TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Electrolyte: The electrolyte comprises aqueous solution of metal salt, and organic solvent chosen from dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide. The electrolyte comprises alkali chosen from lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide and barium hydroxide. The electrolyte of composition comprises basic salt, and cation chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, and anion chosen from hydroxide, bicarbonate and carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fuel containing hydroxyl group is chosen from glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, glycerol, glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone, aminosugar, and alcohol chosen from methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol and tert-butanol. The non-metallic catalyst is violene of formula: X-(CR=CR')n-X'. The non-metallic catalyst is further chosen from pyridinium compound, conjugated pyridinium compound and bipyridinium compound, preferably pyridinium compound. The non-metallic catalyst is pyridinium derivative of formula (I or III) or nitrogen-containing compound of formula (II), preferably pyridinium derivative of formula (IV). The non-metallic catalyst is bipyridinium compound, viologen chosen from benzyl viologen dichloride, octadecyl viologen dibromide, ethyl viologen dibromide, ethyl viologen diiodide, ethyl viologen diperchlorate, methyl viologen dichloride, and isopropyl viologen dichloride, and 1,1'-ethylene-2-2'-bipyridinium dichloride and l',2,3,6-tetramethyl-2',4-bipyridinium diiodide.X,X'=oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, and substituted with H, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylthio and alkylammonium;n=integer;R,R'=H or bond;R1=alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylthio and alkylammonium, and optionally substituted by electron withdrawing group or electron donating group;R1,R5,R6,R10=H, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylthio, alkylammonium, electron donating group and electron withdrawing group, and ethyl, propyl, and ethenyl;R2-R4,R7-R9=H, alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylthio, alkylammonium, electron donating group and electron withdrawing group;A-=anion;Y1-Y10=carbon or nitrogen, where R group geminal to nitrogen is chosen from alkyl, alkylaryl, alkylthio and alkylammonium;andAr'=aryl, and optionally substituted by electron withdrawing or electron donating group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-metallic catalyst is attached to polymer, and the polymer is attached to at least one of the electrodes. The cathode is adapted for electrochemically oxidizing and decomposing the organic fuel containing hydroxyl group. The organic fuel containing hydroxyl group is oxidized and decomposed to generate an electromotive force between the cathode and anode. The organic fuel containing hydroxyl group is carbohydrate chosen from monosaccharide, initial product obtained from decomposition of monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide.