm which corresponded to the carbon difluoride (CF2) group adjacent to the sulfur in the pentafluorosulfonylimide of the polymer. (Yielded: Pentafluorinated polymer with side chain of formula -O-(CF2)4-SO2-NH-SO2-PhF5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluid circulated in the second loop of the heat recovery system is organic fluid such as butane or pentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The noble metal is gold, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium containing transition metal nitride contains manganese, nickel, cobalt, or iron as transition metal. The lithium containing transition metal nitride is of formula: Li3-yCoyN, where y is 0.3-0.5. The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate and lithium hexafluoroantimonate as electrolyte. Preferred Property: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution contains electrolyte and addition compound containing anion compound in molar ratio of 98:2-55:45.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anion compound is preferably of formula (2-5). Preferred Process: The non-aqueous electrolyte solution is obtained by dissolving anion compound (3) in the organic solvent. Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alloy type negative electrode active material is chosen from group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon containing alloy, silicon compound, tin, tin oxide, tin containing alloy and tin compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The template is selected from a group consisting of anodic aluminum oxide, macromolecule template, and zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluoride is selected from a group consisting of cesium fluoride, potassium fluoride, lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, titanium fluoride, silver fluoride, barium fluoride, calcium fluoride, copper fluoride, cadmium fluoride, iron fluoride, mercury fluoride, manganese difluoride, magnesium fluoride, nickel fluoride, lead difluoride, tin fluoride, strontium fluoride, xenon difluoride, zinc difluoride, aluminum difluoride, boron trifluoride, bismuth trifluoride, cerium trifluoride, chromium trifluoride, dysprosium trifluoride, europium trifluoride, gallium fluoride, gadolinium trifluoride, holmium trifluoride, indium trifluoride, lanthanum trifluoride, lutetium trifluoride, manganese trifluoride, neodymium trifluoride, vanadium oxide fluoride, praseodymium fluoride, antimony trifluoride, scandium trifluoride, samarium fluoride, terbium trifluoride, thulium fluoride, yttrium fluoride, ytterbium fluoride, cerium tetrafluoride, germanium tetrafluoride, hafnium tetrafluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, tin tetrafluoride, titianium tetrafluoride, vanadium tetrafluoride, zirconium tetrafluoride, niobium pentafluoride, antimony pentafluoride, tantalum pentafluoride, bismuth pentafluoride, molybdenum hexafluoride and rhenium hexafluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The deposit is hydroxide. The deposit has double layered hydrate structure containing hydroxide of nickel, magnesium and aluminum. The alkali is sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide and/or ammonium carbonate. The carrier is alumina, zirconia, ceria, titania, silica and/or magnesia. The noble metal is ruthenium. Preferred Processes: The surface of the carrier is impregnated with lanthanum compound before adding compound (A). The noble metal is included to the carrier after baking. The catalyst is obtained by immersing the carrier having deposit which is impregnated with nickel compound, magnesium compound and aluminum compound, into aqueous alkali solution. The catalyst also obtained by impregnating alkali into the carrier and immersing into aqueous alkali solution (a) containing nickel compound, magnesium compound and aluminum compound. The deposit is formed by reacting nickel compound, magnesium compound and aluminum compound with urea which exist in inner side of the carrier and/or surface of the carrier, and hydrolyzing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon is 3C or more hydrocarbon. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon is modified by steam reforming, self-thermal reforming or partial oxidation reforming.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum plate further contains (in mass%) zirconium (0.01-0.2) and/or chromium (0.01-0.3), and titanium (0.01-0.2) and/or boron (1-100 ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal particles contain platinum. The metal oxide layer contains tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol of the fuel cell is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The pore volume ratio of active material is more than 0.3 and less than 0.4. Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is lithium-manganese complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The electrolyte solution is sodium sulfate aqueous solution. The oxo-acid ion is phosphate ion supplied from disodium hydrogen phosphate, carbonate ion supplied from sodium hydrogen carbonate, or tetra boric acid ion. The concentration of the oxo-acid ion is 5-50 mM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of organic solvent and water in the liquid composition is in mass ratio of 80:20-30:70. The mix-stirring process is carried out at 60-160 degrees C. The organic solvent is 1-4C alcohol(s).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (I) has an electrical conductivity of at least 10-8 S/m, preferably at least 10-6 S/m. (I) is: in the form of fuel lines and tubing, a fuel tank filler pipe, a fuel tank filler connector, a fuel line connector, a fuel pump and delivery module components, a fuel pump, a fuel delivery module component, a fuel injector component, or a fuel filter housing; a fuel line grounding clip, a fuel tank flange, a fuel filter clamp, or a fuel tank cap. (I) comprises at least two layers, at least one of which is exposed to fuel. In (I), at least a portion of the layer exposed to fuel comprises the polymer composition. The polymer composition is present as a coating on (I). The polymer composition is in the form of a coating. The composition further comprises one or more electrically conductive additives other than graphene sheets. Preferred Components: The graphene sheets have: a surface area of 300-2630 (preferably 400-2400) m2/g; and a carbon to oxygen ratio of at least 20:1, preferably at least 50:1. The polymer comprises one or more thermoplastic polymers comprising: polyamides, polyesters, polyoxymethylenes, polyimides, poly(phenylene oxides), polyurethanes or fluoropolymers; and polyolefins and ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymers. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper nanocrystalline or silver nanocrystalline in prepared heterojunction structure of metal nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube are both face-centered cubic structures The soluble metal salt for preparing heterojunction structure of copper nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube or heterojunction structure of silver nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube is copper sulfate or silver nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is metal sheet or conductive glass. The metal sheet is copper sheet or iron sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A1) has Zr6O32 cornerstones; inorganic cornerstones of at least 20 coordination sites; and a Zr metal atom to organic linker molecule ratio of 1:0.45 to 1:0.55. ACTIVITY - None given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The composition is administered orally, vaginally, rectally or subcutaneously. No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - Standard synthesis of Zr-BDC MOF (zirconium-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid metal organic framework) was performed by dissolving zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) (0.053 g) and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (0.034 g) in N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF) (24.9 g) at ambient temperature. The obtained mixture was sealed and placed in a pre-heated oven at 120 degrees C for 24 hours. Crystallization was carried out under static conditions. After cooling in air to ambient temperature the resulting solid was filtered, repeatedly washed with dimethyl formamide (DMF) and dried at ambient temperature to give Zr-BDC MOF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The main electrolytic salt is lithium nitrate or lithium sulfate. The sub-electrolytic salt is acetate of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, preferably potassium or sodium acetate, or salt containing metal ions excluding lithium ion, preferably salt containing alkali or alkaline-earth metal ions excluding lithium ion, more preferably salt containing potassium or sodium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tap water comprises silicic acid and carbonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrical storage element has electrolyte which contains lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane forming film comprises silicon compounds including silicon nitride or silicon oxide, and/or metal such as chromium, gold, nickel and/or aluminum. The support comprises silicon or germanium. The protective material is silicon compound such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide, or polymer material or a metal such as chromium, gold, nickel or aluminum. The colloidal particles are made of polymer material such as polystyrene; and oxides such silicon dioxide or metal oxides such as aluminum oxide or titanium oxide. Preferred Properties: The colloidal particles have a size of 3-3000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foamed current collector comprises carbon, nickel, titanium, aluminum, and/or stainless steel. The metal alloy/intermetallic is in the form of particles having an average particle size of not greater than 1 micron. The metal alloy/intermetallic material comprises a tin-copper alloy or an alloy of copper, tin and at least one additional metals or their combinations. The metal alloy/intermetallic comprises a composition having a formula SixSnqM'yCz (where (q+x) is greater than 2y+z, q is greater than or equal to 0, z is greater than or equal to 0 and M'is a metal selected from manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium and/or yttrium having at least 40 wt.% and 80 atomic% Si as an amorphous Si phase, a nanocrystalline metal suicide phase, a silicon carbide phase when z is greater than 0, and an amorphous Sn phase when q is greater than 0). The metal alloy/intermetallic comprises a composition having a formula Sn-E'-M1 (where E'is boron (B), carbon (C), aluminum (Al) and/or phosphorus (P) (9.8-49 wt.%), and M1 is a metal selected from silicon, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper', zinc, gallium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, silver, indium, cerium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten and/or bismuth). The positive electrode comprises an electroactive material having a discharge capacity of at least 240 mAh/g at 10th discharge cycle and at room temperature and a discharge rate of C/3 when discharged from 4.6-2.0 volts; or having 10th cycle specific discharge capacity of at least 235 mAh/g at room temperature and a tap density of at least 1.8 g/ml, where the specific discharge capacity is determined at a discharge rate of C/3 when discharged from 4.6-2.0 volts. The porous carbon particles comprise activated carbon and/or mesoporous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface film contains lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LiTi2O4 or Li2TiO3). Preferred Process: The method further involves performing adjustment of sol by carrying out autoclave processing of dispersion liquid containing carbon-type particle, peroxotitanic acid, and lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The primary active material is lithium ferrous phosphate (LiFePO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dispersion medium contains a fluorine type solvent. The fluorine-type solvent is 1,1,2,2,3,3,4-heptafluoro cyclopentane or pentafluoropropanol. The coating liquid contains the solid content concentration of 10-50 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pitch is optical-anisotropy pitch obtained by polymerizing polycyclic hydrocarbon in presence of hydrogen chloride and boron trifluoride. The carbon black has dibutyl-phthalate oil absorption amount of 100-500 ml/100 g. The electrode active material has Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area of 90 m2/g or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The valve body is made of rigid plastic material. The sealing surface section and the connection part consist of elastic, plastic material. The stopper exhibits an integral valve element made from a flexible plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content rate of filler is more than 30 mass% and 60 mass% or less. The filler is inorganic filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of sum of peak area of peak (A) derived from carbonyl group observed by 1792 cm-1 vicinity and peak area of peak (B) derived from carbonyl group observed by 1712 cm-1 vicinity with respect to peak area of peak (C) derived from methylene group of modified polyolefin observed by 1472 cm-1 vicinity is more than 0.01 and less than 0.1, measured by infrared light absorption spectrum. The viscosity average molecular weight of polyolefin resin is 200000 or more. Preferred Composition: The content rate of modified polyolefin is 5-50 mass% with respect to total polymer mass of microporous membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The chalcogenide is sodium sulfide or hydrogen sulfide and the gold-chalcogen type ion formed is gold-chalcogen type complex ion. The solution is an aqueous solution. A granular carrier is dispersed to the aqueous solution after adding chalcogenide to gold compound aqueous solution. The carrier is group III, group IV, group V, group VI or group XIV metal or its oxide, carbon material or polymeric material, preferably oxide of silicon, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum or cerium. The carbon material is activated carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn or graphite. The gold compound is tetrachloric auric acid or its salt, trichloro gold, gold cyanide, gold potassium cyanide, trichlorinated diethylamine auric acid, ethylene diamine gold complex, dimethyl gold beta -ketone derivative complex and/or diethyl gold beta -ketone derivative complex. The gold nanoparticles have average particle diameter of 20 nm or less and are contained in an amount of 0.01-50 wt.% with respect to the carrier. Preferred Process: The carrier is heated at 80-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is carbon nanotube having semiconductor property, and has density of 0.2-1.5 g/cm3. The thiophene oligomer is supported by carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thiophene oligomer has thiophene ring(s) with substituent chosen from alky, alkoxy, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl and halogen. The substituent is bonded with 3-position and/or 4-position of thiophene ring. The thiophene oligomer is 3-butyl-2-(5-(5-(3,4-dibutyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-4-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)thiophene or 3,4-dibutyl-2,5-bis(5-(thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The concentrator sleeve comprises steel, nickel, copper, bronze and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The lithium ion capacitor has a structure in which the positive electrode and negative electrode are laminated through the separator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: In the poly 9,9-bis(alkoxy carbonyl)fluorine, the fluorene ring is polymerized in 2nd position and 7th position. Preferred Composition: The active material layer contains carbon nanotube on which the poly 9,9-bis(alkoxy carbonyl)fluorene is supported.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode mix layer contains carbon material as electroconductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon type gas arises when carbon material is heated in gaseous phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The cobalt acid is inorganic cobalt acid including cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, or cobalt sulfate; or organic cobalt acid including cobalt oxalate or cobalt acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The carbon material is any one of conducting acetylene black, spherical carbon block, or nanocarbon tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the nitrogen implantation layer is less than 200 nm. The thickness of Fe3O4 surface oxidation layer is 50-100 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction is performed at an atmospheric temperature of 400-1400 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Tin acetate and monoammonium phosphate were mixed in molar ratio of 1:2, stirred for 30 minutes and heated to 450 degrees C for 12 hours and 1400 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain tin phosphate. The obtained tin phosphate had high density and improved sinterability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal complex is iron complex. The iron complex is ferric complex (Fe3+) of formula (Fe(III)(HL)xCl, solvent) and ferrous complex (Fe2+) of formula (Fe(II)(H2L)2Cl2). Preferred Process: The Fe3+ ions are reduced into Fe2+ ions by exposing a light with free of oxygen. The Fe2+ ions are oxidized into Fe3+ ions by creating a chemical or electrochemical contact with an oxidant protected from light, where the oxidant is oxygen, iodine, copper (Cu2+), cobalt (Co3+), ferric chloride, hydrogen (H+), manganate, permanganate and ferrates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic ligand is a benzoic hydrazide compound of formula (I). The solvent is dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol and water.A, B1, C1, D1, E = H, COOH, OH, F, Cl, Br, I or (2,2')bipyridinyl moiety; andY1 = cyclohexane moiety, (1,3)dithiane moiety, (1,3)dioxane moiety, (1,3)dioxolane moiety, (1,3)dithiolane moiety or benzoyl moiety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The complex oxide is lithium-manganese dioxide (LiMnO2), lithium-manganese oxide (Li2MnO3), lithium-titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12), lithium-titanium oxide (Li2TiO3), lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2), lithium-nickel oxide (LiNiO2), lithium-vanadium oxide (LiVO3), lithium-iron oxide (Li5FeO4), sodium-manganese oxide (NaMnO2), calcium-manganese oxide (CaMnO3), calcium-iron oxide (CaFeO3), magnesium-titanium oxide (MgTiO3) or potassium-manganese dioxide (KMnO2). The complex oxide is preferably lithium manganese oxide (LixMnO2-y), and lithium cobalt oxide (LixCoO2-y), where x is 0-1 and y is 0-2. Preferred Material: The air electrode compound material has the catalyst and an electroconductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium or potassium. The alkaline-earth metal is magnesium or calcium. The transition metal element is titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The system is based on silicon based material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material includes a lithium cobaltate of formula (Lix6M1y6Co(1-z6)M2z6O2) or (Li(1+x8)CoOz8). The lithium manganate is of formula (Li(1+x1)(Mn1-y1A1y2)2-x2Oz1), preferably Li1.1Mn1.96Mg0.03O4, or (Li(1+x3)Mn2Oz3). The lithium cobaltate is lithium cobalt dioxide coated with zirconium dioxide or aluminum triphosphate, preferably lithium cobalt dioxide. The lithium-ion battery has: a capacity greater than about 3 Ah/cell, preferably greater than 4 Ah/cell; a prismatic cross-sectional shape or an oblong cross-sectional shape. The ratio of the mean particle diameter of the lithium cobaltate to the mean particle diameter of the lithium manganate is 1:0.4 to 1:1.2, preferably 1:0.6 to 1:0.9. The lithium cobaltate and manganate spinel are in a weight ratio of 0.95:0.05 to 0.65:0.35, preferably 0.85:0.15 to 0.75:0.25.x6 = greater than 0 to less than 1.2;y6 = greater than 0 to less than 0.1;z6 = 0 to less than 0.5;M1 = Mg or Na;M2 = manganese, aluminum, boron, titanium, magnesium, calcium or strontium, where at least one of M1 and M2 is Mg;x1, x2 = 0.01-0.3;y1, y2 = 0.0-0.3;z1 = 3.9-4.1; andA1 = magnesium, aluminum, cobalt, nickel or chromium;x2 = 0-0.3;x3 = 0-0.3, preferably 0.01-0.3;z3 = 3.9-4.2;x8 = 0-0.2; andz8 = 1.9-2.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection terminal board is obtained by plating nickel, iron or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The usage amount of graphite and phosphoric acid is 0.5-1.5 mass% and 0.05-1 mass%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell system is hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst contains finely dispersed platinum, and consists of cobalt, nickel, copper/zinc, iron/chromium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, rhenium, osmium, iridium and gold optionally in combination with platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The educt gases containing hydrocarbon consist of methane, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel or alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst material is manufactured by drying the dispersion liquid containing two or more types of primary particles and secondary particles by carrying out freeze-drying process. Preferred Condition: The repulsion state of two or more types of primary particles and secondary particles are same or different, respectively by adjusting the type or quantity of dispersing agent, or by adjusting the zeta potential of primary and secondary particles. Preferred Components: The primary and secondary particles are dispersed in the dispersion liquid using a dispersing agent. The primary particles include catalyst particles (1) to which alloy of noble metal and noble metal or the oxide, and complex oxide having catalyst function is adhered, and secondary particles include metal oxide particles (2). The metal oxide particles are chosen from cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives. The noble metal (3) is chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium. The catalyst particles contains co-catalyst component(s) (4) having oxygen occlusion-discharging function. The co-catalyst component includes cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction solvent is solvent type which is mainly concerned with water-insoluble solvent of donor number less than or equal to 20. The compound of formula (IV) is tetra n-butylammonium iodide, tetra n-butylammonium bromide, tetra n-butylphosphonium bromide, or tetra n-butylphosphonium iodide. Preferred Process: The method involves removing mineral salts by water washing after reaction, adding poor solvent, and crystallizing. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=polynuclear disk shaped compound residue more than trinuclear which is triphenylene 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexyl group;    Z-=bromine ion or iodine ion; and    R=3-26C alkyl group which has ether, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, substituted aryl groups, unsaturated bonds or carbon chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second lithium intercalation composition is represented by: xLiMO2-(1-x)Li2M1O3, where M is trivalent metal ion with of Mn+3, Co+3 or Ni+3 and M1 is metal ions having an average valance of +4 and x is 0-1; or Li1+xNi( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )O2, where x is 0.05-0.25, alpha is 0.1-0.4, beta is 0.4-0.65 and gamma is 0.05-0.3; or Li1+xNi( alpha )Mn( beta )Co( gamma )M2( delta )O2-z/2Fz, where delta and z are 0-0.1 and M2 is magnesium, zinc, aluminum, gallium, boron, zirconium, titanium, calcium, cerium, yttrium and/or niobium. The second lithium intercalation composition further comprises 0.1-10 mol.% of aluminum fluoride as a coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The separator comprises polyethylene, polypropylene and/or ceramic-polymer composites, and a polyethylene-polypropylene-polyethylene tri-layer membrane. The polymer binder comprises polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene, Attorney Docket: 5024.03US02 polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylates and/or ethylene-(propylene-diene monomer) copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The battery includes electrolyte solution containing lithium (Li) ions. The positive electrode active material of positive electrode active material layer contains Li compound, preferably lithium chlorate (LiClO4). Preferred Methods: The exposure step is performed by physical etching with inert gas ions. The physical etching with inert gas ions is plasma etching with argon gas ions. The exposure step and corrosion-resistant layer forming step are continuously performed in low-oxygen atmosphere in which the aluminum exposed in the surface of aluminum electrode foil does not oxidize, or in argon atmosphere. The corrosion-resistant layer forming step sputters the corrosion-resistant layer made of alloy containing iron and chrome.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium manganese complex oxide contains lithium manganite. The positive electrode active material contains lithium manganese complex oxide (20-80 weight%) and lithium iron phosphate compound (20-80 weight%). The negative electrode active material is chosen from lithium metal, carbon, silicon and lithium titanate. Preferred Properties: The lithium iron phosphate compound has average particle diameter of 50-500 nm. The lithium manganese complex oxide has average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains 10-90 mass% of copper oxide components, 5-50 mass % of zinc oxide components, and 5-50 mass % of aluminum oxide components in which total mass is 100 mass%. The content of component D 0.02-0.1 mmol/g. Preferred Components: The component D is potassium, cesium, sodium, magnesium, barium, iron, platinum or gallium. The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide is sodium hydroxide. Preferred Process: The precursor is mixed with solution containing alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide containing copper salt, zinc salt and aluminum salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Magnesium oxide is contacted with carbon dioxide recovered from installation burning foil fuel. Preferred Apparatus: The thermal decomposition unit is rotary kiln-type thermal decomposition apparatus having an insertion opening, through which magnesium hydroxide is supplied from one end, a discharge port for discharging magnesium oxide to other end, a combustion furnace for heating cylindrical component, and blower for supplying hot air to cylindrical component. The magnesium carbonate production unit has a reaction chamber for reacting carbon dioxide and magnesium oxide, provided in downward direction rare than insertion opening through which magnesium oxide is supplied, and carbon dioxide supply port provided in downward direction and through which carbon dioxide is supplied.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of vinylene carbonate derivative is 0.5-20 volume% with respect to total content of solvent in the electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode or the negative electrode is an electrode containing porous carbon and/or fibrous carbon. The negative electrode contains the activated carbon, which has doped lithium ion. The electrolyte solution has dissolved solution of quaternary phosphonium salt or lithium salt as supporting electrolyte. Preferred Properties: The portion(s) of the active material is dissolved using an electrolytic solution having concentration of preferably 0.5 mol/l or more. The volume density of positive or negative electrode is 1.8 g/cm3 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active material is a transition metal complex and/or a radical compound. The transition metal complex is a ferrocene derivative. The ferrocene derivative is ethyl ferrocene, i-propyl ferrocene, t-butyl ferrocene, n-butyl ferrocene, acetyl ferrocene, methoxy ferrocene, ethoxy ferrocene, propoxy ferrocene, ferrocene acetonitrile, hydroxyl ethyl ferrocene, ferrocenecarboxylic acid, 1,1'-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid , 1,1'-diisopropyl ferrocene, and/or 1,1'-diethyl ferrocene. The solvent of the electrolyte solution is acetonitrile, ( alpha )-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and/or sulfolane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator is an ion exchange membrane or composite of porous membrane, and/or fibrous membrane containing ion-exchange resin. The ion exchange resin is a cation exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biodesulfurization column is heated using the heat generated from the compressor. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage gas is measured to maintain a predetermined concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the mixed gas supplied to the biodesulfurization column. The quantity of oxygen-containing gas supplied from an oxygen-containing gas supply unit is controlled with respect to measured concentration of the hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The de-sulfuring apparatus of sewage gas further has a recovering unit to recover heat generated from the compressor, a heat retention unit to heat the biodesulfurization column using the heat generated from the compressor, a hydrogen-sulfide densitometer (2) to measure concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage gas to maintain predetermined concentration of hydrogen sulfide in mixed gas supplied to the biodesulfurization column, and a control unit to control the quantity of oxygen-containing gas supplied from oxygen-containing gas supply unit with respect to measured concentration of the hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal ions are reduced to metal such as base metal e.g. copper and cobalt, noble metal e.g. silver, gold, platinum, palladium and rhodium, and nickel. The semiconductor particle include aluminum antimonide (AlSb), indium antimonide (InSb), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium-selenide (CdSe). The dissolution solution contains fluoride, chloride, peroxide, hydroxide, or permanganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of lithium carbonate is 1-10 mass%. Preferred Process: The method involves distributing active material and electrically conductive material, into liquid medium containing non-aqueous solvent and binder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The active material layer contains carbon nanotube(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 9-position of fluorene ring has substituent chosen from alkyl, carboxy, nitro, cyano, alkyl cyano, phenyl, halo, halogenated methyl, halogenated phenyl, alkyl phenyl and alkyl halogenated phenyl. The phenyl ring has substituent chosen from alkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, carboxy, formyl and halo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 9-position of fluorene ring has substituent chosen from alkyl, carboxy, nitro, cyano, alkyl cyano, phenyl, halo, halogenated methyl, halogenated phenyl, alkyl phenyl and alkyl halogenated phenyl. The phenyl ring has substituent chosen from alkyl, nitro, amino, cyano, carboxy, formyl and halo. The carbon nanotube has density of 0.2-1.5 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium salt and the inorganic compound are inorganic compounds containing hydroxide or hydrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The antifreezing agent is calcium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The electrical storage device has positive electrode containing nitroxyl compound, a negative electrode (3), a separator (4) interposed between the positive electrode and negative electrode, and electrolyte solution impregnated into the positive electrode and negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphate ester is trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tripropyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tris butoxy ethyl phosphate, tris 2-ethylhexyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, triphenyl phosphate or tricresyl phosphate, preferably trimethyl phosphate or triethyl phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The nitroxyl high molecular compound is of formula (III-VII).n= greater than or equal to 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The clad filter material has anticorrosion metal coating layer having alloy containing nickel, tin, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, tantalum, niobium and/or gold. The perforated metal layer is coated with alloy containing 2 or more type of alloy chosen from molybdenum, chromium, titanium, palladium, platinum, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, gold, nickel and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The felt-type resin fiber layer has average thickness of 20-500 mu m. The perforated resin layer has average thickness of 10-50 mu m. The average length of fine through-hole of perforated resin layer is 10-60 mu m. The surface roughness of perforated metal layer is 0.5-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The clad filter material contains thermoplastic resin film in which perforated resin layer is insoluble to methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: An electrode supported by the supporting catalyst as a working electrode (1), a platinum electrode as a counter electrode (2) and silver/silver chloride electrode as a reference pole are provided in an aqueous acid of 0.1 M, and a voltage of 0-1V is applied, and the electric current value is plus minus 0.05 A/cm2 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The supporting catalyst has MB2-type crystal structure, or sodium chloride-type crystal structure containing a carbide material comprising titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium and/or carbon. Preferred Composition: The supporting catalyst contains nitride of tantalum and nitrogen, preferably tantalum nitride.
Preferred Definitions:    A=Li or Na;    M=Fe, Mn, V, Co, Ni, Sc, Zr, Al, Bi or Ti;and    N'=Ti, Zr, Mn, V, Co, Ni, Mo, Cr or Sn.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkali-metal-containing metal fluoride is lithium-iron titanium fluoride (Li2.5Fe0.5Ti0.5F6), lithium titanium fluoride (Li2TiF6), or lithium-iron fluoride (Li3FeF6).    EXAMPLE - Rutile type titanium dioxide was dried at 100 degrees C and dissolved in 46% hydrofluoric acid. Equimolar lithium carbonate was added and reacted with the obtained aqueous solution of titanium hydrogen fluoride (H2TiF6). Ethanol was added and hydrated fluoride was deposited. The deposit was vacuum-dried at 150 degrees C and heat-processed at 350 degrees C, to obtain lithium titanium fluoride (Li2TiF6). The obtained active material had favorable ionic conductivity. The battery using the obtained active material had favorable charging/discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester resin is polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate. The polyolefin resin is syndiotactic polystyrene. Preferred Properties: The biaxially-oriented laminated film has young's modulus of 6000-12000 MPa along vertical direction or horizontal direction, or 4000 MPa or more at 90 degrees C along vertical direction or horizontal direction. The breaking strength retention of the biaxially-oriented laminated film satisfies the relation: breaking strength retention (%)=(breaking strength X0 of X/breaking strength initial stage)x 100, where X is breaking strength (MPa) after predetermined time processing with 121 degrees C, 2 atm and 100% relative humidity condition, and X0 is breaking strength of initial stage before processing. The time required for breaking strength retention to be 50% is 150 hours or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves depositing catalyst particles consisting of platinum and copper by irradiating electron beam on the support. Preferred Condition: The quantity of electron beam irradiated to unit time is 0.01-10 kGy/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous carbon base sheet is manufactured using short carbon fibers and thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred material: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has a solid polymer film, gas diffusion layer, and separator containing stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteroaromatic units are: located in the polymer main chain; or bonded at the polymer main chain. The heteroaromatic units are imidazole, benzimidazole and/or purine. The Lewis acid is boron trifluoride, tris(trifluoromethoxy)alumane and/or tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane. The cation is from proton and/or alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the polymer comprises either (a) polymerizing a monomer containing the heteroaromatic units to obtain a polymer, and (b) reacting the polymer from step (a) with the Lewis acid, so that the Lewis acid is bonded to at least two of the existing nitrogen- and/or phosphorus atoms; or reacting a monomer containing the heteroaromatic units with the Lewis acid, so that the Lewis acid is bonded to at least two of the existing nitrogen- and/or phosphorus atoms, and (d) polymerizing the monomer from the step (c). Preferred Process: The step (a) and step (d) takes place by polycondensation or radical polymerization. The steps (b) and (c) are carried out at 0-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a copolymer containing monomer with heteroaromatic units and further monomer. EXAMPLE - Polybenzimidazole (21 g) and toluene (100 ml) were produced under nitrogen, and under stirring, butyl lithium solutions (46.6 g) was added. The obtained mixture was heated for 48 hours and cooled to obtain lithium-polybenzimidazole (23.7 g). Lithium-polybenzimidazole (0.6 g) and toluene (40 ml) were produced under nitrogen. Further slowly under stirring tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (4.2 g) was added at 0 degrees C. The obtained mixture was stirred for 16 hours and filtered. The residue was washed toluene (60 ml) and subsequently dried under nitrogen to obtain the corresponding polymer (0.9 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxylate ester compound is itaconic acid di(2-propynyl-), 2-propynyl-acrylic acid, 2-propynyl-methacrylic acid and/or 2-propynyl-crotonic acid. Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent contains 2 or more types of linear carbonate and 2-4 types of cyclic carbonate. The linear carbonate contains asymmetrical linear carbonate. The asymmetrical linear carbonate is methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, methylbutyl carbonate and/or ethyl propyl carbonate. The cyclic carbonate contains cyclic carbonate including double bond and cyclic carbonate containing fluorine. The cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, trans- or cis- 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, vinylene carbonate and/or vinyl ethylene carbonate. The electrolytic salt contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide in molar ratio of 70:30-99:1. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains 0.01-10 mass% sulfonyl-containing compound chosen from 1,3-propane sultone, ethylene sulfite, 1,2-cyclohexanediol cyclic sulfite, 5-vinyl- hexahydro-1,3,2-benzodioxathiol-2-oxide, 1,4-butanediol dimethane sulfonate, 1,3-butanediol dimethane sulfonate, divinyl sulfone 1,2-bis (vinyl sulfonyl)ethane and bis (2-vinyl sulfonyl ethyl) ether. EXAMPLE - Ethylene carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and lithium hexafluorophosphate were dissolved in dimethyl carbonate, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. The lithium secondary battery containing the non-aqueous electrolyte had excellent performance, cycle characteristics and storage stability even at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alkylphenol is o-cresol, m-cresol and/or p-cresol. The aldehyde compound is formaldehyde. Preferred Conditions: The obtained carbon is pulverized. Alkylphenol and aldehyde compound are polymerized in the presence of a catalyst. Polymerization reaction is implemented in still state. The polymer is heated after washing, drying and pulverizing, or after pulverizing, washing and drying. Between polymerization and heating processes, the polymer is heated at 100-400 degrees C in an oxidizing-gas atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polypropylene porous film has porosity of 70-90%, average hole diameter of 40-150 nm and Gurley air permeability of 10-400 seconds/100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of the steel plate is roughened by alternation electrolysis or anode electrolysis in an aqueous solution of ferric chloride. Preferred Component: The ferrite type stainless steel is equivalent to ferrite type stainless steel based on JIS G4305:2005. Preferred Composition: The ferrite type stainless steel further contains (in mass%) carbon (0.12 or less), silicon (1 or less), manganese (2 or less), phosphorus (0.08 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), chromium (16-40), molybdenum (0.2-5), nickel (0.025 or less), nickel (0-0.6), copper (0-1), aluminum (0-1), titanium (0-0.8), niobium (0-0.8), vanadium (0-1), calcium (0-0.1), rare earth metal (0-0.1), boron (0-0.1) and remainder of iron and an unavoidable impurity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorine gas is tetrafluoromethane (CF4), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) or trifluoromethane (CHF3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particle size of catalyst substance adhered to surface of support is 3 nm. The amount of catalyst substance adhered to support surface is 30 wt.% or less. Preferred Method: Arc plasma is irradiated to intermediate using arc plasma vapor deposition apparatus having arc plasma generator and pressure reduction container, and catalyst substance is further adhered. Preferred Components: The catalyst metal is platinum or its alloy. The support is carbon support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The ball-shaped non-return element is made of cast iron, cast steel and/or forged steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight ratio of the binder material and the solvent is 1:4-1:9. The weight ratio of the total amount of the nano carbon material composite, binder material and solvent is 1:1.5-1:4. The binder material is ethyl cellulose and the solvent is butyl carbitol. The particles are zinc oxide particles or diamond particles. Preferred Method: The printing is the screen printing method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The connection layer which is made of polyolefin is a random copolymer of ethylene and a propylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains active material (a2) and an active material (LixCo1-aM'yO2) (a3), where a is 0.005-0.1 and M'is magnesium, aluminum, titanium, strontium, manganese, nickel, calcium, vanadium, iron, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, tantalum, tungsten, rare earth metal, ytterbium, barium, copper and/or zinc. Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of active material (a2) is 10-90% with respect to total content of active material (a1) and active material (a2). The weight ratio of active material (a2) is 10-50% with respect to total content of active material (a1) and active material (a3). Preferred Compound: The lithium salt mixed in solvent is mixed salt of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium tetrafluoroborate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The linear carbonate is diethyl carbonate or ethylmethyl carbonate. Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains cyclic ester such as vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, and/or ( gamma )-valerolactone, a sulfur-containing organic solvent such as ethylene sulfite, 1,3-propane sultone, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran sulfite and/or sulfolene and a nitrogen-containing organic solvent such as methylamine, ethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine, 1,4-ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, pyridine, hexahydro pyridine, morpholine, quinuclidine, aniline, tetramethyl ethylenediamine and/or etheramide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The isolation film is porous film containing a heat-resistant resin containing chlorine or a laminated film containing heat-resistant resin and porous polyolefin. The layer of laminated film contains heat-resistant resin, filler and porous polyolefin. The heat-resistant resin contains aramid and/or polyamidoimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The core carbon material is high crystalline natural graphite with spherical shape. The core material is natural graphite having an oval, wavy, scale-like or whisker-like shape, artificial graphite, mesocarbonmicro beads, mesophase pitch fine powder, isotropic pitch fine powder and resin coal, and/or low crystalline carbon fine powder having a pseudo-graphite structure or turbostratic structure. Preferred properties: The secondary battery has a discharging capacity of 345 mAh/g or more, and a cycle efficiency of 92% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The foaming agent is sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: Ethanol is used as carbon source for manufacture of active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The element (M) is element of 8 group of periodic table, preferably cobalt and nickel. The molar ratio of cobalt with respect to silicon is 0.09-0.19, and nickel with respect to silicon is 0.07-0.14.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The predetermined temperature (T) and martensitic transformation start temperature (M) satisfies the relation: 50 less than or equal to T less than or equal to M-20. Preferred Composition: The material of the steel material contains (in mass%) carbon (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5), silicon (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2), manganese (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2), chromium (5-13), nitrogen (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.1), aluminum (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.05), and molybdenum and tungsten (0.2-4), vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum (0.02-0.6), boron (0.002-0.02), and nickel, copper and/or cobalt (0.05-4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The mixing ratio of precious metal to alkali metal chloride is 1:5-20. The amount of alkali metal carbonate is adjusted so that the mole ratio of alkali metal carbonate to precious metal chloride is 1:1-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur removal material comprises manganese oxide dispersed over and secured to manganese alumina.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The microporous film has porosity of 20-70%. The island portion has particle size of 0.01-10 mu m. The microporous film further contains thermoplastic resin composition including 1-20 mass% of chemical admixture. Preferred Process: The chemical admixture is hydrogenated block copolymer formed by hydrogenating block copolymer containing polymeric blocks (A,B). Preferred Components: The polyolefin resin is polypropylene resin or polyethylene resin. The polymeric block (A) contains vinyl aromatic compound as main component. The polymeric block (B) contains conjugated-diene compound as main component. Preferred Composition: The total content of 1,2-vinyl bond and 3,4-vinyl bond of the conjugated-diene compound is 30-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polypropylene (b) has viscosity average molecular weights of 300000-1000000. The polyethylene has viscosity average molecular weight of 50000-10000000. Polyolefin microporous membrane has film thickness of 1-14 mu m, horizontal direction tension breaking strength of 100-230 MPa, horizontal direction tensile rupture elongation of 10-110% and horizontal direction thermal contraction rate at 130 degrees C is 20% or less. The ratio of vertical direction tension breaking strength with respect to horizontal direction tension breaking strength is 0.8-1.3. Preferred Composition: The amount of polypropylene with respect to the total amount of polyethylene in polyolefin composition and polypropylene is 3-30 mass%. The amount of polypropylene (a) with respect to the total amount of polypropylene (a) and polypropylene (b) in polyolefin composition is 10-90 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal contained in the thin metal film layer is chosen from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, copper, aluminum, zinc and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst-supporting carbon material has a BET specific surface area of 1000-4000 m2/g. The ratio of dibutylphthalate oil-absorption amount (mL/100 g) of the conduction-aiding carbon material and BET specific surface area is 0.2-3. The ratio of dibutylphthalate oil-absorption amount of the gas-dispersing carbon material and BET specific surface area is 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material of the positive electrode contains lithium iron phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The layer (a) has ratio of atom-number of dopant with respect to sum total atom-number of titanium and dopant of 2-7 atomic%. The thickness of the layer (b) is 3 nm or more. Preferred Composition: The substance contains glass. The titanium oxide layer (a) and titanium oxide layer (b) contain an element of group 5,6,7,10,15,16 or 17 in periodic table. Preferred Component: The dopant is niobium or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The battery voltage has insulation including additive containing polythiophene, polyfuran, polyparaphenylene containing monomer of structural unit, and their derivatives, cyclohexylbenzene or tert-alkylbenzene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuse assembly is made of a metal selected from a group consisting of copper, tin-plated copper, silver-plated copper, copper alloys and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thickness of barrier layer is 3 mu m or less. The thickness of positive electrode active material layer is larger than thickness of barrier layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cradle is made of aluminum and the heat conductor is made of aluminum and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber membrane consists of polysulfone and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The density of sulfonic-acid group in the amorphous carbon is 2-12 mmol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The surface of the steel plate is roughened by alternation electrolysis or anode electrolysis in an aqueous ferric chloride. Preferred Component: The ferrite type stainless steel is equivalent to ferrite type stainless steel based on JIS G4305:2005. Preferred Composition: The ferrite type stainless steel further contains (in mass%) carbon (0.12 or less), silicon (1 or less), manganese (2 or less), phosphorus (0.08 or less), sulfur (0.03 or less), chromium (16-40), molybdenum (0.2-5), nitrogen (0.025 or less), nickel (0-0.6), copper (0-1), aluminum (0-1), titanium (0-0.8), niobium (0-0.8), vanadium (0-1), calcium (0-0.1), rare earth metal (0-0.1), boron (0-0.1) and remainder of iron and an unavoidable impurities. Preferred Property: The roughened surface of the steel plate has contact resistance of 15 m Omega .cm2 or less with respect to carbon paper by contacting with contact pressure of 1 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive rubber component comprises solid rubber. A pre-crosslinking composition of solid rubber is arranged to coat the peripheral edge portion of electrode unit and contact the separator. The pre-crosslinking composition of solid rubber includes rubber component(s) comprising ethylene-propylene rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber or hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber; crosslinking agent comprising organic peroxides of which a 1-hour half-life period temperature is less than or equal to 130 degrees C; crosslinking auxiliary agent; and adhesive component comprising resorcinol compound(s) together with melamine compound and silane coupling agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: (I) has a melt viscosity of 10000-80000 cP at 100 degrees C under a load of 25 kgf/cm2. The fluorine-containing monomer is of formula (CH2=C(-X)-C(=O)-Y1-Z-Rf) (II). The fluorine-free monomer is vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride (both preferred), vinyl bromide, vinyl iodide, vinylidene bromide or vinylidene iodide. In (I), the fluorine-containing monomer is present at 20-90 wt.% and the fluorine-free monomer is present at 10-80 wt.%.X = benzyl or phenyl (both optionally substituted), H, 1-21C alkyl, halo, CFX1X2, CN or 1-21C fluoroalkyl;Y1 = O or NH;Z = 1-10C aliphatic group, 6-18C aromatic or cycloaliphatic group, -CH2CH2N(R1)SO2-, -CH2CH(OZ1)CH2-, -(CH2)m-SO2-(CH2)n- or -(CH2)m-S-(CH2)n-;Rf = 1-6C fluoroalkyl, preferably 4-6C perfluoroalkyl;X1,X2 = H or halo;R1 = 1-4C alkyl;Z1 = H or acetyl;m = 1-10; andn = 0-10. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The one-dimensional nanocomposite material serves as carbon nanotube, semiconductor zinc chloride nano-rod, or strontium phosphate nano-rod. The precise metals are gold salt, palladium salt and platinum salt. The gold salt is chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), the palladium salt is palladium chloride (PdCl2) and the platinum is chloroplatinum acid (H6PtCl6) and potassium platinum chloride (K2PtCl4). In (b), cupric salt and cobaltous salt are added, whose concentration is 0.0005-0.01 mol/L. The cupric salt is copper chloride (CuCl2), copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) or copper sulfate (CuSO4). The cobaltous salt is cobalt chloride (CoCl2), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2) pr cobalt sulfate (CoSO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is thiophene or thiophene derivative. The oxidizing agent is hypervalent iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polymerization is terminated when the yield of conductive polymer nano fine-particles is 50-75%. Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The compacted powder material is powder of metal such as aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The metal electrode catalyst is prepared by fully dissolving a noble metal salt having an element M and a metal salt having an element A to prepare a salt-mixture solution; immersing and injecting the solution in a multi-aperture layer; and parching and roasting until nanometer catalyzed grains are formed in the multi-aperture layer, thus obtaining the catalyst. Preferred Parameters: The roasting temperature is 500-1000 degrees C. The roasting time is 1-5 hours. The temperature rising speed is 1-10 degrees C/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material comprises carbon. The material has an accessible micropore volume for nitrogen at 77 K of greater than 0.1 cm3/g. The specific surface area of the material is greater than 100 m2/g. The mass ratio (M) of resorcinol and formaldehyde in the solution is 0.1-30%. The molar ratio of hydroxybenzene and resorcinol catalyst is greater than 500. The molar ratio of aldehyde to hydroxybenzene is 1-10. The solvent is polar solvent or water. Preferred Method: The particles are produced from hydroxybenzene-aldehyde solution. The material is carbonized at 600?oC. The material is activated: at 500?oC with oxygen containing gas or molten salt; or at below 200?oC with an acid or a base. EXAMPLE - A solution of resorcinol (5.18 g) with formaldehyde (7.53 g) and deionized water (66.57 g) were stirred, until the resorcinol was completely dissolved. Subsequently, 0.1N sodium carbonate solution (0.72 g) was added. The solution was then placed in a 10 cm high glass filled roll edge and the roll edge of glass was hermetically sealed. The glass was rolling along the edge of the sample for 24 hours in an oven at 85?oC. After 24 hours, the obtained dispersion containing organic particle was evaporated and worked up to obtain carbon containing material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The secondary battery is made of carbon, and active material made of one among manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), neptunium (Nb).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Manganese oxide has rhombic type crystal lattice, and has tunnel structure of compositional formula: Na4Mn4Ti5O18. The residual volume of sodium derived from starting material and measured as molar ratio of sodium and lithium is 0-0.1. Preferred Method: Ion exchange treatment is carried out in a molten salt containing lithium compound, organic solvent containing lithium compound in dissolved state, or aqueous solution containing lithium compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The amorphous carbon has the specific surface area of 120 m2/g or less. The positive electrode contains graphite having specific surface area of 100 m2/g or less. The electrical storage device has the folding point of a voltage change in the range of 2-3.3 Voltage at the time of charging. Preferred Medium: The ionic-conduction medium is a non-aqueous electrolyte solution containing ions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The neutralization process is carried out using sulfuric acid aqueous solution and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. Preferred Process: The positive electrode plate is obtained by coating the positive electrode slurry to an aluminum foil and drying. The slurry is obtained by mix-dispersing positive electrode active material, electrically conductive material and binder to a dispersion medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The processing apparatus further has a solid-liquid separation portion (70) for separating liquid component contained in residue component, and returning liquid component to solubilization portion, an electric power generation unit (80) for converting active material into electrical energy, a fertilizer formation unit (90) for transforming liquid or solid residue to fertilizer, and a discarding unit (100) for detoxifying and discarding solid or liquid residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The non-aqueous electrolyte solution is carbonate-type solvent in which vinylene carbonate is dissolved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The elasticity modulus of binder (A) is higher than electricity modulus of binder (B), or elasticity modulus of binder (B) is higher than electricity modulus of binder (A). The melting point of binder (A) is higher than melting point of binder (B). Preferred Component: The active material is compound containing natural graphite, artificial graphite, lithium and/or lithium alloy. The conductive support agent is carbon black, scale-type graphite, Ketchen Black, acetylene black and/or carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon material is carbon nanotube in which carbon particles hair average particle size of 60 nm or less and diameter of 50 nm or less, acetylene black or multi-wall carbon nanotube.Preferred Property: The platinum particles or its alloy particle has particle size of 1-10 nm.Preferred Composition: The content of platinum particles or its alloy particles is 5-70 weight%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has peak half value width originating in surface of 5.5 or less at angle 2 theta ) between an incident X-ray and reflective X-ray, measured by powder X-ray diffractometry.Preferred Component: The organic group is organic group containing sulfur atom having lone pair or nitrogen atom having lone pair, organic group having reduction potential in high electrical potential of -2.5 V, or organic group containing heterocyclic ring.The surface modified carbon material is of formula: carbon-A-X.A = coupling group;X = -CN, -NR1R2, -NR2(COR3), -CONR2R3, -N=NR2, -SR2, -SO2NR2R3 or -SO2SR2;R1 = alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl or aralkyl;andR2, R3 = H or R1 excluding heteroaryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode comprises zinc or zinc compound. The positive electrode comprises nickel oxide, hydroxide and/or oxyhydroxide. The electrolyte comprises: phosphate (0.05-0.15 M); free alkalinity (4-9 M); borate (0-1 M); lithium hydroxide (0-4 M); sodium hydroxide (1.5-3.5 M); potassium hydroxide (4-7 M); indium compound (0.0003-0.01 M); and fluoride (0.01-1 M). The indium compound is indium sulfate, indium acetate or indium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte comprises a compound of a polyethylene glycol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or alkyl phosphate ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyzed solution contains sodium hypophosphate. The transition metal is cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium or chromium. The low surface area support is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amount of ruthenium compound used is 0.5-1 wt.% and the amount of nickel compound used is 0.5-1 wt.%. Lithium compound is added in amount of 0.1-0.5 wt.%. The ruthenium compound is ruthenium chloride and the nickel compound is nickel nitrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metallic compound particles are lithium fluoride particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fuel cell main body is phosphoric acid type fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metallic substrate contains stainless steel. The surface treated layer contains a noble metal as a main component. Preferred Properties: The iron element ratio in the metallic substrate exposure portion of which the surface treated layer detached by the defective portion is less than the iron element ratio of the metallic substrate. The iron and chromium ratio of metallic substrate exposure portion is lower than iron and chromium ratio of metallic substrate. Preferred Process: The fuel cell separator is subjected to electrolyzing processing at 0.1-1 V which does not start in a fault passive-state region from a passive-state electric potential region in an aqueous acid having pH of 1-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The water-retention layer arranged between electrolytic membrane and anode electrode is made of carbon or other metal oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of zirconia coarse grain, nickel or nickel oxide particle and zirconia microparticles, is preferably 7:3:1, 6:4:1 or 4:6:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is of formula: Q1-L1-Q1, (-Q2-L1-)n or (-L2(Q1)-)n.Q1=electrode reaction site which is monovalent residue of 9, 10- phenanthrene quinone compound (1);L1=linker moiety which is bivalent residue or trivalent residue containing sulfur, nitrogen, fluoro or (un)saturated aliphatic group;andn=3 or more.Preferred Components: The linker moiety is 1-3 valence residue of aromatic compound containing sulfur, nitrogen, fluorine or (un)saturated aliphatic group. The aromatic compound is monocyclic-aromatic-compound compound or condensed-ring aromatic compound having at least two condensed 6-membered aromatic rings, 5-membered aromatic ring and 6-membered aromatic ring, and heterocyclic aromatic compound of 5-membered ring having nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, and 6-membered ring. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode contains the electrode active material, negative electrode contains negative electrode active material which occludes-discharges lithium ion, and electrolyte containing salt of lithium cation and anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal particles contain aluminum and/or titanium or magnesium, and have average particle diameter of 0.2-20 mu m. Preferred Substrate: The substrate contains stainless steel, and aluminum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: Carbonitride of transition metal is heated at 400-1200 degrees C. The heating temperature in process (2) is 800-1400 degrees C. The heating temperature in process (2) is more than the heating temperature in process (1). The difference in heating temperature in process (2) and heating temperature in process (1) is 1 degrees C or more. Preferred Composition: The amount of oxygen concentration in the inert gas is 0.1-10 volume%. The inert gas used in process (1) contains 4 volume% or less of hydrogen. The oxygen concentration in the inert gas used in process (2) is 10 ppm or less. Preferred Component: The transition metal is niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The electrode active material layer has a layer (I) containing lead containing material and a layer (II) containing porous carbonaceous material and binder. Preferred Composition: The layer (II) contains spherical composite particles. Preferred Property: The short axis diameter (Ls) of spherical composite particles and major axis diameter (Ll) of spherical composite particles satisfies the relation: (Ll-Ls)/((Ll+Ls)/2)x 100=20% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass comprises a silica glass and at least one additional inorganic oxide molecule comprising titania. The glass comprises silica-gadolinium oxide-potassium oxide (SiO2-Ga2O3-K2O).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - The radiation is selected from visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Pt and Ru are partly replaced with at least one platinum metal selected from Rh, Os and Ir. The T'-element in the largest amount is Al, Si, Ni, W, Mo, V or Cr, the content of the T'-elements atoms connected with oxygen bonds is not more than twice as large as that of the T'-elements atoms connected with metal bonds on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis. T'-element in the largest amount is Ti, Hf, Sn, Ta, Zr or Nb, the content of the T'-elements atoms connected with metal bonds is not larger than that of the T'-elements atoms connected with oxygen bonds on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis. The distance between crystal planes in catalyst fine particles is 2.16 to 2.25 Angstrom . The oxygen content in catalyst fine particles is not greater than 25 atm %. The catalyst fine particles have a mean particle size of 0.5-10 nm. The electronically conductive support is carbon black. The conductive support is porous paper containing electrically conductive carbon fibers, an electrode diffusion layer or an electrolyte membrane. Preferred Process: In the process, electronically conductive support is kept at 10-400 degrees C. The alloy target is used or otherwise at least two metals are simultaneously sputtered in the sputtering process. The catalyst particles are formed by sputtering or by vapor-deposition, and then subjected to an acid-washing treatment or to a heating treatment. The heating treatment is carried out at 10-400 degrees c under an oxygen partial pressure of less than 5%. Preferred Definitions:    y=1-10 atm %.    EXAMPLE - A fuel cell catalyst comprising (%): corbon black support; and alloy composition of platinum, ruthenium, germanium and tungsten, was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The active material retaining segment includes carbon foam or graphite foam. The conductive material includes lead or lead composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wire form includes plastic or composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy (A1) comprises platinum-nickel qualified by a crystallographic orientation of at least one of (100), (110) and (111) orientation. The alloy (A1) containing a thin film or nano-cluster. The alloy in the form of nanoparticle is disposed in a high surface area carbon substrate. Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from cobalt, nickel, titanium, chromium, vanadium zirconium manganese and iron. The layers include a first surface layer composed of pure Pt, a second layer having an elevated level of nickel, and a third layer having an elevated level of Pt. The content of the second layer is 30-60% of nickel, and the content of the third layer is 75-95% of Pt. The first layer is qualified by a contraction at a potential of at least about 0.8 V. Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves disposing the nanosegregated Pt alloy (A1) on at least one substrates used in a fuel cell, where the substrates are selected from carbon, metal oxides, metals, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires. In the process (P1), the period is 120 minutes to 1000 minutes or 20 minutes to 360 minutes. The temperature profile is a constant temperature of 350-1000 degrees C. The environment comprises an atmosphere of N2, H2 and/or Ar gas or vacuum conditions. The sample comprises a Pt3Ni single crystal, and the period and temperature are selected to obtain the nanosegregated Pt alloy (A1) with a first layer composed substantially of Pt, a second layer having an elevated level of Ni, and a third layer having an elevated level of Pt. The period and temperature are selected such that the nanosegregated Pt alloy is qualified by a surface activity of at least 2 mA/cm2 at 0.9 V. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode is made of negative electrode active material such as carbon. The cathode is made of positive polarity active material such as lithium cobaltate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alloy powder is washed using water, alcohol or ionic liquid. The fussed salt comprises alkali-metal halide and/or alkaline-earth metal halide. The alkali-metal halide and/or alkaline-earth metal halide is chosen from lithium chloride-potassium chloride, lithium chloride-potassium chloride-cesium chloride, lithium chloride-cesium chloride, lithium chloride-potassium chloride-lithium bromide-potassium bromide, lithium bromide-potassium bromide, lithium bromide-cesium bromide, lithium bromide-potassium bromide-cesium bromide, lithium iodide-potassium iodide, sodium chloride-magnesium chloride, potassium chloride-magnesium chloride, potassium bromide-magnesium chloride and sodium bromide-magnesium bromide. The metal (A) particles are compound of metal and non-metal. The metal (B) is compound of metal and non-metal. The metal (A) particles comprise metal chosen from manganese, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, chromium, iron, gallium, lead, tin, silicon, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, uranium and thorium. The metal (B) is chosen from gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, rhenium, tantalum, thallium, copper, tungsten, molybdenum, bismuth, antimony, nickel, cobalt, silver, iron, manganese, tin and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The dispersion mixing is performed at a temperature of 2-15 degrees C of the supporting catalyst. Preferred Device: The medialess mixer has a container (12) with a cooling chamber (10), cylindrical slit tube (13) having multiple slits (15) allowing the mixture to pass and provided in the container, stirring blade rotatably provided in the space divided by the slit tube, and drive portion which rotates the stirring blade.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is platinum, ruthenium, gold, silver, rhodium and/or palladium. The electroconductive substance is carbon black and/or carbon nanotube. The particle diameter of the supporting catalyst is 1.6 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is chosen from methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. The proton-conductive polyelectrolyte is perfluorocarbon sulfonic-acid type-polymer electrolyte. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of water and organic solvent is 8:2-2:8. Preferred Property: The ionomer resistance value is less than 1000 m Omega .cm2 at 40% relative humidity of anode catalyst layer with respect to 40% relative humidity of cathode catalyst layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic material contains organosilicon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The reaction is performed in an organic solvent, at 20 degrees C or less and pressure of 0.5-1.5 atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The addition amount of the compound (3) with respect to the compound (1 or 2) is 0.1-4 equivalent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The cyclic carbonate is chosen from 10 disclosed compounds such as 4-iodomethyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one of formula (A), 4-(1-iodo-ethyl)-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4-(1-iodo-1-methyl-ethyl)-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one, 4-iodomethyl-4-methyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one and 5-iodomethyl-4,4-dimethyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one. The unsaturated compounds are chosen from 10 disclosed compounds such as allyl alcohol of formula: CH2=CH-CH2-OH, trans-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol and 2-methyl-3-buten-1-ol.    EXAMPLE - Tertiary butyl hypoiodous acid (2 equivalent), allyl alcohol (0.5 mmol) and carbon dioxide (1 atmosphere) were reacted at -20 degrees C for 72 hours in presence of cyanomethane to obtain 4-iodomethyl-(1,3)dioxolan-2-one with yield of 88%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass particles are silica based glass particles. The particles of ceramic material are doped or undoped zirconia, alumina, ceria, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, and/or nickel alumina. The particles of metallic material are iron chromium containing compound of formula Fe1--yCrxMay.Ma=Ni, Ti, Ce, Mn, Mo, W, Co, La, Y and/or Al;andy, z=not defined.Preferred Properties: The glass particles have average particle diameter of 10-1000 mu m. Preferred Methods: The sealing composition is applied by screen printing in the form of sheets. The method includes impregnation of the two precursor layer with catalyst or catalyst precursor material. EXAMPLE - 0.5M Precursor solution of yttrium stabilized zirconia was prepared by dissolving zirconyl acetate and yttrium acetate in deionized water. Ethylene glycol was added to the solution. The solution was heated to 50 degrees C. Glass beads (10 mu m in diameter) were suspended in this solution. The solution was spray dried. The glass beads were coated with precursor solution. The coated glass seals were suspended in terpineol and screen printed in dimensions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The content rate of aluminum atom is increased from the center portion of secondary particles towards the surface of secondary particles. The secondary particles contain aluminum atom, lithium atom and metallic elements excluding aluminum and lithium. The ratio of quantity of aluminum atom is 2-20 mol% with respect to total amount of aluminum atom and metallic elements excluding aluminum atom and lithium atom. The secondary particles contain lithium-transition metal composite oxide containing aluminum atom. The lithium-transition metal composite oxide contains lithium, nickel, cobalt and aluminum as metallic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The production taking place in an atmosphere where CO2 is added and/or exists and/or is produced in the plasma chamber, O2 in the form of oxygen or as carbonate or bicarbonate is added to the plasma chamber. The optional injection of a hydrogen- and carbon-containing gas into the chamber is carried out. The method (m2) involves adding a carboxyl compound to the material, preferably carboxyl acid, acetate or organic material with high carboxyl content; adding to the material carboxyl and alkaline metal compounds in the form of alkaline metal formate or in the form of water dissolved or non-dissolved alkaline based hydrocolloid (preferably Na, K, Cs alginate, pectin and/or carrageenan). The composite material is infused with water (0-95%), where the preferred moisture of the material is 15-60 (preferably 40)%, where the concentration of alkaline metals is sufficiently high to start and maintain plasma formation at low microwave feed. The composite material is produced only by mixing the components, or by suspending the composite material or part components in a water mixture, where hydrocolloid is added, alkaline metal is added to gel the carbon material. The flocculate is dehydrated, and/or formed and/or dried to powder, granulate, flakes or solid form. Preferred Components: The alkaline metal is cesium, sodium or potassium, preferably as hydroxide or carbonates or bicarbonates, as Si as the only metal not in main group I or II.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactants: The organic composite material contains compounds of carbon, carboxyl and alkaline metal, in dry form or with a liquid, where at least one of the components contains hydrogen. The main component of the material comprises carbon (preferably charcoal, fossil coal, peat, peat moss, cellulose or wood chip).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating precursor comprises hexamethyl disiloxane (HMDSO), tetra-ethoxy silane (TEOS), hexamethyl disilazane (HMDSN), or 1,2-bis(triethoxy silyl) ethane (BTESE) and the coating comprises silane, silicon, an alkylsilane, fluoroalkylsilane, fluorocarbon or phenylethoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coating comprises polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The radical polymer of the positive electrode has a nitroxyl radical and electrolytic manganese dioxide serving as the redox catalyst. The radical skeleton is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dry binder is polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin and non-fibrillizable fluoropolymer particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen producing substance consists of metal hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogen producing substance consists of aluminum, silicon, zinc, magnesium and alloys of aluminum, silicon, zinc and magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The material of pull rod is an aluminum alloy, titanium alloy or stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fibrous nanocarbon has platelet structure. Preferred Properties: The noble metal catalyst particles and transition metal catalyst particles have average particle diameter of 2-5 nm and 2.5-100 nm, respectively. The mesopore has average hole diameter of 2.5-100 nm and average depth of 10 nm or more. The fibrous nanocarbon has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 200 m2/g or more. The fuel cell preferably produces electric power of 185 mW/cm2 or more at the time of 90 degrees C driving. Preferred Gas: The oxidizing gas is oxygen or mixed gas of inert gas and oxygen. The content of oxygen in fibrous nanocarbon after formation of mesopore is 0.5-20 wt.%. Preferred Particles: The transition metal catalyst particles contain iron, nickel and/or cobalt. The noble metal catalyst particles contain platinum, ruthenium and/or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The combustion method involves heating the metal-oxide particles at 500-1000 degrees C, and contacting the heated particles with hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide. The removal of metal-oxide particles is carried out by providing an acid treatment and an alkali treatment to the particles. The carbon nanotubes are grown as a plate-shaped aggregate. The length of carbon nanotubes in the growth direction is 1-1000 mu m. The obtained carbon nanotubes are heat-processed at 1000-3200 degrees C. Preferred Components: The crystalline metal-oxide particles comprise alkaline-earth metal silicate, alkaline-earth metal titanate, or alkali titanate, or wollastonite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is made of sulphochlorinated polyolefin material, polyethylene, low-density polyethylene.
Preferred Definitions:    A=hexafluoro-phosphate ion, hexafluoro antimonic-acid ion, tetrafluoroboric acid ion, trifluoro methanesulfonic acid ion, trifluoroacetic acid ion, bistrifluoromethane sulfonylamide acid ion, perfluoro butane sulfonic-acid ion or tris trifluoromethanesulfonyl methide acid ion.    EXAMPLE - Tetrafluoroboric acid spiro-(1,1')-bipiperidinium was dissolved in propylene carbonate to obtain electrolyte solution having concentration of 2.5 mol/L, electroconductivity at -40 degrees C of 1.50 mS/cm and electroconductivity at 30 degrees C of 20.21 mS/cm. An electric double layer capacitor formed using the electrolyte solution had excellent capacitance and reliability for long period of time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Fibers: The fiber is acrylic fiber, carbon fiber, polyimide fiber and/or polyester fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic substance is complexed in a weight ratio of 0.5% or less, when the metal oxide is set to 100. The inorganic substance contains carbonate compound, oxalate compound, and/or phosphate compound. The lithium-containing metal oxide is lithium-magnesium oxide, lithium-cobalt oxide, lithium-containing iron phosphate complex, lithium-nickel oxide, and/or lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel complex oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type dopant material is nitrogen, carbon, silicon or germanium. The first transition metal is vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) or manganese (Mn). The first transition metal is V, Nb or preferably Ta when second transition metal is titanium (Ti) or preferably zirconium (Zr). The first transition metal is Mn when second transition metal is V, Ta or preferably Nb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The diamond is in powder form with average particle diameter of 5-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Groups: The acidic group is chosen from sulfo group, sulfone group, carboxylic acid group, carbohydrazone group, carboximide group, sulfur-containing acidic functional group, phosphoric acid-containing functional group, selenium-containing acidic functional group, boron-containing acidic functional group and/or group containing polyoxo anion compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite material contains 5-20 mass% of chromium component, 40-70 mass% of aluminum component and remainder of nickel. Preferred Material: The base material is stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The composite material optionally contains zirconium or zirconium-alloy layer. Preferred Material: The base material for composite material is stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano carbon material composite body contains nano carbon material with constricted structure grown on a substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The nano carbon material composite body has a protruded structure with diameter of 50-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The conductive layer is an adhesive conductive layer, or consists of conductive layer (I) and conductive layer (II) having adhesiveness. The electronic device consists of an anode and an electron-emitting element containing a fluorescent substance, opposed through a spacer such that a vacuum is maintained. The electron-emitting element consists of a substrate, the conductive layer provided on the substrate, and the nanocarbon-material composite provided in the conductive layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The transition-metal catalyst has a particle size of 5-250 nm. The thickness of nanocarbon material and fiber-like nanocarbon material is 40-150 nm. Preferred Conditions: After being immersed in the solvent, the particles are dried and baked at 400-500 degrees C. The catalytic reaction temperature of catalyst particles is 600-700 degrees C. Preferred Component: The transition-metal catalyst comprises palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A mixed solution of ethanol and water, or ethanol is used while supporting the transition-metal catalyst on the surface of silicon-oxide particles. The hydrocarbon is ethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The plate-shaped lithium nickel complex oxide has a porous structure with planar direction particle size of 3-20 mu m, and has thickness of 1-8 mu m. The plate-shaped nickel hydroxide has thickness of 1-8 mu m. The composition of plate-shaped nickel hydroxide of formula: Ni1-xMx(OH)2 (2).x=more than 0 to 0.3.Preferred Process: The plate-shaped nickel hydroxide is obtained by suspending nickel hydroxide into aqueous solution containing alkali metal hydroxide in molar ratio of 0.5 times or more with respect to nickel hydroxide, and stirring at 90-190 degrees C. The alkali metal hydroxide is chosen from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide. The aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide further contains mineral salt compound, in which the content of chlorine in mineral salt compound is 0.01-0.2 times in molar ratio with respect to nickel hydroxide. The mineral salt compound is chosen from alkali metal salt compound, alkaline-earth metal chloride and nickel chloride. The chloride of transition metal is contained as mineral salt compound (M) in nickel hydroxide composition (2). Aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide is further added to the plate-shaped nickel hydroxide, during manufacture of plate-shaped lithium nickel complex oxide. Alternately, the plate-shaped nickel hydroxide is baked at 400-900 degrees C, and lithium compound, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide is added and mixed with the obtained plate-shaped nickel oxide, during manufacture of plate-shaped lithium nickel complex oxide. The aluminum hydroxide or aluminum oxide covers the particle surface of plate-shaped nickel hydroxide and plate-shaped nickel oxide. The lithium compound is chosen from hydroxide, oxide, chloride, carbonate and nitrate of lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The protein catalyst is metal protein containing ferric ion or copper ion as prosthetic group, or haemoprotein or hemoglobin, cytochrome compound cytochrome P-450, myoglobin, catalase, laccase, peroxide, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome c reductase, bilirubin oxidase or glucose oxidase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of positive electrode active material and negative electrode active material is set such that the ratio of charging capacitance of negative electrode with respect to charging capacitance of positive electrode, when charged until electric potential of the positive electrode of 4.4 V(vs.Li/Li cation) is attained, is 1-1.35. The ratio of charging capacitance of negative electrode with respect to charging capacitance of positive electrode, when charged until electric potential of the positive electrode of 4.5 V(vs.Li/Li cation) is attained, is 1-1.2. The ratio of charging capacitance of negative electrode with respect to charging capacitance of positive electrode, when charged until electric potential of the positive electrode of 4.6 V(vs.Li/Li cation) is attained, is 1-1.1. The average particle diameter of primary particle and secondary particle of the lithium containing transition metal oxide is 0.5-2 mu m and 5-15 mu m, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The negative electrode active material is carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The non-aqueous electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate (2 mass% or less), and non-aqueous solvent containing cyclic carbonate and linear carbonate in a volume ratio of 2/8-5/5. Preferred Definitions:    c=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flexible membrane is made of metal ceramics selected from a group of titanium nitride, titanium aluminum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium aluminum silicon nitride or tantalum aluminum silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The lithium ion conductive glass ceramics contains (mass%) lithium oxide (3.5-5), phosphorus oxide (50-55), germanium oxide (10-30), titanium (IV) oxide (8-22), M2O3 (5-12), and silicon dioxide (0-2.5). Preferred Property: When a crystallization starting temperature of a raw glass is defined as Tx ( degrees C), and a glass transition point of the raw glass is defined as Tg ( degrees C), has a value of (Tx-Tg) of greater than or equal to 70 degrees C and not greater than 160 degrees C. The glass ceramics has a lithium ion conductivity of greater than or equal to 5x 10-5 S-cm-1 at 25 degrees C. EXAMPLE - A lithium ion conductive glass ceramics was prepared from (mass%) lithium oxide (4.2), aluminum oxide (8), silicon dioxide (1), phosphorus oxide (52.3), titanium (IV) oxide (13.2), germanium oxide (20.1), and zirconium oxide (1.2). The ceramics could be stably produced as a glass and exhibited a high ionic conductivity after crystallization of 1.2x 10-4 Scm-1/25 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The cover is flame resistant according to FMVSS302 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution contains a nitrogen-containing compound (0.5-50 wt.%) of formula (II) has molecular weight of 457-500, and N-(4-aminophenyl)-N'-(4-anilinophenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine, 1-N-(4-((4-((4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)amino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine and/or 1-N-methyl-1-N-(4-(methyl((4-(methyl(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl))amino)phenyl)benzene-1,4-diamine (0.5-50 wt.%).R23,R24,R29,R34,R39,R44=amino, acyl, cyano, ester, amide, alkoxycarbonyl, 1-3C alkyl, methoxy, fluoro or H;andR25-R28,R30-R33,R35-R38,R40-R43,R45-R49=nitro, amino, acyl, cyano, ester, amide, 1-3C alkyl, methoxy, fluoro or H.Preferred Compound: The solvent of the electrolyte solution is organic solvent and/or ionic liquid. The organic solvent is acetonitrile, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate. The ionic liquid is 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tosylate and/or 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tosylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal-fiber consists of stainless steel, aluminum, platinum, titanium or any other alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid mixture further contains organic solvent. Preferred Process: The lithium sulfide particles and other sulfide particles are mixed, wet-ground and heated at 80-300 degrees C, to obtain solid electrolyte. EXAMPLE - Lithium sulfide (in g) (32.54) and phosphorous sulfide (67.46) were mixed in a container, to obtain solid electrolyte glass coarse grains. The obtained solid electrolyte glass coarse grains were sealed in a tube in presence of argon atmosphere and heated at 300 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain solid electrolyte glass-ceramic coarse grains. Then, the obtained solid electrolyte glass-ceramic coarse grains (109), zirconium oxide beads (1270) and anhydrous toluene (254) were pulverized for 2 hours, to obtain solid electrolyte particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The fluorine-containing ether solvent is 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether or 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl difluoromethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The polymer electrolyte membrane contains polymer having ion-exchangeable group, or block copolymer containing block having ion-exchangeable group and block(s) which does not have ion-exchangeable group, or block copolymer containing block having ion-exchangeable group and aromatic group in principal or side chain, and block(s) which has aromatic group in principal or side chain and which does not have ion-exchangeable group, or polyarylene type block copolymer having block having ion-exchangeable group chosen from phosphonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group and sulfonamide group, and block(s) which does not have ion-exchangeable group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The enzyme contains the oxygen reductase immobilized on positive electrode. The oxygen reductase is bilirubin oxidase. The electron mediator is immobilized by positive electrode(s) and the negative electrode(s) in addition to enzyme. Preferred Component: The oxidant of coenzyme is NAD+ and coenzyme oxidase is diaphorase. The oxidase is NAD+-dependent glucose dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The density of the buffer substance is 0.2-2.5 M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode consist of porous carbon. The proton conductor contains an electrolyte, and hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and/or sulfuric acid. The electrolyte (3) has a compound containing imidazole ring as buffer substance. Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of the glucose dehydrogenase and diaphorase is 1:3-200:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The mean molecular weight of poly-L-lysine is 21500 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Membrane: The polymer electrolyte membrane contains polymer having ion-exchangeable group, or block copolymer containing block having ion-exchangeable group and block(s) which does not have ion-exchangeable group, or block copolymer containing block having ion-exchangeable group and aromatic group in principal or side chain, and block(s) which has aromatic group in principal or side chain and which does not have ion-exchangeable group, or polyarylene type block copolymer having block having ion-exchangeable group chosen from phosphonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, sulfonic acid group and sulfonamide group, and block(s) which does not have ion-exchangeable group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is dispersion-type acrylate-type polymer or fluoride-type polymer. The hybrid capacitor has positive electrode and/or negative electrode. Preferred Composition: The slurry used for the formation of the composite particles contains 0.1-10 weight parts of melt-type resin with respect to 100 weight parts of electrode active materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binders are fabricated with polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or styrene butadiene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of metal oxide is 0.01-0.5 mol with respect to 1 mol of metal sulfide. Preferred Component: The metal oxide is titanium oxide of fine particles. Preferred Condition: The heat-processing method is carried out in electroconductive container.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The E.ulmoides is at least one of seed and fruit skin of E.ulmoides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biopolymer is washed by high pressure water washing. The average molecular weight of the biopolymer is 1x 103-1x 106. EXAMPLE - Extraction leftovers (1 kg) derived from Eucommia ulmoides were taken in a nylon net bag, and buried in the rotten leaves layer (5 cm) of broadleaf forests for two months. The degradation of E.ulmoides was confirmed by touching. The degradation product was washed with water, and crude E.ulmoides rubber substance was obtained. The crude substance was washed with water at 0.2-0.9 MPa, and 370 l/hour of discharge water quantity, and the purified substance of E.ulmoides rubber was obtained. The yield of the purified substance was 0.3 kg, and the yield rate was 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic particle having a dielectric constant of greater than or equal to 5 is an inorganic particle selected from barium titanate (BaTiO3), lead zirconium, titanium oxide (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3) (PZT), lead lanthanum zirconium titanate (Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3) (PLZT), lead magnesium niobium oxide-lead titanate (Pb(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3) (PMN-PT), hafnia (HfO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), tin oxide (SnO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), magnesium oxide (MgO), nickel oxide (NiO), calcium oxide (CaO), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), silicon oxide (SiO2), yttrium oxide (Y2O3), alumina (Al2O3), silicon carbide (SiC) and/or titanium oxide (TiO2). The inorganic particle having lithium ion transferring capability is an inorganic particle selected from lithium phosphate (Li3PO4), lithium titanium phosphate (LixTiy(PO4)3, where x is 0-2 and y is 0-3), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LixAlyTiz(PO4)3, where x is 0-2 and y is 0-3), (LiAlTiP)xOy type glass (where x is 0-4 and y is 0-13), lithium lanthanum titanate (LixLayTiO3, where x is 0-2, and y is 0-3), lithium germanium thiophosphate (LixGeyPzSw, where x is 0-4, y is 0-1, z is 0-1, w is 0-5), lithium nitrides (LixNy, where x is 0-4, y is 0-2), silicon sulfide (SiS2) (LixSiySz, where x is 0-3, y is 0-2, z is 0-4) type glass and/or P2S5 (LixPySz, where x is 0-3, y is 0-3, z is 0-7) type glass. The weight ratio of the inorganic particles to the binder polymer is 50:50-99:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second polyvinylidene fluoride-based copolymers are polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene. The polymer having cyano group is selected from cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethylcellulose and/or cyanoethylsucrose. The porous substrate is a polyolefin-based porous substrate. The polyolefin-based porous substrate is made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene and/or polypentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst metals are lead, strontium, bismuth and barium. The ferroelectric support has an octahedral oxygen structure of formula ABO3.A=Pb, Sr, Bi or Ba; andB=Ti, Zr, Nb, Ni or Mg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Titanic oxalate solution is prepared by mixing a solution consists of dissolved titanium tetrabutoxide in ethanol and a solution consists of dissolved oxalic acid in ethanol. The obtained solution is mixed with a solution consists of water soluble catalyst metallic compound in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The alloy provides metal hydride by occlusion of hydrogen at low temperature of (-30)-40 degrees C, preferably (-5)-25 degrees C under hydrogen pressure of 0.1-35 MPa, preferably 0.1-10 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon particle is carbon black, carbon nanotube, nano graphite particle, carbon nanohorn, fullerene or activated carbon. Preferred Composition: The disperse-mixed carbon particle is 20-99 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The co-catalyst is porphyrin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imine or polyalginic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The composite body is a membrane-electrode assembly containing at least one membrane and at least one electrode (preferably gas diffusion electrode).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution or dispersion comprises 1-50 wt.% of the polyaromatic compounds, 48-97 wt.% of water and at least 2 wt.% of the organic solvent. In the solution or dispersion, one polyaromatic compound carrying acid group is present. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is cyclic amides, non-cyclic amides, sulfur-containing solvents, alcohols, dialcohols and/or trialcohols. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Metallic nickel exists as microparticles having an average particle diameter of 1-20 nm. The porous catalyst component has a BET specific surface area of 10-100 m2/g. Preferred Process: The baked hydrotalcite molded product is reduced at 700-1000 degrees C. Preferred Components: The porous catalyst component supports active-metal species chosen from gold, silver, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, rhenium, copper, manganese, chromium, vanadium and titanium, having an average particle diameter of 50 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight proportion of cesium carbonate with respect to total weight of polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid copolymer gel membrane and cesium carbonate is 65-85 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel layer has crosslinked structure derived from aldehyde group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer electrolyte composition further comprises catalytic component. The component (a) is hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte containing aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon having acidic group chosen from sulfonic acid group (-SO3H), carboxyl group (-COOH), phosphonic acid group (-PO3H2) and sulfonylamide group (-SO2NHSO2-). The component (b) is component (b2). The component (b2) has thio group or mercapto group as a functional group comprising sulfur atom, or amino group or imino group as a functional group comprising nitrogen atom. The heterocyclic ring in component (b2) contains at least one atom having lone pair. The component (b) is phenothiazine of formula (I).A,B'=benzene or naphthalene;R10,R20=halo, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkyl halide, 1-10C alkoxy, 1-10C alkylthio or 6-10C aryl;a1,a2=0-2;andR30=H, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkyl halide or 6-10C aryl.When a1 is 2, two R10 are optionally same or different. When a2 is 2, two R20 are optionally same or different. Preferred Composition: The content of component (b) is 0.1-30 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of component (a). EXAMPLE - Block copolymer of formula (II) (in weight%) (95) having weight average molecular weight of 340000, number average molecular weight of 160000 and ion exchange capacity of 2.50 meq/g and phenothiazine (5) were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide, to obtain polyelectrolyte solution. The polyelectrolyte solution was coated on polyethyleneterephthalate base material and dried, to obtain film. The film was washed with 2N sulfuric acid and ion-exchange water, and dried, to obtain polymer electrolyte membrane. The polymer electrolyte membrane had excellent water resistance, having excellent water resistance, mechanical strength, flexibility and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flame retardant is a fully or partially halogenated compound selected from alkanes, ethers, ketones, and amines substituted with at least one alkyl group. The flame retardant is of formula R1(C=O)R2 (where R1 is perfluoroalkyl group and R2 is a perfluoroalkyl group or alkyl group, preferably dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one). The flame retardant is ether (preferably perfluorocyclic ether). The ether is of formula R3OR4 (where R3 is a perfluoroalkyl group and R4 is a perfluoroalkyl group or an alkyl group). The ether is a segregated hydro fluoroether. The segregated hydrofluoroether is selected from methoxy-heptafluoropropane, methoxy-nonafluorobutane, ethoxy-nonafluorobutane, perfluorohexylmethylether, and 2-trifluoromethyl-3-ethoxydodecofluorohexane. The flame retardant is an amine substituted with at least one perfluoroalkyl group (preferably perfluorotripentylamine, perfluorotributylamine, perfluorotripropylamine and perfluoro-n-dibutylmethylamine. The flame retardant is alkane (preferably perfluoroalkane selected from perfluoropentane, perfluorohexane, perfluoroheptane, perfluoroctane, and perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane). The flame retardant is a phosphazene (preferably halogenated cyclic phosphazene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The porous medium is a plastic (preferably optionally substituted poly(phenylene sulfide).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fibrous ceramic material is a fibrous ceramic of polycrystal or single crystal comprised from compound of composition of main crystalline perovskite of LaxSr1-x(Co,Ni)yFe1-yO3, BaxSr1-xCoyFe1-yO3 or LaxSr1-xCeyMn1-yO3. The fibrous ceramic material contains lanthanum, cerium or gadolinium. Preferred Parameter: The fibrous ceramic material has filament form or ribbon shape. The width of fibrous ceramic material is 1 mu m from 1 nm whose aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 10.x,y=0.1-0.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal fiber consists of steel, aluminum, copper and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidizing agent is selected from ammonium persulfate, potassium persulfate, sodium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst metal is metal lead, metal strontium, metal bismuth and metal barium. The holder having oxygen octahedron structure is of formula: ABO3, were A is catalyst metal such as lead, strontium, bismuth or barium, and B is titanium, zirconium, niobium, nickel or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solution used for dissolving catalyst metal comprises oxal titanic acid solution (1) obtained by dissolving oxalic acid as solute in ethanol as organic solvent, oxal titanic acid solution (2) obtained by dissolving titanium tetra-butoxide as solute in ethanol as organic solvent, and oxal titanic acid solution (3) obtained by dissolving water-soluble catalyst metallic compound as solute in water as solvent.
EXAMPLE - Paraffin and KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst) were subjected to hydrogenation process at 315 degrees C under partial pressure of 4.0 MPa for 3.5 hours, to obtain hydro de-sulfurized fuel oil with sulfur content of 0.3 mass ppm derived from a sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The transition metal is cobalt. The A-site of perovskite type oxide contains strontium and lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium and/or samarium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The monomer solution further contains polyfunctional vinyl monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The base material is olefin-type polymeric material or fluorine-type polymeric material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second layer comprises copper or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The transparent or translucent conductive material comprises a metal oxide. The photovoltaic cell is characterized as a thin film photovoltaic structure. The semiconductor material is disposed over a self supporting metal based foil. The substrate includes a layer comprising silicon. The first layer is in direct contact or not in direct contact with the first substrate surface. The first and second layers are in direct contact or not in direct contact. The first layer is a printed structure. The first layer comprises a material having the ability to assist in the formation of the second layer. The first layer comprises: an electrically conductive filler in a polymeric matrix; and a material capable of initiating chemical metal deposition. The second layer comprises electrodeposited metal. In (I), where a portion of the first substrate surface is adhesively bonded to the top surface. The pattern further comprises a buss joining two or more of the multiple traces, and where a monolithic material forms portions of both the buss and the two or more traces. The monolithic material comprises an electrodeposit. The photovoltaic cell has terminal edges defined by the boundaries of the semiconductor material and a portion of the buss is positioned outside a terminal edge of the cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is selected from CuO, Bi2O3, SnO, ZnO, and Mn2O3 (preferably CuO (20-25 wt.%) or ZnO (20-25 wt.%)).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric material comprises polyamide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The positive electrode and/or negative electrode is equipped with a collector having hole which penetrates front and back respectively. The lithium ion is doped by electrochemical contact with the negative electrode and a lithium ion supply source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The activated carbon particles have specific surface area of 1000 m2/g or more. Preferred Composition: The activated carbon particles contain phenol resin type activated carbon, petroleum pitch type activated carbon, petroleum coke type activated carbon or coal coke type activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cation in oxidation state of nitroxyl compound is 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl cation of formula (a), 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl pyrrolidinoxyl cation of formula (b) and/or 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl pyrrolinoxyl cation of formula (c).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The hydrophobic porous component comprises (in mass%) tetrafluoroethylene (5-80), hexafluoropropylene (0-60) and vinylidene fluoride (5-95). The mass ratio of nonwoven fabric and component (a) and/or component (b) is 100:5-90. The nonwoven fabric consists of polyarylate fiber. Preferred Component: The hydrophobic porous component is formed by coating or impregnating a coating liquid obtained by dispersing component (a) and/or component (b) to nonwoven fabric and forming porous fluorine resin film. EXAMPLE - Ternary-type fluorine polymer of tetrafluoroethylene or vinylidene fluoride and binary-type fluorine polymer of vinylidene fluoride were mixed with methyl ethyl ketone, to obtain a reaction solution. The obtained reaction solution was coated to polyarylate nonwoven fabric and dried, to form porous component. The obtained porous component had excellent water-repellent property, shape stability and high porosity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphate is boron phosphate (BPO4), or zinc or tin compound with proton conduction and water absorbability. Preferred Process: The phosphate is grinded to have a particle diameter of 30 nm before adding the phosphate to the solid macromolecule electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) blown film or PTFE fiber. The sulfonating polymer is perfluorosulfonic resin, sulfonating polyether ether ketone (PEEK), sulfonating polysulfone, or sulfonating polyinide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic substrate is made of aluminum or aluminum-type alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coupling agent is made of amine group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layers are made of fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The negative electrode active material has average particle diameter of 0.1-0.3 mu m. The negative electrode active material has interlayer distance of 0.340-0.345 nm measured by X-ray diffraction, microcrystal size of 5-15 mm along a-axis direction and microcrystal size of 5-13.5 nm along c-axis direction. Preferred Composition: The negative electrode active material contains 0.005 mass% or less of oxygen and 0.0004 mass% or less of hydrogen. Preferred Component: The inert gas is argon or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal hydride is magnesium hydride of formula: MgHx, where x is 0-2. The grain-boundary phase is interposed between aluminum hydride matrix phase. The metal particles are nickel or iron. Preferred Properties: The edge length of aluminum hydride matrix phase is 20 nm or less. The width of grain-boundary phase is 10 nm or less. The particle size of nickel particles and iron particles is 20-40 nm. Preferred Condition: The hydrogenation process is carried out at gravitational acceleration force of 5-20 G for 30 minutes-15 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidant is selected from hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite (preferably hydrogen peroxide).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrocatalytic anode and cathode are made of palladium and iridium alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reductant is selected from methanol, isopropanol, propanol, ethanol, acetone, oxalic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, acetic acid, and acetaldehyde (preferably isopropanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composite electrode material comprises (wt.%): fibrous carbon (0.5 to 20) (preferably vapor grown carbon fibers (0.5-5)); complex oxide (70-95) and polymer binder (1-25). The carbon coated complex oxide is made of nanosize particles. The active electrode material comprises a carbon coated complex oxide particles selected from sulfate, phosphate, silicate, oxysulfate, oxyphosphate and/or oxysilicate of a transition metal and/or lithium (preferably LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, LiFeSiO4, SiO, and SiO2). The fibrous carbon comprises carbon fibers each of which comprises fiber filaments has a diameter of 5 to 500 nm and an aspect ratio (length/diameter) of 20 to 10000. Preferred Method: The amount of binder is selected to lower the viscosity of the mixture to less than 106 Pas. The binder is added to the co-grinded mixture in the form of a solution in a solvent. The co-grinding of the fibrous carbon and the active electrode material is made by mecanofusion. The active electrode material comprises carbon coated complex oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is selected from polyvinyldifluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene rubber or natural rubber. EXAMPLE - C-LiFePO4 (RTM: a material consisting of carbon coated LiFePO4 particles) (300 g) and VGCF (RTM: fibrous carbon) (9 g) were mixed in a grinder for 5 minutes. Then polyvinyldifluoride (16.25 g) dissolved in N-methyl-pyrrolidine (NMP) was added and the slurry obtained was coated on a polypropylene sheet. After elimination of NMP by evaporation, the resistance measured on the coating was 7 Ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electroconductive component is selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite composite, woven carbon cloth, expanded graphite, graphite, nitrous carbon and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive component is selected from the group consisting of conductive epoxy, metal foam, conductive polymer, carbon fiber, epoxy, graphite filled epoxy, graphite filled polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode film contains 1-70 weight parts of solid particles with respect to 100 weight parts of the electrode material particles. The solid particles are inorganic particles, preferably silica particles. The ionic liquid is contained in an amount of 0.01-8 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the electrode material particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process additionally involves adding carbon to the precursor powders. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Phenylenediamine (PPD) (1.3 g) was dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) (40 ml) in a flask. While stirring, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PMDA) (3.27 g) in the solid form was added to the reaction system. After PMDA was fully dissolved, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetraamine (TAB) (0.32 g) was added to the reaction system. The reaction was carried out at ambient temperature with mechanical stirring until a very viscous solution, often gel lumps, was formed. The temperature of the reaction was gradually raised to 150 degrees C with strong agitation to produce polyimide in precipitated powder form. The powder was further broken down and filtered. The molybdenum chloride (V) (MOCl5) (0.06 g) was dissolved in methanol (3 ml) and further carbon black powder (2.6 g) was immersed in Mo/methanol solution with stirring for overnight before methanol was removed by distillation. Mo doped carbon black powder (1.24 g), the obtained polyimide powder (0.66 g), and activated carbon fiber (0.12 g) were blended together by grinding and mixing. The resulting obtained mixture (0.5 g) was compressed at 6500 psi at ambient temperature to produce a monolithic disk (1 mm thick and 2.5 cm in diameter). The disk was pyrolyzed at 800 degrees C for 1.5 hours under protection of nitrogen and 1.5 hours under carbon dioxide to produce a porous carbon-carbon composite disk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas is oxygen or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porphyrin compound is compound of formula (1).X1,X2,X3,X4=H, aryl group or heterocyclic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The internal resistance of the lithium secondary battery at 150 degrees C is 5 times or more of the internal resistance at room temperature. The thermal contraction rate of the separator is 1% or less at 150 degrees C. The porosity of porous layer (II) is 10-50%. The sum total volume of resins (A,B) is 50% or more of the void volume of porous layer (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-titanium complex oxide is Li4Ti5O12 of spinel-type crystal structure, or the oxide with portion of its constituent element being substituted by other elements. The porous layers contain plate-shaped particles having an aspect ratio of 10-100, and organic binder. The filler is inorganic oxide, preferably boehmite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: At least one porous layer comprises a porous substrate consisting of a fibrous material. The fibrous material consists of cellulose and its modified component, polyolefin, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polyaramid, polyamidoimide, polyimide, and/or inorganic oxide. The porous substrate is a woven fabric or a nonwoven fabric. Resins (A,B) are microparticles. Resin (A) is polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl monomer copolymer, and/or polyolefin wax. Resin (B) is a resin cross-linked component having a glass transition point of 75-125 degrees C. Resin (B) is cross-linked component of styrene resin, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylic resin, polyalkylene oxide, fluororesin, and/or their derivatives. The swelling degree of resin (B) at 25 degrees C is 1 or less and at 120 degrees C is 1 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode material comprises active material, conductive agent acetylene black and binder polyvinylidene fluoride. The active material is chosen from titanium oxide nanopowder, metatitanic acid powder, nano-titanium dioxide or metatitanic acid, titanium dioxide nanotubes and titanium hydroxide nanotubes. Preferred Composition: The content of active material is 80 mass%. The content of acetylene black is 10 mass%. The content of binder polyvinylidene fluoride is 10 mass%. Preferred Process: The titanium oxide is obtained by dispersing titanium oxide with ethanol, acetone or N-methyl pyrrolidone dispersant, carrying out ultrasonic dispersion and ultramicro fine grinding, and heated at room temperature to 350 degrees C in vacuum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal layer is selected from iron, carbon, alloy of iron and carbon, chrome and manganese and alloy of nickel, aluminum and copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermal stable polymer of the heat resistance stiffening layer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyacrylo-nitrile, polyimide, polyamide, cellulose, aramid, nylon, polyester, polyparaphenylenebenzobisoxazole, polyarylate, Teflon (RTM: PTFE manufactured by DuPont) and glass fiber. The inner layer is selected from polyethylene, polyethylene-polyethylene copolymer or casted polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The graphite material is selected from a group containing mesophase system artificial graphite, meso fiber system artificial graphite, flake natural graphite and spherical shape natural graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is made of polyvinylidene fluoride, PVC, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, styrene butadiene rubber or polyvinyl alcohol. ORANGIC CHEMISTRY- The binder is made of carboxymethylcellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The welding wheel is made of molybdenum (Mo). The anode terminal is made of aluminum and the cathode terminal is made of copper and tin. The welding rod is made of copper and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt complex oxide with respect to theoretical specific surface area, is 5-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal collector is copper collector.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating is performed at 150 degrees C or more, preferably at 250 degrees C or less in atmosphere with oxygen partial pressure of 0.0001-0.02. The hydrogen storage alloy particles are used after heating at 150 degrees C or more in oxygen partial pressure of 0.0001 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Properties: The internal resistance of the lithium secondary battery after heating at 150 degrees C is 5 times or more of the internal resistance at room temperature. The thermal contraction rate of the separator is 5% or less at 150 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The lithium-titanium complex oxide is Li4Ti5O12 of spinel-type crystal structure, or the oxide with portion of its constituent element being substituted by other elements. The porous layers contain plate-shaped particles. The filler is particles of alumina, silica and/or boehmite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Porous layer (I) contains polyolefin having a melting point of 100-140 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode material contains (in mass parts) activated charcoal (100) and conductive support agent (0-8). The capacitor contains non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Preferred Properties: The non-woven fabric-like nickel chrome has porosity of 80-98%. The average thickness of the fiber in non-woven fabric-like nickel chrome is 12-90 mu m. The estimated amount of nickel in non-woven fabric-like nickel is 200-500 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The radical polymerizable water soluble monomer is N-substituted acrylamide or N,N-di-substituted acrylamide, and radical polymerizable water insoluble monomer is (meth)acrylate which has cyclic ether structure. The metal alkoxide has hydrolysable functional group with more than trivalence. The structural color membrane contains carbonized material derived from metal alkoxide and/or hollow polymer particle. Preferred Composition: The ratio (B)/(a) of hollow polymer particle and metal alkoxide in coating aqueous coating material composition is 70/30-5/95 by mass ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic-type compound is pyridine having carboxy group. The metal ion is calcium ion. The washing liquid is aqueous acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Preferred Components: The fluid sensor operates in accordance with IEEE 1451 open standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of phosphorus compound is 0.1-6 wt.parts with respect to 100 wt.parts of carbon material. Preferred Component: The raw material comprises carboniferous system raw coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Property: The gas-diffusion layer is formed with a total thickness of 30-400 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid contains PTFE (1-30% of the mass of carbon fibers). The mass ratio of carbon fibers and polymer in the coating liquid is 1:0.1-1:1. Preferred Polymer: The proton-conductive polymer is a copolymer containing a polymer unit based on tetrafluoroethylene, and a polymer unit based on perfluorovinylether having a sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluidizing agent further comprises an inert gas, which comprises nitrogen or argon. The fluidizing agent consists essentially of steam. The fluidizing agent has a superficial velocity in the fluidized bed of 0.03-0.15 m/second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises fluidizing the carbon black starting material in the fluidized bed with a fluidizing agent comprising the oxidant. The conditions comprise a reaction time of 0.5-15 hours; and a fluidized bed temperature of 700-1300 degrees C, preferably 900-1100 degrees C. The mass ratio of cumulative oxidant at the end of the reaction time to carbon black starting material is 0.5-2.5. The ratio of steam flow to carbon black starting material in the fluidized bed is 0.05-0.50 kg steam/kg carbon black starting material/hour. Preferred Components: The oxidant comprises steam or carbon dioxide. The carbon black starting material comprises pelletized carbon black. The porous carbon black has: the BET nitrogen surface area of 600-900 m2/g or 900-1200 m2/g; the Dagg/Dp ratio of 1-5 preferably 1-3 at 35-80 nm or 5-15 nm; a BET nitrogen surface area:STSA ratio of 0.95-1.1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The covered conductor is made of copper, lead or a tin. A singlet is provided with coating made of potassium, magnesium, and calcium using an alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermocouple metal traces in connection with the Peltier thermoelectric device is formed on a thin polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst containing platinum is a supported catalyst which contains platinum or platinum alloy supported by carbon support. The carbon fiber is carbon nano fiber of 1-100 nm of diameter and 1000 mu m or less of length.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The number of the bacteria in the condensed water is measured in accordance with JIS K0102.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An electrode is formed by filling the collector with electrode material containing activated charcoal (100 mass parts), and electroconductive auxiliary material (0-8 mass parts). Preferred Composition: A capacitor formed using the electrode contains non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Preferred Properties: The foaming nickel chrome has average hole diameter of 30-100 mu m, porosity of 80-97%, and nickel estimated amount of 200-500 g/m2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material powder is of formula Ln1-xAexMO3. The high concentration oxygen-containing mixed gas is a mixed gas prepared so that oxygen gas concentration may be greater than or equal to 30 vol.%.Ln=lanthanoid(s);Ae=Sr, Ca and/or Ba;M=Mg, Mn, Ga, Ti, Co, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, In, Sn, Zr, V, Cr, Zn, Ge, Sc and/or Y; andx=0-1.Preferred Process: The baking process is carried out by performing pressurization baking of molded object. Preferred Parameter: The deoxygenation material has reduction expansion coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The perovskite-type oxide has Seebeck coefficient of -150 mu V/K or less at 200-700 degrees C and electrical resistivity of 0.5-0.9 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silicon oxide is quartz. The iron chloride is ferrous chloride and/or ferric chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrocarbon is acetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane or semi-permeable membrane comprises metal, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane or semi-permeable membrane comprises polymer, copolymer, or composite (preferably polysulfone-nanocrystalline cellulose composite membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The noncondensable gas is hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst is selected from platinum and manganese dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The binder is made from an organic polymer selected from polymers of beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids, their salts, esters, amides and nitriles and acrylates, methacrylates and their derivatives and copolymers of these compounds. The melting point of the binder lies below the melting point of the particles contained in the base body and/or the base body. The particles in the base body are made from polyacetals, polycycloolefin copolymers, polyesters, polyimides, polyetherketones, polycarboxylic acids, polycarboxylates, rubbers, polyvinyl compounds, polyethers, polynitriles, polysulfones, polyterephthalates, polynaphtalates, halogenated polymers and unsaturated polymers and also copolymers and their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electric insulation frame is formed of resin, rubber, glass or ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorene ring in 9th-position of polyfluorene compound has a substituent. The substituent is chosen from alkyl group, carboxyl group, nitro group, cyano group, alkyl cyano group, phenyl group, halogen, halogenated methyl group, halogenated phenyl group, alkylphenyl group and alkyl halogenated phenyl group. Preferred Composition: The active material layer further contains carbon nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The valve unit comprising the pressure control valve has a packing made of butyl rubber. The pressure control valve has gas-permeable sheet made of polytetrafluoroethylene. The pressure control valve is made of silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of one-electron atom is: helium (He+1), having a binding energy greater than ordinary He+1; lithium (Li+2), having a binding energy greater than ordinary Li+2; or beryllium (Be+3), having a binding energy greater than ordinary Be+3. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The additional amount of sodium sulfate is 0.5-5% with respect to the lead powder or lead alloy powder, during rolling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Ratio: The additional amount of antimony powder or lead-antimony powder forming the surface layer is 0.5-5% with respect to the lead powder or lead alloy powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anion exchange membrane is made of quaternary ammonium group, pyridinium group, imidazolium group, phosphonium group or sodium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The raw material comprises carboniferous system raw coke. Preferred Condition: The oxygen concentration of oxygen atmosphere maintained during manufacturing of negative electrode active material is 10-20 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium transition metal complex oxide is of chemical formula lithium metal oxide (LiMO2, where M is at least one of transition metal).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The nanotubes include catalytic nanoparticles of a ferromagnetic material. The ferromagnetic material is iron, cobalt, and/or nickel, or their alloys or related materials.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The porous base material is base material containing silicon carbide. Preferred Property: The porous base material is heated with temperature increase rate of 50-100 degrees C/minute by microwave exposure. Preferred Process: The carbon film precursor layer is baked by heating with microwave exposure in inert gas flow which flows by predetermined flow volume.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic material for carbon film formation is lignin type-polymer material which forms hydrophilic carbon film. The lignin type-polymer material is organosolv lignin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The catalyst substance is provided in state partially exposed to the surface of water supplying component. The catalyst substance includes metal microparticles chosen from platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, silver, nickel and gold. The water supplying component has hygroscopic substance such as porous silica and hydrophilic zeolite. The catalyst substance is directly contacted to the hygroscopic substance. The hygroscopic substance is porous silica having specific surface area of 500-1000 m2/g and having mean pore diameter of 0.5-2 nm or 2 nm to 50 nm or less, or porous silica having specific surface area of 100-500 m2/g and mean pore diameter of 2-20 nm. Preferred Components: The substrate of filter is metal honeycomb substrate having honeycomb structure. The catalyst component is coated to the wall surface of honey-comb substrate through direct or base layer. The base layer includes alumina having surface roughness of 0.5-3 mu m. The carbon monoxide selective removal apparatus further has water vapor supply portion for mixing water vapor with hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon fiber sheet precursor used during manufacture of carbon fiber sheet comprises carbon fiber and carbon-precursor resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-metal complex oxide is of formula: LizNi1-x-yCoxMyO2.x=0.1-0.21;y=0-0.08;z=0.97-1.1;andM=manganese, vanadium, magnesium, molybdenum, niobium, titanium and/or aluminum.Preferred Properties: A manganese-concentrated layer is formed in the primary-particle side in the coating layer. The microparticles of lithium-manganese group complex oxide in the coating layer are scale-shaped or plate-shaped. The thickness of the coating layer is 200 nm or less. The pH of slurry is adjusted to more than 9. The slurry concentration is 2000-2500 g/L. The sum total concentration of cobalt and manganese in the aqueous solution is 0.5-1 mol/dm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of compound having carbon-carbon triple bond and carbon-carbon double bond of non-aromatic type group in a molecule is 0.01-5 mass%. The non aqueous electrolyte further comprises 0.001-5 mass% of silicon compound having unsaturated bond, or ethylene sulfite. Preferred Component: The compound having carbon-carbon triple bond and carbon-carbon double bond of non-aromatic type group in a molecule is carbonate compound of formula: R3-O-C(=O)-O-C(-R1)(-R2)-CC-C(-R1)(-R2)-O-C(=O)-O-R5 (1), R3-O-C(=O)-O-R4 (2) or of formula (3), preferably of formula CH2=CH-CH2-O-C(=O)-O-C(-R1)-CC-C(-R1)-O-C(=O)-O-R5 (4), CC-C(-R6)-O-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH=CH2 (5) or of formula (6). The silicon compound having unsaturated bond is of formula: CH2=CH-Si(-R9)(-R8)-R7.R1,R2,R6=H or 1-6c alkyl;R3=3-6C alkenyl;R4=3-6C alkynyl;R5=1-6C alkyl, 3-6C alkenyl or 3-6C alkynyl;andR7-R9=1-6C alkyl optionally having halogen. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The carbonate compound (1-3) is 3-((((4-(((prop-2-en-1-yloxy)carbonyl)oxy)but-2-yn-1-yl)oxy)carbonyl)oxy)prop-1-ene, 3-((((4-((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)but-2-yn-1-yl)oxy)carbonyl)oxy)prop-1-ene and but-3-yn-2-yl prop-2-en-1-yl carbonate.    EXAMPLE - Lithium hexafluoro phosphate was dissolved in ethylene carbonate (30 volume%), ethylmethyl carbonate (40 volume%) and dimethyl carbonate (30 volume%), and methyl prop-2-yn-1-yl carbonate was added to the reaction liquid, to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte had excellent electric capacitance and durability with reduced internal resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The connecting elements are made of electrically insulating material i.e. plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casting compound is made of epoxy resin, polyurethane and silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proton-conducting polymer having a cation exchange group is fluorine-based polymers of formula (-(CF2-CF2)x-(CF2-CF(-O-CF2-CF(CF3))m-O-(CF2)n-SO3H)y-) (A), sulfonated poly(ether-ether-ketone) or polybenzimidazole. The polymer having phosphoric acid is present at 30-80 parts by weight.m = 0 or 1;x = 5-13.5 or 1.5-14;n = 1-5; andy = 1.Where: m is 1, x is 5-13.5, n is 2, y is 1, and the equivalent weight is 1100-1200; or m is 0 or 1, n is 1-5, and the equivalent weight is 1000; or m is 0, n is 2-5, x is 1.5-14, and the equivalent weight is 1000-1200. Preferred Method: The step of blending the polymers is carried out in an organic solvent, which is one and/or two or more of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl acetamide, tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetramethylurea, trimethyl phosphate, butyrolactone, isophorone, carbitol acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, N-butyl acetate, cyclohexanone, diacetone alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl acetoacetate, glycol ether, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate or diethylcarbonate. EXAMPLE - Nafion 112 (RTM: Polymer electrolyte membrane) (3.16 g) and polydimethylsilane (2.5 g) were dissolved in dimethylacetamide (107 g) to prepare a solution of 5 wt.% of polymer electrolyte membrane/polydimethylsilane. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (2.01 g) and tetraethylorthosilicate (0.23 g) were stirred at 80 degrees C for 5 hours, and then the stirred solution was added to the polymer electrolyte membrane/polydimethylsilane solution and stirred at 80 degrees C for 5 hours. The stirred polymer electrolyte membrane/polydimethylsilane/3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane/tetraethylorthosilicate solution was cast into a film, and then maintained in an oven at 100 degrees C for 12 hours to evaporate the solvent to give a proton-conducting polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The strong oxidizing agent is selected from permanganates, perchlorates, persulfates, and ozone (preferably persulfate salt). The hydroxide is an alkali metal hydroxide. The cobalt compound is cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide and/or cobalt oxyhydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin resin is a high density polyethylene or a polyethylene composition. The polyolefin thermoplastic resin is a polypropylene composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Two-photon absorption is generated in the raw material target by laser ablation method. Multiple-photon absorption is generated two or more times at the raw material target. The chemical vapor deposition of poly perinaphthalene or its derivative is carried out to a base surface by multistep process. The super-short pulse laser is femtosecond pulse laser. A transition metal catalyst is mixed with perylene derivative. Preferred Property: The intensity distribution of the super-short pulse laser is'Top Hat'form distribution. While setting intensity distribution of super-short pulse laser as'Top Hat'form distribution, multiple-photon absorption is adjusted by changing the diameter of focused light of laser beam. Preferred Components: The perylene derivative is chosen from perylene tetracarboxylic acid, perylene tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride and perylene tetracarboxylic-acid di-imide. The perylene derivative is chosen from perylene derivative of formula (1-5).X=oxygen, NH, NR and NR';X'=H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, oxygen, NH2, NO2, SH and R;andR,R'=hydrocarbyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon aerogel has a thickness of 0.005-2 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Phenol (4.5 g) was dissolved in water (19.5 g) at room temperature. To this solution 37% formaldehyde solution (11.77 g) was added. Subsequently a solution containing 25% sodium hydroxide solution (0.73 g) was added to set the pH to 9.1. The mixture was kept in a closed silicone oil bath at 90 degrees C without heating. The obtained mixture was injected into hydrochloric acid solution (10 times) at 2.5 bar. The acid solution was dried at 160 degrees C for 20 hours. The obtained dry gel was carbonized in an oven at 800 degrees C for 1.5 hours under nitrogen to obtain carbon aerogel with an average particle size of 316 nm and a specific surface of 613.3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode contains hydrogen permeability metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The leakage of the electrolyte of the lead storage battery is tested in accordance with JISD5301 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomized powder which is formed by melt substance of lead alloy contains tin. The lead alloy contains calcium, aluminum, antimony, barium, strontium, bismuth, silver, selenium, and/or arsenic. Preferred Properties: The atomized powder comprises particles with maximum particle size of 500 mu m or less and average particle diameter of dozen mu m. The collector has thickness of 0.1-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of thickness of primary and secondary negative electrode material layers is 0.2-0.8.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The molded part designed as a formed part e.g. cast part, pressed part, and extrusion part, is made of a plastic layer of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic species are lithium, sodium or potassium organic salts, hydrates, ionic liquids or ionic species based on protons or hydroxides and related hydrogen isotopes such as deuterium and tritium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The static friction coefficient of separator is measured according to JIS specification.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide generated during combustion is decreased sharply by modification and electrochemical method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is iron-based alloy substrate, substrate which is coated with cobalt and iron to quartz, substrate coated with titanium to quartz, carbon substrate or substrate having thin film of cobalt or iron used as catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heating process of extracted primary oil is performed at 50-230 degrees C. The flow rate of carrier gas is 300-700 ml/minute. Preferred Process: The secondary oil from which A-C-heavy oil component and solid substance are removed is subjected to centrifugation process. The moisture content for oil component which consists of secondary oil is saturated. The inner side of installation-type electric furnace is provided with nitrogen gas atmosphere, heated at 700-1200 degrees C and synthetic precipitation of carbon nanotube is carried out. Preferred Components: When secondary oil used as composition-raw-material oil is heated, aerosolized reactive gas as carrier gas is introduced to chemical vapor deposition apparatus. The carrier gas is nitrogen gas, mixture of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas, ammonia gas or mixture of nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas and ammonia gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of polyethylene is greater than or equal to 11. The high density polyethylene (PE)-A and high density PE-B have molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) of greater than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 10, respectively. The mass of PE-A with respect to 100 total mass of polyethylene is greater than or equal to 3. The polyolefin microporous membrane with thickness of 0.5-10 mu m (preferably 0.5-4.5 mu m) and air permeability of 10-300 sec/100 cc with respect 1 mu m conversion in thickness contains 3-100 mass parts of inorganic particles with primary particle diameter of less than or equal to 100 nm. The polyolefin microporous membrane with greater than or equal to 2 layers which has whole thickness of 5-45 mu m is polyolefin microporous membrane (A) with main body and microporous membrane (B) containing less than or equal to 40 mass parts of inorganic particle with respect to 100 mass parts of polyolefin resin. Preferred Process: The method further involves extrusion molding using co-extrusion die and stacking together by co-extrusion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The conductor is a metal containing elements chosen from copper, nickel, titanium, zirconium, chromium, iron, molybdenum, manganese, niobium, and vanadium, or electroconductive ceramic containing nitride of titanium and/or nitride of zirconium. The active material is silicon, tin, silicon oxide and/or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite oxide further contains transition metal element (excluding zirconium), alkaline earth metals, rare earth elements excluding cerium and praseodymium, and halogen element, boron, carbon, silicon and/or sulfur. Preferred Properties: The complex oxide has specific surface area of 2 m2/g or less, and oxygen emitting amount in 400 degrees C and 700 degrees C of 300 mu mol/g or more and 600 mu mol/g or more, respectively. The content of element (a), zirconium and transition metal element contained with respect to 100 atomic% of total amount of elements (excluding oxygen) is 10-90 atomic% (preferably 20-90 atomic%, more preferably 30-90 atomic% and most preferably 40-90 atomic%), 10-90 atomic% (preferably 10-80 atomic%, more preferably 10-70 atomic% and most preferably 10-60 atomic%) and 0-20 atomic%, respectively. The content of cerium and praseodymium contained with respect to 100 atomic% of total amount of elements (excluding oxygen) is 0-70 atomic% and 20-90 atomic%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Cerium nitrate aqueous solution and nitric acid zirconyl aqueous solution were mixed and diluted with pure water, to obtain 0.5 mol/l aqueous solution. Then, 4 mol/l ammonia aqueous solution prepared as alkaline aqueous solution was add-mixed, to obtain precursor. Subsequently, Nutsche filtration and decantation washing were carried out, baked at 400 degrees C for 5 hours, and pulverized, to obtain complex oxide. The obtained complex oxide had large oxygen absorption emitting amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tube structure comprises materials consisting of silicon, doped silicon and other semiconductor materials, diamond, titanium and other metallic materials, dielectric materials, glasses, and silicon carbide and other ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titanium-based oxide comprises titanium dioxide and/or lithium-titanium oxide of formula: Li4+xTi5O12. The lithium-titanium oxide is doped with magnesium, aluminum, vanadium and/or niobium (10 atomic% or less). The titanium oxynitride is of formula: TiOyNz. The nitrogen precursor gas comprises ammonia.x=more than -0.3 to less than 0.3;y=more than 1 to less than 2;andz=more than 0 to less than 2.Preferred Property: The titanium oxynitride shows titanium-nitrogen (Ti-N) and nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) bonding peaks during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Preferred Process: The titanium-based oxide core is completely covered by the titanium oxynitride. The titanium-based oxide and nitrogen precursor gas is reacted at 500-800 degrees C for 10-60 minutes, to form coating of titanium oxynitride on the titanium-based oxide core.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ferritic stainless steel further contains copper (1.5 or less), niobium (0.05-0.8), titanium (0.03-0.5), yttrium (0.001-0.1) and/or rare earth elements (0.001-0.1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The powder particle of material has 50% accumulation particle diameter of 1-10 mu m. The negative electrode has mode diameter with respect to pore distribution measurement of 0.1-6 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The electrolytic-oxidizing polymerization (A) is performed under energizing amount of 2-5 C/cm2 and current density of 15-60 mA/cm2 with respect to the project portion of the electroconductive porous support. The electrolytic-oxidizing polymerization (B) is performed under energizing amount of 0.2-1 C/cm2 and current density of 1.5-5 mA/cm2 with respect to the project portion of the electroconductive porous support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal microparticles include material chosen from gold, platinum and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises lump of several ion exchange resin and several metal microparticles. The each lump of ion exchange resin is composed of a structure having several cavity region and tubular path region connecting the cavity regions. The two or more microparticles are adhered to inner side surface of cavity region, path region and outer surface side of lump of ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The crystalline diameter calculated by Rietveld method, is preferably 0.01-0.5 mu m. The average particle diameter measured by laser diffraction scattering type particle size distribution measuring method, is 1-4 mu m, preferably 2-3 mu m. The iron content with respect to lithium transition metal oxide weight is 0-75 ppb. Preferred Definitions:    M'=aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic vinyl-type compound is chosen from styrene, ( alpha )-methyl styrene, and styrene in which 1-3 hydrogen atoms bonded with benzene ring are substituted by 1-4C alkyl group. The ion conductive group is cation conductive group chosen from sulfonic acid group, phosphonic acid group, alkali metal salt, and ammonium salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric block (a) has aromatic vinyl-type compound unit. The polymeric block (b) is rubber-like polymeric block, and has repeating unit chosen from 2-8C alkene unit, 4-8C conjugated-diene unit, and 4-8C conjugated-diene unit in which partial or all carbon-carbon double bond are hydrogenated. The membrane-electrode assembly further comprises structure-preserving polymeric block (b2) having aromatic vinyl-type compound unit for phase-separation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidant solution is concentrated nitric acid solution, solution formed by concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at volume ratio of 2:1, hydrogen peroxide solution, or potassium permanganate sulfuric acid solution. Preferred Composition: Mass ratio of high molecular stabilizer to gold is 0.5-5:1. Mass ratio of sodium borohydride to gold is 0.5-5:1. The gold concentration in the aerosol is 10 mu g/ml to 1 mg/ml.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The porous carbon carrier is carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, activated carbon fiber, conductive carbon black, active carbon, and/or mesocarbon microbead.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The high molecular weight stabilizer is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol dilaurate, or polydimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The generation source is fuel cell (40) or internal combustion engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The desulfurizing agent containing silver, gold, platinum and palladium or its alloy, are made into microparticles having particle size of 200 nm or less. Upstream or downstream of desulfurization chamber is provided with suction portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connection board is made of iron, nickel, copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode layer contains a positive electrode active material (7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The primary and secondary positive electrode active material contains lithium-manganese-containing complex oxide (LiaMn2-xM1xO4, where M1 is lithium, boron, magnesium, aluminum, iron, cobalt and nickel, a is more than 0-1 and x is more than 0 to less than 0.3). The tertiary positive electrode active material contains lithium-nickel complex oxide (LibNi1-yM3yO2, where M3 is lithium, cobalt, manganese, magnesium and aluminum, b is more than 0-1 and y is more than 0 to less than 0.7). Aluminum is included in one side of primary and/or secondary positive electrode active material, and magnesium is included in the other side of primary and/or secondary positive electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solutions of particle precursors is an acetate consisting of lead, cadmium, nickel or platinum, and is selected from an elemental solution of tellurium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The distributed processing includes stirring processing and ultrasonication processing. The distributed processing is performed such that the dispersion liquid having length of 1 mu m or more, and the carbon nano bundle having diameter of less than 0.1 mu m dispersed to the medium is formed. Preferred Property: 0.5-1000 mg Carbon nanotubes are dispersed with respect to 100 ml of the alcohol solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol solvent is 1-4C alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyvinyl acetal resin is polyvinyl butyral resin. Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of polyvinyl acetal resin is 0.5-10 with respect to the carbon nanotube. The polyvinyl acetal resin has mean molecular weight of 1x 104-2.5x 104. The polyvinyl butyral resin has butyral degrees of 65-80 mol%, and solution viscosity of 5-30 mPa.second during dissolving polyvinyl butyral resin in mixed solvent which mixed ethanol and toluene in volume ratio of 1:1 at temperature of 20 degrees C and concentration of 10 mass%. The carbon nanotube maintains dispersion state for two weeks when allowed to stand at normal temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plates are made of PTFE. The membrane is made of Nalophan (RTM: polyethylene terephthalate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbonaceous material is boron modified material containing 0.01-10 mass% of boron. The carbonaceous material is chosen from graphite, acetylene black, thermal black, furnace black, channel black, lamp black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, ketchen black, needle coke, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube and/or carbon coil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The paste further contains surfactant chosen from carboxylate salt type, sulfonate type, sulfate type or phosphate type anionic surfactant, quaternary ammonium salt type, imidazolinium salt type or pyrrolidinium salt type cationic surfactant, betaine type, aminocarboxylic acid salt type, imidazoline type or alkylamine oxide type amphoteric surfactant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is aqueous dispersion of fluorine-containing polymer or mixture of aqueous dispersion of fluorine-containing polymer, aqueous dispersion of crystalline fluorine-containing polymer and aqueous dispersion of non-crystalline fluorine-containing polymer. Preferred Composition: The paste further contains non-ionic surfactant chosen from block copolymer of ether type, ether ester type, ester type, nitrogen-containing type, ethylene oxide type or propylene oxide type, and water-soluble high molecular compound such as methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, oligosaccharide, dextrin, water-soluble dietary fiber, polyacrylic acid, polyethylene oxide and/or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The electroconductive metal is copper, and the metal which occludes and desorbs lithium is tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The walls are made of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The sodium rechargeable battery has positive electrode, and separator having laminated porous film comprising heat-resistant porous layer and porous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The 90 volume% or more of particles in the positive electrode active material powder have particle diameter of 0.6-6 mu m. The manganese-containing particles further contain metal (M) chosen from nickel, cobalt and/or iron. The positive electrode active material powder contains carbonate, hydroxides or their mixture. The positive electrode active material is complex oxide of sodium, manganese, and metal (M).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant layer contains heat-resistant resin and the porous film contains thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Battery: The rechargeable battery has a separator. The separator is a laminated porous film consisting of heat-resistant porous layer containing heat-resistant resin, and porous film containing thermoplastic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite metal oxide has composition of formula: NaaMn1-bM1bO2.M1=iron or nickel;anda=0.6-0.8. EXAMPLE - Sodium carbonate, manganese oxide and magnetite were mixed in the molar ratio of 0.7:0.95:0.05 for 4 hours. The obtained mixture was heated in air for 2 hours at 800 degrees C to obtain composite metal oxide. The sodium rechargeable battery produced using the composite metal oxide had favorable discharge characteristics after repeated charging and discharging.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The sodium rechargeable battery contains positive electrode and separator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal is preferably manganese, iron, and nickel. The molar ratio of metal and manganese is 1:0.2-1. The molar ratio of sodium and manganese is preferably 0.6-0.9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The separator has a laminated porous film comprising heat-resistant porous layer and porous film. The heat-resistant porous layer contains heat-resistant resin, and the porous film contains thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The sodium rechargeable battery further contains a separator having laminated porous film comprising heat-resistant layer and porous film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The metal is preferably manganese and cobalt. The molar ratio of sodium and metal is preferably 0.6-0.9:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat-resistant layer contains heat-resistant resin, and the porous film contains thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The proton conductor is fluorine-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): No general preparation given.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The copolymer is of formula (II). The comonomer is of formula (III).R1'=2-pyridyl, 3-pyridiyl or 4-pyridyl (all optionally substituted), preferably 2-pyridyl or 3-pyridiyl (both optionally substituted);R2'=2-pyridyl, 3- pyridiyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl (all optionally substituted), preferably 2-pyridyl or 3-pyridiyl (both optionally substituted);andAt least one of R3-R6=optionally substituted phenyl, and remaining are H, halo and optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl, where R3 and R6 are optionally substituted phenyl and R4 and R5 are H, halo or optionally substituted 6-12C aryl or 1-10C alkyl.R1'is at position 2 of the phenol ring, preferably position 6 of the phenyl ring. R2'is at position 6 of the phenyl ring. Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises copper. The polymerization is conducted in a solvent comprising pyridine compound. The solvent is pyridine compound. The pyridine compound is 3-chloropyridine. Preferred Definitions:    R2=2-pyridyl, 3-pyridiyl or 4-pyridyl (all optionally substituted), preferably optionally substituted 3-pyridyl group;and    R1=optionally substituted 3-pyridyl group.    R1 is at position 2 or 3 of the phenol ring, preferably position 2 of the phenyl ring. R2 is at position 6 of the phenyl ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 phenol compounds are disclosed such as 2,6-bis(3-pyridyl)phenol of formula (Ia) and 2-(3-pyridyl)phenol.    EXAMPLE - 2,6-Bis(3-pyridyl)phenyl benzyl ether (in g) (16.70) was dissolved in methanol (200 mL), and argon was bubbled through the solution for 10 minutes to remove oxygen. Then, palladium/carbon (500 mg) was added to the reaction mixture, shaken for 16 hours under hydrogen atmosphere at 80 psi, heated, filtered, washed with hot methanol and cooled to room temperature, to obtain 2,6-bis(3-pyridyl)phenol as white crystalline material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio V2/V1 of the carbon powder is at least 1.3 and at most 2. Preferred Method: The carbon derived from a carbon precursor by heat treatment is: turbostratic carbon; and formed from pitch powder by solids mixing of pitch powder having an average particle diameter of at most 500 mu m with graphite powder followed by heat treatment of the resulting mixture in a nonoxidizing atmosphere at 900-1500 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Spheroidizing grinding of natural graphite was used as a base material to prepare carbon powder. The graphite powder had an average particle diameter of 29 mu m, a specific surface area of 3.5 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.0072 cm3/g for pores with a diameter of 50-200 nm to give a natural graphite powder. Natural graphite powder (100 parts) was mixed with coal tar pitch powder (5 parts) having an average particle diameter of 35 mu m and a softening point of 80 degrees C by simple solids mixing in a blender. The resulting powder mixture was placed into a graphite crucible and subjected to heat treatment for one hour at 950 degrees C in a nitrogen gas stream to give carbon powder. The value of V2/V1 of the resulting carbon powder was 1.40.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lithium based compound consists of LiNi(0.3)CO(0.15)Al(0.05)O2. The Lewis acid comprises oxalic acid, maleic acid, benzoic acid, carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, phosphoric acid, ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydrogen fluoride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium hydrogen phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide and ammonium hexafluoroaluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aluminum oxide layer is formed in the surface of welding base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyolefin layer is positioned at lower and upper surfaces of the sealing films. The polyethylene naphthalate layer is provided among the polyolefin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorinated ether is of formula: R1OR2, the fluorinated ester is of formula: R3COOR4, and the fluorinated linear carbonate is of formula: R5OCOOR6.R1=3-6C fluorinated alkyl;R2=2-6C fluorinated alkyl;R3=1-2C fluorinated alkyl;andR4-R6=1-4C fluorinated alkyl.At least one of R3 and R4 is fluorinated alkyl. The other carbonates are non-fluorinated cyclic carbonates and non-fluorinated linear carbonates. The non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate. The non-fluorinated linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, methylethyl carbonate, and/or diethyl carbonate. The 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate is cis component or trans component of 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate. Preferred Composition: The content of fluorinated ether is 10-60 vol.% and the content of 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate is 30 vol.% or less, with respect to 100 vol.% of all components. The content of fluorine-type solvent is 10-60 vol.%, the content of 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate is 0.1-10 vol.%, the content of non-fluorinated cyclic carbonate is 10-50 vol.%, and the content of non-fluorinated linear carbonate is 0-79.9 vol.%, with the total being 100 vol.%. EXAMPLE - A non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by mixing (in vol.%) 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane (40), cis-1,2-dimethyl-1,2-difluoroethylene carbonate (3), ethylene carbonate (10), dimethyl carbonate (47), and lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/l). A lithium secondary battery obtained using the non-aqueous electrolyte had a discharge capacitance index of 105, rate characteristic of 92%, a cycle maintenance factor of 91, and excellent safety.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A naphthalene sulfonic acid compound of formula (I) and a reagent are reacted in presence of catalyst and nucleophilic substitution reaction is performed, to obtain aryl-sulfonic acid compound (1). Preferred Compound: The aryl-sulfonic acid compound (1) is of formula (2). Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (3 or 4);and    R1-R5=H, halo, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkyl halide or 2-10C haloalkenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Aryl-sulfonic acid compound e.g. Perfluoro toluene naphthalene sulfonic acid of formula (II), perfluoro allyl benzene naphthalene sulfonic acid, dicyano perfluoro toluene sulfonic acid and cyano perfluoro toluene sulfonic acid are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Sodium 1-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonate (in g) (10), perfluoro toluene (6.78), potassium carbonate (4.37) and N,N-dimethylformamide (500 ml) were added into a reaction system in presence of nitrogen, stirred at 100 degrees C for 5 hours, filtered, the potassium carbonate was removed, concentrated, dried under reduced pressure, methanol (50 ml) was added, filtered, washed for 30 minutes, dried, dissolved in pure water (500 ml), purified, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain perfluoro toluene naphthalene sulfonic acid (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of particles having particle diameter of 2 mu m or more in insulating fine particles is 10 volume% or less. Preferred Component: The insulating fine particles are chosen from alumina, silica and boehmite, and contain plate-shaped particles and secondary particles which are aggregate of primary particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The thickener is natural polysaccharide. The slurry further contains dispersing agent, preservative, disinfectant and antifoamer. The dispersing agent has two or more ion dissociative acid radicals or acid salt groups in molecule, and is chosen from poly carboxylic acid salt, polyacrylate and polymethacrylic acid salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The separator further comprises porous substrate chosen from woven fabric, nonwoven fabric and microporous film. Preferred Components: The slurry further contains binder which comprises self-crosslinkable (meth)acrylic acid copolymer. The microporous film contains thermoplastic resin having melting point of 80-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ammonia borane compound is ammonia borane, dimethylamine borane, diethylamine borane, trimethylamine borane, triethylamine borane, t-butylamine borane, ammonia triborane, morpholine borane and/or pyridine borane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal is chosen from gold, silver, platinum, palladium and/or rhodium. The film having electroconductivity is metal layer or electroconductive oxide layer. The alkoxide raw material or metal-ion electrolyte solution contains aluminum, silicon, titanium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese, gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, lanthanum, strontium and/or gadolinium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fine crystal and/or amorphous phase are obtained from alkoxide raw material or metal-ion electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aggregate particles are chosen from metal, ceramic and/or organic polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The nickel metal powder is adhered to surface of negative electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The negative electrode contains thermoplastic resin as binder. The thermoplastic resin is styrene butadiene copolymer rubber. The fluororesin is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro vinyl ether copolymer. The content of fluororesin with respect to hydrogen storage alloy is 0.5-5 mass%. The separator comprises polyolefin and which sulfonation processing is carried out. The fluororesin is provided inside the negative electrode and/or surface of negative electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Dimethyl carbonate and/or ethylmethyl carbonate esters and ethylene carbonate is consists of methyl propionate and ethylpropionate. The compounds propylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane and/or diethyl carbonate is also contained. The solvent which comprises the non-aqueous electrolyte contains 10-30 vol.% ethylene carbonate. This nonaqueous electrolyte contains a total of 30-90 vol. % of dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, methyl propionate and/or ethylpropionate esters. Preferred Parameters: The particle size of TiO2 is 0.1-15 mu m. The porosity of the mixture which comprises the positive electrode and negative electrode is 18-35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The diameter of ultralong carbon nanotubes is 0.5-50 nm. The distance between two adjacent ultralong carbon nanotubes is less than 5 mu m. The diameter of the micropores in the carbon nanotube film structure is 1-5 mu m. The thickness of the carbon nanotube film is 10 nm-100 mu m. Preferred Composition: The ultralong carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes, double-walled carbon nanotubes, or multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In the formation of carbon nanotube film structure, a receiving substrate, and growing substrate with a catalyst layer is used. The catalyst layer comprises a layer of monodisperse catalyst containing iron, cobalt, nickel, or their alloys, or the catalyst layer is made of monodisperse solution of metal or its salt. The growing substrate is silicon strip, and the receiving substrate is wafer or copper wire mesh.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of immersing the membrane in H2SO4 involves immersion of the membrane in 1-2 M H2SO4 for at least 48 hours. The step of immersing the membrane in H2O involves soaking the membrane in distilled H2O for at least 24 hours or soaking the membrane in deionized H2O for at least 24 hours. The step of immersing the membrane in glycerin involves immersion of the membrane in glycerin for at least 48 hours. The method further involves rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the 1-2 M H2SO4 solution after the at least 48 hours have elapsed and prior to immersing the membrane in H2O; rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the distilled H2O after the at least 24 hours have elapsed and prior to immersing the before the membrane in glycerin; rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the glycerin after the at least 48 hours have elapsed; drying the membrane in air for at least 48 hours after rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O. Preferred Membrane: The membrane is a perfluorinated ionomer membrane selected from NAFION (RTM: ion exchange membrane), FLEMION (RTM: ion exchange membrane), ACIPLEX-XR (RTM: ion exchange membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate-shaped electroconductive material contains a portion comprised by copper, copper alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, or steel plate by which nickel plating is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conduction interruptible component of the battery contains element consisting of shape memory alloy consisting of alloy of titanium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The anisotropic electroconductive material contains metal-plated resin nucleus, and binder containing resin. The resin contains polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-fluorine cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate and/or propylene carbonate. The non-fluorine linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate and/or diethyl carbonate. The 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoro ethylene carbonate is 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-difluoro ethylene carbonate. The 1,2-dimethyl-1,2-difluoro ethylene carbonate is cis-component or trans-component. Preferred Composition: The content of non-fluorine cyclic carbonate, non-fluorine linear carbonate and 1,2-dialkyl-1,2-difluoro ethylene carbonate is 10-40 volume%, 59.9-89.9 volume% and 0.1-10 volume%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Structure: The sodium rechargeable battery has positive electrode, negative electrode formed by mixture containing carbonaceous material and binder, and separator which is laminated porous film formed by laminating heat-resistant porous layer containing heat-resistant resin and porous film containing thermoplastic resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The A is sodium, and M is iron. The M is obtained from iron carboxylate used as iron-containing raw material including iron. The raw material subjected to temporary baking is sodium carbonate, ferrous-oxalate dihydrate, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. Preferred Properties: The positive electrode active material has peak at 2( theta ) of 34.8 degrees . The ratio of signal intensity of peak at 2( theta ) of 34.8 degrees (I0), and signal intensity at 2( theta ) of 34.2 degrees (I) is 0.5 or less. Preferred Process: After temporary baking of raw material, grinding of raw material is carried out. Preferred Conditions: The baking is carried out at temperature higher than the temporary baking. The temporary baking and baking is carried out under inert atmosphere, and raw material does not contain carbon as reducing agent. EXAMPLE - Sodium carbonate, ferrous-oxalate dihydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate in molar ratio of 1:1:1 were mixed for 20 minutes, mixture was subjected to temporary baking at 450 degrees C for 10 hours, temporary-baked product was pulverized, baked at 800 degrees C for 24 hours, and pulverized, to obtain sodium-iron phosphate (positive electrode active material). Battery comprising positive electrode including resultant positive electrode active material was formed. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Lithium complex oxide consists of metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, manganese, titanium, iron, copper, zinc and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organosilicon compound, inert gas and raw material-containing gas are utilized during manufacture of carbon microsphere powder. The carbon microsphere powder has stoke mode diameter of 150-1500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The conductive polymer is polyethylenedioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The element generating nitrogen and the peeling material is comprised of aluminum, boron, titanium, tantalum, vanadium, silicon and zirconium. The peeling material is comprised of alloy containing 2 mass% or more of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of residual-magnetization rate (Mr) with respect to maximum magnetization rate (Mmax) is 1% or less. Preferred Components: The lithium manganese complex oxide has crystals formed in octahedral crystal habit of a spinel structure. The lithium manganese complex oxide further has composition of formula: Li1+x-yMey+zMn2-x-zO4-n, of formula: Li(LixMn2-x)O4-n, or of formula: (Li1-yAly)(LixAlzMn2-x-z)O4-n. The inorganic material has composition of formula: Li1+x-yMey+zMn2-x-zO4-n. Preferred Conditions: The inorganic material is baked at calcination temperature of 1000 degrees C or more and annealed at rate of 5 degrees C/minute or less and predetermined target temperature of 400 degrees C or less. The inorganic material is heated from the target temperature to the heating temperature and the complex oxide is oxidized in the reoxidation treatment process. The slow cooling process and reoxidation process which makes heating temperature lower than the heating temperature in the last reoxidation treatment process, are performed two or more times. The complex oxide is oxidized at heating temperature of 700 degrees C or less in the reoxidation treatment process. In the reoxidation treatment process, the heating temperature is set based on the weight change bending temperature of the complex oxide of the latest heat processing of the reoxidation treatment process. The complex oxide is oxidized with the set heating temperature. Preferred Definitions:    x=0.2 or less;and    n=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The negative electrode active material is preferably carbon material including graphite, hard carbon and polyacene-based material, tin oxide or silicon oxide lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The specific value is 1. The pH of the secondary phosphotungstic acid solution is more than 5. Preferred Process: Deionized water is further passed through secondary ion exchange resin, and diluted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The particles (a and b) are dispersed in the dispersion liquids, using a dispersing agent. The dispersibility of the particles (a and b) is controlled, by adjusting the quantity of the dispersing agent. Preferred Property: The zeta potential of two or more types of particles (a and b) in a repulsion state is positive, or negative, when the pH of dispersion liquid of two or more types of particles (a and b) is adjusted. Preferred Particles: At least one type of particles among the two or more types of particles (a and b), have an oxygen occlusion-discharging function and heat resistance, and contains noble metal (3). The particles having oxygen occlusion-discharging function are an oxide or a complex oxide of an element chosen from cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, yttrium and lanthanum, preferably complex oxide of aluminum and/or lanthanum. Preferred Component: The catalyst material is coated on a surface layer or pores of a honeycomb-type support, to obtain catalyst component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The dispersing agent has a functional group chosen from an imino group, carboxy group, and hydroxy group. Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent is amine, or a compound having cationic property, non-ionic property or anionic property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The secondary catalytic region is made of nickel/tin or platinum/rubidium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low melting temperature metal comprises copper and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing is made of nylon, polyphthalamide, phenolic and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves forming thin film (I) made of ceramics on the metal base, by spraying the aerosol of the ceramic powder on the metal base, and forming the mixed thin film on the thin film (I) as a thin film (II), and carrying catalyst on large number of holes of the porous mixed thin film. A surface of each metal powder is oxidized. Preferred Component: The catalyst is platinum. The metal powder is copper, nickel, tin, lead, silver or aluminum powder. The ceramic powder is alumina, niobium oxide, titania, or magnesia powder. The metal base is stainless base. Preferred Property: The thickness of the thin film (I) from a surface of the metal base to a surface of the mixed thin film is 0.1-100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The gel layer has a cross-linked structure derived from an aldehyde group. The hydrophilic porous film has a heat resistance of 100 degrees C or more. The gel layer is coated with hydrophobic porous films (3,4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanostructures are coated with conductive or semiconducting nanoparticles at a coverage sufficient to provide a conductive surface area of greater than or equal to 10000-1, preferably greater than or equal to 20000-1 cm2 boundary. The substrate comprises aluminum. The conductive or semiconducting nanoparticles comprise metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, and/or carbon. They comprise gold, nickel, copper, aluminum, silver, platinum, palladium, or their alloys. They comprise zinc oxide or indium tin oxide. The nanostructures comprise silicon dioxide, gallium nitride, or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The content of silica porous material contained with respect to active material raw material is 7.3 mol% or more. Preferred Composition: The kneaded material further contains a trace amount of sulfuric acid. The silica porous material is diatomaceous earth, pearlite or shirasu balloon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Alternately, the kneaded material is produced by kneading the active material raw material and silica porous material with kneaded material (a) formed by kneading carbon and polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution, or kneading the active material raw material with kneaded material (b) formed by kneading carbon, silica porous material and polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating sheet material is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketone and nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cyclic quaternary ammonium organic material cation is chosen from imidazolium ion of formula (1), pyrrolium cation of formula (2), pyrazolium cation of formula (3) and pyridinium cation of formula (4). The nonaqueous electrolyte further contains organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate.R1,R3=1-6C alkyl;R2,R4,R5=H or 1-6C alkyl;R1,R2=1-6C alkyl;R3-R6=H or 1-6C alkyl;R'1=1-6C alkyl;andR'2-R'6=H or 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Property: The nonaqueous electrolyte has dielectric constant of 35 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion conductor is water-based electrolyte solution, non-aqueous organic electrolyte solution, solid polymer electrolyte, gel-form electrolyte, or inorganic solid electrolyte, preferably non-aqueous organic electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binding material is fluorine-type binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or fluorocarbon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic cation is onium cation. Preferred Definitions:    X1-X3=halo (preferably F), -CN, -NO or -NO2; and    n=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The compounding quantity of ammonium fluoride in the mixed aqueous solution is 250-750 g/L. The compounding quantity of nitric acid in the mixed aqueous solution is 50-250 g/L. The etching is carried out at 20-40 degrees C. The catalyst layer is electrolyzed by current density of 1-5 A/dm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolytic salt (III) is chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), and lithium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide. A lithium ion secondary cell formed using non-aqueous electrolyte solution has a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator. The positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material chosen from cobalt type complex oxide, nickel series complex oxide, manganese system complex oxide, ion-type complex oxide and vanadium system complex oxide. The negative electrode contains negative electrode active material such as carbon material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing solvent (IA) is chosen from fluorine-containing chain-shaped ether (IA1a), fluorine-containing chain-shaped ester (IA2a), fluorine-containing cyclic ester (IA2b), fluorine-containing linear carbonate (IA3a) and fluorine-containing cyclic carbonate (IA3b). EXAMPLE - Fluorine-containing chain-shaped ether (40 volume%) of formula: HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H, dimethyl carbonate (40 volume%), ethylene carbonate (20 volume%), hexamethyl cyclotrisiloxane (0.3 mass%), and lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/l) were added and mixed, to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase change material is composed of sugar alcohol which is the mixture of maltitol, xylitol, erythrin, sorbierite, lactitol and mannite. The phase-change material is composed of polyalcohol which is the mixture of pentaerythritol, neopentylglycol, trimethylolethane, 2-amino 2-methyl 1.3 propanediol and trihydroxymethyl aminomethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact layers are made of titanium. The resistance layer is made of palladium. The passivation layer is made of gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The porous releasable decal comprises expanded fluoropolymer membrane, porous polyolefin, porous polyamide, porous polymer, porous metal and/or diffusion media. The polymer electrolyte membrane comprises proton conductive resin such as sulfonated fluoropolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal comprises cobalt, nickel, iron, manganese, titanium, chromium, or zinc. The transition metal salt comprises a soluble nitrate of the transition metal elements. The mixture comprises 2-15 wt.% platinic chloride. The inert gas comprises helium, argon, or nitrogen. The carbon carrier is an active carbon pre-treated by 30 vol.% hydrogen peroxide, graphitized carbon black, carbon nanotube, or carbon nanofiber. Preferred Ratio: The weight ratio of the platinum, titanium oxide nanotube, and transition metal to the carbon carrier is 0.2-1. The volume ratio of glycol and platinic chloride is 0.2-2. Preferred Method: The pH value is adjusted using dimethyl acetamide, dimethylformamide, urea, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, or ammonia. Heating and reacting is carried out by placing the mixed solution in a microwave reactor to react for 1-40 minutes at 120-240 W. After microwave heating, the product is cooled, extracted, filtered, cleaned, and dried for 5-20 hours in vacuum and at 60-120 degrees C. The temperature of the precursor in the inert gas is raised at 5 degrees C/minute.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transition metal salt comprises oxalate, or acetate of the transition metal elements.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conducting carbon material is conductive black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, active carbon, carbosphere, carbon whisker, and/or graphite particle. The electro-catalyst carrier is a nanocomposite powder. The catalyst active particle is a group VIII element in the periodic table, chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and/or titanium. It may comprise iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, platinum, chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and/or titanium. Preferred Method: The microwave heating is alternately carried out in a mode of microwave heating-stopping-grinding, where the microwave heating time is 0.05-15 minutes, and the microwave heating power is 500 W to 10 KW.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The mixture comprises 10-40 (preferably 20-35) wt.% proton conductor polymer. The proton conductor polymer is perfluorosulfonic acid resin with a sulfonic acid group. The resin comprises Nafion(RTM: perfluorosulfonylfluoride copolymer resin), Nafion(RTM: perfluorosulfonylfluoride copolymer resin) solution, Kraton G-1650(RTM: triblock copolymer based on styrene and ethylene/butylene), or Flemion(RTM: fluorocarbon polymer).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises separating the neutralization product of formula (X-H) from (I), by distillation. Preferred Components: (I) exhibits a pH value of 1-6.9, in which (II) is a basic compound. (A)+ in (I) and (II) has a molar mass of less than 1000 g/mole. Preferred Definitions:    (X)- = OR1;    R1 = 1-4C-(cyclo)alkyl;    (Y1)(n-) = (R1a)SO3-, (R1a)PO2- (both preferred), (R1a)SO2-, (R1a)PO32-, (R1a)(R1b)PO2-, (R1a)PO22-, or (R1a)(R1b)PO-;    R1a, R1b = alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy (all preferred), OH, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyloxy, heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy; and    (A)+ = optionally substituted heterocyclic cation, preferably imidazolidinium-, pyrazolium- (both preferred), pyridinium-, pyridazinium-, pyrimidinium-, pyrazinium-, imidazolium-, thiazolium-, oxazolium-, 1,2,4-triazolium-, 1,2,3-triazolium-, pyrrolidinium-, or diazabicycloalkenium ions.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of trimethylborate (0.642 g), methanol (5.774 g) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tosylate with a pH of 6.9 (57.739 g) was heated at 130 degrees C for 24 hours, and further at 170 degrees C for 59 hours with nitrogen, under absolute pressure of 2 bar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method carries out one step of drying at 70-150 degrees C before the step of heat treatment. It also comprises circulating the step of applying and the step of drying for 1-100 times. Preferred Condition: The heat treatment is carried out at 200-450 degrees C for 5-120 minutes. Preferred Material: The carbonized base material is carbon cloth, carbon paper or carbon felt. The carbon material comprises powdery carbon material and/or fiber carbon material. It also comprises graphite. Preferred Component: The inert gas is nitrogen, helium gas, and/or argon gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The carbon material comprises carbon black and/or acetylene black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophobic high molecule is PTFE, polyhexafluoropylene, copolymers of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene, copolymers of fluorotetraethylene and perfluoropropyl-vinylether, copolymers of fluorotetraethylene and perfluoromethyl-vinylether, homopolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(vinylfluoride), copolymer of fluorotetraethylene and ethylene, copolymer of vinylidene chloride and hexafluoropropylene, and/or tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The bipolar plate is formed with an electrically conductive coating material such as steel material forming chromium oxide, and cobalt. The base material comprises a steel material forming aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The brazing filler material layer is comprised of an alloy that includes copper, aluminum, or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The heat-processing is carried out at temperature of 400-1400 degrees C. Preferred Property: The concentration of oxygen is 0.1-10 volume%. Preferred Component: A catalyst layer formed using the catalyst contains electroconductive particles. EXAMPLE - Carbonitride niobium (2 g) was heated at 800 degrees C for 1 hour in presence of argon gas containing 1 volume% of oxygen gas, to obtain an oxycarbonitride of niobium as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises: digesting the polyborazylene with an aromatic dithiol compound to produce a boro-disulfide compound and a byproduct; converting the byproduct to the boro-disulfide product by reaction with a trialkyl metal hydride; and converting the boro-disulfide compound to ammonia borane by reaction with a dialkyl-metal dihydride, where in at least 60% of the polyborazylene is converted to ammonia borane. The ammonia borane is produced by reaction of ammonia borane with a tin-based reducing agent. Preferred Components: The dithiol-containing agent comprises an aryl moiety, which is benzenedithiol (preferred) and/or toluene-3,4-dithiol. The byproduct comprises ammonia borane compound of formula ((NH4)(B(C6H4S2)2)). The first alkyl-tin hydride is tributyl-tin hydride. The second alkyl-tin hydride is dibutyl-tin dihydride. The trialkyl metal hydride is tributyl-tin hydride. The dialkyl metal hydride is dibutyl-tin dihydride. EXAMPLE - Polyborazylene (0.049 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and combined with 1,2-benzenedithiol (0.260 g). This obtained solution was heated overnight at 60 degrees C. Excess tributyl tin hydride (240 mu l) was added to reduce ammonia borane compound of formula ((NH4)(B(C6H4S2)2)) to 1,3,2-benzodithiaborole and convert unreacted benzenedithiol to dibutyl tin dihydride. Then the obtained solution was heated to 60 degrees C before the addition of dibutyl tin dihydride (1020 mu l) in four portions over 40 minutes. Then the 1,3,2-benzodithiaborole was reduced to give ammonia borane (0.038 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: A lithium secondary cell comprises a positive electrode in electronic contact with a positive-electrode current collector, a current collector in electrical connection with an external circuit, a negative electrode in electronic contact with a negative-electrode current collector, a current collector in electrical connection with an external circuit, a separator positioned between and in ionic contact with the cathode and anode, and an electrolyte in ionic contact with the positive and negative electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of phosphate and metal (M) is 1, preferably 1.05-1.07, and the ratio of lithium and metal (M) is greater than 1 to 1.07, preferably 1.05-1.06. The electroactive material comprises up to 5 mol% of dopant metal(s). The electroactive material comprises the olivine lithium electroactive metal phosphate phase and a lithium and phosphate rich secondary phase. The secondary phase comprises lithium phosphate or lithium pyrophosphate. The positive electrode using the material further comprises a binder and an electronically conductive material. Preferred Components: The electroactive material further comprises dopant metal(s) (Z) chosen from vanadium, niobium, titanium, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, nickel and zirconium. Metal (M) comprises iron. The dopant metal(s) substitutes lithium and/or or electroactive metals in the olivine lithium electroactive metal phosphate. The olivine lithium electroactive metal phosphate is of formula: (Li1-xZx)MPO4.x=0.001-0.05;and(Li1-xZx):M=greater than 1 to 1.3.The negative electrode comprises a lithium intercalation compound or a lithium metal alloy, or carbon, preferably graphitic carbon. The carbon is graphite, spheroidal graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, and/or carbon fibers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The atomizing injector injector body or metering plug comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The atomizing injector injector body or metering plug comprises a thermoplastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface to which solvent and graphene sheets are applied is silicon or glass. It is a liquid interface or solid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene sheets are pristine. The conductive material further includes trace amounts of a solvent comprising cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The assemblage of graphene sheets is free from other carbon allotropes. The discrete transparent layer is adhered to a transparent substrate, which is glass. The assemblage of graphene sheets is a mirror reflective at normal angles of incidence to a human observer. Preferred Parameter: greater than or equal to 10% Of the graphene sheets are less than three atomic layers thick. The discrete transparent layer has a resistance of less than 20, preferably 5-35 Omega /square. The thickness of the discrete transparent layer is such as to provide a resistivity of less than 20 Omega /square. It is preferably less than 10 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of applying the solvent and graphene sheets to the surface includes separated multiple stages of solvent application and solvent removal to provide a layering of graphene sheets. The step of applying the solvent employs a laminar flow of the solvent over the surface or a spin coating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A precursor of silica gel carrying ionic liquid is tetra-alkyl orthosilicate. Preferred Composition: In ionic liquid(s), the mole ratio of two ionic liquids is 0.1-10, and the mole ratio among three ion liquids is (1-10):(1-10):(1-10). There are less than or equal to 3 ionic liquids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred composition: The proton exchange membrane layer comprises ionomer and support film of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. The support comprises porous material, paper, polyolefins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyesters, polyphenylene sulfide, or polymers with crystalline melting temperatures which do not dissolve in the coating solvents or dispersants used to imbibe ionomer into support material. The binder is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), or fluoroethylene propylene (FEP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric membrane is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyimide polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gaseous composition comprises hydrogen gas and the odorant (0.01-1000, preferably 0.1-40 ppm). Preferred Components: The selenium compound is ethylselenol, methylselenol, isopropylselenol, propylselenol, dimethyl selenide, ethylmethyl selenide, isopropylmethyl selenide, tertbutylselenol or diethyl selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is 10-12 m to 1012 m. The electromagnetic radiation comprises gamma rays, x-rays, extreme ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and/or radio wave. The electromagnetic radiation is coherent or incoherent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygen free environment comprises vacuum or non-oxidizing gas atmosphere. The hydrogen fixed fullerenes comprises hydrogen fixed to fullerenes, endohedral fullerenes, substituted fullerenes, and/or functionalized fullerenes. The material comprises CxHy, CxMy'Hz, where M is metal, several hydrogen fixed fullerenes secured by a carrier or matrix (preferably hydrogen fixed fullerene coated polymeric tape). The carrier or matrix comprises organic gas, liquid or solid, inorganic gas, liquid, or solid, polymer or polymer composite, water, aqueous solution or aqueous suspension, metal or metal alloy, glass or ceramic, and/or biological or biologically derived material.x=28-1500;y and z=2-x;andy'=1-x EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed organic solvent contains ethylene carbonate (15-35 volume%), and diethyl carbonate (0-35 volume%) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (0-50 volume%). The anion compound is chosen from dioxaborolanedione compound of formula (a), dioxaphospholanedione compound of formula (b), fluorine-containing compound of formula (c) and phospholanedione compound of formula (d).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liposome is fixed by negative electrode. The fuel cell comprises electron mediator which is fixed by negative electrode. The enzyme contains oxidase which accelerates the oxidation of fuel and is decomposed. The fuel cell contains coenzyme oxidase. The electron is passed to negative electrode through electron mediator, and the coenzyme which is reduced by oxidation of fuel is passed to oxidant. The oxidant of coenzyme is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and coenzyme oxidase is diaphorase. The oxidase is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependant alcohol dehydrogenase. The proton conductor contains electrolyte containing compound having imidazole ring as buffer substance. An acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid is added to buffer substance. The enzyme contains oxidase which accelerates the oxidation of monosaccharide and is decomposed. A glucose transporter is integrated in a lipid bilayer having liposome. The fuel cell contains degradation enzyme which accelerates the decomposition of polysaccharide which exist in the exterior of liposome, and generates monosaccharide. The degradation enzyme is glucoamylase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound having cyano group is of formula: NC-(X)n-CN, preferably succinonitrile, glutaronitrile, adiponitrile, pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile, 3,3'-thiodipropionitrile, 1,2,3-propanetricarbonitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile, undecanedinitrile, dodecanedinitrile, 1,2,3-tris(2-cyanoethoxy)propane and/or tris(2-cyanoethyl)amine, and more preferably pimelonitrile, suberonitrile, azelanitrile, sebaconitrile, 3,3'-oxydipropionitrile, 1,3,5-pentanetricarbonitrile, undecanedinitrile and/or dodecanedinitrile.X=CH2, CFH, CF2, CHR, CFR, CR2, C=O, O, S, NH or NR, preferably CH2, CFH, CF2, CHR, CFR, CR2, C=O, O, S, or NR;R=optionally substituted 5C or less hydrocarbyl, or cyano;andn=1 or more, preferably 5 or more.The non-aqueous electrolyte solution further contains compound chosen from carbonate having unsaturated bond and/or halogen atom, mono-fluorophosphate, and difluorophosphate. The carbonate is chosen from vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate and 4,5-difluoro ethylene carbonate. Preferred Composition: The content of compound having cyano group is 0.001-10 weight% with respect to whole quantity of non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition for producing hydrogen consists of gallium and tin, silver or metal with lower electrode potential than gallium The metal with lower electrode potential than gallium is magnesium and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The fuel cell system has a humidification unit for humidifying water content. The acidic gas absorption removal agent is arranged in upstream of humidification unit. The air electrode is formed on one surface of polymeric group hydrogen ion conductive electrolytic membrane, and a sulfone group is attached to principal chain of fluorocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The substitution degree of other substituents ether-linked with cellulose is 0.5-2.5, preferably 1.5-2.5. The substituents ether-linked with cellulose are methyl, hydroxypropyl or hydroxyethyl group. Preferred Composition: The cured material contains (in wt.%) cellulose ether (4.9-6.1), calcium sulfate dihydride (18-24), calcium hydroxide (44-54) and activated carbon (22-27). The cured material is preferably immersed in aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The nuclear fission heat is preserved by heat energy at 750 degrees C provided by air-cooled U235 graphite reactor and high temperature of 1250 degrees C provided by focused solar energy combined to form atomic solar vacuum furnace for regenerating carrier fuels.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises filtering and washing the precipitate prior to calcining. The solution further comprises calcium carbonate and/or calcium hydroxide. Preferred Components: The material comprises many primary particles of less than 300 nm in size and many nano-sized particles having an average secondary diameter of less than 100 microns. Preferred Definitions:    A = Na; and    f = 0.01-1 (when A is Na, f is 0).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection lead is selected from a group consisting of nickel, nickel-plating steel, copper, nickel plating copper, copper electroplating steel, copper electroplating nickel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: The carbon nanotubes are electrically connected to each other. In the electrode, at least one of carbon nanotube is electrically connected to at least three other ones of the carbon nanotubes. Preferred Method: The coating of the current collector involves forming a structural network containing the carbon nanotubes and the binder. The dispersion is coated to a thickness of 5-1000 nm. The electrode ink and the dispersion each further comprise a single type of solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The structural network and dispersion (s1) further comprise a dispersant. The carbon nanotubes have an aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 10. The carbon nanotubes are selected from single-wall carbon nanotubes, double-wall carbon nanotubes, multi-wall carbon nanotubes and/or bundle-type carbon nanotubes. The active material layer comprises the carbon nanotubes (0.01-20 wt.%). The structural network has carbon content of at least 1.3 times greater than that of the active material composition. The structural network comprises a network of electrically connected carbon nanotubes and a binder. The dispersion (s1) comprises 5-1000 parts by weight (pbw) of the binder, per 100 pbw of the carbon nanotubes; and not greater than 50 pbw of a dispersant, per 100 pbw of the carbon nanotubes. Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) further comprises not greater than 50 pbw of a dispersant, per 100 pbw of the carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium oxide is lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12). EXAMPLE - Fluorocarbon obtained by fluorinating petroleum coke, anatase titania with average particle diameter of 5 mu m, acetylene black and polytetrafluoroethylene were dry-mixed in the ratio of 100:1:10:5, and used for producing positive electrode. The positive electrode had favorable wettability with respect to organic electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method further involves performing distribution processing with respect to slurry formed by mixing the nickel oxide powder with the solvent, under high pressure. The sulfuric anhydride nickel or nickel sulfate monohydrate is obtained by calcining nickel sulfate hydrate at 150-600 degrees C, in oxidizing atmosphere. Preferred Composition: The nickel sulfate hydrate is nickel sulfate heptahydrate or nickel sulfate hexahydrate. Preferred Properties: The nickel oxide powder slurry has concentration of 10-30 mass%. The nickel oxide powder has sulfur content of 200-700 mass ppm, average particle diameter of 100-300 nm, particle-size-distribution width of 100 nm or less, tap density of 1-2.5 g/cm3 and specific surface area of 5-8 m2/g or 6-10 m2/g. Preferred Condition: The pressure of nickel oxide powder slurry is maintained at 100-245 MPa, during distribution processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is water, or an organic solvent. The organic solvent is ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol or terpineol. EXAMPLE - Nickel sulfate hexahydrate having particle size of 1-2 mm was pulverized until average particle diameter was 2 mu m. The pulverized material was then calcined at 150-200 degrees C, and spin-dehydrated, to obtain nickel sulfate monohydrate. The obtained nickel sulfate monohydrate was baked at 820-870 degrees C for 0.7-5 hours, to obtain nickel oxide powder having average particle diameter of 1.27 mu m, particle-sized-distribution width of 2.655 mu m, specific surface of area of 7.45 m2/g, sulfur content of 580 ppm and tap density of 0.441 g/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane type surfactant is silane coupling agent or silicone oil. Preferred Properties: The content of carbon nanotube is 5-75 weight% and content of silane type surfactant is 0.5-25 weight% with respect to carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ambient temperature molten salt is imidazolium type ionic liquid, pyridinium type ionic liquid, ammonium type ionic liquid, phosphonium type ionic liquid and/or sulfonium type ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A resin composition contains carbon nanotube dispersion (0.01-200 weight parts) with respect to thermoplastic resin (100 weight parts). EXAMPLE - 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (in weight parts) (56) and KBM-3103 (RTM: decyl trimethoxysilane) (4) were mixed to obtain electroconductive composition. Electroconductive composition and Lupilon S3000 (RTM: polycarbonate resin) (900) were mixed to obtain resin composition having excellent dispersibility and moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolytes are formed from a polymer or a polymer mixture selected from one of polyolefins, polyisobutene, polybutadiene or fluoro elastomers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The electrolyte layer comprises yttria stabilized zirconia, scandia stabilized zirconia, tetragonal zirconia, gadolinium oxide-doped cerium dioxide, doped gallates, or lanthanum oxide-doped gallium oxide. The cathode comprises a mixed conducting perovskite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) or (II) comprises reacting an acetylenic (meth)acrylate of formulae (R2-C?=C-X-O-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) (III) or (R1-C(=CH2)-C(=O)-O-X-C?=C-X-O-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) (IV), or an acetylenic alcohol of formula (R2-C?=C-X-OH) (V) or (OH-X-X-OH) (VI) with azide of formula (R-(N3)p) to afford an alcohol compound of formula (VII) or (VIII), where (VII) or (VIII) is further reacted with a compound of formula (R7-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) to give (I).R7 = halo, OH or OR8; andR8 = 1-4C alkyl.Preferred Components: The polymer is at least partially formed by a controlled polymerization method, where the controlled polymerization method is atom transfer radical polymerization, nitroxide-mediated polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization or group transfer polymerization. (III) is propargyl acrylate or propargyl methacrylate. (VI) is propargyl alcohol or 3-trimethylsilyl-2-propyn-1-ol. Preferred Definitions:    X = 2-6C alkylene, optionally interrupted by O;    R = a polymer or 2-30C alkylene; and    p = 2-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. acrylic acid 1-dodecyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methyl ester of formula (Ia), acrylic acid 1-hexadecyl-1H-(1,2,3) triazol-4-yl-methyl ester, 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(1-hexyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methoxy)-1-methyl-ethyl ester, acrylic acid 1-phenyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methyl ester and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(1-hexyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methoxy)-ethylester.    EXAMPLE - Propargyl acrylate (13 g), dodecylazide (22.3 g) and tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper (I) hexafluorophosphate (0.75 g) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (200 ml) and stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water to afford 1-dodecyl-4-acryloyloxymethyl-triazole precipitated as a white crystalline solid (33.5 g, 95%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The repeating unit of phenyl derivative of formula (VI) is of formula (VIa), and (V) is of formula (Va). Preferred Definitions:    Rf, Rf'=(CF2)r, (CF2CF2)rOCF2CF2, or (CF2CF(CF3)O)rCF2CF2; and    r=1-20, 0-6, or 1-8.    EXAMPLE - Deionized water (15 ml) and 20 wt.% aqueous solution of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (1.2 ml) were stirred and sparged with nitrogen for 10 minutes then a blend of 2-((4-trifluorovinyl)phenylthio)tetrafluoroethanesulfonyl fluoride (2 g) and 2-((4-trifluorovinyl)phenylthio)tetrafluoroethyl bromide (19.8 mg) was injected. The mixture was sparged for 5 minutes then ultra-sonicated for 5 minutes to give a stable emulsion. This was repeated 20 times to deoxygenate the solution. The solution was stirred and refluxed under nitrogen condition. The emulsion was heated to 50 degrees C, and potassium persulfate (KPS) in deionized water (0.5 mL) was added, stirred for 15-25 hours, frozen for 4 hours then thawed and treated with concentrated nitric acid (20 ml) at 90 degrees C for 90 minutes with stirring. The agglomerated polymer was collected by vacuum filtration, washed three times with water (50 ml) at 90 degrees C, and dried. The polymer was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THE, 15 ml) and added dropwise to methanol (250 ml) with stirring. The fine white fibrous polymer was collected by vacuum filtration, washed twice with methanol (500 ml), and dried at 70 degrees C under nitrogen purge to obtain polymer (0.872 g) at 43% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solid hydroboron is MBH4 and stabilizer is MOH. Content of solid hydroboron or its mixture and stabilizer in the casting film liquid is 0.1-45 wt %.M=alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Solvent is N,N-dimethyl ketopyrrolidine, lower alcohol and/or ether and content in casting film is 60-85 wt %. Preferred Process: Evaporation is by naturally evaporating in the air or using forced air current to evaporate for 5 s-20 minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Organic high molecular material is polysulfone, polyamide, poly-fluorine and/or polyacrylonitrile. Content of organic high molecular material in the casting film liquid is 3-30 (10-22) wt %.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer is provided with the resin-inorganic material layers, where inorganic material in the resin-inorganic material layers is selected from a group consisting of aluminum oxide, magnesium percolate, barium oxide, boric anhydride, calcium chloride, calcium oxide, cupric sulfate, lithium aluminum hydride, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate, phosphorus pentoxide, potassium carbonate, potassium-hydroxide, sodium, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, zinc chloride and silica gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin metal layer is made of material selected form a group consisting of alloy of iron, carbon, chrome, manganese, nickel and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The heterogeneous region portion is set in position such that carbon nanotube is equally divided along length direction. The outer diameter of heterogeneous portion is less than diameter of side portions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition for hydrogen production comprises first metal containing tin and gallium, second metal containing silver and gallium or third metal containing gallium, and metallic element(s) with lower normal electrode potential than gallium. The metallic element(s) with lower normal electrode potential than gallium may be aluminum and/or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The tertiary carboxylic acid ester is methyl trimethylacetate and/or ethyl trimethylacetate. The alkylene glycol (meth)acrylate is polypropylene glycol diacrylate. The polypropylene glycol diacrylate is present at 2-8 mass parts out of 100 mass parts of the total mass of the non-aqueous solvent and the electrolyte salt. The N,N-dialkyl (meth)acrylamide is N,N-dimethylacrylamide, which is present at 1.7-4 mass parts out of 100 mass parts of the total mass of the non-aqueous solvent and the electrolyte salt. The tertiary carboxylic acid ester in the total volume of the non-aqueous solvent is present at 10-90 vol.% at 25 degrees C and at 1 atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of the polymer comprises reacting dihalo derivatives of the monomers with stoichiometric amounts of a zero-valent nickel compound, such as a coordination compound (bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)), and a neutral ligand, such as triphenylphosphine or 2,2'-bipyridine. Preferred Definitions:    M = K, Na, Li or H;    R1f = 2-4C perfluorinated alkylene group;    Ar1, Ar1a = divalent group of formula (aa), (bb) or (cc);    m = 1; and    Q = SO2.    EXAMPLE - Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (2.02 equivalents), cyclooctadiene (2.02 equivalents), 2,2'-bipyridine (2.02 equivalents), and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were charged into a flask, then heated to 70 degrees C under nitrogen for 30 minutes to give a dark violet-colored solution. N,N'-Bis(6-bromo-dibenzodisulfolane-2-sulfonyl)-octafluorobutane-1,4-disulfonamide, disodium salt (1 equivalent) and DMF were charged in a flask, then heated to 70 degrees C under nitrogen. This solution can be added by cannula to the reaction flask under nitrogen and maintained at 70 degrees C overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into concentrated hydrochloric acid in a blender to precipitate the polymer and dispersed it into particles and worked up to give poly(bis-dibenzdisulfolane-sulfonimide-1,4-octafluorobutane-sulfonimide) of formula (Ia) (where n is not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The odorization agent is sulfur compound. The removal agent is desulfurizing agent of zinc oxide type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The odorization agent is t-butyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graphene compound is of formulae (1-7).R1-R174=H, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, cyano, amide, acyl, perfluoro aryl or perfluoro alkyl.At least one of R1-R174 is fluorine. EXAMPLE - Hexaphenyl benzene was dissolved in dichloromethane. The resultant solution was dissolved in anhydrous iron chloride and nitromethane, stirred for 30 minutes and methanol was added, to obtain precipitate. The resultant precipitate was filtered. The resultant deposit was stirred and filtered in aqueous ammonia, washed and vacuum-dried, to obtain hexabenzocoronene compound. Coin battery was produced using obtained hexabenzocoronene compound as negative electrode active material. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxylic methyl ester is methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate or methyl isobutyrate, preferably methyl propionate. Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile or sulfolane, preferably propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. Preferred Ion: The anion is ion of compound chosen from boron tetrafluoride (BF4-), phosphorus hexafluoride (PF6-), arsenic hexafluoride (AsF6-), antimony hexafluoride (SbF6-), sulfonate compound of formula: N(RfSO2)2-, C(RfSO2)3-, RfSO3-, or N(FSO2)2-, fluoride F-, perchlorate (ClO4-), aluminum tetrafluoride (AlF4-), aluminum tetrachloride (AlCl4-), tantalum hexafluoride (TaF6-), niobium hexafluoride (NbF6-), silicon hexafluoride (SiF6-), cyano (CN-), trifluoromethyl (CH3BF3-), and hydrogen fluoride (F(HF)n-).Rf=1-12C fluoro alkyl;andn=1-4. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-5C monovalent hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl.    EXAMPLE - Electrolyte (in weight parts) (19) containing 2-methyl imidazole (82), tetrahydrofuran (144), potassium hydroxide (56), ethyl chloride (71), 1-ethyl-2-methyl imidazole (50), dimethyl carbonate (135), methanol (192) and fluoroboric acid (42 wt.%), methyl acetate (9) and propylene carbonate (72) were stirred at 25 degrees C for 60 hours to form electrolyte solution. The obtained solution was used to provide capacitor having excellent discharge characteristics and reliability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fluid circuit comprises at least one of: a coolant system comprising a coolant circulating between a heat exchanger and the fuel cell; a humidifying system for returning at least a portion of water produced by the fuel cell back to the fuel cell; a fuel recycle system for recycling at least a portion of unreacted fuel to the fuel cell; and an oxidant recycle system for recycling at least a portion of unreacted oxidant to the fuel cell. The fuel recycle system comprises piping for transferring unreacted hydrogen exhaust gas from the fuel cell and returning at least a portion of the unreacted hydrogen to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method includes the step of passing at least a portion of fluid exiting the fuel cell through the ion exchange filter before returning at least a portion of the fluid to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anion exchange resin comprises a vinyl aromatic polymer derived from monomers comprising styrene and divinylbenzene. The anion exchange resin is gellular and in bead form. The anion exchange resin is a strong base anion exchange resin. The filter further comprises a cation exchange resin disposed within the cartridge. The anion exchange resin comprises a polymer comprising a substituted benzene repeating unit of formula (a).L = a chemical bond between the nitrogen atom and an aromatic carbon atom, 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C alkoxy, preferably methyl, where L is located at the meta or para (preferred) position of the ring;R1-R3 = 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C hydroxy alkyl, preferably methyl; andX = bicarbonate anion (preferred) or carbonate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The remote ON/OFF control is offered by the PLC through a control area network (CAN) bus interface that conforms to SAE J1939 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The assembly includes two polycarbonate middle plate supports and an end support plate made of glass fabric laminated with epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer (a1) is poly(vinylidene difluoride). The polymer (a2) is poly(ethylene oxide). The polymer (a3) is poly(3-hexythiophene). The polymers (a1-a3) are mixed in a solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The hydrophilicity enhancer includes acid-treated ceramic particle    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The portion of the catalyst layer which faces a channel includes a metal catalyst or a metal catalyst on a carbon-based support; and a hydrophilicity enhancer from titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zeolite, zirconia, ceria, acid-treated carbon, and/or aluminum oxide. The portion of the catalyst layer which does not face a channel includes a metal catalyst or a metal catalyst on a carbon-based support. A weight ratio of the metal catalyst to the hydrophilicity enhancer is 1:0.05 to 1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The portion of the catalyst layer which faces a channel includes a polymer ionomer. The hydrophilicity enhancer includes hydrophilic polymer. The portion of the catalyst layer which does not face a channel includes a polymer ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer chain is hydrophilic including continuous alkyl group and N-isopropyl acrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid treated oxide nanoparticles or nanorods are made of titania, silica and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer consists of perfluorinated sulfonic acid group containing polymer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polysulfone, and sulfonated or phosphated hydrocarbon polymer. The polymer solvent consists of polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, and poly2-ethyloxazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating comprises tin, germanium or silicon as a primary element with a content of greater than 50 wt.% based on the total weight of the coating, an element consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, cadmium, antimony, lead, bismuth and/or zinc, and an active material consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum and cadmium, alloys or intermetallic compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum or cadmium with other elements and/or oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides and tellurides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, iron and/or cadmium, where the alloys or compounds are stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a lithium secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The resistive heater is a ceramic heater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The grafted nanoparticles have a respective inorganic core comprising silica. The self-assembled structure comprises inorganic core (1-10 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The brush structure comprises polystyrene having an Mg of 100-120 kDa, or comprises poly(methylmethacrylate) having an Mg of 85 kDa. 25-45 Grafted polymeric organic chains per nanoparticle are provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aqueous solution contains 10-15 ml of trace element containing liquid and 0.2 mol of phosphate buffered saline at pH 7. The vitamin containing liquid contains 0.00025 grams per liter of sodium tungstate, 0.00025 grams per liter of nickel chloride 6-hydrate, 0.0001 grams per liter of orthoboric acid, 0.0001 grams per liter of hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate, 0.0001 grams per liter of copper sulfate pentahydrate, 0.0001 grams per liter of hydrated cobalt chloride, 0.0001 grams per liter of anhydrous calcium chloride, 0.0001 grams per liter of ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 0.0013 grams per liter of zinc chloride, 0.03 grams per liter of magnesium sulfate, 0.005 grams per liter of manganese sulfate and 0.01 grams per liter of sodium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aqueous solution contains 2-3 g of glucose and 3-7 ml of vitamin containing liquid at pH 7. The vitamin containing liquid contains 0.00002 grams per liter of folic acid, 0.00002 grams per liter of vitamin H, 0.0001 grams per liter of vitamin B6, 0.000001 grams per liter of vitamin B12, 0.00005 grams per liter of vitamin B1, 0.00005 grams per liter of lactoflavin, 0.00005 grams per liter protogen and 0.00005 grams per liter of p-aminobenzoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The fuel cell substrate is made of stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and/or nickel base alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator consists of insulating porous material made of polymeric material selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyolefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The combustion catalyst and modification catalyst are arranged in the tube to form a hollow connecting both ends of tube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrochemical bath comprises a nanoparticle. The porous substrate comprises carbon nanotubes. The porous substrate comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. The porous substrate comprises nano-structured elements comprising chemical groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first metallic ion comprises gold. The second metallic ion comprises platinum, ruthenium or nickel. The first electrochemical bath further comprises materials to codeposit with the reduction of the metallic ion. The second electrochemical bath further comprises salts to be codeposit with the second metallic ion. The second electrochemical bath further comprises nanoparticles to codeposit with the second metallic ion. The first metallic ion comprises platinum and the second metallic ion comprises ruthenium. The catalyst comprises nickel, platinum or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves additional step of depositing a polymer coating over the nanoclusters; and depositing a metallic coating over the nanoclusters. The process (P1) further involves: depositing an activating layer on top of the porous structure to activate the porous structure for reduction of the first electrochemical bath. In process (P2), the porous substrate comprises a polymer. Preferred Components: The porous substrate comprises a polymer substrate. The porous substrate comprises a naturally occurring polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The platinum precursor, cerium precursor and composite oxide carrier are added to a mixed solution of an acid (5-20 weight parts) and ethylene glycol (10-60 weight parts). The mixture is dried at 80-120 degrees C and sintered at 300-700 degrees C, preferably 400-700 degrees C. Preferred Oxide: The oxide carrier is yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide, cerium oxide-zirconium oxide, or cerium oxide-yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide, preferably cerium oxide-yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide. Preferred Properties: The content of zirconium oxide is 50-95 weight parts, preferably 70-95 weight parts, and cerium oxide is 5-30 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of oxide carrier. The amount of the cerium is 1-20 mole with respect to 1 mole of the platinum, the amount of the platinum is 0.5-5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the catalyst. The platinum has average particle diameter of 1-10 nm, degree of dispersion of 70-99%. The amount of the zirconium oxide in the precursor of the zirconium oxide is 50-95 weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the total weight of the oxide in the precursor of the oxide carrier. The amount of the precursor of the oxide carrier is 1 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Tetra-ammine platinum(II) nitrate (in g) (0.22) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (2.42) were added to water (50 ml), and stirred with yttrium zirconate (10) at 60 degrees C for 6 hours. The mixture was dried at 110 degrees C for 12 hours and sintered at 500 degrees C for 1 hour under air atmosphere to form platinum-cerium/yttrium zirconate having excellent catalytic activity and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material further comprises additive. The additive is a transition metal. The transition metal is vanadium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, copper and/or cobalt, preferably zirconium. An electrode comprises lithium titanate material. Preferred Properties: The particles have average size of more than 150 nm, preferably 150-500 nm. The surface area of material is less than 15 m2/g, preferably 3-7 m2/g measured by BET method. The particles have crystallite size of more than 100 nm, preferably 150-250 nm measured by X-ray diffraction method. The material has pore size distribution such that it includes distribution (I) of pore size of 0.1-1 mu , and distribution (II) of pore size of 1-100 mu . The volume of the pores in distribution (I) is more than the volume of the pores in distribution (II). The distribution (I) of pore size is 0.2-0.6 mu . The distribution (II) of pore size is 5-50 mu . The additive reduces the particle size of material and crystallite size of material, increases the surface area of material, produces more separated particles of material and more faceted particles of material, and improves the rate capability of material. The porosity of electrode prior to calendering is 10-50%, preferably more than 20% measured by scanning electron microscope image analysis. Preferred Composition: The content of additive comprises 0.01-20 weight%, preferably 0.1-5 weight% of material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The basic catalyst is ammonia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or their mixture. The metal compound is citrate, chloride, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, acetate or oxalate of metal element selected from silver, gold, platinum, iron, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent is selected from water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol or their mixture. The silane precursor is 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrichlorosilane or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separator comprises polyphenylene sulfide, polyethertherketone and poly-fluoro-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The volume ratio of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to carbon (C) is 2:1. The concentration of H2O2 is 2 or 1.5 M. The dipping time is 1 or 1.5 hours. Preferred Method: The carbon anode is treated by hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at first, where the volume ratio of HCl or NaOH to C is 2:1, the concentration of HCl or NaOH is 2 M and the dipping time at 80 degrees C is 1 hour. Then, the C anode is treated by H2O2, where the volume ratio of H2O2 to C is 2:1, the concentration of H2O2 is 2 M and the dipping time is 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is an oxide of metal chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel. The metallic compound is lithium salt. The average coagulated particle diameter of metal oxide and metallic compound in slurry is 0.03-2.5 mu m and 0.1-10 mu m respectively. The composite metal oxide sintered component has average coagulated particle diameter of 0.7-15 mu m, BET specific surface area of 1-40 m2/g, peak pore diameter of 0.05-0.5 mu m, and pore distribution of 10 mu m or less measured by mercury porosimeter. The slurry further contains a substance (A) which is different from metal oxide and metallic compound. The substance (A) is slightly soluble in the solvent. The substance (A) does not thermally decomposes during spraying granulation, and thermally decomposes during baking.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is of formula: R1-Cn(R3)2n-R2, preferably aromatic compound of formulae (2 or 3), and more preferably naphthyl compound of formula (4) or isoquinoline compound of formulae (5 or 6).R1-R3=H, hydroxyl, amino, aminoalkyl, cyano, halo, sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid, at least one of R1-R3 is sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid;andR4-R36=H, hydroxyl, amino, aminoalkyl, cyano, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, sulfonic acid or methyl phosphonic acid, at least one of R4-R36 is sulfonic acid or methyl phosphonic acid.Preferred Electrode: A fuel cell (110) has a fuel electrode (10) and an oxygen electrode (20) arranged in an electrolyte containing the ion conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A honeycomb structure (1) formed using the binding material has honey-comb portion material, and bonding material layer (5) which is provided between the honey-comb portion materials, and joins the honeycomb portion material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The monomer (A) or polymer (D) is of formula: S1-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf4-S2. The monomer (B) or polymer (E) is of formula: S3-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf3-S4. The monomer (C) is of formula: X-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf5-X. The polymer (F) is of formula: X-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf6-X.S1-S4=(-NZ1Z2), -SO2NZ1Z2, -SO2X, -CONZ1Z2 or -COX;Z1,Z2=H, M or trimethyl silyl;M=metallic element;andX=halogen or OH, preferably halogen, boronic acid, boronic acid cyclic ester. Preferred Definitions:    E1,E2=(-(SO2NM)i3SO2-);    i3=1 or more;and    Ar=benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, naphthacene, pentacene, phenanthrene, pyrene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, carbazole, oxazole, oxathiazole, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, tetraphenyl, terphenyl, biphenyl, fluorene, stilbene or their derivative.    EXAMPLE - A perfluoro sulfonamide was obtained using 4,4'-Diiodo biphenyl, copper bronze, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate. Then, the obtained perfluoro sulfonamide and perfluorosulfonyl fluoride were polymerized, to obtain electrolyte. The obtained electrolyte had excellent proton conductivity and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protection cover is formed using plastic chosen from polyfluoroacetylene (PFA), polyether sulfone (PES) and modified polypropylene (PP), rubber chosen from ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) and styrene-butadiene, or resident chosen from proxy resin and phenolic aldehyde modified epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A non-woven film is formed with the polypropylene, and the polyethylene terephthalate or the polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: milling at least the first precursor particles to form milled precursor particles prior to reacting, where the milled precursor particles have an average particle size of less than 100 nm; milling the reaction product particles having an average particle size of less than 100 nm; and forming an electrode from the reaction product particles. The first precursor and the second precursor are milled together prior to reacting. The reacting step comprises heating the mixture at a temperature of at least 500 degrees C. The precursors are provided at least partially dissolved in a fluid carrier. Preferred Components: The first precursors are in the form of particles having platelet morphology. The second precursors are in the form of particles. The reaction product particles have the same chemical composition. The precursors are: aluminum nitrate, ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate, ammonium monohydrogen orthophosphate, cobalt hydroxide, cobalt nitrate, cobalt oxide, iron acetate, iron oxide, iron phosphate, manganese acetate, manganese carbonate, manganese hydroxide, manganese oxide, nickel hydroxide, nickel nitrate, nickel oxide, or titanium oxide; or lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, or lithium iodide. The reaction product particles have a layered structure. EXAMPLE - Iron phosphate particles was milled using grinding media comprising a multi-carbide material to produced nanosize iron phosphate particles. The milled iron phosphate particles were combined with the lithium carbonate particles, and a fluid carrier, and the mixture was milled to form a precursor blend, which was then removed from the mill and dried. The dry precursor blend was heated to 600-700 degrees C to form the lithium iron phosphate reaction product particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon monoxide concentration in PSA off gas is 2-10 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polycyclic aromatic ring is chosen from naphthalene, phenalene, triphenylene, anthracene, perylene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The radical structure is chosen from nitroxyl radical structure, oxy radical structure, nitrogen radical structure, sulfur radical structure, carbon radical structure and boron radical structure, preferably 2,2,6,6-tetralkyl-1-oxylpyridinyl structure, 2,2,5,5-tetralkyl-1-oxylpyrrolinyl structure and 2,2,5,5-tetralkyl-1-oxyl piperidinyl structure. The polycyclic aromatic ring has spacer through which the ring is connected to the radical structure. The spaced chosen from amide bond, ester bond, urea-bond, urethane bond, carbamide bond, ether linkage, sulfide bonding. Preferred Composition: The electrode comprises organic radical compound supported by carbon as electroconductive material. The electrical storage device comprises positive electrode and negative electrode including organic radical compound. EXAMPLE - 1-Hydroxy carbonyl pyrene (in mg) (246), N,N-dimethylformamide, 4-(4,6-dimethyoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-4-methyl morphonium chloride (304), 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl piperidine (188) and methanol (15 ml) were mixed, stirred for 24 hours and reacted at room temperature. The resultant product was extracted using chloroform solution, washed using water (20 ml), hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (10 ml) and saturated anhydrous salt solution (10 ml), dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and purified using silica gel, to obtain N-(3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-oxyl piperidyl)pyrene-1-carboxamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The motor vehicle is provided with data lines for transmission of the data between controls according to Bluetooth standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal foil substrate of the anode is copper. The metal foil substrate of the cathode is aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solubility of fullerene cluster at normal temperature with respect to 1-chloronaphthalene and carbon disulfide is 1 mg/mL or more and less than 1 mg/mL, respectively. The solubility of fullerene base material derivative at normal temperature with respect to hexane and carbon disulfide is less than 0.1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL or more, respectively. Preferred Process: The alkali-metal containing fullerene base material derivative is obtained from composition containing alkali-metal endohedral fullerene formed by irradiating plasma containing alkali metal ion-coupled with alkylidene to fullerene, extracted using chloronaphthalene and reprecipitated. Preferred Definitions:    R=bridge head of crosslinking ring system which is formed by bonding carbon which is adjacent to the carbon of AF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst electrode is formed of platinum or platinum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of annular sultone to oxalyl lithium difluoroborate is 1:0.1-12 (preferably 1:1-3). The non-aqueous electrolytic solution comprises (pts.wt.) non-aqueous solvent (1), lithium salt (0.068-0.2, preferably 0.123-0.164), and additive (0.005-0.2, preferably 0.06-0.08). Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluorophosphate, diacetyl lithium borate or arsenic lithium hexafluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The annular sultone is 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,3-butane sultone and 1,3-propylene sultone. The non-aqueous solvent is ester carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate or gamma -butyrolactone. Preferred Properties: The water content of ester carbonate is less than 0.0005%; and purity is more than 99.98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tellurium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anion trapping agent is material which electrochemically occludes the anion of the electrolyte solution supporting electrolyte with electric potential more than the oxidation-reduction potential of positive electrode active material. The anion trapping agent is nitroxide radical polymer comprising structural unit of formula (1-8).n=not defined.Preferred Composition: The positive electrode active material contains lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide and/or lithium magnesium oxide. The negative electrode contains amorphous carbon, silicon oxide and/or thin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A fuel cell has layer comprising electrode catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Crystal orientation ratio of peak intensity (220) of (220) plane with respect to sum of peak intensity (111) of (111) plane and peak intensity (200) of (200) plane of catalyst component thin film is more than 1 measured by X-ray diffraction. The support has specific surface area of 10-500 m2/g. Preferred Components: The catalyst component thin film contains platinum or platinum-containing alloy. The support is chosen from carbon material, conductive polymer, electro-conductive material and metal material. Preferred Method: The catalyst thin film is formed by solution reduction electrodeposition, electrodeposition, vacuum deposition, sputtering and chemical vapor deposition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme contains the oxidase which stimulates the oxidation of monosaccharide and is decomposed. The enzyme contains the coenzyme oxidase which passes an electron to the negative through the electron mediator, while returning the coenzyme reduced with the oxidation of the monosaccharide to an oxidant. The oxidant of the coenzyme is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The coenzyme oxidase is a diaphorase. The oxidase is the NAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The enzyme includes degradation enzyme which stimulates decomposition of a polysaccharide and produces a monosaccharide, the oxidase which stimulates the oxidation of the produced monosaccharide and is decomposed. The degradation enzyme is a glucoamylase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The concentration of the reduced type nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the fuel solution, is 5-200 mM, preferably 10-125 mM. The concentration of the 2-amino-1,4-napthoquinone in the fuel solution is 2-70 mM, preferably 5-50 mM. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: An intermediate material is molded using the composition, dried and extrusion-molded to obtain film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A slit blade for film is provided between pressure-bonding roll and winding pipe, and a tension roll to provide tension on the film, is provided between winding pipe and slit blade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide has hydroxyl group. The inorganic oxide is silica, titania or alumina. The inorganic oxide precursor is acid neutralization or silica-sol obtained by carrying out ion exchange about water glass or silazane, or inorganic oxide sol obtained from metal alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The resin has group bonded with hydroxyl group of inorganic oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connection plates are formed of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The battery case with sealing portion is made of aluminum laminate sheet including resin layer and metal layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator or the separator sheet is made of microporous polyethylene film, polypropylene film, multilayered film manufactured by a combination of polyethylene film and polypropylene film, or polymer film for a polymer electrolyte including polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The gas diffusion layer, partially cured crosslinkable resin, and CCM layer structure are subjected to thermal curing process, and the curing of the crosslinkable resin is completed. The web comprising CCM layer has primary surface and secondary surface. The exposed surface of crosslinkable resin is subjected to photo-curing process such as ultraviolet light curing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The crosslinkable resin comprises a cationically polymerizable monomer such as epoxide monomer and vinyl ether monomer. The crosslinked resin is photocurable and thermally curable crosslinked resin. Preferred Component: The fuel cell membrane electrode assembly comprises a catalyst coated membrane (CCM) having primary and secondary surfaces, a subgasket provided in peripheral region of CCM on primary and secondary surfaces, a crosslinked resin provided on subgasket, and gas diffusion layer. The primary surface comprises an anode catalyst layer, and the secondary surface comprises a cathode catalyst layer. The application system of the production apparatus comprises a rotary screen printing system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The anode active material per unit area on one surface of the anode is greater than or equal to 3.8 mg/cm2 and less than or equal to 4.4 mg/cm2. The capacity of the anode per unit area on one surface of the anode is greater than or equal to 0.8 mAh/cm2 and less than or equal to 1.2 mAg/cm2. The discharge end-point potential of the anode in the charge/discharge cycle is 0.5 V versus Li/Li+ or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode contains 10-40 wt.% graphite with d002 of greater than or equal to 0.335 nm and less than or equal to 0.34 nm. The cathode active material is LixMnaNibCocMdO2.a=0.1-0.4;b=0.4-0.7;c=0-0.2;d=0-0.1; ora+b+c+d=1; andx=1-1.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrolyte contains an aromatic compound. EXAMPLE - A cathode sheet and an anode sheet were cut each into a predetermined size, and current collector tabs were attached by supersonic welding to non-coated portions on both ends of the electrode respectively. The cathode current collector tab was made of aluminum and the anode current collector tab was made of nickel. Using the cathode and the anode, the cathode and the anode were combined such that the weight ratio of the cathode active material to the anode active material was 1.3-1.7. Then, a porous polyethylene film was sandwiched between the cathode and the anode and wound into a cylindrical shape. The wound body was inserted to a battery casing, the anode tab was connected to the bottom of-the battery casing by resistance welding and, on the other hand, a cathode tab was connected to the inner side of a lid by supersonic welding. An electrolyte formed by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate (1 mol/L) into a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1:2 was poured and, a lid was caulked to the battery casing for sealing, to obtain lithium ion batteries.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The resin material is polyphenylene sulfide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The tertiary amine and/or quaternary ammonium compound are added at a quantity of 0.01-50 wt.%. The tertiary amine and/or quaternary ammonium compound are mixed together with the ionic liquid. Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is of formula ((A)+(1/n).(Y)(n-)) (I). The tertiary amine comprises: di(2-hydroxyethyl)(1-6C-alkyl)amine, tri(2-hydroxyethyl)amine and/or alkoxylated derivatives of these compounds; or heterocyclic tertiary amine comprising imidazole- and/or pyrazole-compound. The ring carbon atom adjacent to ring nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic tertiary amine exhibits different hydrogen substituents. The cation of the quaternary ammonium compound comprises: (1-4C alkyl) (1-6C-alkyl)di-2-hydroxyethyl-ammonium ion, (1-4C alkyl)tri(2-hydroxyethyl)-ammonium ion or alkoxylated derivatives of these compounds. The anion of the quaternary ammonium compound is 1-4C-alkyl sulfate anion.((A)+) = quaternary ammonium-cation, preferably imidazolium ion, pyrazolium ion (both preferred), pyridinium ion, pyridazinium ion, pyrimidinium ion, pyrazinium ion, thiazolium ion, oxazolium ion, 1,2,4-triazolium ion, 1,2,3-triazolium ion, pyrrolidinium ion, imidazolidinium ion or diazabicyclo alkenium ion;((Y) (n-)) = anion equivalent of n-times charged anion, preferably ((R1a)SO3-) (preferred), ((R1aO)PO32-), ((R1aO)(R1b)PO2-), ((R1aO)SO2-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)PO2-), ((R1aO)PO22-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)PO-), ((R1aO)(R1b)PO-), ((R1aO)BO22-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)BO-), ((R1aO)(R1b)BO-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)(R1cO)(R1dO)B-), ((R1aO)CO2-), ((R1aO)SiO33-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)SiO22-), ((R1aO)(R1b)SiO22-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)(R1dO)SiO-), ((R1aO)(R1bO)(R1c)SiO-) or ((R1aO)(R1b)(R1c)SiO-); and eitherR1a-R1d = alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl (all preferred), H, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl; orR1a-R1d + part of the anion = 1-12C aromatic ring, which does not exhibit adjacent heteroatom or heteroatom containing groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aluminum which is not oxidized, is removed using copper chloride solution or tin chloride. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution. The preparation of nano-pipe heterogeneous junction structured by zinc oxide and carbon, is carried out in atmosphere of acetylene and argon. The acid is oxalic acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage alloy contains misch metal comprising 100 mass% of lanthanum and cerium. The hydrogen storage alloy has compositional formula: MmNiaMnbAlcCod (1), where a is 3.45-4.4, preferably 3.45-3.65, b is 0.3-0.5, preferably 0.35-0.45, c is 0.2-0.5, preferably 0.25-0.35, d is 0.15-0.8, preferably 0.7-0.8 and a+b+c+d is 4.9-5.4, preferably 4.9-5.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organometallic compounds are lithium (Li) isopropoxide and cobalt acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer has hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, carboxyl group, ether linkage and/or ester bond. The binder is polyacrylic acid or polyacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The diagnostic connection with the central evaluation unit takes place over a Local interconnect network bus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hydrogenate material is a metal or metal alloy selected from a group consisting of titanium, iron, chromium, zirconium, calcium, magnesium, copper, nickel and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal cations are manganese, cobalt and iron cations, and has a composition of MnCo(0.9)Fe(0.1)O4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zirconium oxide and sum of zirconium oxide and cerium oxide is 3-97% or 1-99%. The molar ratio of oxide of element (R) and sum of oxide of element (R) and boron oxide is 10-70%. The element (R) is preferably calcium. The molar ratio of oxide of element (R) and sum of oxide of element (R), zirconium oxide and cerium oxide is 0.01-20%. Preferred Properties: The amorphous substance has flake shape or fiber shape. The ceria-zirconia group solid solution crystal has cubic crystal structure. The microparticles have average primary particle diameter of 5-200 nm and specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more. Preferred Method: The components other than crystal are separated from precipitated product using an acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive carrier is conductive ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The transition metal is selected from iron, cobalt, zirconium, titanium, manganese, cesium, tin, nickel, chromium or silver. The solvent is water. The soluble precursors are soluble platinum salts, soluble gold salts or soluble salts of transition metals. The conductive carrier is active carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, carbosphere or carbon aerogels. The conductive ceramic is titanium carbide, silicon carbide, titanium diboride or titanium dioxide. The acid solution is selected from hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is selected from 2-4C monohydric alcohol, 2-4C dibasic alcohol or 2-4C polyhydric alcohol. The monohydric alcohol is ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. The dibasic alcohol or polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, propanetriol or butylene glycol. The low molecular alcohols are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and n-propyl alcohol. The acid solution is selected from oxalic acid or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide particles are selected from silicon oxide (SiO2), titanium oxide (TiO2), magnesium oxide (MgO) and/or aluminum trioxide (Al2O3). The non-aqueous salt solution comprises a solvent and a supporting salt. The supporting salt is selected from lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3), lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonyl imide (LiN(CF3SO2)2)), and lithium bisperfluoroethyl sulfonyl imide (LiN(SO2C2F5)2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1,2-dimethoxy ethane (DME) or higher glymes, diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, sufolane, methyl formate and/or methyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The compound carbon layer, the middle layer, the composite metal layer and the metal layer consist of one or more types of elements and carbons among tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, or a silicon or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The nitroxide radical polymer is of formula (1-8).n=not defined.Preferred Process: The layer (I) of active layer is formed by penetrating the solution containing nitroxide radical polymer in the lithium containing silicon-oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crystal grain boundary and crystal grain comprised in the collector contains lead oxide and lead peroxide. The collector contains alloy powder chosen from tin-lead alloy, tin-calcium-type lead alloy, tin-antimony-type lead alloy, tin-strontium-type lead alloy and tin-barium-type lead alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent used in production of multilayered composite membrane is water, alcohol, aromatic, acetate, N,N-dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, diethylether, N-methylpyrrolidone, methylenechloride, ketone, and/or dimethylsulfoxide. The N,N-dimethylacetamide is acetic acid, dimethylamide, dimethylacetamide, and/or acetyldimethylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The top layer of conductive polymer electrolyte material is chosen from perfluorosulfonic acid, polyphenylsulfone, and tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. The carrier film comprises polyester material, glass, aluminum foil, polyester coated papers, casting papers comprising a specialty high-temperature coating being devoid of polyester, casting papers having high release silicones, and/or aluminum foil laminates with stable paper substrates. The polyester material is polyethylene terephthalate and/or biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate. The nanoparticles preferably contain hydrophilic nano-sized zirconium phosphate/phosphonate particles and/or sulfonated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises: a lithium salt of formula (Li2B12FyZ12-y); at least one of organic aprotic solvents or inorganic solvents, preferably nitriles, acetonitrile, propionitrile, glutaronitrile, organic carbonates, fluorinated solvents, fluorinated organic carbonates, esters and/or ethers; and aprotic gel polymers. (I) has a UV-visible spectrum peak of greater than 400 nm. Preferred Components: The oxidizing environment comprises chemical and electrochemical oxidation. The solvent has an oxidation potential of greater than 4.6 V. (A) is present at 0.001-0.5 M. Preferred Definitions:    M = alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, tetraalkylammonium or imidazolium.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium phosphate compound is of formula: LiMxPO4.M=cobalt, manganese, iron, nickel, magnesium, aluminum, boron, titanium, vanadium, niobium, copper, zinc, molybdenum, calcium, strontium, tungsten, or zirconium;andx=0-1.Preferred Property: The lithium phosphate compound has average particle diameter of 50-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon material has micropore, and has total pore volume of 0.5-0.95 ml/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The cyclic compound is obtained by polymerizing a phenolic compound having 2 or more hydroxyl groups, and aldehyde compound. The cyclic compound is baked at 200-1500 degrees C in inactive gas atmosphere, and further baked at 200-1500 degrees C in presence of oxidizing gas. Alternately, the cyclic compound is sequentially baked at 400 degrees C or less in presence of oxidizing gas, 200-1500 degrees C in inactive gas atmosphere, and 200-1500 degrees C in presence of water or carbon dioxide. Preferred Definitions:    R=H.    EXAMPLE - Tetramethyl calyx resorcinarene was baked in argon atmosphere at 1000 degrees C for 4 hours, and further baked at 1000 degrees C in carbon dioxide atmosphere for 2 hours. The baked product was pulverized, and a carbon material was produced. The carbon material had total pore volume of 0.68 ml/g and micropore volume of 0.43 ml/g. A negative electrode active material was produced using carbon material, and a negative electrode was formed using active material. The obtained negative electrode, positive electrode and electrolyte were combined to form sodium ion secondary battery. The battery had excellent charging and discharging characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The binder contains modified fluorine polymer with weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 350000. Positive electrode active material contains lithium manganate, lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, manganese nickel lithium cobaltate and/or olivine type iron phosphate. Electrically conductive agent is carbon material consists of graphite, amorphous carbon and/or fibrous carbon. Collector is aluminum foil in which a physical or chemical surface treatment is performed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The synthesis aid comprises water. The first material is carbon, metal oxide, boehmite, metal titanate, and sodium titanate. The second material is metal oxide, semiconductor material, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The synthesis aid comprises liquid solvent for the precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The azo compound having amidine group is of formula (2) and the azo compound having imidazoline group is of formula (3).R1-R8=1-20C alkyl, 3-20C cycloalkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-14C arylalkyl or 2-20C alkenyl (all optionally substituted by hydroxyl, -OR, -COOH, -COOR or -COR);andR=1-20C alkyl.The protonic solvent is used in an amount of 1-100 wt.% with respect to the total weight of the vinyl phosphate monomer. The protonic solvent is water, methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The radical initiator is contained in an amount of 0.01-1 mol% with respect to the total weight of the vinyl phosphate monomer. The radical initiator is 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(N-butyl-2-methyl propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(N-cyclohexyl-2-methyl propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(N-(2-propenyl)-2-methyl propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-methyl propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-N-2-hydroxybutyl)propionamide, 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-N-(1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide), 2,2'-azobis(2-(2-imidazoline-2-yl)propane), 2,2'-azobis(2-(1-2-imidazoline-2-yl)propane), its salt, halide or hydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymerization solution is diluted with distilled water and vinyl phosphate polymer is precipitated by adding methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, acetone or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The corrosion resistance evaluation test is conducted in accordance with JISZ2294 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: Saccharides are oligosaccharide, dextrin, water soluble dietary fiber and/or water soluble cellulose decomposition product. Positive electrode active material is metal oxide, metal sulfide or electroconductive organic polymer compounds. Metal oxide is of formula LiFePO4. Negative electrode active material is graphite type carbon, non-graphite type carbon or metal. Metal is silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The negative electrode active material is a spinel type lithium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-effective dust filter screen is made of polypropylene, polyfluorotetraethylene, poly-cyclic olefin copolymer -cyclenes, hexafluoropropene-polyfluorotetraethylene polymer, polytrifluorochloroethylene, polypropylene, or electret material of polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanostructure is chosen from single-walled carbon nanotube, double-walled carbon nanotube, multi-walled carbon nanotube, nanowire and carbon nanofiber having diameter 200 nm or less, amorphous or graphitic carbon nanoparticles having diameter of 10-500 nm, and fullerene. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon nanostructures is 1-20 weight%. The content of monomer solution is 1-100 mM. The content of carbon nanomaterial is 20-200 mg/l. Preferred Process: The polymer/nanomaterial dispersion is homogenized in an ultrasound bath, after mixing polymer solution and nanomaterial. The carbon material is treated using acid solution such as nitric acid and/or sulfuric acid, basic solution such as potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide solution, and solution of mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid, thermally treated in oxidizing atmosphere at 100-400 degrees C, and treated using ultrasounds. The carbon materials are dispersed in solution of monomer which is the polymer precursor. Then, a predetermined potential is applied to the operating electrode such that the electrochemical deposition of dispersion is performed, to obtain polymer. EXAMPLE - Polyethylendioxythiophene and polystyrene sulfonate, and single-walled carbon nanotube filler were mixed, to form solution. The obtained solution was treated with nitric acid solution. Then, the treated solution was deposited on the quartz surface at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes, to form nanocomposite-material film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The borohydride compound comprises sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, zinc borohydride, aluminum hydroborate, polyborohydride, trimethyl borate, and sodium cyanoborohydride. The liquid electrolyte in third chamber comprises an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Fluororesin or PTFE are coated as heat resistant sheet on glass fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The imidazolyl-containing diamine is 2-(4-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole, 2-(3-aminophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole, 2,2'-(4-aminophenyl)-5,5'-dibenzimidazole or 2,2'-(3-aminophenyl)-5,5'-dibenzimidazole. The sulfonated diamine is 2,2'-benzidinedisulfonic acid, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(3-aminophenoxy)biphenyl-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 2,2'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 9,9-bis(4-aminophenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid, 3,3'-bis(4-sulfophenoxy)benzidine, 2,2'-bis(4-sulfophenoxy)benzidine, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)sulfobenzide-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenylthio)sulfobenzide-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(3-aminophenoxy)sulfobenzide-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)diphenyl ketone-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(3-aminophenoxy)diphenyl ketone-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenylthio)diphenyl ketone-3,3'-disulfonic acid, 4,6-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid or 4,6-bis(4-aminophenylthio)benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid. The non-sulfonated diamine is 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether, 9,9-bis(4-aminophenoxy)fluorine, 4,4'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl, 2,2'-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl, 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene or 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene. The organic solvent is dimethylsulfoxide, N-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine, N,N-dimethylacetamide or cresol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The imidazolyl-containing sulfonated polyimide covalent-ionic crosslinked membrane has thickness of 1-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The mesoporous oxide conductive ceramics are titania, zirconia, ruthenium oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide (Ti4O7), zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, tungsten oxide, or vanadium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nano-carbon black material is Vulcan XC-72 (RTM: carbon powder), acetylene black, BP2000 (RTM: carbon powder), or M130 (RTM: carbon powder). The oxidant used in the manufacture of catalyst is peroxide or potassium chlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The metal simple substance is platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium or iridium. The binary metal alloy comprises a metal element (A) chosen from platinum, ruthenium, palladium, rhodium and iridium, and one or two metal elements (B) chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, copper, tin, vanadium, molybdenum and titanium. The ternary metal alloy comprises a metal element chosen from elements (A) and two metal elements chosen from elements (B), two metal elements chosen from elements (A) and a metal element chosen from elements (B) or three metal elements chosen from elements (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The surfactant used in the manufacture of catalyst is cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodiumdioctylsulfosuccinate, P123 (RTM: ethyleneoxide/propyleneoxide block copolymer), Gemini surfactant, or ammoniumdodecyl or sodiumdodecyl sulfate. The solvent used in the manufacture of catalyst is methanol, ethanol, propanol, glycol or isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal frame may comprise stainless steel, aluminum, or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer-metal complex comprises thermoplastic polymer selected from polyamide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyimide, polyether imide, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyether ketone, polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEKK), polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal plate in the active region is selected from a group consisting of copper, nickel and gold-plated copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conductive fiber includes filler composed of metal powder comprising aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, SUS and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The elevated temperature is 385-475 (preferably 400-450) degrees C. The treating is performed for 10 minutes to 2 hours (preferably 30 minutes to 1 hour). The method further involves annealing the CNTs that have been treated with the SO3 gas. The annealing is performed at an anneal temperature ranging from 800-1000 degrees C for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. Preferred Components: The CNTs are single-walled carbon nanotubes or double-walled carbon nanotubes. The gas is sulfur trioxide gas. An inert gas is used as a carrier gas for supplying the SO3 gas. A partial pressure of the SO3 gas is 8-30% during the treating. EXAMPLE - High pressure carbon monoxide single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) sample was treated with SO3 gas at 400-425 degrees C. One milligram of the sample was dispersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (1 wt.%) aqueous solution (50 ml) for 20 minutes. The solution was centrifuged and a carbon nanotubes (CNT) film was formed. Sheet resistance and transparency of the CNT film were measured. The CNT film showed relatively higher sheet resistance. After the SO3 treatment, SWNTs were covered with SO3 molecules and thus the contact resistance between SWNTs was increased due to the absorbed SO3 molecules, resulting in the increase of the sheet resistance. After the anneal treatment at 900 degrees C, sheet resistance decreased, and the metallic SWNTs were enriched in the treated sample.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The poisoning-suppression catalytic component includes at least one of ruthenium, tin, osmium, rhodium, palladium, nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, iridium, and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyaniline complex dissolved in an organic solvent and a compound having phenolic hydroxyl group are contained in an electroconductive polyaniline composition. The compound having phenolic hydroxyl group is a compound containing 2 or more aromatic rings. EXAMPLE - Sodium salt of 3,4-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxycarbonyl)cyclohexane sulfonic acid (in g) (8) was dissolved in toluene (200 ml) and aniline (7.2 ml) was further added and dissolved. 1N hydrochloric acid (600 ml) and solution containing ammonium persulfate (14.6) dissolved in 1N hydrochloric acid were further added and stirred. Toluene (200 ml) was added and the mixture was liquid separated to obtain crude polyaniline complex toluene solution. Ion exchange water (200 ml) was added and the complex was washed to obtain toluene solution of polyaniline complex. Toluene was removed and polyaniline complex (10.5) having weight average molecular weight of 112000 g/mol was obtained. The polyaniline complex was dissolved in toluene and m-cresol was added. The obtained mixture was used for forming a coating film. The coating film had electroconductivity of 149 S/cm and thermal decomposition temperature of 268 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Shale with high calcium carbonate content is used to provide calcium fluoride (usable in fluorine production); carbon dioxide formed is scavenged with the obtained calcium oxide. The crystalline Si product is converted conventionally into photosilicon; converted into silicon nitride (with energy recovery) by introduction of nitrogen; reacted with pure carbon (obtained in the pyrolysis stage) to give silicon carbide; and/or (after recovery using a vibrating sieve and activation by cauterization) catalytically hydrogenated under pressure to synthesis monosilane (SiH-4), to be extracted from the reaction chamber and converted into longer chain silanes. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal source is a metal source which optionally forms film independently. The metal element in the metal source is magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium, gadolinium, calcium, chromium, gallium, strontium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, antimony, tellurium, barium, tungsten and/or tantalum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diketone compound is acetylacetone. The ketoester compound is ethyl acetoacetate. Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide film-forming solution further contains doping metal. EXAMPLE - Yttrium nitrate, zirconium tetraacetylacetonato and mixed solvent of ethanol, toluene and acetylacetone were mixed, to obtain metal-oxide film-forming solution. Then, silicon wafer was heated at 500 degrees C. Further, the obtained solution (100 ml) was sprayed using ultrasonic nebulizer on the head base material, to obtain metal-oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given for the compound. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrous acid or phosphoric acid. Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide-film formation solution further contains doping metal source including metallic elements such as magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium, gadolinium, calcium, chromium, gallium, strontium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, antimony, tellurium, barium, tungsten or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is subjected to reduction processing before using for modification of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon. The catalyst contains copper-iron type spinel, copper-manganese type spinel or copper-manganese iron type spinel, and further contains a solid acid. The solid acid is alumina. Preferred Process: The baking is performed at 400-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of platinum microparticles and ruthenium microparticles is 2-8 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic platinum complex and organic ruthenium complex are supplied simultaneously in presence of hydrogen source such as hydrogen gas, oxygen source such as oxygen gas, or inert gas. A solution of platinum and ruthenium source is obtained by dissolving organic platinum complex and organic ruthenium complex in organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chose from aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon and ether. Preferred Components: The organic platinum complex is of formula (1) and organic ruthenium complex is of formula (2).X1,Y1,X2,Y2= 2-10C linear or branched alkyl optionally substituted by alkoxy;Z1,Z2=H or 1-4C linear or branched alkyl;L1=alkoxy alkenyl;andL2=unsaturated hydrocarbon compound having at least two double bonds such as 1,5-hexadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexane or 1,3-pentadiene. EXAMPLE - (2(acetylacetonato)-ethoxy-5-hexenyl)platinum (II) and bis(acetylacetonato)(1,5-hexadiene)ruthenium (II) were mixed and coated, to obtain, platinum and ruthenium-containing mixed microparticle thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The neutral gas is argon. The target metal is platinum, silver, gold, nickel, palladium, copper, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, chromium and/or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The temperature of refined naphtha and ammonia is raised by exhaust heat of an engine intercode-1 turbo charger exit and bypass line of a heat exchanger. The turbo charger of the engine is 1.5 times or more from normal turbo charger. A double pipe is inserted in the exhaust heat line of the engine, and exhaust heat temperature is made into high temperature state. The fuel cell works from the generated hydrogen. The engine is worked using and unrefined gasoline. The required electric power of system is supplied by electric power produced in the fuel cell. The fuel cell is worked effectively by using air pressure of the turbo charger. Air is purified using an accurate filter (P).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A catalyst used for decomposition of refined naphtha and ammonia comprises nickel-type catalyst, and silica, alumina and zeolite as support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of refined naphtha and ammonia in the mixture is 1-4. The refined naphtha and ammonia are decomposed using 1/3-2/3 of exhaust heat of the engine. Preferred Components: The ammonia contains hydrocarbon and hydrite. A slow hydrogen substance and partial hydrogen of ammonia are included in the unrefined gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The supporter is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate and polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The CNTs comprise at least one of single-wall CNTs, few-wall CNTs, and multi-wall CNTs. The ferritins are cationized ferritins. A metal used in making the ferritins is selected from cobalt, copper, gold, iron, manganese, nickel, palladium, platinum, platinum-ruthenium alloy, ruthenium, ruthenium tungsten alloy, and silver. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves: sonicating the resulting solution containing the CNTs with the ferritins electostatically attached to it.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic alkyl chain is at least approximately 0.45 nm in length. The buffer material comprises 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid (1.05-50 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactive gas comprises air or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The estimating step comprises measuring an open circuit voltage of the fuel cell unit, and estimating the fuel concentration according to the relationship between the open circuit voltage and time, or according to time for or speed of the open circuit voltage to drop, or according to relationship between the output current and time, according to time point or speed at which the output current drops. The adjusting step comprises stopping the supply of reactive gas to the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel comprises methanol solution, ethanol solution or formic acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Group: The hyperbranched polymer further has olefinic structure of formula (4).R1=H or methyl;A1=phenyl-containing group of formula (5) or carboxylate-containing group of formula: -C(=O)-O-A2-, preferably benzyl group of formula (12) or alkyl carboxyl group of formula: -C(=O)-O-(CH2)l-;A2=1-30C linear, branched or cyclic alkylene having ether bond or ester bond;X1-X4=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, halo, nitro, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl or cyano;E=H, halo, -N+(-R2)(-R4)-R3.X-, imidazole-containing group of formula (8), or pyridine-containing group of formula (9), preferably H, bromo, -N+(-R2)(-R4)-R3.X- or imidazole-containing group, more preferably nitroxy-containing group of formulae (14-17);X-=chloro, bromo, iodo, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate or perfluoroalkane sulfonate;R2-R7,R9-R11=H, 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C hydroxyalkyl, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1-3), preferably R2-R6 is H, methyl, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R8=1-5C alkyl, 1-5C hydroxyalkyl, 7-12C arylalkyl, or carbonyl-containing group of formulae (10 or 11), preferably R8 is methyl, benzyl, or carbonyl-containing group (10 or 11);R12=nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R13=H, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R14=nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);l=2-10;andm=1-5. EXAMPLE - Chloromethyl styrene (in g) (120), sodium N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (181) and acetone (1400) were reacted at 40 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamyl methyl styrene. The obtained compound (108) and toluene (72) were polymerized for 12 hours by internal irradiation to obtain white powder of styrene hyperbranched polymer having weight average molecular weight of 19000 and dispersion degree of 3.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon film is formed on base material by physical vapor deposition or chemical vacuum deposition. Hydrophilization is carried out by introducing polar functional group containing oxygen, or ozone into carbon film. Alternately, hydrophilization is carried out by sequentially introducing hydrogen and oxygen into carbon film. Preferred Metal: The electroconductive metal is aluminum or aluminum alloy. The electrode active material is lithium-transition metal composite oxide chosen from lithium-nickel group complex oxide, lithium-cobalt group complex oxide and/or lithium-manganese group complex oxide. Preferred Apparatus: The electrode collector production apparatus further has hydrogenation process portion for adding hydrogen to carbon film, in vacuum chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture is sintered at a temperature of at least 450 degrees C for a period of at least 30 minutes. Preferred Components: The lithium-based component is lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide and/or lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing agent is hydrogen, hydrocarbon and/or carbon monoxide. The reducing agent is present in the gaseous atmosphere in a concentration of at least 0.1 vol.%. The gaseous atmosphere further comprises another gas of inert gas and/or inactive gas. EXAMPLE - Introducing the titanium dioxide (72.992 parts by weight (pbw)) and the lithium based compound (27.008 pbw) into a vessel to form a mixture. The titanium dioxide and the lithium-based compound were mixed and milled in a ball mill for 60 minutes at a rate of at least 150 rpm using a particle size distribution measurement till the particle size was less than 5 (preferably 2) mkm, with unimodal distribution to ensure sufficient mixing of the titanium dioxide and the lithium-based component. The mixture was then sintered in a gaseous atmosphere, created by a gas or gas mixture, including hydrogen (0.002 pbw) and argon gas (0.0048 pbw), with constant flow at 850 degrees C for 120 minutes to give lithium titanate of formula (Li4Ti5O12-x), where x is 0-0.02.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises: depositing an element (X) (which is niobium, zirconium, hafnium or tantalum), Ru and Pt by layer-by-layer vapor deposition to give a Pt/Ru/M multilayer structure; and cutting the layered structure obtained in an oblique direction to form a nanostructure having repetitions of Pt/Ru/X in a stripe arrangement in a desired surface. Preferred Components: The basic structural units comprise a rhombic lattice constituted of atoms of Pt, Ru, and at least one additional element which are disposed at the vertexes in the rhombic lattice in an atomic ratio of 1:2:1 so that each Ru atom directly joins Pt atom and an atom of the additional element. The basic structural units are disposed: in a close-packed arrangement in the surface of the catalyst so that none of the vertexes and sides of each basic structural unit is shared; and circularly in the surface of the catalyst so that none of the vertexes and sides of each basic structural unit is shared. The additional element comprises any one member comprising niobium, zirconium, hafnium or tantalum. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer short fiber is polymethyl methacrylate short fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The proton-conductive silica has pore diameter of 1-3 nm. The fixed sulfur trioxide anion has density of 0.7-10/nm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The clathrate comprises clathrate hydrate. The gas comprises hydrogen, methane, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide. Preferred Stabilizer: The clathrate has stabilizer comprising tetrahydrofuran (THF) or tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), preferably tetrahydrofuran (THF).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The emulsion of the emulsion-templated porous support comprises a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE). The emulsion-templated porous support comprises polymer chosen from vinyl polymer, polystyrene or their derivative and poly HIPE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The macromolecular lithium carboxylate is lithium polyacrylate, lithium poly methacrylate, lithium poly maleate or their copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The plasma chamber is included with the vacuum pump. The carbon nanotube container uniformly reforms the carbon nanotube with the plasma. The separation distance between the plasma and the carbon nanotube is controlled. Preferred Condition: The plasma process is performed at - 10 degrees C to 800 degrees C in pressure of 10-6 Torr to 5 atm. Preferred Process: The carbon nanotube is subjected to moisture handling process before are after the plasma process. The process the nanotube is immersed in acidic aqueous solution. The plasma process involves loading the carbon nanotube in the container, impregnating plasma gas with respect to processing time and exposure time, exposing the carbon nanotube is then to plasma and collecting processed nanotube. The carbon nanotube is dispersed in the solvent and the pH of the dispersed solution is adjusted to 7-14.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is chosen from distilled water, chloroform, isopropanol, dimethylformamide, methyl pyrrolidinone, decane, tetrahydrofuran, dichloroethane and their mixtures. The solvent includes dispersing agent containing surfactant and water soluble polymer or their mixture. The hydrocarbon gas is chosen from fluorinated gas, methane, ethylene, acetylene, fluorine, inert gas, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, helium, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia gas, hydrogen peroxide, methanol, ethanol, acetone which vaporizes from the liquid state and 6-20C hydrocarbon liquid. The processed product carbon nanotube is carbon black, carbon fiber or fullerene. The plasma in the plasma process is chosen from radio frequency plasma, dielectric barrier discharge plasma, alternating current or direct current glow discharge plasma, intermediate frequency plasma, arc plasma and electric discharge plasma.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The ionically conductive particles are ceramic particles including lithium aluminum titanium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal is lithium or sodium, and the alkali metal ions are lithium ions or sodium ions. The alkali-metal salt is lithium salt or sodium salt. The lithium salt is lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent comprises ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and/or tetraglyme.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The poly(alkylene oxide) is poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), or copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Preferred Ratio: The molar ratio of poly(alkylene oxide) and alkali-metal salt is 8:1. The weight ratio of ionically conductive particles to poly(alkylene oxide) is greater than 20:80 (preferably 50:50).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The baking process is performed at temperature of 850-950 degrees C for 2-8 hours in air. Preferred Component: The sodium manganese composite metal oxide has 1-dimensional tunnel structure of a rhombic system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A sodium secondary battery comprises a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material which contains sodium manganese composite metal oxide as main structural component, and a separator having a laminated porous film comprising a heat-resistant layer containing a heat-resistant resin and a shutdown layer containing a thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal-core cationized ferritins are mixed into the resulting solution. The metal used for ferritin is cobalt, copper, gold, iron, manganese, nickel, palladium, platinum, platinum-ruthenium alloy, ruthenium, ruthenium-tungsten alloy, and/or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The buffer material comprises 3-(N-morpholino)-propanesulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The polyolefin resin particles are homopolymer of ethylene, or copolymer of ethylene and 3C or more olefin. Preferred Properties: The content of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine monomer-unit in the copolymer maintained at void inner wall of the hydrophilic polyolefin sintered compact is 3-95 mol%. The retention of the copolymer maintained at void inner wall of the hydrophilic polyolefin sintered compact is 0.01-50 weight%. The hydrophilic polyolefin sintered compact has average porosity of 20-60 volume%, and diameter of average void of 1-150 mu m with respect to continuous void. The polyolefin resin particles have average particle diameter of 10-350 mu m, volume density of 0.20-0.55 g/cm3, density of 0.850-0.970 g/cm3, and viscosity average molecular weight of 50000-7000000. 90 weight% or more of polyolefin resin particles have particle size of 1-500 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw material oil composition contains heavy oil (a1) (10-50 mass%) and heavy oil (a2) (50-90 mass%). Preferred Process: The oil composition is subjected to caulking process to form raw coal composition. Preferred Property: The oil composition is heated at 500 degrees C to form coke in which ratio of 10 mu m or less of mosaic structure is 5% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises a polar organic solvent and optionally a salt, and non-solvent comprises water or mixtures of water and alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carrier is made of a material comprising a polymer, which is polyolefins, halogenated vinyl polymers, polyacrylonitriles, polysulfones (PS), polyimides (PI), polycarbonates (PC), cellulose and/or their derivatives or blend, and/or polymer, which is a soluble polymer comprising polydiether ketone, polyimides, PS, PC, polybenzimidazoles, polyesters, PI, thermoplastic elastomers, polyurea, polyurethanes and/or natural polymers or their blend. The membrane carrier material consists of a hydrophobic material, preferably a polyolefin and/or a halogenated vinyl polymer, and the micro-porous membrane is a hydrophilic membrane, and the polymer is a polyamide or cellulose. The carrier has pores with an average pore size of 0.01-10 mu m and a porosity of at least 80 volume%, and the micro-porous membrane has an average pore size of 1 nm-1 mu m, preferably 0.01-1 mu m and a porosity of at least 60 volume%, where the average pore size is obtained from the calculation, where the number 1.77 is divided by the Gurley number measured according to International organization for standardization (ISO-5636-5) and expressed in second/50 ml. The micro-porous membrane has a pure water flux of a least 3000 l/m2.h.bar, measured at 0.5 bar based on dead-end measurements. The polymeric material comprises an additive comprising whiskers, nano-size active carbon, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, ion exchange resins, pigments, antibacterial, and/or stabilizers such as thermal and oxidation stabilizers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The further layers comprises at least one layer of at least one material selected from carbon, diamond like carbon, nitrides, carbonitrides and carbides of zirconium, titanium, chromium and/or aluminum as any known decorative or colored coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The battery module case body is made of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene (ABS) engineering plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The weather information data sink is received with weather forecast data based on the wireless Internet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises palladium or a compound having palladium. The coating further comprises a chemical that produces a detectable color change as a result of an acid-base reaction or a redox reaction after the coating is exposed to the fluid. The chemical that produces a detectable color change comprises an acid-base indicator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid comprises hydrogen gas or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer and catalyst are chemically bonded to each other before allowing the coating to become exposed to the fluid. Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polymer backbone and a side chain attached to the polymer backbone, where at least a part of the side chain detaches from the polymer and the odorant forms from the detached portion of the side chain. The polymer is: a substituted benzene compound of formula (I); or substituted ruthenium complex of formula (II).P1 = polymer backbone, which comprises a polymer backbone and a side chain attached to the polymer backbone (where the odorant forms from the polymer backbone) or olefins, where the side chain reacts with fluid and detaches from the polymer and forms a catalyst that reacts with polymer backbone and fluid to depolymerize the polymer backbone and form odorant molecules or odorant molecule precursors from the polymer backbone;X = isobutyrate, (S)-2-((1S,2R)-2-methoxy-4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-propionic acid moiety, -NH(CH2)4NH2 or -NH(CH2)5NH2;n = greater than 2; andR = aryl or 1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The new poly(arylenebenzimidazole) polymer or copolymer is obtained by reacting a bis(arylimidazole) derivative of formula (2), a bis(halogenated benzene) derivative of formula (3), and a dihydroxy compound of formula: OH-Ar3-OH at 160 degrees C or more.H'=fluoro or chloro.Preferred Conditions: The reaction temperature is preferably 170 degrees C or more, more preferably up to 320 degrees C. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in sulfolane, diphenylsulfone or benzophenone as solvent. Preferred Definitions:    X=C(O) or SO2;    Ar2=phenylene;    Ar=1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, 1,4-phenylene, or 2,6-pyridylene;    m=30-500;and    Ar3=group of formula (b2).    EXAMPLE - A flask was flush with argon, and then charged with 1,3-dibenzimidazolylbenzene (in g) (0.62), bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone (0.51), cesium carbonate (0.65), calcium carbonate (0.2), sulfolane (2.5), and chlorobenzene (3 mL). The mixture was heated to azeotrope off the resulting water with chlorobenzene. After chlorobenzene was removed, the reaction mixture was brought up to 210 degrees C for 2 hours. Additional sulfolane (1 mL) was added to dilute the solution and the reaction was kept at 210 degrees C for 6 hours. When the color of reaction system changed and the viscosity increased significantly, the reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with solvent (2 mL). The resulting solution was poured into methanol (200 mL) and acetic acid (2 mL) to precipitate out the polymer. The resulting polymer was partially soluble in chloroform or dichloromethane and was re-dissolved. The polymer solution was filtered to remove organic materials, and the resulting polymer was precipitated out by pouring into methanol. The polymer was collected and dried in vacuo at 80 degrees C for 24 hours, to obtain homopolymer of 1-(4-benzenesulfonylphenyl)-2-(3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-phenyl)-1H-benzoimidazole of formula (A) with a yield of 90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The high-amylopectin-containing starch contains waxy corn starch or glutinous rice starch. Preferred Process: The high-amylopectin-containing starch is micro-dispersion starch obtained by irradiating a gelatinized material of waxy corn starch or glutinous rice starch using ultrasonic wave. The fiber formation process of gel material is carried out using monofilament.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is monohydric alcohol. EXAMPLE - Water was added to waxy-corn starch, gelatinized, ultrasonic irradiation was carried out at 50 degrees C using ultrasonic disperser, dried and pulverized, to obtain micro-dispersion starch. The obtained micro-dispersion starch was dissolved in water at room temperature, to obtain aqueous starch dispersion. The liquid temperature of the obtained aqueous starch dispersion was adjusted to 60 degrees C, alcohol was dripped, stirred and phase-separation process was carried out, to obtain gel material. The obtained gel material was extruded, fiber formation process was carried out using ethanol tub and dried, to obtain starch fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is hydrogen ion (H+), lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), ferrous ion (Fe2+), ferric ion (Fe3+), zinc ion (Zn2+), cuprous ion (Cu+), cupric ion (Cu2+), manganese (II) ion (Mn2+), manganese (III) ion (Mn3+), manganese (IV) ion (Mn4+), manganese (VI) ion (Mn6+) or chromium ion (Cr3+). The anion is chlorine ion (Cl-) or hydroxide ion (OH-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substance is monomer, oligomer or polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive particles comprise reducing metals such as aluminum, magnesium and manganese, which enhance gasification by redox reactions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer electrolyte membrane contains perfluoro type proton-conductive polymer. The ionomer is aromatic-hydrocarbon type-polymer sulfonated substance, polyetheretherketone sulfonated substance, polyether sulfone sulfonated substance, polyether imide sulfonated substance, polyimide sulfonated substance, polyphenylene-oxide sulfonated substance, polyphenylene sulfide sulfonated substance or polysulfone sulfonated substance, preferably sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonic-acid-type polystyrene grafted ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, aromatic hydrocarbon copolymer having fluorocarbon type vinyl monomer, hydrocarbon type vinyl monomer and sulfonic acid group, styrene-(ethylene-butylene)-styrene sulfonated substance, copolymer of fluorine-type vinyl monomer and hydrocarbon type vinyl monomer, cation exchange group introduction type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, anion exchange group introduction type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, copolymer of polyolefin-type polymer, hyperbranched polymer or linear aromatic polymer having a terminal sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Boron nitride nanotube is covered with conjugated polymer and has an average diameter of 0.4 nm-1 mu m and aspect ratio of greater than or equal to 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - An electrolyte film is utilized in the manufacturing method, which is made of polymer selected from a group that has perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, hydrocarbon-based polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazenes, poly ethylene naphthalate, polyester, polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, and polysulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The battery has a positive electrode made of material containing water-soluble bonding agent that is the mixture prepared by mixing the carboxylic cellulose with the water-soluble acrylamide-dimethyl-diallyl-ammonium-chloride bonding agent according to the mass proportion of 1:1.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A fluorene derivative of formula (II) and (meth)acrylic acid or its derivative is reacted, to obtain monofunctional (meth)acrylate having fluorene structure (I). Preferred Definitions:    R3=2-4C alkylene;    R4=direct bond, methylene or 2-4C alkylene, preferably direct bond or methylene;    R5=alkyl or aryl;    m=0-4, preferably 0;and    n=0.    EXAMPLE - 9-Fluorenyl methanol (in g) (4.2) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL). Then, pyridine (2.6) and acrylic acid chloride (2.4) were added, stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and at 66 degrees C for 17 hours. The reaction was terminated with water (20 ml), extracted thrice with toluene (20 ml), dried, distilled and purified, to obtain yellow solid of monofunctional property (meth)acrylate (2.6) of formula (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reactant gas comprises hydrogen (5-10%) and nitrogen over the carbon sample. The percentage of hydrogen in the reactant gas is 1-20%, preferably 4-8%. The reactant gas further comprises methane, ammonia, and/or syngas. The reactant gas is provided in a continuous flow stream. Preferred Method: The carbon sample is heated to at least 500 degrees C or 600 degrees C. The exposing step lasts for less than 30 (preferably less than 5) minutes. The microwave energy is supplied at a frequency of at least 0.3 GHz, with frequencies centered around 0.915, 2.45, 5.80 or 22 GHz. The carbon sample is degassed before the flowing, heating and exposing steps. The degassing step is performed: at 80-200 degrees C, preferably 100-150 degrees C; and in a nitrogen gas environment. The degassing step is performed at 28 inches mercury vacuum. The method further comprises flowing non-reactive gas along with the reactant gas over the carbon sample. The carbon sample is degassed in a nitrogen environment at 100-150 degrees C before the flowing, heating and exposing steps. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The sensor apparatus communicates with sensor network that conforms to Bluetooth and WiMAX standards.
Preferred Definitions:    R2,R4,R5=H;    X=B, C or N;and    b=0.    EXAMPLE - Ionic compound was formed using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyano nitroso methanide and dicyano nitroso methanide silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive-electrode active material is spinel-type lithium manganese oxide having compositional formula: Li1+xMyMn2-x-yO4. The main raw material of positive-electrode active material is electrolytic manganese dioxide.M=aluminum, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, zirconium or titanium;x=0-0.33;andy=0.2.Preferred Properties: The lithium manganese oxide has maximum particle diameter (D100) of 15 mu m or less and half-power band width of 0.30 or less by X-ray diffraction of surface (400). The ratio of plane peak intensity (I400) at surface (400) with respect to peak intensity (I111) at surface (111) is 0.33 or more. Preferred Method: The particle size distribution of positive-electrode active material is controlled by heat processing and classification processing such that the small particle size materials are pulverized to particles having average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The sodium secondary battery comprises separator having laminated porous film obtained by laminating heat-resistant layer containing heat-resistant resin, and shutdown layer containing thermoplastic resin. Preferred Definitions:    M=element of group 4, preferably titanium or manganese;and    y=more than 0 to less than 0.25.    EXAMPLE - Sodium carbonate, iron oxide and titanium oxide were mixed in the ratio of 0.95:0.95:0.05 for 4 hours and heated at 750 degrees C for 2 hours in electric furnace, to obtain composite-oxide material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane contains polysulfone and hydrophilic macromolecule i.e. polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The complex oxide has primary particle diameter of 1-4 mu m. Preferred Composition: The complex oxide has compositional formula: Li1xNaxNi1-yMeyO2.x=more than 0 and 0.05 or less;y=0-0.34;andMe=cobalt, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, cerium and/or yttrium.The amount of lithium in lithium compound and amount of sodium in sodium peroxide satisfy relation given by: Li1-xNax (x is more than 0 and 0.05 or less). Preferred Condition: Heat processing is carried out at 700-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The sulfonation agent is chlorosulfonic acid. Preferred Composition: The solid-state sulfonated substance contains 2-30 mass% of sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The hydrocarbon compound has 3-6 alkyl groups per aromatic ring, and one aromatic ring. The solid-state sulfonated substance has acid value of 0.1-8 m eq/g. Preferred Compound: The aromatic hydrocarbon compound is mesitylene, or hexamethyl benzene. Preferred Property: The signal derived from sulfonic acid group, and signal derived from alkyl group are exist by infrared spectrum. EXAMPLE - Hexamethyl benzene (in g) (0.98) was dissolved in tetrachloroethane (10 ml), and chlorosulfonic acid (2 ml) was added to the mixture. The resultant mixture was heated at 150 degrees C for 20 hours, and black substance was precipitated and filtered. The resultant mixture was washed using chloroform, and black solid-state sulfonated substance was obtained. The solid-state sulfonated substance had excellent heat resistance and quality.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Condition: The activation treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere. Preferred Process: The activation treatment is alkali activation treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The unsaturated organic compound is a compound which reacts with carbon, polyoxyethylene 10 oleyl ether and compound which reacts with ionomer. The unsaturated compound (0.5-2 weight%) is dissolved in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The cathode includes a lithium transition metal composite oxide containing nickel, manganese and/or iron. The anode has an anode active material layer and the thickness of the anode active material layer after charging is less than or equal to 75 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoroethylene carbonate and/or difluoroethylene carbonate is present at 1-80 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The molten mass is made from lithium aluminum chloride. The battery has a glass fiber knitted fabric filled with the electrolyte. The fabric is used as a separator. The battery body is made from a ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic group is related to a residue remained from an unsaturated vinyl-group having a covalent bond with the CNTs of vinyl-unsaturated monomer activated by a free-radical initiator; or remained from an organic unsaturated silane having a covalent bond with the CNTs activated by a free-radical initiator. The organic unsaturated silane includes ethane, propane, 2-methylpropane, pentane, or 2-methylbutane. The free-radical initiator is related to azo-compound or peroxide. The solvent is related to one or mixtures of acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), m-cresol, pyridine (PY), methylchloride, ethylchloride, benzene, xylene and chlorobenzene. Preferred Method: The method further involves vaporizing and removing the solvent of the compound to obtain a dry solid part; rinsing the solid part using an organic solvent so as to wash the free-radical initiator, and an unreacted vinyl-unsaturated monomer, its oligomer or the organic unsaturated silane remained on surface of the CNTs; and vaporizing and removing the organic solvent from the washed solid part to obtain the modified CNTs. The reaction proceeds for 0.5 hour to 10 hours at 60-95 degrees C. The vaporizing and removing of the solvent is accomplished by heating and pressure reduction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The vinyl-unsaturated monomer includes ethene, propylene, vinylamine, maleic acid and its anhydride, fumaric acids, acrylic acid and its anhydride, methylacrylic acids, acrylic ester, methylacrylic ester or silane with double bonding. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrolyte solution contains the ammonium salt (I), as an electrolyte and additive. Preferred Definitions:    Y-=(N(SO2F)2)-, (N(SO2CF3)2)-, (N(SO2C2F5)2)-, BF4-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, or CF3CO2-;and    R1-R4=linear alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 1-Methylimidazole (0.12 mol) and (5-bromopentyl)trimethyl-ammonium bromide (0.04 mol) were dissolved in ethanol (200 ml), stirred at 50 degrees C and reacted for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the obtained crystals were washed, vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C for 2 days, and dissolved in ion-exchange water (40 ml). Then, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (8 mmol) was add-mixed for 10 hours. Methylene chloride (50 ml) was added, and an organic phase was then extracted and washed using purified water (80 ml). The organic phase was concentrated, and dried at 80 degrees C for 2 days, to obtain ammonium salt of formula (II) having melting point of -60 degrees C. The obtained ammonium salt (2.5 weight parts) was added to a solution (100 weight parts) of lithium hexafluorophosphate/ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1, and mixed, to obtain electrolyte solution. A lithium secondary battery formed using the obtained electrolyte solution had excellent capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cyclic unsaturated compound contains a carbon-carbon double bond in a side chain of the exo of a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles or coating comprise tin or silicon as a primary element with silicon or tin content of greater than 20 wt.% based on the total weight of the particles or coating and nano-scaled graphene platelets, and an element consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, cadmium, antimony, lead, bismuth, or zinc. The active material consists of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum and cadmium, alloys or intermetallic compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum and cadmium with other elements, where the alloys or compounds are stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric, oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides and/or tellurides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum, iron or cadmium, and/or salts and hydroxides of tin. The electrode comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate and/or lithium vanadium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric carbon is obtained from pyrolyzation of a polymer consisting of phenolformaldehyde, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-based polymers, cellulosic polymers and/or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nickel-doped titania powder is formed by mixing 1-8 wt.% of nickel with titanium hydroxide.
Preferred Definitions:    M=iron, cobalt, ruthenium, palladium or lanthanum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst of anode catalyst layer is platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy or platinum-transition metal alloy. The catalyst of cathode catalyst layer is platinum or platinum-transition metal alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte film is chosen from perfluorosulfonic-acid polymer, hydrocarbon-type polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, doped polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polysulfone and their acid and base. The liquid sealant is silicon sealant, butyl rubber-type sealant, polysulfide-type sealant, acryl-type sealant, epoxy-type sealant or fluorine rubber-type sealant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reductant feed unit comprises feed unit for feeding a liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: Each of current collectors is a metallic conductor formed of a metal including first transition series metal. The metal is nickel, copper, iron or their alloys. The catalytic material is noble metal and/or precious metal, or preferably palladium, platinum, osmium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, gold or silver. Each matrix has a catalytic material and matrix weight ratio of 0.01:0.25, and catalytic material and particulate carbon weight ratio of 0.01:0.25. Each of first and second matrices totally comprises 0.1-2.0 mg catalytic material/g polymer. Each of catalytic portions comprises greater than or equal to 2 mg catalytic material/cm2 polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid is methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The first matrix is hydrophobic. Each of first and second matrices has a minimum gaseous porosity of greater than or equal to 0.1 mu m diameter. The polymer is a high density polyethylene. The central membrane is formed of a sulfonic perfluoro polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anode is made of palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The austenite stainless steel in the stable and metastable states, conforms to SUS316 and SUS304 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The cross-sectional area of the holes which meet the sheet surface towards the other surface from one surface of the metal sheet, reduces gradually. The hole area ratio of the metal sheet is 40% or more. The average hole diameter of the holes is 60 mu m or less. The porous carrier is arranged also on the surface of metal sheet which becomes upstream in the permeation path of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carrier contains mutually joined carrier particles (16). The particulate catalyst is supported by the carrier particles. The carrier particles contain alumina, silica, zirconia, and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The particulate catalyst consists of palladium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A polyolefin resin layer is provided on both surfaces of a fibrous sheet or a porous sheet, or a polyolefin resin layer is provided on both surfaces of a polyethylene naphthalate film or a polyethylene terephthalate film, to form the compound film layer. The compound film layer is covered with polyolefin resin layer containing acid-modified polyolefin formed using polyethylene graft-modified with unsaturated carboxylic acid. The fibrous sheet consists of fully aromatic polyester fiber. The porous sheet consists of synthetic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The intermediate-layer material further contains ceria fine particles (C) having average particle diameter of 0.01-0.09 and specific-surface-area of 20-120 m2/g, preferably 10-14 m2/g. The content of ceria particles (C) is 1-30 mass%. Preferred Component: The ceria fine particles have compositional formula: Ce1-xMxO2-y.M=yttrium, samarium, gadolinium, neodymium, praseodymium, scandium, gallium or aluminum;x=0.05-0.4;andy=0-0.5.Preferred Property: The porosity of the intermediate layer in the cell is 10% or less. EXAMPLE - cerium nitrate, gadolinium nitrate, ammonium oxalate and water were mixed, precipitated, filtered, washed using distilled water, dried at 60 degrees C, heated at 1000 degrees C for 5 hours and pulverized, to obtain cerium doped gadolinium oxide fine particles (A) having particle diameter of 0.39 mu m. Similarly, cerium doped gadolinium oxide fine particles (B) having particle diameter of 0.18 mu m was manufactured. Mixture (in mass parts) (100) of cerium doped gadolinium oxide fine particles (A) having particle diameter of 0.39 mu m, and cerium doped gadolinium oxide fine particles (B) having particle diameter of 0.18 mu m, ethyl cellulose (0.5) and glycerin (30) were mixed and coated on fuel electrode, dried and baked at 1300 degrees C for 5 hours, to obtain intermediate layer. Thus, the fuel cell was manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: None given. Preferred Compound: The fluorine-containing compound is preferably of formula: CF2=CFCF2C(-C(O)O-Q1-NHSO2-Rf1)HCH2CH=CH2, and alternately of formula (2). The fluorine-containing compound (2) is preferably of formula: CF2=CFCF2C(-C(O)O-Q1-NH2)HCH2CH=CH2.Q1=2-6C alkylene;Rf1=1-6C perfluoroalkyl;andZ'=H or -C(O)O-Q-NH2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: A polymer is obtained by polymerizing the fluorine-containing compound, and has weight average molecular weight of 1000-1000000. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Specific fluorine-containing compounds are disclosed, such as fluorine-containing compound of formulae: CF2=CFCF2C(-C(O)O-CH2-CH2-NHSO2CF3)HCH2CH=CH2, CF2=CFCF2C(-C(O)O-CH2-CH2-NHSO2CF2CF3)HCH2CH=CH2, CF2=CFCF2C(-C(O)O-CH2-CH2-NHSO2(CF2)3CF3)HCH2CH=CH2, CF2=CFCH2C(-C(O)O-CH2-CH2-NHSO2CF3)HCH2CH=CH2, and CF2=CFCH2C(-C(O)O-CH2-CH2-NHSO2CF2CF3)HCH2CH=CH2.    EXAMPLE - Sodium hydrate (1.8 g), tetrahydrofuran (80 ml) and olefinic compound of formula: CH2=CHCH2CH(C(O)OC(CH3)3)2, (9.4 g) were stirred for 15 minutes, fluorosulfonic acid compound of formula: CF2=CFCF2OSO2F, was added. The mixture was reacted at 0 degrees C for 25 minutes, water was added, the solution was extracted using t-butyl methyl ether (50 ml) and dried under reduced pressure to obtain fluorine-containing compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The plastic front sheet and back sheet are a laminated plastic material containing perfluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride), ethylene-chloro-trifluoro ethylene copolymer, poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene), liquid crystal polymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(methyl methacrylate), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polycarbonate or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Electrode: The electrode containing carbon material is a positive electrode or a negative electrode. Preferred Arrangement: The non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery consists of a laminated porous film having a heat-resistant porous layer containing heat-resistant resin and shutdown layer containing a thermoplastic resin, provided between the positive and negative electrodes, and an electrolyte solution containing an ester solvent. Preferred Composition: The positive electrode further contains a compound (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound (A) is chosen from sodium ferrite, sodium nickelate, sodium-cobalt oxide, sodium-manganese oxide, sodium-iron oxide of formula: NaFe1-xM1xO2, sodium-nickel oxide of formula: NaNi1-xM1xO2, sodium-cobalt oxide of formula: NaCo1-xM1xO2, and sodium-manganese oxide of formula: NaMn1-xM1xO2.M1=trivalent metal;andx=0-0.5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The carbon material contains 100 mass ppm or less of alkali and alkaline-earth metals. The ester is chosen from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, isopropyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate. Preferred Conditions: The heat processing is performed in presence of an oxidizing gas, at 1100-2700 degrees C. Preferred Property: The carbon material has packing density of 0.5-0.8 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Tetraphenyl calyx (4) resorcinarene was heated at 300 degrees C for 1 hour in a rotary kiln, in an argon atmosphere, and pulverized, to obtain carbon material having packing density of 0.71 g/cm3 and Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area of 490 m2/g. A battery formed using a positive electrode containing the obtained carbon material, had excellent charging/discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particles or coating comprise tin or silicon as a primary element with silicon or tin content of greater than 20 wt.%, an active material consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, zinc, aluminum and cadmium, alloys or intermetallic compounds of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, bismuth, aluminum or cadmium with other elements, where the alloys or compounds are stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric, oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, antimony, bismuth, bismuth, aluminum, iron and/or cadmium, and/or salts and hydroxides of tin. The particles comprise an element consisting of silicon, germanium, tin, cadmium, antimony, lead, bismuth or zinc. The electrode comprises lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate and/or lithium vanadium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric carbon is obtained from pyrolyzation of polymer consisting of phenol-formaldehyde, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-divinylbenzene, cellulosic polymers and epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst provided in the plasma reactor consists of metal, aluminum, nickel, zirconium, titanium, cerium, cobalt, manganese, zinc, copper, tin, iron, niobium, magnesium, lanthanum, samarium, bismuth, barium, platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, indium, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is made of copper indium diselenide, copper indium disulphide or mixture of copper indium diselenide and copper indium disulphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second electroconductive wiring layer is consisting of material from gold, copper or their alloys. The resistance film is consisting of oxide or nitride. The protective film is consisting of insulating oxide or nitride. The first electroconductive film and third electroconductive film consist of material from tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating element is made of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydride powder is selected from NaBH4, LiBH4, LiH and/or NaH. The liquid catalyst comprises an aqueous acid solution where the acid is selected from malic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and/or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titania used for forming semiconductor thin film is comprised of anatase, rutile, brookite, amorphous titania. The semiconductor thin film comprises silicon, strontium titanate, amorphous silicon, nitrogenated amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon and germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The interatomic distance of lithium and oxygen of spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide is 1.971-2.004 Angstrom . The spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide has microcrystal size of 170-490 nm, preferably 500-2000 nm, and specific surface area of 0.35-0.80 m2/g. Preferred Composition: The spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide satisfies the compositional formula: Li(LixMgyAlzMn2-x-y-z)O4, where x is 0.01-0.08, y is 0.02-0.07, z is 0.06-0.14. The positive electrode active material contains a boron compound along with the spinel-type lithium transition metal oxide. The positive electrode active material further contains an aggregate. EXAMPLE - Lithium carbonate, electrolytic manganese dioxide, magnesium oxide and aluminum hydroxide were mixed, baked at 825 degrees C for 20 hours. Then, the baking powder was pulverized, to obtain spinel-type lithium-manganese-magnesium-aluminum metal oxide having lithium-oxygen interatomic distance of 2.004 Angstrom and specific surface area of 0.90 m2/g. The battery formed using the obtained spinel-type lithium lithium-manganese-magnesium-aluminum metal oxide had excellent cyclic characteristics and output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst used in Friedel Crafts reaction is aluminum chloride. The solvent used in nucleophilic addition reactions (A) and (B) is dimethylacetamide. The chemically-modified fullerene contains 1-12 modified structure of formula: X-C-C-H or X-C-C-Y'.X,Y'=SO3M or PO(OM)2. EXAMPLE - Fullerene C60 (in mg) (720), diethyl phosphite (690), dioxane (200 ml) and lithium hydride (40) were mixed and heat-stirred at 80 degrees C for 4 days, to obtain fullerene phosphonate. The obtained fullerene phosphonate (500), trimethylsilyl bromide (1 g) and water were mixed and trans-esterified at room temperature overnight, to obtain phosphonated fullerene. Polyether sulfone resin (in g) (1.38), fullerene phosphonate (1.26), dichloromethane (150), aluminum chloride (0.26) were mixed and stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The resultant reaction liquid was coated on glass plate and dried, to obtain proton conducting membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The powder of quasicrystal has roughened shape. The copper/aluminum ratio on the surface of powder is larger than the copper/aluminum ratio at the powder center portion. Preferred Process: Aluminum on the surface of powder is selectively removed by carrying out leaching process with respect to the powder of quasicrystal after pulverization. Hydrogen is produced from a mixture of methanol and water using the catalyst. The reaction temperature is 280-360 degrees C. EXAMPLE - An ingot (Cu46Al38Sc16) containing copper, aluminum and scandium was annealed at 500 degrees C in argon atmosphere for 40 hours, pulverized, and sieved. The obtained powder had an average particle diameter (d50) of 14.6 mu m and a specific surface area of 1.46 m2/g. The powder was washed with 5% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and specific surface area was increased to 8.89 m2/g after leaching. The copper/aluminum ratio in the powder central portion was 1.2. The obtained catalyst enabled efficient production of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst metal layer is spaced apart on the surface of substrate, and two or more catalyst metal layers are formed. A groove (1a) is formed between catalyst metal layers, for enabling separation of graphene sheet grown from one catalyst metal layer and graphene sheet grown from another catalyst metal layer. Before supplying the carbon-containing gas, the container is made into vacuum state or is filled with a specific gas. The substrate surface is activated. The height of catalyst metal layer is made smaller than the diameter of carbon nanotube. The graphene sheet formed on the surface of substrate is transferred to a transfer component (7), and is removed from the substrate. Preferred Components: The surface of substrate is coated with silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxyfluoride, boron nitride, hydrogen silsesquioxane, xerogel, aerogel, polynaphthalene, amorphous carbon fluoride, silicon oxycarbide, methyl silsesquioxane, or black diamond.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst metal layer contains tungsten, nickel, iron, cobalt, yttrium, palladium, platinum, gold, molybdenum, silver, copper, and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The carbon-containing gas is methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, alcohol, carbon dioxide, and/or carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst has deterioration rate of 10% or more determined by deterioration-test. Preferred Composition: The amount of iron with respect to conversion of iron oxide (Fe2O3) is 5 weight% or less. The amount of yttrium with respect to conversion of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) is 10 weight% or less. The amount of metallic element with respect to platinum is 0.001-40 weight%. Preferred Process: The slurry containing oxide solution of zirconium, cerium, iron and/or yttrium is coated on the surface of a substrate material, dried and baked, to obtain the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyvinylidene fluoride is cross-linking polyvinylidene fluoride. Preferred Properties: The content of boron nitride filler is 0.5-50 mass%. The composition has tensile elasticity modulus of 1500 MPa or more based on JIS K 6251 (2004), and tensile elongation rate of 10% or more. EXAMPLE - Polyvinylidene fluoride and boron nitride filler (5 mass%) were stirred at 220 degrees C for 30 minutes to obtain kneaded material. The obtained material was inserted and pressed for 5 minutes. The resulting material was cooled to form film having thickness of 350 mu m, tensile elongation rate of 13% and tensile elasticity modulus of 1554 MPa.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbodiimide modification component is carbodiimide modification component of diphenyl methane diisocyanate. EXAMPLE - Methyl palmitate (in mass parts) (80), N-lauryl lauric acid amide (0.8), mixture (10) of carbodiimide modification component of diphenylenemethane 4,4'-diisocyanate (50) and carbodiimide modification component of diphenylenemethane 2,4'-diisocyanate (50), poval 217 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol) (100), and diethylene triamine (9) were mixed, and thermal storage material microcapsule dispersion liquid was obtained. A thermal storage material microcapsule formed using the thermal storage material microcapsule dispersion liquid had excellent solvent resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The content of isocyanate compound (1) is 50-100 mass% with respect to total content of polyvalent isocyanate compounds. EXAMPLE - Methyl palmitate (in mass parts) (80), N-lauryl lauric acid amide (0.8), Cosmonate NBDI (RTM: narbornane diisocyanate) (8), poval 217 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol) (100), and diethylene triamine (13) were mixed, and thermal storage material microcapsule dispersion liquid was obtained. A thermal storage material microcapsule formed using the thermal storage material microcapsule dispersion liquid had excellent solvent resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal in the organometallic compound is chosen from gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium and/or ruthenium. The conductive carbon microparticles are chosen from activated carbon, glassy carbon, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon fiber, carbon felt, carbon cross, graphite, graphite nanofiber, graphite felt, graphite cross, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, fullerene, fullerene nanocrystal, fullerene nanofiber and/or carbon aerogel. Preferred Property: The metal ultrafine particle has average particle diameter of 5 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organometallic compound is metal-containing organic molecule. Preferred Property: The organometallic compound has thermal decomposability by heating. Preferred Process: The organic solvent is removed and the carbon organometallic compound microparticles are concentrated during manufacturing process of catalyst precursor. An organic material of carbon organometallic compound microparticles is removed by heating, such that the organometallic compound is thermally decomposed and the metal is reduced, to obtain carbon metal compound microparticles having metal ultrafine particles (3) on the conductive carbon microparticles. Thus, catalyst is manufactured. EXAMPLE - Bis(3,5-dimethyl-3-ol 1-hexynyl)platinum(II) was dissolved in acetone (100 ml), carbon black (100 mg) was added, stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, stirred, and the excess organic platinum compound was removed, to obtain carbon organometallic compound microparticles. Then, the obtained carbon organometallic compound microparticles were dried at 100 degrees C for 10 minutes, concentrated, and acetone was removed, to obtain catalyst precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The anion curing initiator is imidazole compound having oxygen atom and molecular weight of 100 or more. Preferred Property: The carbon material has crystal plane interval of 0.3362-0.339 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The resin composition contains epoxy resin (100 mass parts), an anion curing initiator (0.5-25 mass parts), and a carbon material (35-85 mass%). The resin composition further contains hardening agent having epoxy group (0.75 equivalent or less). Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is polyfunctional epoxy resin. Preferred Process: The resin composition is inject-molded to form separator (10). EXAMPLE - EOCN-104S (RTM: epoxy resin) (in mass parts) (13.9), 2-phenyl 4,5-dihydroxy methyl imidazole (0.7), SGP-100 (RTM: low crystalline artificial graphite) (82.5) and hardening agent (2.9) were mixed to obtain resin composition. The obtained composition provided separator having excellent heat resistance, electroconductivity and strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The catalytic ink comprises 0.5-20 mass%, preferably 5 mass% of the mixed polymer. The mass ratio of mixed catalyst/polymer is 0.01-1, preferably 0.1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode groove and binding agent uses halogen corruption resistance material such as organic glass, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The device has a heat conducting layer that is made from polyimide or PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogel further contains hydroxyl group-containing compound chosen from alcohol compound, phenolic compound, carboxylic compound and sugar compound, or hyaluronic compound. Preferred Property: The diamond-like carbon film has hydrogen content of 1 atomic% or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer gel and liner macromolecule of polymer gel are graft copolymerized.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive high molecular compounds (cationic organic compounds or anionic organic compound) are polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrroles which has acidic group or preferably benzoquinone which has basic group (preferably amino group) or oxammoniums. The anionic organic compound is benzoquinone or dihydrobenzoquinone which has acidic group (preferably sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group or phenolic hydroxyl group) or oxammoniums which have acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anion-exchange membrane is a solid polymer membrane containing quaternary ammonium group, pyridinium group, imidazolium group, phosphonium group, and/or sulfonium group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent used in manufacturing sulfide type solid electrolyte is hydrocarbon type organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling element is formed as a cooling plate made of aluminum, copper, aluminiferous alloy or aluminum with a roll cladding copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The hold element is made of a metal selected from a group of aluminum, copper or aluminum with rolled copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst contains 1-25 mass% of nickel and/or nickel compound. Preferred Property: The concentration of hydrogen is 30 volume% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The methanation process is performed at 300-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mat material positions the strip-shaped component to the outer periphery surface of the outer peripheral layer along the circumferential direction. The edge portion of the component which is adjacent to the inclined end surface (50c) is contacted to the end surface even if the end surface of one edge portion of strip-shaped component is inclined with respect to the tangent direction of the outer periphery material layer along circumferential direction. Alternatively, a honeycomb structure has ceramics formed by baking the mat material which is impregnated in the slurry in which ceramic particles are dispersed. Preferred Property: The ratio of the heat conductivity of the map material and honey-comb base material is 0.8 or less. The inclined angle of the end surface of one edge portion with respect to the tangent direction is 10-80 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains 40 wt.% or less of ketal and 30-35 wt.% of ketone. Preferred Compounds: The ketal is acetone dimethyl acetal, the alcohol is methanol. The ketone is acetone. The carbonate is dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises flux materials (0.5-13, preferably 1.5-5 wt.%). The composition further comprises zinc-containing additive, glass frits (0-1 wt.%). Preferred Components: The flux material comprises component selected from ZnF2, AgBi(PO3)4, AgZnF3-AgF, LiZn(PO3)3 and Cu3B2O6. Preferred Structure: The insulating films are penetrated by components of the composition. The structure further comprises semiconductor substrates. The insulating film comprises component selected from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - A conductive composition was prepared comprising ASF1100 (RTM: glass frits) (1.8%), zinc oxide (6%) and solid Ag, it was added incrementally to ensure better wetting. When well mixed, the paste was repeatedly passed through a 3-roll mill for at progressively increasing pressures from 0 to 400 psi. The gap of the rolls was adjusted to 1 mil to prepared solar cells. The solar cells were tested for efficiency and adhesion. Both fill factor (FF) and efficiency (Eff) were calculated, which was found to be 73.6% and 13.3% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The structure further comprises one or more semiconductor substrates. Preferred Method: The insulating film is penetrated by the components of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.5-13 (preferably 1.5-5) wt.% of flux materials. The composition further comprises one or more zinc-containing additives and glass frits. Preferred Components: The flux materials comprise lead(II) orthosilicate. The glass frits are present at 0-1 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (wt.%): paste A comprising glass frit (3.4), silver (80) and organic vehicle (16.6); and paste B comprising flux material (2.4), silver (80) and organic vehicle (17.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal catalyst consists of platinum, ruthenium, osmium, platinum-ruthenium alloy, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy and/or platinum-transition metal alloy. The carbon-based support consists of graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon nano fiber, carbon nano horn, carbon nano ring, carbon nano wire and/or Super-P (RTM: Conductive carbon blacks).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon-based support consists of acetylene black, denka black, ketjen black and/or fullerene (C60).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic polymer-based water-repelling enhancer consists of polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene and fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer. The polymer ionomer is nafion ionomer or sulfonated polytrifluorostyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organo-metallic compound is titanium (IV) ethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexoxide, titanium (IV) isobutoxide, titanium (IV) isopropoxide, titanium (IV) methoxide, titanium (IV) n-butoxide and/or titanium (IV) n-propoxide. The alkoxylated alcohol and/or phenol are ethoxylated oleyl alcohol or ethoxylated phenol consisting of ethoxylated oleyl alcohol, ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated dinonylphenol and/or ethoxylated didecylphenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Rhodium porphyrin is supported in an electroconductive support. The catalyst contains a proton conductive resin. Mixed gas is anode gas for fuel cells. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R3, R5, R6, R8, R9, R11, R12=alkyl; and    R1, R4, R7, R10=H.    EXAMPLE - Rhodium octaethyl porphyrin was dissolved in 0.7 mM dichloromethane then 100 mg Vulcan XC 72R(RTM: carbon black) was added to 50 ml porphyrin solution. The mixture was sealed and ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 1 minute in an ultrasonic cleaner to increase dispersibility. The solvent was removed by filtering using a No.5 quantitative filter paper after stirring the solution for 3 hours in a magnetic stirrer to acquire the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The sheet is a metal sheet. The sheet comprises a metal film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrolyte isolation barrier wall is formed of a material including an adhesive. The electrolyte isolation barrier wall is formed of rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thiophene oligomer contains thiophene ring(s) which has a substituent chosen from alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl and halogen, where the substituent is bonded with third position or fourth position of thiophene ring. The thiophene oligomer is hexamer of formula (I) or pentamer of formula (II). EXAMPLE - 3',3"", 4',4""-Tetrabutyl-2,2':5',2":5",2"':5"',2"":5"",2""'-sexithiophene (10 mg) as electrode active material was dissolved in chloroform (100 mL), to obtain a liquid. The obtained liquid (0.1 mL) was coated on the surface of glassy carbon substrate and vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain a test electrode. A three-electrode cell comprising the obtained test electrode as working electrode, activated carbon electrode as counter electrode and silver/silver ion as reference pole was assembled. Propylene carbonate solution of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate was used as an electrolyte solution, and cyclic voltammetry measurement was performed. The electric potential scanning speed was 50 mVsecond-1. The result showed that the capacity of electrode was (-2.9)-1.0 V, integral capacity density at negative electric potential of 50 mAhg-1 and integral capacity density at positive electric potential of 68 mAhg-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The fluorine-oxygen-silicon-containing amorphous layer coating positive electrode active material is used to form positive electrode component. The obtained component is arranged to form lithium secondary battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The positive electrode active material is of formula: LiyMOz.M=manganese, nickel, vanadium, cobalt or iron;y=0.02-2.2;andz=1.4-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The positive electrode material precursor glass further contains manganese dioxide (0-55), and mixture (0.1-25) of niobium pentoxide, vanadium pentoxide, silica, barium trioxide, germanium dioxide, alumina, gallium trioxide, antimony trioxide and bismuth trioxide. The lithium ion secondary cell positive electrode material precursor glass contains lithium-iron phosphate crystal, lithium-iron triphosphate (Li3Fe2(PO4)3) crystal or crystal solid solution, alternately lithium-manganese-iron phosphate (LiMnxFe1-xPO4) crystal, or lithium-manganese-iron triphosphate (Li3(MnxFe1-x)2(PO4)3, where x is greater than 0 and lesser than 1) crystal, and crystallization glass powder and electrically conductive active material. Preferred Property: The content of electrically conductive active material in the positive electrode material is 0.1-50 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of crystallization glass powder. Preferred Material: The electrically conductive active material is carbon-type electrically conductive active material, preferably graphite, acetylene black or amorphous carbon, more preferably amorphous carbon. Preferred Process: The precursor glass is pulverized to obtain precursor glass powder, and the glass powder is baked at glass transition temperature to 1000 degrees C to obtain crystallization glass powder. The electrically conductive active material of the glass powder is activated.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: An organic compound used for manufacturing positive electrode material is glucose, carboxylic acid or organic binder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The binder is acrylic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The lithium secondary battery has active material discharge capacitance of 100 mAh/g or more at 20 degrees C. The particles of the positive electrode active material have average particle diameter of 1 mu m or less. Preferred Process: The positive electrode is pressurized after coating to a collector. A lithium source, an iron source and a phosphorus source are mixed and backed at calcination temperature of 700 degrees C or less, to obtain positive electrode active material. Preferred Condition: The calcination is performed at temperature of 670 degrees C or less, preferably 600 degrees C or more, more preferably 620 degrees C or more. The baking process is carried out under inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere. Preferred Compound: The positive electrode active material is a method crystal system to shoot. The lithium source is lithium carbonate. The iron source is hydrated iron oxalate (FeC2O4.2H2O). The phosphorus source is a phosphorus compound containing ammonium salt. The phosphorus containing ammonium salt is ammonium monobasic phosphate (NH4H2PO4).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electrically conductive material is carbon black. EXAMPLE - (In weight parts) polyvinylidene fluoride (5), binder (25) and lithium iron complex oxide (70), carbon black and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were mixed, to form positive electrode compound material. The obtained positive electrode compound material was coated on an aluminum foil, to obtain positive electrode. Metallic lithium was bonded to nickel collector, to obtain negative electrode. A separator was formed by impregnating non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate. The separator was provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, to obtain lithium secondary battery with excellent charging-discharging capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal comprises vapor deposition metal electrode which is selected from aluminum, zinc and zinc alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyimide precursor solution is polyamic-acid solution. The sealant contains elastic rubber chosen from ethylene propylene terpolymer, isobutylene isoprene rubber and butadiene styrene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The sulfonated copolymer is of formula (I')-(IV') (preferably compound (I'), where Z is OH). Preferred Process: The method further involves deriving the sulfonated aromatic polyether copolymer from spiro-bis-indane, or 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol (BPAF), and arylene-sulfone or arylene-ketone or its sulfonated derivative. Preferred Definitions:    n=10-25;    Ar2= disodium salt of sulfonated dichlorodiphenylsulfone;and    J=Cl and Br.    EXAMPLE - Bisphenol compound of formula (V) (2.8033 g), 3,3'-bis(sodiumsulfonato)-4,4'-bis-chloro-diphenyl sulfone (1.9650 g), and potassium carbonate (1.33 g) were added to N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (20 ml) and toluene (NMP/toluene volume ratio of 2:1) (10 ml). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 4 hours to anhydrate the system. The temperature was raised slowly by controlled removal of the toluene. The reaction mixture was then refluxed for 24 hours, during which time, the mixture became considerably viscous. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with dimethylacetamide. The solution was filtered to remove most of the salts and poured in water (1000 ml) to give the precipitated copolymer of formula (VI) which was used for the preparation of membranes suitable for use in fuel cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The adsorption agent manufacturing process further involves impregnating binder containing saccharide into molded activation treated material to obtain secondary molded activation treatment material, and performing carbonization process at 200-600 degrees C for 0.01-2 hours. Preferred Condition: The impregnation carbonization process and charcoal-formation process are carried out at 200-900 degrees C for 0.1-2 hours under inert atmosphere. The activation treatment process and secondary activation treatment process are carried out 800-900 degrees C for 0.1-4 hours under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Preferred Substance: The saccharide is chosen from beet sugar, brown sugar and sugarcane sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The reaction bed of the first or second pressurized system employs lanthanum-yttrium-nickel-aluminum alloy, lanthanum nickel base alloy or calcium nickel base alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The barrier layer is formed as innermost layer in intermediate position of cross-section. The hose transports coolant, preferably carbon dioxide coolant as internal fluid. The layer inside barrier layer in molded to outer peripheral surface of mandrel. The resin film is wound around outer peripheral surface of layer of inner side, and barrier layer is formed. The solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lithium salt coated on surface of positive electrode active material are lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is a material containing a rubber-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The latex is acrylic-type elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separation film sheet is made of a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene film, polyethylene oxide and polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode terminal of sealing cover is made of aluminum or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The artificial graphite has microcrystal size (La) in a-axis direction of 100-250 nm measured by X-ray diffraction. The graphitization-processed artificial graphite has microcrystal size (La) of 300 nm or more. The artificial graphite has average interlayer distance (d002) of 0.3365-0.3375 nm, and graphitization-processed artificial graphite has average interlayer distance (d002) of 0.3361 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The curing accelerator is a phosphorus compound having a molecular weight of 300-1000 of formula P(R1)(R2)(R3) or (P+)(R1)(R2)(R3)(X-), a salt of a diazabicyclo compound and an organic acid, a urea derivative of formula X'-NH-CO-N(Y1)Z, an imidazole compound having a molecular weight of greater than or equal to 100 or a tertiary amine compound having a molecular weight of 120-1000.R1-R4=functional group selected from H, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl or their derivatives;X=four-coordinated boron compound, halogen or six-coordinated antimony compound;X'=(un)saturated alkyl or aryl or their derivatives;andY1 and Z=(un)saturated alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The content of the curing agent is 0.8-1.2 equivalents per one epoxy group of the epoxy resin. The content of curing accelerator is 0.01-10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the curing agent. The content of the carbon material is 35-85 mass.% based on the total amount of (C1). The carbon material has a crystal plane distance of 0.3362-0.3390 nm. The curing agent has at least two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the molecule. The epoxy resin is a multifunctional epoxy resin. EXAMPLE - A resin composition (test) comprising (wt.%) EOCN-1020-65 (RTM: orthocresol novolak type resin) (12.1), RESITOP PSM4261 (RTM: phenyl novolak) (6.1), salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene-orthophthalic acid (1.2), isotropic artificial graphite (average particle diameter 75 mu m) (77.7) and carnauba wax (2.9) was prepared. Similarly a comparative was prepared using salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene-phenyl novolak in place of salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene-orthophthalic acid. Both test/comparative were evaluated for flexural strength. Results showed that test/comparative had flexural strength of 69/30 MPa respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nucleating agent comprises bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid and disodium salt. The diluent comprises glycerol triacetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalyst particles and the second catalyst particles are metal catalyst particles or metal catalyst particles on a carbon-based support. Preferably, there is no second catalyst particle in the ionomer portion. The ionomer portion wall is formed in a grid pattern, and the catalyst portion is formed between grids. The catalyst portion is formed opposite the fluid channel along the fluid channel, or the ionomer portion is formed opposite the fluid channel along the fluid channel. The gas diffusion layer includes a conductive substrate consisting of carbon paper, carbon cloth, and carbon felt, a carbon-based material and a fluorine-based resin. Preferred Composition: The catalyst portion forming ink includes a metal catalyst or a metal catalyst on a carbon-based support; a polymer ionomer; and a solvent. The ionomer portion forming ink includes a metal catalyst or a metal catalyst on a carbon-based support; a polymer ionomer; and a solvent, and has a lower concentration of catalyst than the catalyst portion forming ink. Preferred Method: The inkdrops are sprayed while heating. Preferred Parameter: The height of the ionomer portion wall or pillar is 0.5-1 times as large as the thickness of the catalyst layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte membrane includes perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, hydrocarbon-based polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, doped polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone, polysulfone, their acids, and their bases.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst metal supported oxygen occlusion material has palladium content of 0.05 mass% or less, preferably 0.01 mass% or less. The peak of the pore volume distribution of the material after maintaining at 1000 degrees C for 24 hours, is 50-70 nm. The log differential pore volume in a peak pore diameter is 0.15 cm3/g. The oxygen emitting amount of the material in 100-200 degrees C is 2x 104 mu mol/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alloy-based negative electrode active material includes silicon or tin. The alloy-based negative electrode active material is at least one selected from silicon, silicon oxides, silicon nitrides, silicon carbide, silicon-containing alloys, silicon-containing compounds, tin, tin oxides, tin nitrides, tin-containing alloys, and tin-containing compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-rich fuel consists of methanol, ethanol and boron hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Leaving group is unevenly distributed in the surface of transluscent joining films. Metal atom is a transition metal element e.g. indium, tin, zinc, titanium, aluminum, copper, iron or antimony. Base material is flexible and plate shaped and contains silicon, metal or glass as main material. A middle layer consist of oxide material is provided between the base material and joining film. Joining film is indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-containing indium-tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Preferred Parameters: Abundance ratio of metal atom to oxygen atom in joining film is 3:7-7:3. Joining film is electroconductive and solid without fluidity. Average thickness of joining film is 0.2-1000 nm. Preferred Process: Joining film is formed by organometallic chemical vapor deposition in low reducing atmosphere. An active part, which is a dangling bond or hydroxyl group is produced after the leaving group detaches from the surface of joining film. Surface treatment is performed on the surface of joining film to improve adhesiveness which is plasma processing or UV irradiation processing. Energy is provided by irradiation of energy beam e.g. UV ray with 126-300 nm wavelength, heating at 25-100 degrees C and providing 0.2-10 MPa compressive force.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Leaving group is an organic atom group consists of hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen atoms with carbon as essential component e.g. alkyl group. Joining film contains organometallic material e.g. metal complex as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal atom is transition metal element chosen from indium, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, copper, aluminum or iron. The leaving group is atom groups chosen from hydrogen atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom, halogen atoms or preferably alkyl group. The joining film is indium-tin oxide (ITO) or indium-zinc oxide (IZO), and hydrogen atom is introduced into antimony tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-containing indium-tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) as leaving group. The active hand is dangling bond or hydroxyl group. The base material contains silicon material, metal material or glass material as main material. The middle layer contains oxide type material as main material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material of joining film is organometallic material (preferably metal complex).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal catalyst is platinum group element or alloy of platinum group element and other elements.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The freebase nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compound that forms MN4 chelate structure, is chosen from porphyrin, phthalocyanine, tetraaza annulene and/or their derivatives. The freebase nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compound is introduced in a polar group and wettability is controlled. Preferred Process: The freebase nitrogen-containing macrocyclic compound is mixed in a solvent and then reacted with electroconductive support including metal catalyst. EXAMPLE - Tetra-(p-phenyl)porphyrin (TPP) (50 mg) having carboxyl group was dissolved in toluene (500 ml). Pentafluorophenol (20 mg) was further added and stirred. Platinum supported catalyst was added to 10% ammonium nitrate and 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, such that a group (-ONH4) was introduced into catalyst surface. The porphyrin solution and platinum supported catalyst were reacted in toluene such that the porphyrin was introduced to catalyst surface. Thus, electrode catalyst was produced. The chloride ion, and metal ion eluted during driving of fuel cell was efficiently fixed in the TPP, and catalytic activity of electrode catalyst was maintained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic-solvent dispersion liquid of micro-capsulation phase change material is obtained by dispersing water-soluble phase-transition agent particles in organic solvent containing micro-capsulation agent through dispersion film (4). The organic-solvent dispersion liquid of micro-capsulation phase change material excludes surfactant. Preferred Compound: The micro-capsulation agent is monomer of hydraulic urethane or prepolymer of urethane. The phase-change material is chosen from mineral salt hydrate, saccharide, alcohol, urea and thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The positive electrode contains foaming nickel which is attached on the surface of carbon black. The transition metal is iron, nickel or cobalt. The transition metal-sulfur complex has structure in which sulfur-containing compound is coordinated in transition metal ion. The transition metal ion is alkali metal ion, alkaline-earth metal ion or ammonium ion as counter ion. The sulfur-containing compound is of formula: S2CxH2x.x=15.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ribbons are formed using polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer and polybutylene. The top and bottom layers are adhered with ribbons using adhesive chosen from pressure sensitive adhesive, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene vinyl acetate and B-stage epoxy polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carrier is made of plastic like polypropylene or polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The molar fraction of lithium (Li) relative to all transition metals in the composite oxide is 1.10-1.20. The ratio of (b+c):d is 1:0.7 to 1.3. Preferred Method: The composite oxide is prepared by reacting a nickel-manganese-(cobalt) hydroxide precursor with lithium carbonate. EXAMPLE - As a composite transition metal precursor, a combined hydroxide Ni0.452Mn0.450Co0.098(OH)2 was used. The combined hydroxide was mixed with Li2CO3 in a stoichiometric ratio of Li:Ni0.452Mn0.450Co0.098 of 1.14:1 and the mixture was calcined at 850-1000 degrees C for 10 hours in atmosphere to produce a cathode active material (test) containing a lithium-transition metal composite oxide. Similarly a comparative cathode active material was prepared where the ratio of Li:Ni0.452Mn0.450Co0.098 was 1.05:1. Test and comparative cathode active material were incorporated in batteries, and then subjected to determination of rate characteristic. The battery containing test cathode active material showed superior high rate discharge characteristic of at least 70%, than the battery containing comparative cathode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode comprises carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active metal layer comprises rhodium, rubidium, iridium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, copper, silver, gold, nickel, iron or combinations. The cathode comprises platinum, rhenium, palladium, nickel, Raney nickel, iridium, vanadium, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, molybdenum or combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Hydrophilic membrane of the electrochemical cell comprises polypropylene, polyamide or combinations. A separator comprises polypropylene, glassy carbon or combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second conductor layer is made of copper, aluminum, tin or an alloy of these metals.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The discoloration agent used for performing discoloration reaction is nitrogen dioxide, orthotolidine, sulfur dioxide and barium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The content of 2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine monomer unit contained in the copolymer (a) is 3-95 mol%. The retention of copolymer (a) is 0.01-50 weight%. The hydrophilic polyolefin sintered compact has average porosity of 20-80 volume% and average hole diameter of 1-150 mu m. The polyolefin resin particles (b) have average particle diameter of 10-350 mu m, volume density of 0.2-0.55 g/cm3, density of 0.85-0.97 g/cm3 and viscosity average molecular weight of 50000-7 million. 90 Weight% or more of particles (b) have average particle diameter of 1-500 mu m. Preferred Particles: The polyolefin resin particles (b) are homopolymer ethylene, or a copolymer ethylene and 3C or more olefin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the oxygen reduction catalyst comprises adding 50-10000 mass parts of reaction medium and 1-100 mass parts of transition metal salt to a reaction container at 0-70 degrees C, dropping 1-100 mass parts of divinyl triamine while stirring to configure site in order to obtain transition metal chelate, adding 0.5-10 mass parts of carbon black carrier, continuously stirring for 60-240 minutes, evaporating to remove the reaction medium, and then carrying out high-temperature treatment at 500-1000 degrees C for 60-240 minutes in presence of inert gas, then cooling down to obtain oxygen reduction catalyst. Preferred Components: The transition metal salt is cobalt acetate, iron acetate, cobalt chloride, iron chloride, copper chloride, zinc chloride, chromium chloride, manganese chloride, cobalt sulfate, or cobalt nitrate. The inert gas is argon or nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction medium is water, methanol, absolute ethyl alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The microparticles are positive electrode active material microparticles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The enclosure container is formed from resin material which is not invaded by electrolyte solution (preferably aprotic organic solvent) and metallic lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic elements consist of nickel, iron, chromium, cobalt, silver, copper and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is platinum, tin, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhodium, copper, zinc, chrome and/or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel resistant plastic is sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The enzymatic process for synthesizing the compound (A1) involves providing the compound (B1) and a recombinant E. coli JS995 strain that expresses both nitroreductase and mutase activities; incubating the recombinant E. coli strain with the compound (B1); converting the compound (B1) to the compound (A1) by the recombinant E. coli JS995 strain; and recovering a fraction containing the compound (A1). EXAMPLE - A E. coli C43pNBzHabA carrying the recombinant plasmid was grown and the cells were induced with isopropyl- beta -D-thioglactopyranoside (IPTG) (1 mM) at 30 degrees C with shaking for 16 hours. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and washed with potassium phosphate buffer (20 mM) for use in transformation assays. 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-6-nitrobenzothiazole (49 mu M) was incubated with the cells E. coli C43(DE3)pNbzAHabA (i.e. strain JS995) and HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture revealed a transformation of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-6-nitrobenzothiazole to 4-(6-amino-5-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl)benzoic acid at a rate of 0.9 nmoles min-1 mg-1 protein. The conversion efficiency was 100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon coated on the particle surface is amorphous carbon or graphitized carbon. The lithium titanium oxide particle is of formula: LixTiyO4.x=0.8-1.4;andy=1.6-2.2.Preferred Process: The lithium titanium oxide particles are obtained by dispersing lithium titanium oxide in carbon precursor, heat-treating lithium titanium oxide at 600-900 degrees C under inert atmosphere, and scattering carbon precursor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The carbon precursor comprises sucrose, water soluble polymer, pitch, resin, organic acid or cellulose. EXAMPLE - Petroleum pitch was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) was dispersed in the resulting solution. The tetrahydrofuran was evaporated, to obtain lithium titanium oxide in which the pitch was dispersed on the surface. The obtained lithium titanium oxide was heat-treated at 700 degrees C for 5 hours, and the pitch was carbonized, to obtain lithium titanium oxide particles in which carbon was coated on the particle surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecule precursor is selected from urea anhydride, melamine i.e. 2,4,6- triamino-s-triazine, formula (I), ethylenediamine, ammonium chloride, carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorobenzene, sodium azide, cyanuric chloride-sodium azide or cyanuric chloride-sodium amide or melem i.e. 2,5,8-triamino-tris-s-triazine. C3N3X3 (I)X=Cl, F, OH, NHCl, N or NCNH.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Dihalo benzene compound of formula (3) is reacted with haloheterophenyl compound of formula (4) in presence of Lewis acid, to obtain m-benzylbenzene intermediate of formula (5). The intermediate is sulfonated and reacted with metal halide, to obtain m-sulfonyl group-containing benzylbenzene of formula (1a). Preferred Process: Alternately, trihalobenzene compound of formula (6) reacted with haloheterophenyl compound (4) in presence of magnesium, lithium or butyl lithium, to obtain p-benzylbenzene intermediate of formula (7). Then, the intermediate is sulfonated and reacted with metal halide, to obtain p-sulfonyl group-containing benzylbenzene of formula (1b). The phenyl group-containing compound is subjected to nucleophilic substitution polymerization reaction, to obtain polymer.X1=-Cl, -Br or -I;andR=arylene or alkylene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specific 2 phenyl group-containing compounds disclosed are potassium-3-(2,4-difluorophenylsulfonyl)-benzene sulfonate and dipotassium-3-(2,4-difluorophenyl-5-sulfonyl-sulfonate)-benzene sulfonate.    EXAMPLE - 1,3-Difluorobenzene (in g) (9.63), benzenesulfonylchloride (17.6), ferric chloride (1) were mixed and, reacted at 75 degrees C for 2.5 hours, 90 degrees C for 187 hours and 140 degrees C for 1 hour. The resultant product was decompressed, distilled at 160-170 degrees C under reduced pressure and dried, to obtain difluorophenylsulfonyl benzene. The obtained difluorophenylsulfonyl benzene (9.8) was dissolved ion sulfuric acid (10 ml), cooled to room temperature, reacted overnight, dissolved in water, added potassium chloride (15 g), recrystallized using water (5.9) and neutralized using potassium carbonate, to obtain potassium-3-(2,4-difluorophenylsulfonyl)-benzene sulfonate (2.9).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polymer sheet is made of material consisting polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene-terephthalate (PET), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and resin layer. The HF absorber consists of material such as lithium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, activated charcoal, diatomite, perlite and zeolite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is alcohol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, hexane, cyclohexane, chloroform, 1-10C organic compound, or non-polar solvent. Preferred Oxide: The inorganic precursor comprises metal alkoxide. The metal alkoxide is silicon alkoxide, such as tetraethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, methyl triethoxysilane, propyl trimethoxysilane, propyl triethoxysilane, propyl methyl dimethoxysilane, propyl methyl diethoxysilane, octyl trimethoxysilane, dodecyl trimethoxysilane, octadecyl trimethoxysilane, octadecyl triethoxysilane, 1,4-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene, triethoxyphenyl silane or (1-naphthyl)triethoxysilane. Preferred Catalyst: A catalyst such as amino-based catalyst, is added to carry out sol-gel reaction. Preferred Compound: The (1S,2S)-diphenyl ethylene diamide is preferably of formulae (2-5).R1=1-20C alkyl or 1-20C alkenyl;R2=1-20C alkyl;R3=H or 1-10C alkyl;X=halogen;andAr'=aromatic ring.Preferred Process: The nano organic/inorganic-composite is plasticized at 200-800 degrees C, and the organic compound is removed to obtain metal oxide. Preferred Property: The content of (1S,2S)-diphenyl ethylene diamide is 1-15 weight%. EXAMPLE - (1S,2S)-Diphenyl ethylene diamide (in g) (0.2), dichloromethane (5 ml), triethyl amine (0.53 ml) and lauroyl chloride (0.49 ml) were reacted at room temperature for 21 hours, and 2N hydrochloric acid and 2N sodium hydroxide were added. The organic layer was extracted and concentrated to obtain composite in yield of 65%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The steam reformate is not dried to remove water. The vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization is performed in presence of cobalt-molybdenum/alumina, nickel-tungsten/alumina or nickel-molybdenum/alumina catalyst. The hydrocarbon fuel is distilled. The light fraction of hydrocarbon fuel is subjected to vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization at 280 psi or less, and adsorbent polishing after hydrodesulfurization. A portion of steam reformate as a low-sulfur hydrogen source is provided to a fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The system for treating hydrocarbon fuel further has a distillation unit arranged to provide a light fraction of hydrocarbon fuel to the vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization unit, and the distillation unit is not a flash distillation unit, an adsorbent polishing unit provided to polish the output of the vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization unit and a fuel cell provided to receive a portion of steam reformate as a low-sulfur hydrogen source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The catalyzed base electrodes are prepared by mixing manganese dioxide, conductive material and adhesive; adding solvent in the mixture, stirring into pasty and dispersing; coating the pasty mixture on the conductive substrate; and drying at 80-120 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Mixture of manganese dioxide, conductive carbon material and adhesive is coated on a conductive substrate to prepare catalyzed base electrodes of microorganism fuel cell. The ratio of manganese dioxide, conductive carbon material and adhesive is 57:28:15-73:12:15, preferably 65:20:15. The conductive substrate is graphite paper or carbon fiber cloth. The conductive carbon material is graphite, acetylene black, carbon black or active carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive is PTFE or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrolyte film contains ion conductive polymer chosen from persulfonate polymer, hydrocarbon-based polymer, polyimide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyphosphazene, polyethylene naphthalate, polyester, doped polybenzimidazole, polyether ketone and polysulfone. The protective film contains polymer resin chosen from polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The plated nickel has thickness of 0.1-10 mu m. The plating thickness of nickel alloy such as nickel palladium and gold is 1 nm-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium containing intermediate is titanium dioxide or hydrate of titanium dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic polymer has a hydrogen ion selected from sulfonic acid, phosphate group, hydroxy or carboxylic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic polymer is selected from polyarylene ether (PAE), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), polyether-ether sulfone (PEES), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), nafion, polyazole, polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyimide, polyamide, polyquinoxaline, polyphosphazene or polybenzimidazole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ordered mesoporous silicon dioxide, inorganic phosphoric salt or acid and water-soluble resin are present at 1:0.01-0.1:0.5-2 ratio. Preferred Process: The carbonizing step comprises increasing temperature from 10-30 degrees C to 700-900 degrees C at 1-3 degrees C/minute, and roasting for 2-10 hours. Preferred Component: The ordered mesoporous silicon dioxide has mesoscopic structure type including mobile crystalline material (MCM)-41, MCM-48, FDU-1, KIT-6, FDU-5, SBA-16, SBA-12, or preferably SBA-15. The inorganic phosphoric salt or acid is phosphoric acid, hypophosphorus acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphite, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphite and/or sodium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-soluble resin is phenolic resin, urea resin, polyimide, polyacrylamide and/or polyacrylonitrile having 200-5000 molecular weight.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is monocrystalline silicon, quartz, glass, ceramic or isinglass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The soluble high molecular polymer is polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The hydrophobic material is polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and ethene, copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, polytrifluorochloroethylene or fluorine-containing alkyloxosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Cross linker and/or evocating agent dissolved in a solvent are used in preparing each layer of multilayer of fluorinated ion exchange membranes and/or in processing the membrane to form cross-linked structures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic microporous membrane is ultra-thin ceramic membrane, ultra-thin molecular sieve membrane, ultra-thin silicon dioxide membrane, titanium dioxide membrane, zirconium oxide membrane, aluminum oxide membrane, multiaperture glass membrane or molecular sieve membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The microporous membrane is organic or inorganic microporous membrane. Preferred Parameters: The microporous membrane has an aperture of 0.1-1 mu m, thickness of 5-100 mu m, porosity factor of 30-99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, methylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-pyrrolidone extraction, Hexamethylphosphoramide, acetone, water, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, glycol and/or propanetriol. The organic microporous membrane is perfluorocarbon polymer membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base is potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): The sulfonated triphenylamine derivative is prepared by reacting fluoro methyl benzene derivative in the presence of phenylamine, palladium catalyst and base fllowed by sulfonating the obtained triphenylamine derivative. The fluoro methyl benzene derivative is represented by formula (VIII) and triphenylamine derivative is represented by formula (IX).X1=-NO2, -F, -Cl, -Br or -I.Preferred Compounds: The phenyl amine polymer is made of dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide or tetramethylene sulfone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The former and latter compound are oxidizer, acid, base, metal, carbonate sulfite or ammonium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The third compound is fatty acid, arachidic acid, undecane dicarboxylic acid, lauric acid, myristric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, suberic acid, pimelic acid, 1,10-decanedicarboxylic acid, xylitol or alcoholates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The third compound is optionally a polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The plate and the negative polar plate is made up of copper, aluminum, copper-aluminum (CU-AL) alloy and nickel-copper stainless steel composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The Pt compound is added with transitional metal compound, where mole ratio of Pt and transitional metal is 0.1-8:1, and the transitional metal compound is nickel (Ni) compound, cobalt (Co) compound, iron (Fe) compound, and/or chromium (Cr) compound. The Pt compound is platinum tetrachloride (PtCl4), hexachloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6), potassium platinum hexachloride (K2PtCl6), or disodium hexachloroplatinate (Na2PtCl6). The Ni compound is nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2) or nickel chloride (NiCl2). The Co compound is cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2) or cobalt chloride (CoCl2). The Fe compound is iron trinitrate (Fe(NO3)3) or ferric chloride (FeCl3). The Cr compound is chromium trinitrate (Cr(NO3)3) or chromium chloride (CrCl3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon carrier is XC-72(RTM: conductive carbon black), carbon nanotube, mesoporous carbon, or BP-2000(RTM: conductive carbon black).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polyol is added with an organic micromolecule monohydric alcohol, where volume ratio of polyol and organic micromolecule monohydric alcohol is 1:0.001-10, the organic micromolecule monohydric alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or isopropanol, and polyol is glycol, propanetriol, butanediol, tetramethylethyleneglycol, or butantriol. The reduction step is conducted at 120-160, preferably 135-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The conversion takes place at 600-1200 degrees C, preferably 800-1000 degrees C. Preferred Components: The gas mixture contains at least 8, preferably 10 vol.% of nitrous oxide. The gas mixture further contains one or more gas components, preferably water, oxygen (up to 20, preferably 40 vol.%), NOx as nitrous oxide (up to 1, preferably 10 vol.%), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The nitrous oxide containing gas mixture is a process exhaust gas, preferably from adipic acid production, nitric acid production or combustion of motor exhaust gas. The catalyst contains one or more metal oxides, where the metals are from 1st to 5th main group, preferably boron, aluminum, indium, thallium, silicon, germanium, tin, palladium, selenium, tellurium, transition metals, lanthanide and/or actinide. The metal oxide is of formula ((M1)a(M2)bOo); ((M1)a(M3)cOo); ((M2)b(M3)cOo); ((M1)a(M2)b(M3)c(M5)eOo) or ((M1)a(M2)b(M3)c(M4)dOo). The catalyst is a full catalyst or a carrier catalyst, preferably a nano-, micro- or mesoporous, oxidic or nonoxidic carrier. The catalyst is free of noble metals, preferably metals of the 1st sub group and platinum group, preferably silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum. The catalyst comprises perovskite-, spinel-, hydrotalcite- or zeolite- containing material.M1 = an alkali metal;M2 = an alkaline earth metal;a = greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1;b = greater than or equal to 0 but less than or equal to 1;o = valency ratio of determined number of greater than 0;M3 = lanthanide and/or actinide, preferably B, Al, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pd, Se or Te;x = 2;c = greater than 0 but less than or equal to 1;M4 = transition metal; andd = 0-1. EXAMPLE - A gas mixture containing ethane (40 vol.%), nitrous oxide (40 vol.%) and neon (20 vol.%) were preheated at 630 degrees C in the presence of sodium calcium oxide catalyst to obtain ethene and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotubes are cup stack carbon nanotubes. The dispersant is carboxymethylcellulose sodium. The heat transport medium contains 0.1-15 wt.% of the carbon nanotubes, and 0.1-10 wt.% of the carboxymethylcellulose sodium. EXAMPLE - Ultrapure water was weighed and filled as a base liquid in a vial container. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium was weighed to give 10 wt.% and was added to the vial container. The resulting fluid was stirred for 60-120 minutes by a magnetic stirrer. Cup stack carbon nanotubes were weighed to give 15 wt.% and were added to the fluid in the vial. The cup stack carbon nanotubes had a number average length (Ln) of 8.20 ~m m, a weight average length (Lw) of 14.31 ~mm, and a length distribution (Lw/Ln) of 1.75. As pre-stirring, the resulting fluid composition was stirred around room temperature (\~ 25?oC) at 1200 rpm for 1-2 hours by the magnetic stirrer. The vial container containing the fluid composition was next connected to a circulation-type processing system and equipped with an ultrasonic processing system. While continuing stirring of the fluid composition at 1200 rpm by the magnetic stirrer and also circulating the fluid composition at a rate of 300 mL/minute by a tubing pump, the fluid composition was exposed to ultrasonic waves. The circulation time and ultrasonic-sound exposure time were both set at 3-5 hours/1000 mL. Subsequently, centrifugal separation was applied under relative centrifugal force of 700 G for 30 minutes to the resulting fluid composition by a centrifugal separator. The fluid composition subjected to the centrifugal separation was collected by a dropping pipette, and any remaining aggregates of carbon nanotubes were removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The hydrogen-ion conducting material is selected from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid or 2,2'-bis acrylamide acetic acid. The initiator is selected from azo dye material, which is 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile), 4,4'-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), benzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide. The film is selected from sulfonated polyimide, amorphous hydrogenated carbon film of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone or sulfonyl polyethersulfone. The coating solution is selected from diacrylate containing polyethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol propoxylate diacrylate, dimethacrylate containing polyethylene glycol or 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-ion conducting material is selected from nafion or sulfonated polyetherether ketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The driving spring comprises shape memory alloy and bimetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The conductive coating is produced by coating metal oxide nanotube assembly with ruthenium chloride (3 wt.%) in ethanol solution, and calcining at 450 degrees C for 15 minutes to convert the ruthenium chloride into ruthenium oxide. The valve metal has been deposited on the substrate using physical vapor deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The conductive coating comprises a noble metal, carbon, or oxide of ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, palladium, osmium or iridium. The valve metal is titanium. The doping element consists of tantalum or niobium, ruthenium or iridium. The metal oxide can be mixed oxide comprising different valve metal oxides. The electrolyte solution comprises ion comprising chloride, fluoride and/or cyanide; and hydrogen fluoride or fluoride salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises stainless steel. The valve metal is thin layer of foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanotube assembly further comprises electrically conductive coating. The metal oxide nanotubes further comprise oxygen vacancy or doping element; provide substantial photocatalytic activity; and are positioned in a side-by-side interconnected and parallel manner. The product further comprises gas diffusion media layer underlying the bipolar plate, an electrode underlying the gas diffusion media layer and polymer electrolyte membrane underlying the gas diffusion media layer. Preferred Parameters: The contact resistance of the bipolar plate is less than or equal to 50 (preferably less than or equal to 8) milli-ohms cm2. The assembly provides a water contact angle of less than or equal to 22 degrees . The metal oxide nanotubes have diameter of 10-100 nm and length of 10-1000 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises one or more metals (less than 10 wt.%) other than manganese, nickel, cobalt in at least one distinct phase. Preferred Components: The molar amounts of nickel/cobalt and manganese are substantially equal in the first distinct phase and the molar amounts of nickel/cobalt and manganese are substantially equal in the second distinct phase. The particles have an average diameter of less than 50 mu m, preferably less than 10 mu m. The metals are lithium, aluminum, titanium or magnesium in at least one distinct phase. EXAMPLE - Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) (6.953 g) and lithium-cobalt-nickel-manganese oxide compound of formula (Li(Co1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3)O2) (8.047 g) were mixed with lithium carbonate (6.824 g). The powdered mixture was heated to 750 degrees C at 4 degrees C/minutes and then allowed to remain at that temperature for 4 hours. The powdered mixture was heated to 1000 degrees C at 4 degrees C/minutes and then allowed to remain at that temperature for 4 hours. Then the powder was cooled down to room temperature at 4 degrees C/minutes. After grinding, the powder was passed through a 110 mu m sieve to give particles comprising a first phase having a cobalt-nickel-manganese structure of formula (Co0.72Ni0.15Mn0.13) and a second phase having a cobalt-nickel-manganese structure of formula (Co0.55Ni0.23Mn0.22).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane is utilized in preparing a polyelectrolyte membrane, where the polyelectrolyte is selected from a group consisting of sulfonated polyetherketone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polybenzimidazole, sulfonated polyethersulfone, sulfonated polystyrene, and perfluorosulfonated ionomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The water is deionized water. The time required to treat a sample with ammonia vapor is less than the time required to treat a sample using a conventional method employing liquid ammonia. The amount of water used in the washing process is less than the amount of water used in a washing process of a conventional method employing liquid ammonia. Preferred Components: The metal oxide is aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, and/or titanium oxide (preferably aluminum oxide); and granular. The ammonia gas is a vapor. EXAMPLE - A sample was prepared by adding gold salt (HAuCl4) (0.2 g) in deionized (DI) (1 g) water, to aluminum oxide (5 g) (having particle size 18 mesh). The sample was kept in the oven at 100 degrees C for 2 hours to ensure that moisture was vaporized. 0.5M Ammonia solution (20 ml) was kept in a desiccator. The sample was taken from the oven to the desiccator where the gold salt was reduced to gold hydroxide in the presence of ammonia vapor. The sample was kept in the desiccator overnight to ensure reduction of the gold salt. The sample was washed in DI water to remove the chlorine. Washing was repeated several times and the water, which had been used for washing, was tested in the presence of silver nitrate for the precipitation of chlorine. The sample was kept in the oven at 100 degrees C for 2 hours to ensure that moisture was vaporized. The sample was kept at 450 degrees C for 4 hours to complete conversion of gold hydroxide to gold catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hydrogen storage alloy has compositional formula: Ln1-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb.Ln=rare earth element containing yttrium;M=cobalt, manganese and/or zinc;x=0.1-0.2;y=3.5-3.9;a=0.1-0.3;andb=0-0.2.Preferred Properties: The ratio of capacity of hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode and capacity of nickel positive electrode is 1.2 or less. Partial charge-discharge control is performed such that discharging is stopped and charging is started when voltage level reaches state of charge of 20%. The charging is stopped and discharging is started, when voltage level reaches state of charge of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon particles are electrically conductive; and comprise carbon nanotubes or carbon nanofibers. The electrically conductive carbon particles exhibit functional groups attached to the surface on it. The functional groups are capable of acting as counterions for the inherently conductive polymer. The functional groups are sulfonyl and/or carboxyl. The first solids content is 0.2-20 wt.%, preferably less than 10 wt.%. The second solids content is selected so as to obtain a preselected density of the nanostructured porous material after freeze-drying of the second aqueous suspension. Preferred Process: The process comprises providing a first aqueous suspension formed by carbon particles and monomers corresponding the inherently conductive polymer and having first solids content; polymerizing the monomers; removing at least a part of the water to provide a second aqueous suspension having second solids content; and drying the second aqueous suspension by freeze-drying. The process comprises adding an initiator to the aqueous suspension formed by carbon particles and monomer to achieve polymerization of the monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The inherently conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene and/or their derivatives. The matrix comprises a continuous network formed by the inherently conductive polymer. The inherently conductive polymer is present in conductive form. EXAMPLE - An aqueous suspension containing aniline monomers (0.1-5 wt.%) and carbon nanotubes (0.1-5 wt.%) was prepared. Initiator of polymerization was added to the suspension and aniline was polymerized. Water was removed from the suspension to a level of 50-99 wt.%. The suspension was freezed. The freezed suspension was freeze-dried to obtain porous conductive nanofoam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The each divalent ion is calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) (all preferred), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), tin (Sn) and other suitable ions from the 2 and 3 transition series and/or from the lanthanides. The polyoxometallate and associated counterion is of formula (Xa(Z1bMcOd)). (I) comprises 2-4 vanadium centers in the polyoxometallate. The polyoxometallate comprises compound of formula (H3Na2PMo10V2O40), (H3Na2PMo9V3O40) or (H3Na4PMo8V4O40), where the protons and/or sodium ions are at least partially replaced by one or more divalent ions. The catholyte solution comprises at least one ancillary redox species. The ancillary redox species is ligated transition metal complexes and/or further polyoxometallate species. The transition metals in the transition metal complexes are Mn in oxidation states II-V, Fe I-IV, Cu I-III, Co I-III, Ni I-III, Cr II-VII, Ti II-IV, tungsten IV-VI, vanadium II-V or molybdenum II-VI. The catholyte solution is substantially free from any ancillary redox species. The concentration of the polyoxometallate in the catholyte solution is over 0.075M. The solution comprises a polyoxometallate and a counterion comprising one or more divalent ions.X = H, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or ammonium (all preferred) and/or transition metal ions, where at least one X is one or more divalent ions;Z1 = P (preferred), B, S, As, Si, Ge, Ni, Rh, Sn, Al, Cu, I, Br, F, Fe, Co, Cr, Zn, H2, Te, Mn and/or Se;M = Mo or V (both preferred), W, Nb, Ta, Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Rh, Ru, Tl, Al, Ga, In and other metals comprising 1, 2 or 3 transition metal series and/or the lanthanide series;a = number of X necessary to charge balance the (McOd) anion;b = 0-20, preferably 0-2;c = 1-40, preferably 5-20; andd = 1-180, preferably 30-70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The fluorine-based coat film is subjected to an oxidized thermal treatment at a predetermined temperature, preferably 600-800 degrees C, with an oxidative gas, preferably oxygen gas that has a partial pressure of 10-30%. Fluorine gas preferably at a partial pressure of 3-7% is used for the fluorine treatment of an oxygen-containing positive electrode active material. Preferred Component: The oxygen-containing positive electrode active material is LixMOy.M=transition metal, preferably Co, Ni and/or Mn;x=0.02-2.2; andy=1.4-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyrrolidone compound is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Preferred Process: The coating process is performed by printing method, preferably screen-printing method. Preferred Component: A dye-sensitized solar cell (10) contains a semiconductor electrode having photoelectric converting layer, and the electroconductive polymer electrode as the counter electrode. Preferred Property: The conductive polymer thin film (6) of the dye-sensitized solar cell has sheet resistance of 60 ohm per square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gas detection portion is formed in the form of film using a composition containing carbon nanotube and polymer component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is selected from silver, chromium, titanium, zirconium or tungsten. A solution having sulfuric acid and nitric acid is sprayed on the surface of the stainless steel base metal. The stainless steel base metal is a stainless steel plate, which comprises less than 0.08 wt.% carbon, 16-28 wt.% chromium, 0.1-20 wt.% nickel, 0.1-6 wt.% molybdenum, 0.1-5 wt.% tungsten, 0.1-2 wt.% tin, 0.1-2 wt.% copper and iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The additive is selected from hydrogen peroxide and oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel used in liquid type fuel cell is a mixed fuel comprising of one or two fuels selected in the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, formic acid, isopropanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, butanol and dimethyl ether (DME).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is selected from a group consisting of propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, sulfolane, acetonitrile, 1,2- butylene carbonates, butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethylcarbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethylether, diethylether and tetrahydrofuran. The cation is selected from tetramethyl ammonium, ethyltri methyl ammonium, diethyldi methyl ammonium, triethylmethylammonium, tetraethyl ammonium, dimethylpyrrol lithium, ethylen pyrrole lithium, diethyl pyrrole lithium, 1- ethyl -3- methyl - imidazolium, 1,2- dimethyl -3- propyl imidazoliums, 1,2- diethyl -3,5- dimethylimidazoliums, trimethyl -n- hexyl ammonium, N- butyl -N- methylpylene lithium, N-methyl -N- propylpiperidinium and N- ethyl -N- methylmorpholinium. The negative ion is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane sulfonate, bis trifluoromethane sulfonyl imide, bis pentafluoroethane sulfonyl imide, bis fluorosulfonyl imide, 2,2,2-trifluoro-N-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)acetamide, pentafluoroethane trifluoroborate and tri pentafluoroethane trifluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activated charcoal precursor is bituminous coal, lignite, anthracite coal, oak, wood, walnut shell, pine-nuts shell, pistachio shell, coconut shell, hazelnut shell, cashew nut shell, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, rayon resin and/or Prunus amygdalus. Preferred Properties: The particle size of pulverized activated charcoal precursor and potassium hydroxide is 44-420 mu m. The moisture content of potassium hydroxide is 2-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal has total surface area of 2000-3500 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.8-2.5 cc/g and methane sorption capacity of 10-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal adsorbs methane under atmospheric pressure of 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fuel oil is heavier than dibenzothiophene and diphenyl sulfide measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. The sulfur content of fuel oil more nearly light than 4-methyldibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less. The sulfur content of fuel oil more nearly light than dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur content of fuel oil is heavier than dibenzothiophene and nearly lighter than 4-methyldibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound ( less than or equal to 1 mass ppm) or heavier than diphenyl sulfide and nearly lighter than dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound ( less than or equal to 3 mass ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The content of sulfur derived from sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less, which is more than dibenzo thiophene and less than 4-methyl dibenzo thiophene, measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. The sulfur derived from sulfur compound is 3 mass ppm or less, which is more than diphenyl sulfide and less than dibenzo thiophene measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having sulfur content of 0.21 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation process using KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa, to obtain fuel oil. The fuel cell containing the obtained fuel oil had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An excess quantity of precursor are injected into the dissolving layer which dissolves the precursor of metal microparticles in supercritical or sub critical carbon dioxide with respect to solubility. The precursor which dissolved is subjected to heat reduction. Preferred Component: The precursor of the metal microparticles is metal complex or metal alkoxide. The dispersion medium which discharges the metal microparticles is water, alcohol or organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The metal ink contains metal microparticle comprising dispersion medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal foil film is palladium, platinum palladium or oxide of palladium or platinum palladium. Preferred Process: The metal foil film support substrate makes metal thin film supports surface facing down or orthogonal direction and is installed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon with 6-10 carbons (preferably octane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The separator contains acrylic fiber, nylon fiber or polyester fiber as synthetic fiber, and polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene glycol as binder. The conductive polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole and polythiophene or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur content heavier than dibenzothiophene or diphenyl sulfide measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector (GC-SCD) and nearly lighter than 4-methyldibenzothiophene or dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is less than or equal to 1 mass ppm or less than or equal to 3 mass ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The center metal (M) is chosen from manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper. EXAMPLE - Dithiooxamide (in g) (0.25) was dissolved in ethanol (50 ml), and ECP600JD (RTM: ketchen black) (2) was added and dispersed for 10 minutes. Then, copper(II) acetate hydroxide hydrate (0.42) was added to the resulting mixture and stirred. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 2 hours, and the powder containing ketchen black was removed, washed using purified water and ethanol, and vacuum-dried, to obtain an anode catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon-containing compound is carbohydrate and/or organic acid. Preferred Process: The micro mist is molded by spherical particles having average particle diameter of 0.03-0.8 mu m and geometric standard deviation of 1.1-1.8. Preferred Properties: The micro mist is dried at 200-400 degrees C and thermally decomposed at 500-900 degrees C. The fine powder is calcined at 600-800 degrees C for 2-10 hours. The content of carbon-containing compound in mixed solution is 10-60 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lithium titanium oxide powder is of formula: LixTiyO4, where x is 0.5-3, and y is 1-2.5. The carbon used for coating lithium titanium oxide powder, is carbon powder having average particle diameter of 10-300 nm. Preferred Property: The electroconductivity of lithium titanium oxide powder is 0.001-0.1 Scm-1. Preferred Process: A precursor of carbon is optionally added along with precursor that can be metallized, so that a coating of mixture of metal particles and carbon is formed on the particle surface of lithium titanium oxide. The surface-coated lithium titanium oxide powder is further heat-treated at 150-500 degrees C. Alternately the surface-coated lithium titanium oxide powder is manufactured by dispersing lithium titanium oxide in the solution containing metal salt, adding reducing agent into the resultant dispersion, and forming a coating of metal on surface of lithium titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metals: The metal used for coating lithium titanium oxide powder is chosen from copper, gold, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, magnesium, chromium and molybdenum. The average particle diameter of metal particles is 10 nm to 1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole and (meth)acrylic acid or (meth)acrylic-acid halide are reacted, to obtain benzoxazole-containing compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: A fluorescence-luminosity polymer contains (in mass%) repeating unit (A) (0.1-100) derived from benzoxazole-containing compound and repeating unit (B) derived from (meth)acrylate (50-99.9) containing polyfluoro alkyl group (0.1-50). Preferred Process: The fluorescence-luminosity polymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer raw material containing benzoxazole-containing compound and (meth)acrylate having polyfluoro alkyl group in a solvent in presence of polymerization initiator. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The benzoxazole-containing compound is 2-(2-methacryloyl oxyphenyl)benzoxazole (disclosed).    EXAMPLE - 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole (in g) (3.01), triethylamine (2.16), hydroquinone (0.01) and dichloromethane were added into a reactor, stirred, methacrylic acid chloride (1.90) was dripped and stirred at 10 degrees C or less for 3 hours, to obtain cured liquid. Then, the obtained cured liquid was transferred to separating funnel, washed using water (20 ml), the solvent of dichloromethane layer was distilled off and purified, to obtain 2-(2-methacryloyl oxyphenyl)benzoxazole (2.16).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass filler comprises at least one selected from glass fiber, glass flake, and a milled fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass filler in the glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product has a glass composition comprising (mass%): silicon oxide (SiO2) (68-74, preferably 50-60), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (9-15, preferably 10-15), boron oxide (B2O3) (2-5), calcium oxide (CaO) (15-25, preferably 2-10), zinc oxide (ZnO) (0-5), strontium oxide (SrO) (0-5), barium oxide (BaO) (0-15, preferably 0-1), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0-5), lithium oxide (Li2O) (0-5, preferably 0-2), sodium oxide (Na2O) (5-12, preferably 0-2), potassium oxide (K2O) (0-10, preferably 0-2), and optionally titanium oxide (0-5), where total content of the CaO, ZnO, SrO, and BaO is 4-10%; and a total content of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O is 8-12 (preferably 0-2)% .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The front surface cover member comprises a glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product including an amorphous polyamide resin and a glass filler, and having a difference in refractive indices between the amorphous polyamide resin and the glass filler of less than or equal to 0.002 with respect to light having a wavelength of 589 nm. The rear surface cover member also comprises a glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product including an amorphous polyamide resin and a glass filler. The front surface cover member comprises a glass filler-containing polycarbonate resin molded product including a polycarbonate resin and a glass filler, and having a difference in refractive indices between the polycarbonate resin and the glass filler of less than or equal to 0.001 with respect to light having a wavelength of 589 nm. The rear surface cover member also comprises a glass filler-containing polycarbonate resin molded product including a polycarbonate resin and a glass filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst support for poison scrubbing catalyst is made of any one selected from a group consisting of carbon, tungsten oxide and tungsten carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The poison scrubbing catalyst is made of platinum and ruthenium. The catalyst support for poison scrubbing catalyst is made of any one from zeolite, silica, alumina and titania. The anode electrocatalyst is made of platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The separating sublayer comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dilution gas consists of inert gases, and non-reactive gases such as nitrogen, helium, neon and argon. The first metal is silver, and the second metal is palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capillaries are filled with dilute sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The catalyst layer has thickness of 0.5-10 nm. The concentration of metallic compound in solution is 0.2-8 wt.%. Preferred Compound: The metallic compound contains non-sublimable iron complex, nickel complex or cobalt complex. Preferred Method: The solution for forming catalyst layer does not produce precipitation even when maintained for 1 month at normal temperature in water-containing atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent (S1) is alcohol, glycol, glycol ether, ester, ketone or aprotic polar solvent. The alcohol is 1-butanol, 2-butanol or diacetone alcohol. Glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or diethylene glycol. Glycol ether is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether or propylene glycol monoethyl ether. The ester is ethyl lactate. The ketone is acetyl acetone. The aprotic polar solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or N,N-dimethylformamide. The concentration of solvent (S1) is 5-99.8 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The graphene sheet formation surface is heated in inert gas atmosphere or hydrogen atmosphere, and is silicon carbide having hexagonal crystal structure. The carbon nanotube prevention processing of graphene sheet formation surface is carried out such that it has off-angle of 0-13 degrees . A heat-resistant masking is provided to portion of graphene sheet formation surface, and masking is removed after heating. A transfer substrate (7) having activated surface or substrate coated with transfer agent is pressed on graphene sheet formation surface, and graphene sheets are transferred from surface to substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Positive electrode active material is lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, olivine type lithium phosphate or olivine type iron lithium phosphate    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pH adjuster is weakly acidic water soluble substance e.g. acid anhydride and is added at 0.1-0.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance which induces heat emission by heating is substance which discharges compound with hydroxyl group (preferably water) by heating. The substance which discharges water by heating is metal hydroxide, hydrate of metal oxide or water absorbent. The metal of metal hydride is alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, boron, aluminum or hydroxide.
EXAMPLE - Lithium oxide, iron trifluoride and ferric oxide were mixed, heated at 500-1000 degrees C for 20-60 hours, to obtain lithium-iron oxyfluoride. Acetylene black (9), obtained lithium-iron oxyfluoride (300) and N-methylpyrrolidone were mixed, coated on lead and aluminum foil was laminated, to obtain anode. A battery was formed using cathode, obtained anode, separator and electrolyte solution containing lithium hexafluorophosphide, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbon and ethyl methyl carbonate. The obtained battery had excellent reliability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mesoporous substance is mesoporous silica with average pore diameter of 1-15 nm. The loads of platinum with respect to mesoporous silica are 0.05-2 mass%. Preferred Parameter: The reaction temperature is 0-200 degrees C. The oxygen (O2)/carbon monoxide (CO) ratio is 0.5-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode region of cell is supplied with water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid low molecular weight fuel comprises low molecular weight alcohol, and is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, dipropylene glycol and/or ethylene glycol    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel cell further comprises redox couple, redox catalyst and/or redox mediator having transition metal complex, polyoxometallate species and modified ferrocene species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic polymer fiber comprises a resin consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluoro alkylvinylether, polyperfluorosulfonylfluoride, alkoxyvinyl ether, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene and its copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nanoparticles are subjected to heat treatment at 10-400 degrees C and oxygen partial pressure of less than 5%, and washed with an acid and an alkali. The dissolvable metal is deposited together with the structural metal element to the conductive support. The portion the platinum and ruthenium in the complex is substituted with a noble metal rhodium, osmium, iridium, palladium, silver or gold. Preferred Components: The methanol oxidation catalyst further comprises oxygen (25 atomic% or less), a conductive support carrying the nanoparticles, and impurity element (0.1 atomic% or less) chosen from phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine. The conductive support is a carbon material or a conductive ceramics material. Alternately, methanol oxidation catalyst comprises nanoparticles containing composition of formula: PtxRuyMozT'u.T'=tungsten, nickel, tin, hafnium and vanadium.Preferred Properties: The nanoparticles have an average particle diameter of 0.5-10 nm. The carbon material has a fiber-form, a tube-form or a coil-form. Preferred Definitions:    T=tungsten;and    u,z=2-20 atomic%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The ceramic particles in the porous insulating coating for the reference electrode is selected from silicon dioxide, alumina, magnesium oxide, titanium dioxide, or other electrically insulating ceramics.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The working electrodes comprise electro-active materials e.g. lithium cobalt oxide, lithium transition metal phosphate compounds, capable of lithium uptake and release. The reference electrodes are selected from the group including lithium titanium oxide, lithium transition metal phosphate, lithium manganese spinel, with or without substituent elements, and alloys of lithium with metals such as tin, aluminum, and antimony, or comprised from lithium iron phosphate. The battery can is formed of metal selected from aluminum, copper, stainless steel, and titanium with exposed metal surfaces coated by non-porous electrically insulating coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The reference electrodes are encapsulated by porous polyolefin separators or by porous insulating coating comprising mixture of ceramic particles and binder. The binder consists of polyvinylidene difluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polymethylmethacrylate, latex rubber, carboxy methyl cellulose, or other polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fuel separator further contains binder component resin containing imidazole compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: preparing a solvent mixture from at least one compound containing an element comprising Mo, Rh, Re or sulfur (S); and subjecting the solvent mixture to a hydrothermal or solvothermal reaction at a pressure and temperature which converts the solvent mixture into a supercritical or subcritical water or solvent. Preferred Method: The step of hydrothermal or solvothermal reaction is carried out at 200-600 degrees C. The step of hydrothermal or solvothermal reaction is followed by a thermal treatment in an inert gas atmosphere at 300-800 degrees C. Preferred Components: (I) is approximately spherical. The sulfide is a binary compound comprising molybdenum sulfide, rhodium sulfide, ruthenium sulfide or rhenium sulfide. The sulfide complex is a ternary compound of formula (Rh-X-S).X = at least one element comprising Mo, Pd, Se, Si, Ta, Te, Th, V, Zn, Ru, Sb or W. EXAMPLE - Molybdenum hexacarbonyl and solid sulfur were used as starting materials for the solvothermal reaction and the reaction was carried out at a high temperature of 350 degrees C for 10 hours to give well-dispersed molybdenum sulfide powder with high crystallinity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polyaniline composition further contains phenol resin (10-300 mass parts), and phenolic hydroxyl group-containing compound (e) (10-20000 mass parts). Preferred Group: The phenolic hydroxyl group in compound (e) is phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol or benzyl alcohol. Preferred Compound: The compound (e) is 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, m-phenoxyphenol or p-phenoxyphenol. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is toluene, xylene, chloroform, trichloroethane, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone and ethyl acetate. Preferred Property: The content of phenol derivative is 10-300 mass parts and organic solvent is 500-200000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of protonated optionally substituted polyaniline complex. EXAMPLE - Aerosol OT (RTM: diisooctyl sodium sulfosuccinate having purity of more than 75%) (144 g), toluene (4 l) 1N hydrochloric acid, aniline (150 g) and ammonium persulfate (214 g) were stirred to obtain polyaniline complex. The obtained complex (200 mg), toluene (20 g), m-cresol and 2,2'-methylene bis(4-methylphenol) (201 mg) were mixed to obtain electroconductive composition. The obtained composition provided thin film having excellent electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The microparticles comprise polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The negative-electrode mixture layer contains a polyacene-based organic semiconductor, which is a heat-treated material of an aromatic condensation polymer and has a polyacene skeletal structure in which a ratio of hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms is 0.05-0.50, graphite, or hard carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The first negative-electrode mixture layer contains material selected from polyacene-based organic semiconductor which is a heat-treated material of an aromatic condensation polymer and has a polyacene skeletal structure in which a ratio of a number of hydrogen atoms to a number of carbon atoms is 0.05-0.5, graphite, and a hard carbon, as a negative-electrode active material. The second negative-mixture layer contains material selected from two of the above three active materials other than the negative-electrode active material contained in the first negative-electrode mixture layer, as a negative-electrode active material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material particles include lithium titanium composite oxide particles. The lithium titanium composite oxide particles are of formula Li4+xTi5O2. The aluminum alloy foil id formed of an alloy containing aluminum and iron, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and/or silicon. The alloy comprises 95-98.5 wt.% aluminum. The case is made of aluminum having an average crystal grain size of 0.01-50 mu m or aluminum. The alloy having an average crystal grain size of 0.01-50 mu m. The positive electrode comprises a positive electrode current collector including an aluminum foil having an average crystal grain size of 0.01-50 mu m or an aluminum alloy foil having an average crystal grain size of 0.01-50 mu m.x=- 1 to 3.Preferred Property: An average primary particle size of the negative electrode active material particles is 0.001-1 mu m. The average primary particle size is 0.001-0.3 mu m. The average crystal grain size of the aluminum foil and the aluminum alloy foil is 0.1-3 mu m. The average crystal grain size of aluminum and aluminum alloy is 0.1-10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains gamma -butyrolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The oxidizing step can also comprise directly irradiating the light to the surface of catalyst while the gas containing carbon monoxide (CO) passes through the surface of the catalyst. Preferred Components: The supported nanometer gold (Au) catalyst is an arbitrary type supported nanometer Au catalyst. The supported nanometer Au catalyst is aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, cerium dioxide, or common oxide carrier surface supported nanometer Au catalyst of molecular sieve. The visible light is natural light particularly sunlight, and artificial visible light source having wavelength of 500-600 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electroconductive adhesive layer of the electrical double layer capacitor contains polysaccharide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic part is formed from plastic material selected from a group consists of fiber-reinforced polypropylene, fiber-reinforced polyethylene, fiber-reinforced polyamide, and sheet molding compounds and glass fiber mat thermoplastic based on polypropylene, polyethylene and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles are silica nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In method (M1), the step of exposing involves exposing to bidentate free radical crosslinking initiator of amino siloxane based formula (Si(O(CH2)kMe)3)-(CH2)m-NH-CO-(CH2)n-C(Me)(CN)-N=N-(C(CN)Me-(CH2)n'-CO-NH-(CH2)m'-Si(O(CH2)k'Me)3 (I). The step of initiating polymerization involves initiating polymerization of compound selected from methylmethacrylate, divinylbenzene, styrene and from olefins able to polymerize through free radical initiation (preferably methylmethacrylate and styrene). The compound surrounds the surface during the step of exposing to bidentate free radical crosslinking initiator. The surface is exposed to the compound after the step of reacting. The step of providing a surface comprises providing at least one nanoparticle comprising silica. In method (M2), the step of exposing involves exposing to compound able to polymerize selected from the olefins capable of free radical polymerization, and sufficient to form conformal coating on at least a portion of nanoparticle surfaces. The step of allowing bidentate free radical crosslinking initiator to chemically bond involves providing bidentate free radical initiator of formula (I).n, m, n'and m'= greater than or equal to 1 or less than 20;andk and k'= greater than or equal to 0 or less than or equal to 20.Preferred Components: The polymer coating comprises polymerized olefin. The polymer comprises methylmethacrylate, divinylbenzene or styrene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The plane polymerized phthalocyanine or porphyrin composition is of formula (IA). The plane polymerized porphyrin composition is of formula (IB).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer material is film-formed by flow-casting way, or adopts porous material supporting plates. Preferred Process: The flow-casting way is dissolving the polymer material into N,N-dimethyl acetamide to form film-making liquid whose solid content is 5-10wt.%, filtering to remove the un-dissolved impurity, ultrasonic removing bubble to form film on the clean glass plate. The film-making way of porous material supporting plates is immerging the multi-pore material supporting plates into 5-15wt.% phenpromethamine solution of polymer material about 1-4 hours, and taking out and drying to form film. The quaternization is processed in photophobic condition, marinating the film into 10-20% methyl iodide solution about 24 hours, washing with de-ionized water; alkalization comprises marinating quaternized film into 10-15% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution or 10% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution about 24 hours, taking out and washing with de-ionized water to obtain film material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing comprises a heat-resistant plastic comprising polyphenylene sulfide and polyethersulfone. The fault element includes a layer of electrically non-conductive plastic comprising silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The external contact layer includes one or two or more selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polypropylene copolymer and modified polypropylene. The polypropylene is degenerated with the copolymerization of the maleic anhydride acid and/or the addition of the maleic anhydride acid and/or the maleic acid. The modified polypropylene is chlorinated polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The water transport structure is porous material formed from foam, cotton, wool, glass fiber, felt, flocked fibers, paper or polymer fiber composite. Preferred Composition: The water transport structure contains hydrophilic coated material and hydrophobic coated material. Preferred Material: The hydrophilic coated material is metal oxide or silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogenizable material is a metal selected from group consisting of titanium, iron, chromium and zirconium, and optionally calcium, magnesium, copper nickel and manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The negative electrode active material further contains vapor growth carbon fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The active material contains conducting polymer such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, or its derivatives. Preferred Process: The precursor is converted into active material by carbonizing a polymer such as phenol-formaldehyde, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, cellulosic polymers, or epoxy resins, and forming polymeric carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The film coating is carried out through spinning, spraying or dipping. The film coating colloid is obtained at 95-130 degrees C, and has concentration of 0.2-0.5 M. The spin coating has spinning speed of 3000-35000 rev/sec. The heating is carried out at a rate of 3-5 degrees C/minute when heating reaches 600 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is monocrystalline silicon, quartz, glass, alumina, ceramic, mica or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol dimethyl ether or 2-ethoxy ethanol. The complexing agent is citric acid, EDTA and/or acetyl acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is nickel. The carbon fine powder is activated carbon or carbonized rubber fine powder derived from waste tire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cage-type mesoporous carbon is replica of mesoporous silica manufactured by high temperature microwave. Preferred Mixture: The reaction mixture further contains sulfuric acid. Preferred Process: The surfactant F127, water, hydrochloric acid and tetraethoxysilane are mixed and irradiated with microwave at low temperature of 10x 101-25x 101 degrees C for 0.5-2 hours and at 45 degrees C for 24 hours. The ratio of mesoporous silica and sucrose is 0.75 or more. The reaction mixture is heated at low temperature of 10x 101-1.2x 102 degrees C, alternately at 1.4x 102-1.8x 102 degrees C for 4-6 hours, at high temperature of 80x 101-1x 103 degrees C for 3-5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, and dried at 54x 101 degrees C for 24 hours. The reaction material is dissolved in hydrofluoric acid, and washed by ethanol. EXAMPLE - Surfactant F127 (in g) (2.5) was dissolved in water (120) and hydrochloric acid (5.25), and tetraethoxysilane (12) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 45 degrees C, and irradiated with microwave at 220 degrees C for 2 hours. The deposit was filtered, dried at 100 degrees C and calcined at 540 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain mesoporous silica. The obtained silica (1), sucrose (1.25) and water were mixed at 100 degrees C for 6 hours, and polymerized by adding sulfuric acid (0.09), sucrose (0.83) and water (3.5) to obtain complex. The obtained complex was heated at 900 degrees C for 5 hours under nitrogen atmosphere, immersed in hydrofluoric acid (5 weight%), and mesoporous silica was removed to obtain mesoporous carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The preparation of clean magnesium comprises reducing material ball comprising magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, ferrosilicon, and fluorite; filtering magnesium vapor using crystal filter having porous plate; removing silicon, aluminum, manganese and iron impurities; freezing magnesium vapor to obtain crude magnesium; melting crude magnesium; adding refining agent containing zirconium and boron to further remove silicon, aluminum, manganese and iron impurities; and casting the magnesium solution into magnesium ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate(LiPF6),lithium tetrafluoroborate(LiBF4), lithium hexafluoroantimonate(LiSbF6), lithium hexafluoroarsenate( LiAsF6), lithium bispentafluoroethanesulfonyl imide. (LiN(C2F5S02)2), lithium chlorate (LiClO4), lithium bistrifluoromethane sulfonamide (LiN(CF3S02)2),lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (CF3SO3Li) and/or lithium tri(trifluoromethanesulfoxyl)methide (LiC(CF3 SO2)3). The anode is carbon material capable of occluding or emitting a lithium ion. The cathode is lithium-containing oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbonate compound is ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate and/or butylenes carbonate. The cyclic carbonate compound further contains a vinylene carbonate. The propionate-based ester compound is ethyl propionate-based ester, preferably ethyl propionate, ethyl 3-fluoropropanoate, ethyl 3,3-difluoropropanoate, ethyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate, 2-fluoroethyl propionate, 2,2-difluoroethyl propionate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl propionate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 3-fluoropropanoate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 3,3 -difluoropropanoate and/or 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl 3,3,3 -trifluoropropanoate. The non-aqueous electrolyte further contains an inhibitor. The inhibitor is cyclic carbonate with vinyl group, fluorinated ethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, cyclic acid anhydride, a compound having cyclic S=O group or acrylate-based compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - The hydrogen generator further comprises a control unit electrically connected with the anode and the cathode and configured to control a flow of electricity between the anode and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The desiccant comprises at least one selected from silica, zeolite, microporous glass, and microporous charcoal. The desiccant comprises at least one of sulfur (S) and selenium (Se).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cellulose microfiber comprises natural fibers including henequen or Setaria viridis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A preparation of metal catalyst solution having dispersed nanosized metal catalyst comprises dispersing nickel, platinum, palladium and/or rhodium (0.1-1 mol.%) in distilled water. A sealing step of reactor module is carried out using an epoxy-based adhesive (14) at lower than 300 degrees C or ceramic adhesive (14) at higher than 300 degrees C. Preferred Component: A reaction fuel (6) is a mixed gas including volatile organic compound (VOC) gas or hydrogen with air, in low-temperature oxidation reaction at below 200?OC.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction fuel is a natural gas or liquid fuel including ethanol or methanol, in reaction at 200-1000 degrees C in oxygen-free atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Product: Electrode catalyst layers (2,3) are joined on both surfaces of the electrolytic membrane by applying heat and pressure, and the cross-linked polymer is joined to the catalyst layer to obtain a membrane electrode assembly (12).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The proton-acid group is a sulfonic acid group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The proton-conductive polymer is polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, or phenol resin. Preferred Property: The hydrogen-ion exchange capacity of the proton-conductive polymer is 0.5-10 meq/g. Preferred Agent: The cross-linking agent is a compound having 2 or more methylol groups in the molecule, all coupled with the aromatic ring. The cross-linking agent is a compound having 2 or more phenol-containing structural units of formulae (1-6). The additional amount of cross-linking agent is 0.5-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of proton-conductive polymer.R1-R4=H, 1-10C alkyl, or methylol.Preferred Conditions: The cross-linking agent initiates cross-linking reaction by heating at 60-250 degrees C. A proton-conductive polymer, a reaction catalyst, a cross-linking agent, and an electroconductive agent are polymerized to form a cross-linked polymer. EXAMPLE - (In g) sulfonated polyetheretherketone (1) and p-xyleneglycol (0.05) were mixed in a mixed solvent of water and isopropyl alcohol. The solution was formed into a film by casting on a polyimide base material. After drying the solvent, cross-linking was carried out to obtain a proton-conductive cross-linked polymer electrolytic membrane. The membrane had a hydrogen-ion exchange capacity of 2.5 meq/g. The membrane provided fuel cells having excellent electric-power generation capability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The biaxial-stretched polyamide film has density of 1142-1146 kg/m3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thermal stress relief electrically conductive portion is made of silicon, aluminum-di-oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, silicon-di-oxide, or aluminum nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thermal stress relief electrically conductive portion is made of molybdenum, tungsten or invar alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydrogen storage alloy contains rare earth element, nickel, magnesium and aluminum. The hydrogen storage alloy has crystal structure such as A'5B'19 type structure, where A'and B'are not defined. The hydrogen storage alloy is of formula: Lnl-xMgxNiy-a-bAlaMb, where Ln is rare earth element(s) and yttrium, M is cobalt, manganese and/or zinc, x is 0.1-0.2, y is 3.5-3.9, a is 0.1-0.3 and b is 0-0.2. Preferred Properties: The hydrogen storage alloy has average particle diameter of 30 mu m or less. The estimated amount of separator in the alkaline storage battery is 35-55 g/m2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio (Y'/X') is 3-13, where Y'(mass parts) is content of anionic water-soluble polymer in surface portion of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode with respect to hydrogen occlusion powder (100 weight parts), and X'(mass parts) is content of anionic water-soluble polymer in inside of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode with respect to hydrogen occlusion powder (100 weight parts), preferably Y'is 0.14-0.63 mass parts. The surface portion of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode is (t1-t2)x 0.15 from surface of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode, where t1 is thickness of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode and t2 is thickness of core of the hydrogen storage alloy electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The non-aqueous-electrolyte lithium ion secondary cell has positive electrode formed on the surface of a positive electrode collector, positive electrode collector, a positive electrode compound-material layer containing positive electrode compound material, a negative electrode formed on the surface of a negative electrode collector, negative electrode collector and a negative electrode compound-material layer containing negative electrode compound material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The activated carbon (0.5-20 weight%) in the positive electrode compound material has specific surface area of 500 m2/g or more. Preferred Composition: The electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate and/or lithium hexafluoroantimonate. The positive electrode active material contains layered rock-salt structured lithium nickel complex oxide of formula: LiNiO2 or LiNicM1dO2.M1=magnesium, cobalt, manganese or aluminum;c=greater than 0.4 and less than 0.95;andc+d=1.Preferred Compound: The subsidiary component electrolyte (I) is of formula (II, III, IV or V). Preferred Definitions:    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The layer (a1) further contains ( beta )-crystalline nucleus agent. The layer (a2) has ( beta )-activity and/or ( beta )-crystal generation force. The thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyester resin, polystyrene resin, fluorine resin and polymethyl pentene resin. Preferred Properties: The content of ( beta )-crystalline nucleus agent is 0.0001-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of polypropylene resin. The mass ratio of polypropylene resin and thermoplastic resin is 10-90:90-10. The layer (a2) has crystal melting peak temperature of 100-170 degrees C. The laminated porous film has breakdown temperature of 200 degrees C or more, gas permeance resistance of 1-10000 second/100 ml, and pin stabbing strength of more than 1.5N.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The article further comprises a reinforcement or filler (0.5-30 wt.%) from graphite or carbon fiber, graphite or carbon nanofiber, nanotube, glass fiber, and/or ceramic fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforcement or filler comprises metal fiber, metal particle and/or inorganic particle. The non-expandable graphite or carbon is natural graphite, synthetical graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite oxide, graphite fluoride, chemically modified graphite, spheroidal graphite, meso-carbon micro-bead, and/or activated carbon. The expanded graphite flakes are obtained from intercalation and exfoliation of a graphite material from natural graphite, synthetical graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, spheroidal graphite, meso-carbon micro-bead, graphite oxide, graphite fluoride, and/or chemically modified graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reinforcement or filler comprises organic particle. The non-expandable graphite or carbon is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The reinforcement or filler comprises polymer fiber and/or polymer particle.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The ketal bisphenol compound (1) is obtained by adding a stabilizer to ketal bisphenol compound. Preferred Compound: The stabilizer is selected from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate and/or potassium carbonate. Preferred Composition: The ketal bisphenol compound (1) contains 0.001-10 weight% of stabilizer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 specific ketal bisphenol compounds such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxane, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dithiolane and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dithiane are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (In g) 4,4'-dihydroxy benzophenone (49.5), ethylene glycol (134), trimethyl orthoformate (96.9)and para-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (0.50) were reacted at 78-82 degrees C for 2 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed using 5% aqueous potassium carbonate. Then, the solvent was distilled under reduced pressure, to obtain a residue containing 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane. Then, dichloromethane (80) and potassium carbonate (0.05) were added to the residue, filtered and dried, to obtain crystals of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane (52) with excellent purity and polymerization activity. The poly ketal polymer formed using the 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane had weight average molecular weight of 430000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Article: The plate and electrode further comprise a polymer and/or a resin. The plate or tube comprises powder (P1) (less than 70 wt./wt.%). The plate or tube has a wall thickness of less than 5 (preferably less than 2, especially less than or equal to l) mm, a resistance of less than 35 m Omega , and a weight of less than 55 g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Powder: The powder (P1) comprises (%): Ti4O7 (30-60), Ti5O9 (35-60) and Ti6O11 (2-20). The Ti4O7, Ti5O9 and Ti6O11 are present in 95 (preferably 100)%. The powder (P1) comprises less than 5% of a titanium suboxide other than Ti4O7, Ti5O9 and Ti6O11. The total amount of Ti4O7, Ti5O9 and Ti6O11 together with unavoidable impurities is 100%. The powder (P1) is free of Ti3O5. EXAMPLE - Titanium suboxide powder (test) comprising (%): Ti4O7 (36), Ti5O9 (52) and Ti6O11 (12) was prepared. Titanium suboxide powder (control) comprising (%): Ti3O5 (4), Ti4O7 (35), Ti5O9 (31), Ti6O11 (22), Ti7O13 (6) and Ti8O15 (1) was prepared. The test/control powders were made into plates, and resistance was measured. The test/control plates showed resistance (m Omega ) of 6.7/7.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrode catalyst contains carbon and platinum supported on surface of carbon. The electrode catalyst layer further contains electrode catalyst ink.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The total content of chlorine, bromine and iodine is controlled by washing electric catalyst layer using solvent chosen from water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polyelectrolyte is polyarylene hydrocarbon-type polyelectrolyte having polyarylene main chain structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glassy materials are borates, phosphates/silicates with alkaline earth or transition metal cations and/or carbon materials. The ceramic materials consists of silica, aluminosilicates, and ash derived from coal or petroleum clays. The pyrolizing is conducted in the presence of a material consisting of alkali carbonate, alkaline earth carbonate or phosphoric acid, halide salts, and salts based on sodium aluminum hexafluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic aerogel/xerogel precursor solution includes a phenolic resin, phenol (hydroxybenzene), resorcinol(l,3-dihydroxybenzene) or catechol(l,2-dihydroxybenzene), an aldehyde compound consists of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde furfuraldehyde, and an alkali carbonate or phosphoric acid catalyst. A mole ratio of phenolic resin to catalyst is less than 50-1. A mole ratio of the resorcinol to the catalyst is less than or equal to 50-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silica template is in the form of silica spheres. The silica spheres have a diameter of 1-100 nm. The metallic precursors comprise a platinum precursor and ruthenium precursor. The aqueous solution comprises essentially of a silica template, a platinum precursor, and a second, non-platinum, metal precursor, where the second, non-platinum, metal precursor is ruthenium or tin. The highly dispersed unsupported electrocatalyst comprises: essentially of platinum and ruthenium, where at least 50% or at least 75% of the platinum and ruthenium is alloyed; and essentially of platinum and tin. The unsupported homogenous catalytic metal material comprises a network of spherical voids. The catalytic metal material is: platinum and ruthenium, where at least 50% of the platinum and ruthenium is alloyed; or platinum and tin. EXAMPLE - Tetraamineplatinum(II) hydroxide, hexaamineruthenium(III) chloride and Ludox TM50 (RTM: Aqueous silica sol) with monodisperse silica particles having an average diameter of 20 nm were used as precursor solution. The materials were varied in the metallic precursors/silica (SiO2) template ratio in the aerosol precursor solution. The molar ratio of SiO2:platinum (Pt):ruthenium (Ru) was 1:0.23:0.23 for the low metal loading sample, 1:0.54:0.54 for the mid metal loading sample, and 1:0.78:0.78 for the high metal loading sample. Inert nitrogen gas was used to pass the precursor solution through an aerosol reactor while the temperature was maintained at 125 degrees C to obtain powder. The obtained powder was reduced under hydrogen flow at 300 degrees C for 2 hours and the silica template was removed with a 7M potassium hydroxide solution for 72 hours to give aerosol Pt-Ru nanocomposite (Pt-Ru alloy particles).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The vinyl monomer and/or functional monomer are combined with one or more polyfunctional monomers as a crosslinking agent, to form crosslinked structure. The graft polymerization of vinyl monomer and graft polymerization of functional monomer are either thermal graft polymerization or radiation-initiated graft polymerization. Preferred Component: The aromatic hydrocarbon-based polymer film substrate has polyetheretherketone structure, polyetherketone structure, polyimide structure, polysulfone structure or polybenzimidazole structure. The polymer electrolyte fuel cell has polymer electrolyte membrane provided between two gas-diffusing electrodes. Preferred Property: The degree of grafting in graft polymerization of vinyl monomer is 1-20%. The degree of grafting in graft polymerization of functional monomer is 6-80%. The ion-exchange capacity is 0.5-3.0 meq/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The separator is made of stainless steel, tin alloy, aluminum alloy and nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The alkaline storage battery has positive electrode (1), negative electrode utilizing hydrogen-absorbing alloy and alkaline electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fluorine resin is polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorovinyl ether copolymer, preferably tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer. The content of fluorine resins is 0.25-1.0 wt.% with respect to the hydrogen-absorbing alloy. The fluorine resin is present inside or on the surface of negative electrode. EXAMPLE - Styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (in wt.parts) (1), polyacrylic acid sodium (0.2), carboxymethylcellose (0.2), Ketchen black (1), water (50), and aqueous dispersion of tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) with solid component FEP (1) were mixed with hydrogen-absorbing alloy powder (100 wt.parts), to obtain mixture. Then, the obtained mixture was kneaded at 25 degrees C, to obtain pastes. The obtained pastes were applied onto both sides of conductive cores made of punched metal and then dried. The resultant material was cut into predetermined dimensions, to obtain negative electrode. In the negative electrode, the proportion of FEP as fluorine resins having the average molecular weight of 1000000 or less was 1.0 wt.% to hydrogen-absorbing alloy. Alkaline storage battery formed using negative electrode had capacity retention ratio of 106, discharge voltage of 13 mv and discharge performance ratio of 89.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The heat transmitter is an alloy that can withstand temperatures of greater than or equal to 700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In regenerating cofactor electrochemically, the metal of the metal oxide belongs to Group 2-14 and to Period 3-6, of the Periodic Table of Elements. The metal of the metal oxide is selected from tin, iridium, titanium, chromium, copper, manganese, iron, tungsten, nickel, zinc, niobium, magnesium, aluminum, ruthenium, lead and mixtures. The cofactor is selected from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD+), and the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2). The metal oxide electrode is produced by a method for production comprising: anodizing a metal, and annealing the anodized metal. The metal is tin. The metal oxide electrode is produced by a method for production comprising: coating a glass electrode with a metal, and thermally treating the coated metal. The metal is also titanium. The metal oxide electrode comprises a mixture of 100 pts.wt. of a metal oxide, 2-25 pts.wt. of carbon black, and 2-25 pts.wt. of a binder. In oxidizing-reducing, the enzyme used in the enzymatic method for oxidation-reduction is a dehydrogenase, a reductase, or an oxygenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Binder: The binder is selected from polytetrafloroethylene, poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(acryl ether sulfone), poly(ether ether ketone), and Nafion (sulfonated tetrafloroethylene copolymer). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The removal of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and/or methane from the anode exhaust gas takes place in an exhaust gas burner. Preferred Components: The fuel cell is a type of molten carbonate fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell. The rare earth metal is lanthanum or cerium. The mixed oxide catalyst is oxidation catalyst comprising mixed oxide of copper, manganese and optionally one or more rare earth metals, where the metal is optionally in multivalent state and the catalyst contains a composition expressed as wt.%, relative to the total mass of copper, manganese and optionally rare earth metal, in which the rare earth metal has the lowest valency, of 20-60%, 80-20% and/or 0-20%, preferably 20-55%, 75-30% and/or 5-15%. The oxidation catalyst contains a composition (as wt.%, relative to the oxide) of 35-40% of copper oxide, 50-60% of manganese oxide and 10-15% of lanthanum oxide, and the single metal is taken in different oxidation state. The mixed oxide is sustained in an inert, porous, inorganic carrier. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The lithium secondary battery comprises anode, cathode, electrolyte and separation film. The anode includes lithium manganese oxide which occludes and discharges lithium, and cathode includes amorphous carbon or lithium ion. The lithium secondary battery is an ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate system containing lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4, LiMn2, LiMnO2, LiMn2O3, LiMnO3) and complex oxide containing lithium manganese and oxygen of formula: LiMnaMaO2 or Li2Mn3MO8.M=cobalt, nickel, iron, chromium, zinc or tantalum;anda=0.01-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of amine compound in the electrolyte is 0.01-10 weight parts per 100 weight parts of electrolyte. The solid electrolyte interface film further includes lithium ion. EXAMPLE - Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and lithium-manganese-cobalt-nickel oxide (LiMn1/3CO1/3Ni1/3O2) were mixed with conductive agent and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to form bipolar slurry. The obtained slurry was coated on aluminum current collector, to obtain anode. Graphite, carbon and binder were mixed with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, to form cathode slurry which was coated on copper current collector, to form cathode. Then, ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethylene carbonate were mixed lithium hexafluorophosphate and phthalic imide (0.2 weight parts), to form electrolyte. The obtained cathode and anode were positioned in a container in which the obtained electrolyte was injected. The cathode and anode were separated by polyolefin type separation film, to obtain lithium ion secondary battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Oxide: The aluminum oxide is ( gamma )-alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The ratio of mass percentage reduction of solid acid at 250-1000 degrees C with respect to mass percentage reduction of solid acid at 250-700 degrees C, is 1.3 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The desulfurization agent preferably contains aluminum oxide having a sulfate radical. The aluminum oxide is gamma -alumina. Preferred Properties: The desulfurization agent has ratio of peak-height (I1540) of peak (1540 plus minus 5cm-1) resulting from Bronsted acid site to peak-height (I1450) of peak (1450 plus minus 5cm-1) resulting from Lewis acid site of 0.12 or less, measured by pyridine adsorption Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometric analysis, sulfur content of 0.1-3 mass%, specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more and pore volume of 0.35 ml/g or more. Preferred Conditions: The baking process is performed at 400-980 degrees C. The contact process is performed at 100 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton-conducting layer comprises manganese oxide, titania, zirconia, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, iron oxide, or strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: The first electrochemical reaction splits water of aqueous sulfuric acid solution into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis. The introduction of by-products into reaction vessel comprises introducing hydrogen into anode of fuel cell via first port such that hydrogen is split into protons and electrons that take different paths to the cathode, introducing oxygen into cathode of fuel cell via second port, and harnessing electrons via second generator to produce first electrical current. Preferred Component: The reaction vessel is a fuel cell comprising anode, cathode and electrolyte. The second generator comprises a paddle wheel. The return path comprises a water column. The reaction vessel is positioned at a height above the reservoir such that the paddle wheel is adapted to be rotated when first substance falls through water column to be reintroduced into reservoir. The paddle wheel comprises paddles each having a radius r, width w, length l and thickness c, such that a volume of first substance expelled is defined in mathematical formula as w pi r2-w pi (r-1)2-wln(2r-1)arcsin(c/2r)=wl(2r-1)( pi -nx arcsin(c/2r)), where n is the number of paddles on paddle wheel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first substance is aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of metal-organic scaffolding compound comprises dissolving a cobalt(II)-salt and the ligand in a solvent comprising dimethylformamide, diethylformamide (both preferred), water, methanol, ethanol, chlorobenzene or N-methylpyrrolidone; subsequently subjecting the obtained solution for crystallization at 80-140 degrees C (preferably 80-130 degrees C) for 1-150 hours; and subsequently isolating the metal-organic scaffolding compound. Preferred Components: The ligand structure unit comprises optionally substituted 4,4'-bipyrazole, 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolylbenzole, 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolyldiphenyl or 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolyl terphenyl, where the substituents are amine, halogen (preferably fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine), -CF3, -NH2, -CHO, alkyl containing 1-6 carbon (C) atoms, 1-6C alkenyl, 1-6C alkynyl or 1-6C alkoxy group, thiol, sulfonate, ketone, aldehyde, epoxy, silyl or nitro group. The ligand is 1,4-bis-4'-pyrazolylbenzol or 1,4-bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene. The scaffolding compound has a structure of formula ((Co4O(L1)3).ndimethylformamide (DMF).mH2O) (I), ((Co(L1)).pDMF.qH2O) (II) or ((Co(L2)).sDMF.rH2O) (III).L1, L2 = nitrogen containing heterocyclic linear ligand; andn, m, p, q, s, r = 0-4.Preferred Process: In the method, the anion of the cobalt(II) salt is fluorine (F-), bromine (Br-), chlorine (Cl-), iodine (I-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-) or acetic anhydride (CH3CO2-). The temperature adjustment results through microwave radiation. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene (10 mg) and hexahydrate cobalt chloride (40 mg) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (4 ml) and 1M hydrochloric acid (0.01 ml) was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 120 degrees C for 4 days to obtain blue cubic crystals of metal-organic scaffolding compound of formula (Co4O(1,4-bis-4'-(3',5'-dimethyl)-pyrazolylbenzene)3) (70% yield), which was isolated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel is gas or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanospheres comprise greater than or equal to 10 or greater than or equal to 90 wt.% of the carbon nanomaterial. The carbon nanomaterial comprises a transition metal at 12-0.01%. Preferred Property: The carbon nanospheres have an aspect ratio of less than 2:1 or less than 1.5:1. The Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area is 80-400 (preferably 120-300) g/m2. Preferred Method: The carbon nanomaterial is manufactured by forming a precursor mixture comprising a carbon precursor and templating nanoparticles comprising a catalytic metal; carbonizing the precursor mixture to form an intermediate carbon material comprising carbon nanostructures, amorphous carbon, and optionally remaining catalytic metal; and purifying the intermediate carbon material by removing a portion of the amorphous carbon and optionally a portion of any remaining catalytic metal. The hydrogen is adsorbed on the carbon nanomaterial in 1 wt.% of the carbon nanomaterial. It is reduced at 100-0.1 (preferably 50-1) atm. The templating nanoparticles are prepared by reacting precursor catalyst atoms with organic dispersing agent molecules to form complexed catalyst atoms, and allowing or causing the complexed catalyst atoms to form the templating nanoparticles. EXAMPLE - A sample of carbon nanomaterial (0.0749 g) was prepared by outgassing the sample for 3 hours under inert gas and vacuum and heating to 1100 degrees C. The prepared sample was cooled to 77 K using liquid nitrogen and dosed with hydrogen. The hydrogen was outgassed at 300 degrees C over 8 hours. The outgassing indicated that 1 wt.% hydrogen was adsorbed. The hydrogen adsorption was carried out at 77 degrees K and atmospheric pressure. The carbon nanomaterial yielded a storage capacity of 1 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion-conducting medium contains halogen(s), which is bromine, chlorine or preferably iodine, as the positive electrode active material. It further contains an iodine compound, which is lithium iodide, potassium iodide, or nickel iodide. The positive electrode contains a redox catalyst. It contains lithium halide(s), which is lithium iodide, lithium bromide, or lithium chloride. The redox catalyst is nickel, or manganese dioxide. Preferred Composition: The concentration of the halogen contained in the ion-conducting medium is greater than or equal to 0.05 M and equal to or less than a saturated concentration. The ratio of the iodine compound to the iodine, in the ion-conducting medium, is 8-90 wt.%. The concentration of the lithium halide contained in the positive electrode is 10-80 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The iodine compound can be alkylimidazolium iodides, or alkylammonium iodides. The redox catalyst can be a fullerene derivative of formula (I).n=1-8;Fu=fullerenes 50C, 70C, 74C, 75C, 78C, 80C, 82C, 84C, 90C, and/or 95C;R1, R2=H or alkyl;andX=Cl ion, Br ion, or I ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The aluminum paste further comprises palladium, silver, platinum, gold, boron, gallium, indium, zinc, tin, antimony, magnesium, potassium, titanium, vanadium, nickel, and/or copper. The back side paste comprises, prior to firing, (a) 40-80 wt.% aluminum (b) 0.5-10 wt.% glass, and (c) 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle. It further comprises 0.1-50 wt.% silver, 15-40 wt.% organic vehicle, 1-50 wt.% copper, 1-50 wt.% nickel, and 1-50 wt.% magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The aluminum paste further comprises ceramic particles comprising silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide, vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, antimony oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, hectorite, talc, kaolin, attapulgite, bentonite, smectite, quartz, mica, feldspar, albite, orthoclase, anorthite, and/or silica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomer: Monomer (A) is of formula (1).R1=H or methyl;R2-R4=H or optionally substituted alkyl;m=1-6;andn=1-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: Alternately, the ion-conductive polymeric material is obtained by copolymerizing monomers (A,B) and unsaturated monomer (C) containing phosphonic acid group(s) and ethylenically unsaturated bond(s) in the molecule. Preferred Composition: 0-90 Mol% of monomer (C) is copolymerized with respect to 100 mol% of monomers (B,C). A water-insoluble ion-conductive polymeric derivative is obtained by hydrolyzing and condensing one portion of or entire alkoxysilyl group of the ion-conductive polymeric material. EXAMPLE - 3-Triethoxysilylpropylacrylamide (in g) (11), ethanol (4500), and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (385) were heated to 80 degrees C. Ethanol solution of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile) and dimethylformamide solution of ammonium peroxydisulfate were added, and polymerization was started. Polymerization was carried out for 6 hours, to obtain an ethanol solution containing a copolymer. The ethanol solution was processed in an oven at 105 degrees C for 3 hours, to obtain a high-molecular component having a weight average molecular weight of 20000 and an ion-exchange capacity of 4.17 meq/g. A film obtained using the high-molecular component had an electric conductivity of 2.5x 10-7 S/cm when left in an environment of 43% humidity for 24 hours, 7.5x 10-3 S/cm after removing surface moisture content after being immersed in 1N sulfuric acid aqueous solution for 2 hours, and 3.5x 10-5 S/cm after leaving in an environment of 50% humidity for 24 hours and heating at 80 degrees C for 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive material layer is made of vanadium oxide, titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, manganese oxide, nickel oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide, titanium nitride, titanium carbide and tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film base material is selected from the group consisting of nickel, silver, gold and platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The carbonaceous material comprises a powdered carbonaceous material and/or a fibrous carbonaceous material. The carbonaceous material is selected from carbon black, graphite and/or acetylene black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transitional metal precursor is a metal salt, the metal is iron, nickel or cobalt, and the salt is nitrate, sulfate, chloride, ammonium or hydrated salt. The transitional metal precursor is used in a molar ratio of 0.3-3. The silica particles: have size of 20 nm to 1 mu m; and are used in a molar ratio of 0.25-2 relative to one mole of sucrose. Preferred Process: The hydrothermal treatment is conducted at 150-300 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The concentration of sucrose is 3-20 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Silica particles (5 g) with a size of 100 nm were uniformly dispersed in a solution prepared by mixing iron nitrate (9 g) and sucrose (10 g) in distilled water (150 ml). Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by stirring the dispersion in an autoclave at 190 degrees C for 9 hours. The products were filtered, dried at 120 degrees C for 12 hours and thermally treated at 1000 degrees C under a nitrogen condition for 3 hours (carbonization). The carbonized material contained silica particles and iron component, and was washed by the treatment of a solution (3 M) containing fluoric acid or sodium hydroxide for 12 hours, followed by filtration and drying at 80 degrees C to give a crystalline and porous graphite carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Fe/aluminum (Al) peak ratio is 0.28-0.80. The Fe/cobalt (Co) peak ratio is 0.84-2.11. The content rates (wt.%) of lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and praseodymium in Mm are 56.7-88.2, 8.3-30.5, 0-9.7 and 0-3, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storage alloy can be of formula MmNiaMnbAlcCodFee.Mm=misch metal;e=0-0.30 (preferably 0-0.20);a+b+c+d+e=5-5.50 (preferably 5.30-5.40);a=4-4.7 (preferably 4.4-4.6);b=0.3=0.7 (preferably 0.3-0.6);c=0.20-0.50 (preferably 0.25-0.45); andd=0-0.35 (preferably 0.05-0.30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): The preparation method of the polymer electrolytic material comprises adding polysiloxane with dosage being 0.5-50 wt.% of polymer in aqueous polyurethane water dispersion solution, and directly dissolving conductive salt with dosage being 5-50 wt.% of polymer in mixed solution, molding with PTFE die capable of controlling film thickness to obtain aqueous polyurethane/polysiloxane solid polymer electrolytic film; or adding polysiloxane with dosage being 0.5-50 wt.% of polymer in aqueous polyurethane water dispersion solution to form film on PTFE die directly, adsorbing electrolytic solution with the obtained thin-film to obtain aqueous polyurethane/polysiloxane gel polymer electrolytic film with liquid adsorption rate being 5-260%. Preferred Process: The composition and proportion of aqueous polyurethane, polysiloxane with conductive slat or electrolytic solution are adjusted to form full solid or gel polymer electrolyte.
Preferred Definitions:    R=H or Me;    M=Fe3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ru3+, Pd2+ or Mn2+;andY1=H, OMe, N(CH3)2 or N(CH2CH3)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The barium sulfate is ultrafiltered using 80 mesh screen sieve. The carbon soot is acetylene carbon black. Preferred Component: The lead powder comprises lead oxide present at 63-85 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber is polyester fiber with 3-5 mm length.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode is hydrogen separation membrane which has hydrogen permeability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is a group 8-10 metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A methanol, alcohol, or a hydrocarbon fuel is used as the fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fibers of the filter are made of stainless steel having a composition of SUS316 (the stainless steel containing chromium (18%), nickel (12%), molybdenum (2%) and carbon ( less than or equal to 0.08%)), or SUS304 (the stainless steel containing chromium (18%) and nickel (12%)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The modifier has a front chamber for accommodating alumina ball of predetermined size, and a catalyst chamber for accommodating catalyst. Ammonia from storage container is supplied to catalyst chamber through front chamber. The ammonia removal device is a bubbling water tank, which removes ammonia by dissolving reformed gas in water. The hydrogen generator further has evaporator, press pump connected to evaporator, and a vaporizer. The evaporator carries out heating of ammonia discharged from ammonia removal device. The press pump carries out compression liquefaction of ammonia. The vaporizer vaporizes ammonia of storage container by heat exchange with reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first hydrophilic polymer film is made of polyetherimide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polysulfone or polyethersulfone. The second hydrophilic polymer film is made of a perfluorinated sulfonic acid copolymer, polyvinylalcohol or poly acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The washing liquid in the washing pool (1) is acid or water. The solid alkali removing device (4) comprises porous supporting layer (6) which carries alkali removing agent. The alkali removing agent is molecular sieve, absorbent cotton, poly(sodium acrylate), polyacrylamide, active carbon, allochroic silicagel, and/or iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O). The molecular sieve is 3A molecular sieve, 5A molecular sieve, 4A molecular sieve, 13X HP molecular sieve, 13X PG molecular sieve, 13X APG molecular sieve, and/or XH-5 molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst of the combustion reactor comprises platinum, palladium, ruthenium, gold and their oxides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of mercaptan is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin obtained from crude oil having sulfur content of 0.006 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation processing with KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum desulfurizing catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa with liquid space velocity of 2.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil. The obtained fuel oil had aromatic content of 16 volume%, initial boiling point of 152 degrees C, 10% distillation temperature of 172 degrees C, 50% distillation temperature of197.5 degrees C, 95% distillation temperature of 2370 degrees C and sulfur content in the sulfur compound of 184-218 g/mol molecular weight was 0.03 ppm based on JIS K 2541.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of composite catalyst containing carbon carrier and platinum of fuel cell comprises (1) adding complexing agent to compound containing platinum solution, stirring and heating for 4-5 hours so that the platinum can be completely complexed with ligand; (2) regulating the pH value of the solution obtained in (1) to be 9-11, adding hydrogen tungsten bronze or hydrogen molybdenum bronze whose amount is 10-40 times the substance amount of the platinum to the solution; (3) adding carbon carrier to the solution obtained in (2), heating and ultra-sounding for 1-2 hours; (4) slowly adding reducer solution when fiercely stirring, and continuously stirring for 2-3 hours; (5), filtering, washing and drying at 60-80 degrees C to obtain the product; all the above process are processed under normal pressure. Preferred Composition: The amount of the platinum is 10-20%. The amount of the hydrogen tungsten bronze or hydrogen molybdenum bronze is 10-40 times the substance amount of the platinum. The added amount of reducer solution is 1-1.5 times the substance amount of the platinic chloride. Preferred Components: In (1), the compound containing platinum is platinic chloride. In (4), the reducer solution is sodium borohydride solution, formaldehyde solution, sodium citrate solution, sodium formate solution or ascorbic acid solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is carbon nanotube, activated carbon, acetylene black or graphite. In (1), the complexing agent is ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, sodium tartrate or imidazole, the added amount of the complexing agent is the same as the substance amount of platinic chloride. In (3), the carbon carrier is carbon nanotube, activated carbon, acetylene black or graphite, the added amount is amounted by the platinum amount needed by the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred System: The protective device also includes a coating for the casing (30), or the casing (30) has an inner side (35) with a coating on it facing the component (10); the coating contains binding compounds (50) as above. The sensor (60) is a pressure sensor for the detection of pressure and/or shock, or a chemical sensor for detecting decomposition products (25); preferably, the sensor (60) is on the casing (30). The container (70) is in the inner space (40) or on the casing (30), with a connection between the inner space and the container closure (71). The container (70) also contains a gas (73), preferably carbon dioxide, for producing an overpressure in the container (in comparison with the inner space (40)). When the closure (71) is opened, chemical compounds (50) are forced into the inner space (40) by the gas (73). On the casing (30), there is a device for pressure compensation (38) between the inner space (40) and the surroundings of the system, preferably a predetermined breaking point in the casing which produces an opening when there is an overpressure in the casing so as to achieve controlled balancing of the pressure in the inner space (40). The container (70) has an activatable device (80) for collecting the reaction products (55) from the binding compounds (50) and the decomposition products (25), and this is activated by electronic connection with the sensor (60); activation generates a reduced pressure in the container (70) and/or an increase in the volume of the device (80). The container closure (71) comprises a valve for drawing off the decomposition products (25) from the inner space (40) into the container (70). Suitable binding compounds (55) comprise compounds of iron(II), iron(III), copper(II) or silver(I), or organic compounds. The solvent (20) is acetonitrile and its decomposition products (25) are cyanide compounds. The electrical component (10) comprises a double-layer condenser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen gas in hydrogen supply body contains sulfur component of predetermined concentration. The gas is hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixed gas manufactured in petroleum industry, iron mill or coke oven gas (hydrogen-methane-carbon monoxide mixed gas).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically insulating film contains inorganic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically insulating film has resin crosslinking body as component which may be acrylic resin, urethane resin and/or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The assembly further comprises source of pressurized gas, and dead end valve. The sensor cell is coupled so that it shares the negative current collector with the last fuel cell in the in-plane fuel cell assembly; is smaller than operative cells in the assembly; and is capable of indicating when the power draw is larger than what a max-flow limit of the hydrogen source can support. The cells in the assembly are arranged in an in-plane configuration. The dead-end valve has small leakage to avoid accumulation of non-fuel gases. Preferred Parameters: The dead-end valve opens at threshold value of 1-7 psi. Preferred Method: The method further comprises at start-up, consecutively and individually short-circuiting the cells in the assembly for a predetermined time; testing the sensor cell between each short-circuiting, and providing continuous supply of fuel when all cells have been short-circuited. The control function is performed by adjusting the fuel feed, or adjusting the power drawn from the fuel cell assembly. If the sensor voltage drops during the operation, then the power drawn from the cell assembly is decreased, and if the voltage does not increase enough, the power drawn is momentarily stopped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide nano particles contain titanium dioxide, titanium trioxide, vanadium oxide, vanadium trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, chromic oxide, manganese oxide such as MnO, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4, manganese dioxide, iron oxide such as FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, cobalt oxide such as CoO and Co3O4, nickel oxide such as NiO and Ni2O3, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, zinc oxide, molybdenum dioxide, molybdenum trioxide, niobium oxide, niobium pentoxide, lead oxide, lead dioxide, lead tetraoxide, or tungsten oxide such as WO3 and W2O5. The electrolyte (a) contains lithium salt chosen from lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate and lithium hexafluoroantimonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The substituted dione compound is preferably of formula (2,3,4 or 5). Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of electrolyte (a) and electrolyte (b) contained in the electrolyte is 98-20:2-80. Preferred Definitions:    Aa+=Li+, Na+ or K+;and    M=aluminum, boron, vanadium, titanium, silicon, zirconium, germanium, tin, copper, yttrium, zinc, gallium, niobium, tantalum, bismuth, phosphorus, arsenic, scandium, hafnium or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound which is used as redox shuttle overcharge controlling agent is methoxy group-containing compound of formula (1).X=halogen.Preferred Components: The non-aqueous solvent is propylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate. EXAMPLE - Lithium metal sheet having thickness of 1.85 mm was pressed, to form negative electrode. Lithium carbonate and cobalt carbonate are mixed in the mol ratio of 0.5:1, baked at 900 degrees C in air for 5 hours and dried at 200 degrees C for 90 minutes, to obtain lithium cobaltate. Polyvinylidene fluoride (3 weight parts), N,N-dimethyl formamide and graphite (7 weight parts) were blended. Then, the negative-electrode active material and lithium cobaltate were laminated with porous polypropylene film. Lithium hexafluoro phosphide was dissolved in propylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate and added to 1,2-dimethoxy-4-bromobenzene (200 mmol/L), to obtain non-aqueous electrolyte. Then, battery was fabricated with negative electrode, positive electrode and non-aqueous electrolyte. The obtained battery had favorable durability, reliability and discharge characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of lithium-containing phosphate aggregate having average particle diameter of 3 mu m or less with respect to integration value of standard particle size distribution 70% or less. EXAMPLE - Iron phosphate octa hydrate and lithium phosphate, baking at 600 degrees C for 10 hours and pulverized, to obtain lithium iron phosphate. The obtained lithium iron phosphate (positive electrode) was immersed in sucrose solution, sintered at 700 degrees C under argon atmosphere for 3 hours, to obtain lithium iron phosphate aggregate. The obtained lithium iron phosphate aggregate was granulated. Anode slurry was formed by mixing obtained lithium iron phosphate aggregate, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, carbon material, electrically conductive agent and binder. The obtained anode slurry was coated on aluminum foil, to obtain anode. Cathode was by coating cathode slurry formed by mixing graphite powder, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, electrically conductive agent and binder. A battery was constructed using anode, cathode, and non-aqueous electrolyte formed using lithium hexafluorophosphate, ethylene carbonate and diethylene carbonate. The obtained battery had excellent charging-discharging characteristics and storage characteristics even at high temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The desulfurizing agent contains nickel of 50-95 mass% in conversion of nickel oxide and molybdenum of 0.5-25 mass% in conversion of molybdic oxide. EXAMPLE - Boehmite (in g) (1.24) and 1N nitric acid (40 mL) were added to the ion-exchange water (1 L), warmed at 80 degrees C and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (149) was added, to obtain acid solution. Snow tex XS (RTM: silica) (33.9) was added to ion-exchange water (1 L), sodium carbonate (99.4) and ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24) (3) were mixed and warmed at 80 degrees C, to obtain basic solution. Then, the obtained acidic solution and basic solution were mixed at 80 degrees C and stirred for 1 hour such that the pH of solution was 6.23. Then, the reaction solution was stirred and filtered, to obtain agent. The obtained agent had excellent desulfurizing efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sulfur content derived from sulfur compound such as dibenzothiophene is 10 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fuel oil has total sulfur content in mercaptan of 2 mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of the sulfur compound such as dibenzothiophene is 10 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin obtained from crude oil having sulfur content of 0.006 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation processing with KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum desulfurizing catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa with liquid space velocity of 2.5 hour-1, to obtain fuel oil. The obtained fuel oil had aromatic content of 16 volume%, initial boiling point of 152 degrees C, 10% distillation temperature of 172 degrees C, 50% distillation temperature of197.5 degrees C, 95% distillation temperature of 2370 degrees C and sulfur content in the sulfur compound of 184-218 g/mol molecular weight was 0.03 ppm based on JIS K 2541.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sulfur content of mercaptans is 2 mass ppm or less with respect to total sulfur content. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having distillation temperature of 150-250 degrees C and sulfur content of 0.21 mass% obtained form crude oil was hydrogenated at 335 degrees C under pressure of 5 MPa and liquid-space-viscosity of 2.5 h-1 in presence of KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst), to obtain fuel oil. The fuel oil had 16C or more paraffin hydrocarbon content of 1.6 mass%, coke content of 1.8 mass%, sulfur content in sulfur compound of 0.03 mass ppm, mercaptan sulfur content of 0.3 mass ppm and total sulfur content of 4 mass ppm. Boehmite AP-3 (in g) (1.24) and aqueous nitric acid (40 ml) were added into ion-exchange water (1 liter), heated at 80 degrees C, nickel nitrate hexahydrate (149) was added and mixed, to obtain liquid (A). Snowtex XS (RTM: colloidal silica) (33.9), ammonium molybdate hexahydrate (3) and sodium carbonate (99.4) were added to ion-exchange water (1 liter) and heated at 80 degrees C, to obtain liquid (B). Liquids (A and B) were maintained at 80 degrees C, liquid (B) was added to liquid (A) in an instant, stirred for 1 hour, to obtain precipitate. The precipitate was washed with ion-exchange water (5 liter), filtered, dried at 120 degrees C for 12 hours, to obtain solid substance. The solid substance was baked at 400 degrees C for 1 hour and crushed to 12-16 meshes, to obtain desulfurizing agent. The desulfurizing agent (15 ml) was added into steel reactor, heated at 150-200 degrees C under hydrogen atmosphere, fuel oil was added and reacted, to obtain desulfurization-processed oil. The content of sulfur in desulfurization-processed oil was less than 100 mass ppb.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The sulfur content of mercaptans is 2 mass ppm or less among the total sulfur content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The core material is formed of pressed powdered iron alloy or other low permeability material. The winding is formed of round insulated copper wire. The heat sink at the core and winding is of thermally conductive compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The engine in the vehicle is powered by a fuel selected from the group consisting of gasoline, diesel fuel, oil, ethanol, methanol, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), bio-diesel, and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Iridium-ions, gold-ions, rhodium-ions or palladium-ions are used as metal ions.
EXAMPLE - Urethane compound (in mass parts) (32), 1,6-hexane diol diacrylate (58), multi-walled carbon nanotube (0.1), acrylic resin particles (0.1), pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (4) and pentaerythritol triacrylate (6) were added and reacted at room temperature to obtain carbon nanotube-containing composition. The carbon nanotube-containing component had excellent electroconductivity, transparency, water resistance, mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and abrasion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composition: The interconnect includes contact aid consisting of braze alloys preferably silver/copper alloy, braze metals, solders, and/or conductive pastes preferably thick silver film paste; and securing mechanism consisting of braze, conductive gel, adhesive, solder, mechanical crimp, and/or crimp ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrocatalysts consists of metals active both for ammonia oxidation and water reduction. The metal is iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, rhenium, molybdenum, silver, ruthenium, rhodium, platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium, gold or zinc. The ammonia solution has a concentration of 0.5-5 M and provided by ammonium salts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent glucose dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The photo-curable resin is water-soluble photo-curable resin. The thermosetting resin is water-soluble thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-reactive support screen or non-reactive support material comprises stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-reactive support screen or non-reactive support material comprises polyprolylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The binder polymer (i) and binder polymer (ii) are polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trichloroethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyvinylalcohol, cyanoethyl-cellulose, cyanoethylsucrose, pullulan and/or carboxyl methyl cellulose. The porous substrate is polyolefin-based porous substrate. The porous coated layer (a) further has a conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: providing at least a first and a second educt solution; bringing together the first and second educt solution in a reactor (1) to produce a homogeneously mixed reaction zone with a specific mechanical power input of at least 2 watt/liter and produce a product suspension, consisting of insoluble product and an alkaline solution excess of saturated mother liquor with a pH of 10-12; and partially separating the mother liquor of the precipitated product for the adjustment of solid material content of at least 150 g/l in the suspension by using clearing- or filtering elements. Preferred Components: The ratio of beat density to particle size (D50) distribution is at least 0.4 or 0.5 g/cm3. (I) exhibits Brauner-Emmett-Teller surface, measured according to ASM D 3663, of less than 9 or 7 m2/g. The standardized width of the particle size distribution (D90-D10/D50), defined according to the formula (I), is less than or equal to 1.3 or 1. The particle exhibits: a spheroid form; and a form factor of greater than or equal to 0.8 or 0.9. The solid material content in the suspension is at least 300 or 500 g/l. The specific mechanical power input is 4 watt/liter. EXAMPLE - A mother liquor containing sodium sulfate (140 g/l), sodium hydroxide (0.1 g/l) and ammonia (10 g/l) was filled in a reactor and heated at 50 degrees C. A metal sulfate solution (11132 g/h) comprising nickel (34.02 g/l), cobalt (34.16 g/l), manganese (31.85 g/l), caustic soda (200 g/l sodium hydroxide) (7384 g/h), and ammonia solution (642 g/h) were added into the reactor. After 120 hours, the suspension from the reactor was collected and subsequently filtered. The filtered suspension was washed with water (170 liter) and dried at 85 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain a dry product (34.3 kg) containing nickel (21.4%), cobalt (21.5%) and manganese (20.1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Battery: In the battery, devices are provided for immobilizing the mercury, where the immobilizing device comprises solid substrate (preferably graphite) to which the mercury is bonded. The immobilizing device is semipermeable membrane (6) between the mercury and the electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, sulfate, carbonate, phosphate, silicate, or borate. EXAMPLE - A cell was made from glass jar. The positive electrode was a disk of lead, whereas negative electrode was pool of mercury that covered the bottom of the jar. The negative electrical lead was connected to the mercury by copper wire inside glass tube. The electrolyte was prepared by dissolving sodium sulfate (26 g) in water (100 ml). After charging the cell at 3.7 volts for three minutes, an open circuit potential of 3.38 volts was obtained. The cell was repeatedly charged and discharged with reproducible results. At the end of the run, the electrodes were in excellent condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Group: The high molecular weight polymer contains pyrrolidine-containing repeating unit of formula (1) and/or pyrrole-containing repeating unit of formula (2).R1,R2=H or 1-4C alkyl;n/(n+m+p)=0.2-0.99;m/(n+m+p)=0-0.8;andp/(n+m+p)=0.01-0.8. EXAMPLE - Pyrrole polymer of formula (3) (10 mass parts) was dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (30), polyvinylidene fluoride (100) and electroconductive material (60), and coated on single surface of positive electrode to form positive electrode plate. Lithium-phosphorus hexafluoride (LiPF6) was dissolved in ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate to form non-aqueous electrolyte. The obtained positive electrode plate and lithium foil as negative electrode were overlapped, and dripped in obtained electrolyte to form secondary battery.    n:m:p=60:15:25.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The guide pieces are made of copper, nickel, gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode material is nickel oxide, zirconium oxide, cesium oxide, and copper oxide. The electrolyte is stabilized cesium oxide, lanthanum gallate, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide or stabilized zirconium oxide. The cathode material is lanthanum strontium manganite, lanthanum strontium ferrite, lanthanum calcium manganite, lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite and/or lanthanum strontium iron cobalt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The retention agent is polyvinylamine, polyacrylamine, polyamidamine, aluminum sulfate and bentonite. The additive is starch, latex and/or polyvinyl alcohol. The binding agent is latex e.g. acrylo-nitrile latex, starch and/or polyvinyl alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The increase rate of mass after immersing in boiling water for 30 minutes is less than or equal to 100%. The moist tensile strength after immersing in water for 24 hours is greater than or equal to 3 Mpa. The thickness of compound clay film is 30-300 mu m. The gas permeability coefficient of compound clay film with respect to air, helium, hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen is not greater than 1asterisk10-11 cm2s-1 cmHg-1. Preferred Components: The clay is mica, vermiculite, (iron) montmorillonite, (iron) magnesian montmorillonite, beidellite, aluminian beidellite, saponite, aluminian saponite, hectorite, stevensite, nontronite, aluminian nontronite and/or sauconite. The concentration of dispersion liquid is 0.1-10 mass%. Preferred Process: The compound clay film is processed by metal alkoxide type clay crosslinking agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water soluble or water dispersible polymer is polyvinyl alcohol type resin or polyethylene glycol type resin which is crosslinked by isocyanate type crosslinking agent, carboxylic acid type crosslinking agent and organometallic crosslinking agent. Preferred Parameter: The ratio of crosslinking body of water soluble or water dispersible polymer is 5-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of clay alignment film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin consists of any one of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resin, epoxy resin, polyester resin, silicon resin, polyamide resin, polyethylene-ethylenic copolymer, polyimide resin, sulfone polymer, vinyl polymer, vinyl copolymer, fluoro-resin, polyvinylidine fluoride, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene napthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacetal, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytically active material comprises cobalt, manganese and silver. The current collector comprises nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorinated polymer particles comprise fluorinated hydrocarbon such as ethylene, propylene and tetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic and/or organic polymer. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton-conductive film is made of silicon oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorbent is gamma -zeolite, sepiolite or alumina. The porous carbon material is activated carbon or porous inorganic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The difference between the Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area and dibutylphthalate absorbed quantity is 20-70. The amount of oxygen gas supplied to the reactor is 0.02-04 volume which is twice the amount of acetylene gas. Preferred Composition: An electroconductive agent contains the acetylene black and resin or rubber component. EXAMPLE - A mixed gas of acetylene gas and toluene gas, benzene gas or hydrogen gas was supplied into a reactor. Then, oxygen gas was supplied into the reactor, to obtain acetylene black. The obtained acetylene black had Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 73 m2/g, dibutylphthalate absorbed quantity of 110 ml/100 g and pH value of 10.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The lead dioxide is obtained by hydrolyzing lead acetate in water which is added with alcohol chosen from ethanol, methanol and/or n-propanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The positive electrode active material also contains conductive polymer resin which may be polyaniline, polyacetylene and/or polyparaphenylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles consist of platinum, ruthenium, gold, cobalt, nickel, chromium, iron, copper, zinc, rhodium, palladium, tin, rhenium, osmium, iridium, silver and/or its alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The precursor contains metal salts or -complexes of the elements, by which the nanoparticles are composed, and polytetrafluoroethylene-fluorovinylether copolymer with sulfonic acid groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Membrane: The hydrophilic active-membrane material is solid or a gel. The hydrophilic active-membrane material includes a hydrophilic nanoporous inorganic gel. The average pore size of the hydrophilic nanoporous inorganic gel is below 100 nm. The hydrophilic nanoporous inorganic gel comprises silica. The nanoparticles comprises a zeolite or a hydrophilic polymer are contained in the hydrophilic nanoporous inorganic gel. The hydrophilic active-membrane material comprises a hydrophilic polymeric material that is stable at temperatures of at least 100 degrees C. The hydrophilic polymeric material is selected from sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and poly(vinyl alcohol). The hydrophilic active-membrane material includes nanocomposite structures of inorganic and organic hydrophilic materials. The nanocomposite structures include molecular sieve carbon embedded with titania or zeolite. The hydrophilic active-membrane material comprises a cross-linked polyacrylamide copolymer. The hydrophilic active-membrane material is impermeable to non-polar gases at pressure gradients up to 345 kPa or 690 kPa when wet. Preferred Method: In method (M1), the gas mixture is at a temperature of at least about 100 (preferably 200) degrees C. The gas mixture comprises steam and inert gas. The polar substance is water and the active-membrane material is hydrophilic. The water is removed as steam from the polar-substance-permselective membrane. The method further involves using the steam that is removed from the polar-substance-permselective membrane in a process for converting liquid hydrocarbons into hydrogen-rich gas streams. The polar substance is ethanol or acetone and the active-membrane material is hydrophobic. The polar substance is removed by sweeping a fluid over the permeate surface of the polar-substance-permselective membrane. The fluid is selected from air, alcohol and salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The substrate comprises an electrically conductive metal from stainless steel, aluminum, and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive comprises carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and/or silver-coated copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymer comprises epoxy resin, phenolic resin, furan resin, vinyl ester, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene oxide, polyaniline, and/or polypyrrole. Electrically conductive additive (250) is mixed with the polymer in the composite layer and electrically connected to the carbon nanotube layer. The conductive additive comprises 30-60 wt.% and the polymer comprises 40-70 wt.% with respect to a total mixture of the mixture of additive and the polymer. Preferred Property: The polymer comprises a material exhibiting thermal resistance to temperatures from 10-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A gas occlusion material such as hydrogen gas occlusion material contains metal complex. The gas occlusion material occludes and discharges gas. EXAMPLE - Cobaltous acetate tetrahydrate (in mg) (1000), water (1000 ml), 1,4-benzene-di-carboxylic acid (667) and pyridine (400 ml) were added and reacted to obtain a pyridine solution. The obtained pyridine solution was allowed to stand at room temperature 24 hours to obtain metal complex (Co(II)(p-OOC-C6H4-COO)(NC5H5)3(H2O)3). The metal complex had high crystallinity. The gas occlusion material containing metal complex had excellent gas storage capacity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biocompatible implant comprises a material consisting of titanium or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electro-active polymer is an electro-statically stricted polymer, an electronic electro-active polymer, an ionic electro-active polymer, polyaniline, polypyrrole or polyacetylene. The biocompatible implant comprises a material consisting of polyvinyl chloride, silicone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, polyester, polyethylene and a hydrogel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulation film is made of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene or polyisoprene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plasma polymerization film contains oganometallic polymers containing polymers of trimethyl gallium or trimethylaluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The honeycomb segment is made of cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminosilicate (mullite), silicon nitride, zirconium phosphate, aluminum titanate, zirconia, titania, ceramics, iron-chromium-aluminum type metal, nickel series metal, metallic silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane is selectively permeable to carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flow board is made of injection moldable polymer materials selected from polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polysulfone (PSU), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polymer plastic substrate and compound of engineering plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The catalyst is selected from platinum, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, molybdenum, tungsten, rhodium, rhenium, gold, nickel, titanium or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The catalyst layer is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, N-propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, water, glycerine, dimethylacetamide, N-butylacetate, dimethyl sulfuroxide, N-methylpyrrolidone or tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The memory element is secondary lithium high power cell, secondary lithium high-energy cell, lithium ion cell, lithium polymer cell, nickel metal hydride cell, nickel cadmium cell, nickel/zinc secondary cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes consist of materials containing palladium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, hydride forming metals, aluminum, magnesium and calcium. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for an electrochemical process of producing an alane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The lithium-transition metal complex oxide is of formula: LiMO2, preferably LiNiaMnbCocO2 (M is transition metal(s) and a+b+c is 1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The binder particles consists of polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The interconnection washers are formed by upper and lower metal rings and a metal plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Capsules: The thermal-expansion capsules are obtained by carrying out insight polymerization of a low-boiling-point hydrocarbon or foaming agent in a thermoplastic resin. The thermoplastic resin is vinylidene chloride or acrylonitrile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The element ratio of iron and aluminum in the positive electrode active material is 1-y:y, where y is 0.007-0.05. The positive electrode active material has diffraction peak at 26-27 degrees in x-ray diffraction using copper-potassium (CuK) alpha ray. Preferred Process: The primary particles are produced by baking aluminum isopropoxide with other raw materials of the active material. EXAMPLE - Iron (II) oxalate dihydrate, lithium carbonate and dihydrogen ammonium phosphate were mixed in molar ratio of 2:1:2. Then, 2-propanol was added and mixed to obtain mixture of precursor. The obtained mixture of precursor was heated at 350-700 degrees C for 2 hours in nitrogen gas air flow (2 L/minute), baked for 2 hours, and cooled at rate of 50 degrees C/hour to obtain lithium-iron phosphate compound (LiFePO4) which had olivine-type crystal structure phase. The obtained compound was used for non-aqueous electrolyte battery. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery had high discharge capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The tank covering portion comprises metals that conforms to SUS standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conduction module further comprises a switch which a jumper or complementary metal oxide semiconductor switch. The fuel is hydrogen. The oxidizing gas is air or oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel is methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode material is graphite nonwoven, reticulated vitreous carbon, platinum or glassy carbon. The anode material is graphite nonwoven, reticulated vitreous carbon, platinum or glassy carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The apoferritin is an L-chain N-terminal 8 residues-deficient apoferritin or L-chain apoferritin. Preferred Parameter: The concentration of apoferritin after being added on buffer solution is 0.21-4.36 mu mol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer solution contains ammonia. Preferred Parameter: The concentration of ammonia after adding (Ce3+) and apoferritin to buffer solution is less than or equal to 80 mM. Preferred Process: Cerium trichloride, cerium nitrate, cerium sulfate or cerium acetate is mixed during the mixing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer solution is 4-2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine (TRIS) or 3-((tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)amino)propanesulfonic acid (TAPS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nonaqueous electrolyte contains lithium hexafluorophosphate and/or lithium tetrafluoroborate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The another electrolyte is selected from acids, particularly phosphinic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulphonic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, preferably alkali and earth alkali hydroxide as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The another electrolyte is also selected from phosphoric acid alkyl or aryl ester, alkyl and aryl phosphonic acid, alkyl and aryl sulphonic acids, formic acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, heteropoly acids, hexafluorglutaric acid, squaric acids and bases, nitrogen containing heterocycles, preferably imides, imidazoles, triazoles, perfluorosulfonimide, ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazoliumtrifluoromethansulfonite, polysiloxanes or polysiloxanes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrophobic material has a substrate selected from graphites and non halogenide substituted polyolefine, particularly polypropylene, polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidenefluoride. The polymer material of the polymers electrolyte membrane and if necessary the polymer binder component of the catalyst layer independently of each other are selected from polyazole and polyphosphazene, particularly polybenzimidazole, polypyridine, polypyrimidines, polyimidazole, polybenzthiazole, polybenzoxazole, polyoxadiazole, polychinoxaline, polythiadiazole, poly (tetrazapyrene), polyvinylpyridine or polyvinylimidazolemit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The element (A) is barium, element Ma is yttrium, and element Mb is scandium. Preferred Condition: The ratio of x and y is 1 or more, x is 0.1 and y is 0.05.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Material: The negative electrode uses active material comprising carbon material having not less than 0.3 ratio of the strength at 1360/cm peak to the strength at 1580/cm peak in argon ion laser Raman spectroscopy, and having 3-10 m2/g Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area; or graphite having not greater than 3.37 Angstrom surface separation and/or carbon having greater than or equal to 3.37 Angstrom surface separation, where surface of the graphite is coated with carbon precursor and fired at 800-1200 degrees C in inert atmosphere. Preferred Definitions:    a=0-0.15;    x,y=0.25-0.45; and    z=0.25-0.35.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixture is alkaline and includes sodium hydroxide. It can be acidic and includes sulfuric acid. The anode is coated with a catalyst from ruthenium or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mid-electrode is hydrophobic and porous. It is made of a porous carbon. The carbon compound in the mixture is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The plate is made of stainless steel, which conforms to STS430 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The polymeric material contains an aromatic ring. The polymeric material is a polymer film comprising fluorine-type polymer as base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode mix layer preferably contains 2 or more types of lithium-containing transition metal oxides which differ in average particle diameter. The lithium-containing transition metal oxides which differ in average particle diameter are lithium compound of formula: LixM1yM2zM3vO2 or LiaM1bM2cM3dO2.M1=transition metal element chosen from manganese, cobalt or nickel;M2=metallic element chosen from magnesium, titanium, zirconium, germanium, niobium, aluminum or tin;M3=Li, or element other than M1 and M2';a=0.97-1.02 (excluding 1.02);b=0.8-1.02 (excluding 1.02);andc,d=0-0.02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The non-aqueous electrolyte preferably contains organosulfur compound. Preferred Property: The lithium-containing transition metal oxide particles show a particle diameter frequency peak with respect to larger particle size than the arithmetic mean value of d10 value and d90 value.
EXAMPLE - Ketjen EC300J(RTM: porous conductive carbon black) (1 g) was dispersed in water (150 ml). The slurry was transferred to a beaker (if required with 50 ml additional water), fitted with temperature and pH probes and two feed inlet tubes connected to pH control unit. The ruthenium (Ru) nitrosyl nitrate (4.94 g) was added to water and volume made up to 100 ml. This solution was pumped into the stirred carbon slurry at 10ml/minute together with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to maintain pH at 5. When the addition was completed, the temperature was optionally raised to 100 degrees C, the slurry stirred and platinum (Pt) nitrate (6.09 g) was added. NaOH was added to maintain the pH at 5. The slurry was stirred. Once the reaction was completed, the catalyst was recovered by filtration and washed on the filter bed. The material was dried overnight at 105 degrees C and obtained 5.48 g yield. The sample of the dried material was fired in 5% hydrogen/nitrogen (H2/N2) at 200 degrees C for 1 hour, and produced 1.55 g yield having 21.5% Pt and 44.7% Ru; with 38.8% surface atomic percentage of Pt and 94% surface Pt enrichment compared to bulk.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The thermoplastic resin is olefin resin, polyethylene-terephthalate type-resin or polymethyl pentene resin. The barrier layer consists of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin. The rubber consists of insulating filler and carbon black.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Electrical energy is stored repeatedly, electrolyte from the electrolysis cell being used in the fuel cell and electrolyte from the fuel cell being used in the electrolysis cell. The electrolyte supplied from the electrolysis cell to the fuel cell is diluted with water formed by the hydrogen-oxygen reaction. The electrolyte supplied from the fuel cell to the electrolysis cell is concentrated by electrolysis. A basic electrolyte is used. An acid or alkaline electrolyzer is used in conjunction with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, the water formed in the fuel cell being added to the concentrated electrolyte from the electrolysis cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - preferred Components: The hydrocarbon type-polymer electrolyte containing block copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The base material consists of polymer fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average diameter of boron nitride nanotube is 0.4 nm-1 mu m, and the aspect ratio is greater than or equal to 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The magnetic material is of formula: R-X1-X2 (1), where R is rare earth elements chosen from neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, and holmium, X1 is iron and/or cobalt, and X2 is boron and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred material: The magnet material is a R-X1-X2 type magnet material, where R is neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium and/or holmium, X1 is iron and/or cobalt, and X2 is boron and/or carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The liquid is a material which is non-reactive with the suspended particles during cavitation to adversely affect subsequent hydrogen absorption or desorption. Preferred Process: The liquid-particle mixture is subjected to ultrasonic frequency vibration to subject the mixture to cavitation. The particles are metal hydride precursor materials and the cavitation processing is conducted to present new surfaces for hydrogen absorption into the precursor materials. The particles are metal hydride particles and the cavitation processing is conducted to present new surfaces for hydrogen release from the precursor materials. Preferred Conditions: The cavitation is started on a liquid particle mixture at ambient temperature. The cavitation is started on a liquid particle mixture at temperature above or below ambient temperature, and is controlled in desired temperature range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The secondary fuel converted by the energy converter consists of chemical hydride and hydrogen. The secondary fuel converted by the converter consists of hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The shell comprises a lanthanum-strontium-chromium oxide or lanthanum-calcium-chromium oxide. The cathode assembly comprises copper. The core comprises nickel, silver or ceramic. The cathode comprises a ceramic, lanthanum-calcium-manganese oxide or lanthanum-strontium-manganese oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The metal borohydride is lithium-, sodium-, potassium-, ammonium-, tetramethyl ammonium- borohydride, or their mixtures.The concentration of the metal borohydride is 5-50 wt% of the total electrolyte weight.The ionic compound is lithium-, potassium-, sodium- or calcium chloride, potassium- or sodium nitrate, or potassium- or sodium sulfate.The concentration of the ionic compound is 5-35 wt%.The chelating agent is a carboxylate, preferably potassium citrate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, at concentrations of 5-30 wt%.The electrolyte solution further comprises alcohol, preferably ethylene glycol, glycerine, methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol or a mixture of them, at a concentration of 2.5-15 wt%.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generating apparatus of further comprises a switch positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode.The first metal electrode is is composed with magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The precursor of the active component comprises platinic chloride and platinum nitrate. The precursor of the addition agent is nitrate of cerium and metal having zirconium, yttrium and/or rare earth elements, and further comprises oxide and carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent comprises glycol, propanetriol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and sodium borohydride. Preferred Process: The composite electro-catalyst is prepared by scattering carbon black carrier to prepare suspending liquid (I), mixing a certain proportion of the precursor of the active component and the precursor of the addition agent to obtain precursor mixture (I), mixing the suspending liquid (I) and the precursor mixture (I), reducing by reducing agent, filtering to obtain sediment, washing and drying the sediment under vacuum to obtain dried sediment, reducing the dried sediment at a certain temperature to obtain platinum-cerium-metal-oxide/carbon composite electro-catalyst.