TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Sintering is carried out from normal temperature to 550 degrees C for 2-3 hours and then curing is carried out. Preferred Component: The insulating medium serum is mixed serum of inorganic oxide (60-80), glass powder (2-8), molecular caking agent and terpilenol. The semiconductor powder is made of oxide of titanium, zinc and/or tin. The thickness of nano porous semiconductor thin film is 1-100 microns. The platinic chloride serum is mixture of platinic chloride (0.5-5%), ethyl cellulose and terpilenol. The mass ratio of ethyl cellulose and terpilenol is 1:5-1:9. The electrolyte is liquid electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte, quasi solid electrolyte or polymer electrolyte. Preferred Film: The transparent current-conducting film is made from indium tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide or aluminium-doped zinc oxide. The current-conducting silver serum is mixed serum of metal silver powder (in mass%) (60-80), glass powder (2-8), high molecular caking agent and terpilenol. The mass ratio of high molecular caking agent and terpilenol is 1:9-1:20. The sealing substrate is transparent glass plate, transparent organic glass plate or transparent plastic plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dye is 0.2-2 mM ethanol solution of N3 or N719 dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The high molecular caking agent is ethyl cellulose, epoxy resin or metlbond (RTM: resin). Preferred Film: The sealing film is made of polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride or sarin ionized resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fillers are boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, metal oxides and silicates with a particle size of 50 nm to 200 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fine-particle dispersed and/or dissolved thermoplastic and elastic resins comprise polyolefin, polyester, polyvinyl compounds and poly(meth)acrylates in the form of homopolymers and copolymers of different structure types in a particle size of 0.1-100 mu m and/or viscosity of 0.01-50 Pas. The resin is epoxy-, polyurethane-, polyester-, melanin-based- and phenol-based-resins. The other polymers are copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene and propylene with other olefins and vinyl acetate, esters of acrylic- and methacrylic acid and thermoplastic polyurethane and polyvinyl butyral. The barrier layer consists of polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, metal foil, glass and/or fiber reinforced materials with embedded fillers and additives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The metal salt is metal sulfate, metal nitrate, or metal acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photosensitizer layer is cis-dithiocyanato bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate) ruthenium (N3 dye). The solvent is water or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solvent is acetone, glycol, butanediol, neopentyl glycol, neopentyl glycol, diglycol, triglycol, polyethylene glycol, and/or diacrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The fluid material comprises high molecular polymer powder and solvent. The polymer powder is epoxide resin, polyaminoresin acrylate, polyester acrylic ester, polyether ether, and/or epoxide polyether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Property: The thickness of the single crystal block without dislocation is 5-20 mm. The thickness of the molten part of the single crystal block is 10-90% of the total thickness of the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The carbon catalyst has atomic ratio of surface oxygen atom with respect to surface carbon atom of 0.1-0.4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon-precursor compound containing oxygen atom is acetylacetone.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R12=H, or 1-40C alkyl or 6-40C aryl ring (both optionally substituted), at least one of R1-R12 is optionally substituted 6-40C aryl amino ring;and    R3,R10=optionally substituted 6-40C aryl amino ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Anthracene compound are disclosed for e.g. (7,12-diphenyl-benzo(k)fluoranthen-3-yl)-diphenyl-amine of formula (2), N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,10-diphenylpentacyclo(10.7.1.02,11.04,9.016,20)icosa-1(20),2(11),3,5,7,9,12,14,16,18-decaen-15-amine, N,N-bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3,10-diphenylpentacyclo(10.7.1.02,11.04,9.016,20)icosa-1(20),2(11),3,5,7,9,12,14,16,18-decaen-15-amine, (7,12-diphenyl-benzo(k)fluoranthen-3-yl)-naphthalen-1-yl-phenyl-amine and (7,12-dipropyl-benzo(k)fluoranthen-3-yl)-diphenyl-amine.    EXAMPLE - 3-Bromo-7,12-diphenyl-benzo(k)fluoranthene, diphenylamine, tris(dibenzylidene acetone)dipalladium and sodium t-butoxide were suspended in anhydrous toluene. Then, tri-t-butylphosphine/toluene solution was added and refluxed for 11 hours. The obtained reaction mixture was filtered-separated and washed with toluene. Then, solvent is distilled off from the filtrate and purified, to obtain orange solid. The obtained orange solid was re-crystallized using hexane and toluene, to obtain (7,12-diphenyl-benzo(k)fluoranthen-3-yl)-diphenyl-amine (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The face hardening film is glass. The fluorine resin is used as the face hardening film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The UV stabilizer is nickel chelator. The light-diffusing agent is selected from silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide or magnesium fluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The UV stabilizer is selected from benzophenone, benzotriazole or hindered aminelight stabilizer (HALS). The light diffusion coating solution comprises 0.1-5 wt.% of light-diffusing agent, 10-35 wt.% of organic binder, 60-85 wt.% of organic solvent, 0.1-5 wt.% of dispersing agent and 0.1-5 wt.% of other additives. The organic binder resin is selected from methylmethacrylate, acrylate, epoxy series, melamine system, urethane or urethane-acryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyolefin resin is polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethylpentene, ethylene or vinyl chloride copolymer, ethylenevinylacetate copolymer, ethylene or vinyl alcohol copolymer, chlorinated polyethylene or chlorinated polypropylene. The light-diffusing agent is polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene and their copolymer, or poly-silicon. The organic binder resin is polyester. The face hardening film is fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of tin and gold in silver alloy is 0.1-2.5 atomic% and 0.1-4 atomic%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material pattern consists of a copper layer laminated by vapor deposition method, and nickel or copper layer laminated on electrolytic plating method on the copper layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fluorocarbon layer is formed using a fluorocarbon type having a perfluoro 1-4C alkyl group at one terminal and a silyl group at the other terminal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Elements: The metal layer contains aluminum, nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, silver, platinum and/or copper. Preferred Property: The thickness of the metal layer is 0.1-1000 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The pH of the aqueous solution is adjusted to 7-10 by adding the strong acid. The hydroxide or oxide of silicon is separated by solidification. Preferred Composition: The oxide contains silicon trioxide anion (SiO32-). The hydroxide or oxide of silicon is silicon tetrahydroxide. The strong base is hydroxide such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, potassium methoxide, sodium methoxide, potassium ethoxide or sodium ethoxide. The source material is a powder.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, formamide, acetonitrile or liquid ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, an output power of the microwave generator is 1-3000 W, a heating temperature by the microwave generator is 10-500 degrees C and a heating period is 1 minute to 10 hours. Baking the solution is performed in a high temperature vacuum oven, with a heating temperature of 30-100 degrees C, and with a heating period of 1-100 hours. Preferred Components: The group IB elements comprise copper. The group IIIA elements comprise arsenic and indium. The group VIA elements comprise selenium and sulfur.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A solvent of the solution comprises water, alcohol, benzene, amine, pyridine, tri-n-octyl phosphide, or other organic or inorganic solutions. The washing agent comprises deionized water and ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polythiophene, polypyrrole or polyaniline. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low purity silicon is metal-grade silicon. The hydrogenated gas containing removable element is boron hydride (B2H6). The hydrogenated gas containing silicon is silicon hydride. The heating substance consists of porous material and piping. The porous material consists of a carbon porous material. An electroconductive substance and an electromagnetic wave absorber are used as porous material, the porous material is electro-heated and temperature is controlled in porous material directly or temperature is controlled by heating by electromagnetic wave absorption. Preferred Method: After removing the element from hydrogenated gas mixture, a substrate is made to carry out decomposition adhesion of hydrogenated gas having silicon, and solid silicon is formed. A chemical solution containing fluoro nitric acid is used for clogging reproduction of removable element adhered to porous material. The porous material has a filtering function which traps microparticles in gas mixture. Atomic hydrogen is produced under atmosphere with pressure of 10-1520 Torr. Silicon purification is carried out in presence of plasma. The heated medium is installed and an atomic hydrogen is generated using catalyst decomposition reaction produced on medium surface. The temperature of heating substance is 150-650 degrees C. The temperature of heating substance is controlled, and quantity to which the heating substance surface made to adhere is adjusted. Preferred Apparatus: The purifier has a temperature control unit for electroheating and temperature-controlling of porous material. The hydrogenated gas mixture production unit has plasma unit. The film forming apparatus has circulation unit to return hydrogen gas discharged from silicon film-forming unit to entrance side of hydrogenation gas mixture production unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The fluorine resin film consists of tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. An additive of 0.1-90 wt.% which is reactive to process gas is contained in fluorine resin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sonication is performed in the dipping step. The method further involves after step (c), annealing the substrate adsorbed by the catalysts and supplying ammonia (NH3) or hydrogen (H2) gas to the annealed substrate to reduce the metal catalysts. At least ten carbon nanotube bridges are connected between the two adjacent nanorods or are formed horizontally inside the nanoholes to form three-dimensional networks of the carbon nanotubes. Preferred Components: The number of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks per unit volume is at least 1.5/ mu m3. The number of carbon nanotube bridges formed between the two adjacent nanorods per unit height of the nanorods or inside the nanoholes per unit depth of the nanoholes is at least 3/ mu m. The nanorods or nanoholes have a height of 2-200 mu m and an aspect ratio of 2-100 and are spaced apart from each other at intervals of 50-2000 nm. The carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes. The Fe-Mo catalyst solution contains Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and an aqueous solution of molybdenum (Mo). The molar concentration ratio of Fe to Mo in the Fe-Mo catalyst solution is 5:1-0.5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon source gas is selected from methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, hexane, ethanol, methanol and/or propanol gases. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The support comprises asbestos, ceramic, and/or an organic polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dialkoxysilane (15 mass parts or less, preferably 0.03-12 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of zinc ionomer) has 1-3C alkyl group, and is chosen from 3-aminopropyl alkyl-dialkoxysilane and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl alkyl-dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene copolymer composition further contains antioxidant chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and weather stabilizer, and structural unit derived from (meth)acrylate. The content of structural unit derived from (meth)acrylic acid is 1-25 mass% with respect to total mass of copolymer. Preferred Property: The zinc ionomer has neutralization degree of 10-60%. EXAMPLE - Zinc ionomer of ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (70 g) having methacrylic acid content of 15 mass%, melt flow rate of 5 g/10 minutes and neutralization degree of 23% and N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl methyl-dimethoxysilane (0.7 g) were mixed at 150 degrees C for 15 minutes, to obtain ethylene copolymer composition. The obtain ethylene copolymer composition had excellent stability, moldability, adhesiveness with respect to base material, transparency, heat resistance and flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aluminum alloy foil electrode comprises (in mass%): copper (0.01 or less), magnesium (0.01 or less), nickel (0.01 or less), chromium (0.01 or less), zirconium (0.01 or less), titanium (0.01 or less), zinc (0.01 or less), and gallium (0.01 or less). The thickness of aluminum alloy foil electrode is 6-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The strong acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and/or nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The metal microparticles comprise metal(s) chosen from aluminum, nickel, indium, chromium, gold, vanadium, tin, cadmium, silver, platinum, copper, titanium, cobalt, lead, and their alloys, preferably nickel, gold, tin and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binder resin is thermoplastic resin such as polyester, polyurethane resin, acrylic resin and/or ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, and/or thermosetting resin such as polyester, acrylic resin, polyisocyanate compound, epoxy resin and/or polyamine compound. Preferred Substrate: The transparent substrate is a plastic film.
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R7=H, 1-40C alkyl, 6-40C aryl, 1-40C alkoxy, 6-40C aryloxy or 6-40C arylamino (all optionally substituted), preferably H or 1-40C (un)substituted alkyl, more preferably R6 and R7 are Hydrogen.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Anthracene type compounds e.g. 5,11-bis-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-1,9-dithia-dicyclopenta(b,i)anthracene of formula (4), 5,11-diphenyl-1,7-dithia-dicyclopenta(b,i)anthracene, 5,11-di-anthracen-2-yl-1,7-dithia-dicyclopenta(b,i)anthracene, 5,11-bis-(1,1',3',1'')terphenyl-5'-yl-1,7-dithia-dicyclopenta(b,i)anthracene, (5,11-diphenyl-1,7-dithia-dicyclopenta(b,i)anthracen-2-yl)-diphenyl-amine are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The silicon oxide vapor deposition layer is formed on the surface of polyethylene-terephthalate film (12) by vapor deposition. The weather resistant resin layer contains film of polyethylene naphthalate or fluororesin. Preferred Property: The average particle diameter of the sphere-shaped particles is 4-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Additive such as crosslinking adjuvant, silane coupling agent, UV absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant is mixed to the multilayer sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The silica type hollow microparticles have average particle diameter of 3-100 nm and refractive index of 1.15-1.4. The titanium oxide coating layer has average thickness of 0.1-20 nm, which does not exceed 1/2 of average particle diameter. The titanium oxide particles have spherical coefficient of 0.5-1, which is measured as ratio of average breadth orthogonal to longest diameter in middle point of longest diameter, and average particle longest particle diameter. Preferred Layer: The titanium oxide coating layer contains titanium oxide chosen from anatase type, retiles type or brookite type titanium oxide. Preferred Particles: The titanium oxide type particles are surface-treated by organosilicon compound of formula: Rn-SiX4-n.R=1-10C optionally substituted hydrocarbyl;X=1-4C alkoxy, silanol, halo or H;andn=0-3.Preferred Method: Alternately, peroxotitanic acid aqueous solution is added to silica type hollow microparticles dispersion liquid. Hydrothermal treatment is then carried out at 80-350 degrees C, and pH is adjusted to 7.5-13.5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The to-be-sealed-material is alumina substrate, alkali-free-glass board or silicon substrate. The glass powder is bismuth-type glass or vanadium-type glass. Preferred Composition: The glass powder comprises (in mass%, with respect to oxide conversion) bismuth oxide (60-87), boric oxide (3-12) and zinc oxide (1-20), or vanadium pentoxide (30-60), phosphorus pentoxide (10-40) and barium oxide (5-40). The fire-resistant filler powder is less than 1-25 mu m of 90% particle-diameter (D90). The sealing material has 90% particle-diameter D90 of fire-resistant filler powder is smaller than the thickness of the sealing layer is 7 mu m or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The number of moles of alkenyl group (A) satisfies the relation: (A)=(B)+(C), where (B) is the number of moles of silane groups in the compound (2-2). The ratio (B)/(C) is 1-9. Preferred Properties: The ratio of storage elastic modulus of the molded product at 40 degrees C with respect to storage elastic modulus of the molded product at 200 degrees C, is 1% or more, obtained by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. EXAMPLE - Phenyl trimethoxysilane (6.54 kg), sodium hydroxide (0.88 kg), water (0.66 kg) and 2-propyl alcohol (26.3 l) were reacted to obtain a silicon-containing compound. The obtained compound, cyclopentyl methyl ether, 2-propanol, ion exchange water and hydrochloric acid were reacted and the mixture was liquid separated. The organic layer was separated and dried to obtain silicon-containing compound. The obtained compound (in g) (32.3) was reacted with tetrahydrofuran (342) and methyl vinyl dichlorosilane (12.5) to obtain silicon compound having basket like alkenyl group. The obtained compound (157.3), silicon compound (63.7) having silsesquioxane skeleton, silicon compound (19) having silane group in both the terminals and molecular weight of 600, and toluene were stirred at 100 degrees C for 15.5 hours and reacted after adding a catalyst. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath to obtain a polymer with weight average molecular weight of 168500 as a colorless solid. The obtained polymer (6.5) and toluene (3.5) were mixed and formed into a film-form molded product. The formed film had favorable glass transition temperature, excellent flexibility and reduced variation in storage elastic modulus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cyclic olefin addition co-polymer contains cyclic olefin monomeric unit (A) (85-95 mol%) and 5C or more ( alpha )-olefin monomeric unit (B) (5-15 mol%). Preferred Property: The optical film has linear expansion coefficient of 80x 10-6/ degrees C or less. Preferred Film: The liquid crystal or transparent conductive film has a laminated component of the optical film, and a gas barrier film, or a laminated component of the optical film, and a metal oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anthracene derivative is of formula (G31-1, G31-2, G31-3, G32-1, G33-1 or G33-2). The solvent contains an aromatic ring.Ar1,Ar2,Ar4=(un)substituted 6-13C aryl;R11,R1,R2,R21,R22=H, 1-4C alkyl or (un)substituted 6-13C aryl;R12-R16=H, 1-4C alkyl or (un)substituted 6-10C aryl;andR23-R26=H, 1-4C alkyl or (un)substituted phenyl.Preferred Process: The solvent is removed by heating. Preparation of light emitting device further involves forming functional layer on primary electrode of the layer containing luminescent substance and/or secondary electrode, by coating or vapor deposition method. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 188 anthracene derivatives e.g. 3-(9,10-Diphenyl-anthracen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole of formula (1), 3-(9,10-Di-naphthalen-1-yl-anthrace-n-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 3-(9,10-Di-naphthalen-2-yl-anthrace-n-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole, 3-(9,10-Bis-biphenyl-2-yl-anthracen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole and 3-(9,10-Bis-biphenyl-3-yl-anthracen-2-yl)-9-phenyl-9H-carbazole are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The TCO is chosen from fluorine-doped tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide and/or tin-doped indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The reflective layer includes polyamide, sulfo-polyester, polyketone, polyester and/or acrylic resin, and is made reflective by loading white pigment such as sub-micrometer particles of titanium dioxide. The metal layer includes nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, tungsten, vanadium, chromium, tin or mixture of metals, electric conducting plastic and/or other electric conducting polymer formulation such as carbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The heating temperature is 1420-1450 degrees C. The pressure of nitrogen is 80-150 torr and has flow rate of 60-120 L/minute. Preferred Component: The nitrogen-doped polysilicon comprises boron, gallium or phosphorus at 1x 1015-5x 1017/cm3, and nitrogen at 1x 1013-5x 1015/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atmosphere is a vacuum. The impurity whose vapor pressure is higher than silicon is phosphorus, and the impurity whose vapor pressure of oxide is higher than silicon is boron. Preferred Process: During acceleration of reaction and/or evaporation on the surface of a molten metal, a solidification layer which is formed on the container inner wall is exposed to the atmosphere, melted by a heating unit such as electron beam irradiation, and is made to flow from the exposed area of the solidification layer. Then, a solution surface is exposed to the atmosphere and evaporation of impurity and reaction are accelerated. The impurity with vapor pressure higher than silicon is evaporated. The impurity whose vapor pressure of an oxide is higher than silicon is oxidized using oxygen radicals, and is made to evaporate. Evaporative removal of impurity whose vapor pressure is higher than silicon is performed in vacuum atmosphere. By heating silicon with steam-added plasma arc or low pressure oxygen plasma arc, and by oxidation of impurity whose vapor pressure of oxide is higher than silicon, the impurity is evaporated and removed. The purification by a unidirectional-solidification method is performed after the removal process of the impurity from fused silicon. The solidification layer formed on the purification container inner wall by the movement is exposed from molten metal surface. The heating unit of silicon purifier is electron beam irradiation apparatus (14). The purifier is further provided with oxygen radical supply apparatus which oxidizes the impurity and steam-added plasma arc or low pressure oxygen plasma-arc generator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nucleic acid material comprises a complex of the nucleic acid molecule, and cationic surfactant and/or a lipid with a cationic head group. The donor molecules comprise coumarins, ATTO dyes, Alexa Fluor dyes, Hoechst dyes, pyrenes, and/or fluorescein isothiocyanate. The acceptor molecules comprise 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-docosylpyridinium bromide, fluorescein isothiocyanate, tris-(bathophenanthroline) ruthenium (ii) chloride, Eu(fod)3, disperse red 1, sulforhodamine, (E)-2-(2-(4-(diethylamino)styryl)-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile, and/or bromocresol purple. The cationic surfactant comprises a cationic quat. ammonium salt, preferably cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The (meth)acrylic type copolymer is obtained by polymerizing monomer containing 15-50 weight% of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 50-85 weight% of butyl(meth)acrylate. Preferred Properties: The adhesive layer has thickness of 30-150 mu m. The ether type urethane resin foam sheet has thickness of 1-6 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber may be a copper type absorber that absorbs mercury by having main body consisting of impregnated charcoal and copper, halide absorber that absorbs halide, or desulfurizing agent that absorbs sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxidant is a composition of concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, and agent, which is potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, and/or phosphorus pentoxide. The flocculating agent is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, and/or sodium chloride. Preferred Parameter: Oxidizing with oxidant is conducted for 72-96 hours. Ultrasonic stripping is conducted for 1-2 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester imide precursor has intrinsic viscosity of 0.1-20 dL/g. Preferred Process: The polyester imide is further obtained by carrying out polycondensation reaction of tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride and diamine which are raw materials of polyester-imide precursor under high temperature in solvent, without isolating the polyester-imide precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Substrate: The metal substrate contains copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The palladium catalyst is dichloro bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) or palladium acetate (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high molecular compound further has tris(2-methoxyphenyl) phosphine as ligand. Preferred Definitions:    Y1-Y4=halo;    Ar1=arylene of formula (60 or 80), bivalent heterocyclic group of formula (75,1a or 90) or bivalent aromatic-amine residue of formula (95), where arylene of formula (60) is preferably of group of formula (2A-2D), group of formula (2A) is preferably of formula (65), group of formula (2C) is preferably of formula (70), and group of formula (75) is preferably of formula (2E);    rings (A-D)=aromatic-hydrocarbyl ring, and have substituent chosen from alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl silyl, alkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, aryl alkoxy, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, arylamino, monovalent heterocyclic group, acyl, acyloxy, substituted carboxyl group or cyano;    Rw,Rx,Rg,Rs,Rt,Rf1-Rf5,Rg1-Rg5=H, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkyl silyl, alkylamino, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, aryl alkoxy, aryl alkenyl, aryl alkynyl, arylamino, monovalent heterocyclic group, acyl, substituted carboxyl or cyano;    E,Y'=oxygen or sulfur;    Rj,Rk=alkyl, alkoxy or aryl group;    Ra-Rd=H, alkyl or aryl;    m,n=1 or 2;    Ra1-Ra3, Rb1-Rb3=H, 1-20C alkyl group or 1-20C alkoxy;and    A1 and/or A2=H.    Two bonds exist on ring (A) and/or ring (B). Rw and Rx optionally combine to form ring. Rs and Rt optionally combine to form ring. Rf1 and Rg1 optionally combine to form ring. Rf2 and Rg2 optionally combine to form ring. Rf3 and Rg3 optionally combine to form ring. Rf4 and Rg4 optionally combine to form ring. Rf5 and Rg5 optionally combine to form ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flexible bonding material layer comprises polyvinyl butyral or transparent ethylene-vinyl acetate. The insulating plate comprises epoxide resin plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flexible substrate comprises leather.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The nonaqueous solvent is single solvent or mixture of solvent, and has rotational viscosity of 0.1-3 MPa at 25 degrees C.The anion is chosen from tetrafluoroborate ion, hexafluorophosphate ion, hexafluoroarsenide ion, hexafluoroantimonide ion, bis-fluorosulfonyl imide ion (N(FSO3)2-), and/or group of formula RfSO3.Rf = 1-2C fluoroalkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor oxide is selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide and strontium-titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The valves and the chamber are fabricated of boron nitride, quartz, silicon nitride or silicon carbide. The semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon and germanium, gallium and gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte stabilizing agent comprises metal ion of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, iron, chromium, copper, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, molybdenum, tin, cerium and/or tungsten elements, preferably cerium metal ion. The conductive particle comprises Vulcan(RTM: activated carbon) carbon, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, graphite and/or Ketjen(RTM: carbon black) carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-active layer is gas diffusion layer (20) including microporous layer (23) comprising carbon particle, hydrophobic polymer and electrolyte stabilizing agent. The electrolyte layer comprises perfluorinated sulfonic acid polymer electrolyte. The gas diffusion medium further comprises microporous layer disposed upon fiber matrix, where microporous layer comprises electrically conductive particle, electrolyte stabilizing agent and optionally polymer resin. The fiber matrix comprises carbon fiber in matt, nonwoven, paper, woven or knit configuration. The polymer resin is hydrophobic fluoropolymer or polymer electrolyte.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The thermal expansion coefficient of the solar cell substrate is measured according to the specifications of JISR 3103 standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide semiconductor layer formed on the transparent conductive film contains titanium oxide and the conductive film contains fluorine-doped tin oxide or antimony-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base material is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and titanium (Ti). The base material is made of copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) coated with a solder or silver (Ag), and copper, invar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating film is a polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, a polybutylene terephthalate. The connection structure of the wiring contains either polyphenylene sulfide and polyvinyl fluoride. The insulating material contains an insulating organic material containing either a polyimide, a polyamidoimide, an epoxy and an acryl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer contains amorphous carbon, amorphous silicon carbide and amorphous silicon oxide. The P-type oxide semiconductor contains gallium, indium, zinc, tin, copper, aluminum, strontium, lanthanum and/or hafnium, preferably copper-aluminum oxide, copper-gallium oxide, strontium-copper oxide and lanthanum oxide-copper sulfide. The I layer contains amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, mono crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper-indium-gallium selenium, and gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plates with square or rectangular shape are made of resin equipped of glass fiber and by molding of plastic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A carrier gas is introduced into the reaction chamber before introducing the halide of group-XIV element during manufacturing process of polycrystalline component of group-XIV element. The carrier gas is argon, helium, neon, and/or xenon. The group-XIV element is chosen from silicon and germanium. The halide is chloride or bromide. The halide of group-XIV element is tetrachlorosilane. Preferred Composition: The amount of halide of group-XIV element is 0.1-100000 ml with respect to 50 ml of carrier gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polycrystalline component of group-XIV element is polysilicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The introduction of nitrogen gas is carried out for 5-20 hours. Preferred Component: The cast polysilicon comprises boron, gallium and phosphorus at 1x 1015-1x 1017/cm3, and nitrogen gas at 1x 1013-5x 1015/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The III-V material comprises gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), aluminum gallium phosphide (AlGaP), aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP), aluminum gallium antimonide (AlGaSb), gallium antimonide (GaSb), indium phosphide (InP), indium arsenide (InAs), indium antimonide (InSb), indium aluminum gallium phosphide (InAlGaP), gallium arsenic phosphide (GaAsP), gallium antimony phosphide (GaSbP), aluminum arsenic phosphide (AlAsP), and/or aluminum antimony phosphide (AlSbP). The cap layer may comprise a first layer of silicon and a second layer of GaP and/or AlP. The solar cell further includes a recess in substrate surface opposite the first junction and filled with non-silicon material (preferably metal); a second junction disposed between first junction and cap layer, and comprising III-V material(s) and having a bandgap different from a bandgap of the first junction; a third junction disposed between second junction and cap layer, and comprising III-V material(s) and having a bandgap different from the bandgaps of first and second junctions; a contact disposed over the cap layer and comprising alloy of silicon and metal such as titanium, copper, cobalt, platinum, tungsten and/or preferably nickel; an antireflection coating disposed over the cap layer; and a graded-composition template layer disposed over the substrate, comprising silicon germanium and/or GaAsP, and having a threading dislocation density of less than 1x 107/cm2 and a top surface which is lattice-matched to III-V material of first junction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The region of insulating material is selected from silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, tantalum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The indium gallium nitride containing film comprises an indium mole fraction in the indium gallium nitride film of 1-20%, 20-40%, 40-60% or 60-80% in the narrowest dimension of the growth region. The dielectric masking layer is made of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or other thin film layer that inhibits growth on a surface of the dielectric masking layer. Preferred Condition: The chamber is maintained at atmospheric pressure, preferably 1-760 Torr.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The indium precursor comprises a trimethylindium species. The gallium species comprises a trimethylgallium species.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass plate has thickness of 0.5-10 mm, preferably 3 mm, and thermal expansion coefficient of more than 100x 10-7/ degrees C at 50-350 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of strontium oxide is preferably 3-8 weight%, more preferably 4-6 weight%. The content of barium oxide is preferably 2-8 weight%, more preferably 3-6 weight%. The content of magnesium oxide is preferably 1 weight% or less. The total content of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide is 10-20 weight%, preferably 12-18 weight%. The glass plate further comprises oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent is sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and/or oxides of antimony, arsenic, cerium, manganese, vanadium, copper and titanium. The amount of bivalent iron in the glass is less than 40 weight%, preferably 15-22 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The ceramic layer contains silicon-oxide film(s) having carbon content of less than 0.1 atomic%, and silicon-oxide film(s) having carbon content of 1-40 atomic%. Preferred Property: The refractive index of the ceramic layer is 1.3-1.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The resin base material further has a polymer layer (5) containing optical stabilizer. Preferred Composition: The resin of the resin base material is polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, or polyethylene naphthalate. The optical stabilizers are ultraviolet absorber, hindered amine light stabilizer or ultraviolet absorber, and hindered amine light stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrically conductive film comprises a transparent conductive oxide layer (preferably indium- tin-oxide and zinc oxide). The electrically conductive material comprises metal selected from gold, silver, chromium, titanium, copper, and aluminum. The wavelength conversion layer comprises at least one rare earth ion selected from of erbium, ytterbium, and neodymium. The wavelength conversion layer comprises at least one material selected from beta -barium Borate (BBO), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP), potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP), lithium niobate (LiNO3), polydiacetylenes, poly-3-butoxy-carbonyl-methyl-urethane (poly(3BCMU)), poly-3-butoxy-carbonyl-methyl-urethane (poly(4-BCMU))) and dendritic nonlinear organic glass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The component (ii) contains polymeric block (A) and polymeric block (B). 80% or more of double bond of conjugated diene compound unit of component (ii) is hydrogenated. The polymeric block (A) contains 50 mass% or more of aromatic vinyl compound unit. The polymeric block (B) contains 50 mass% or more of conjugated diene compound unit, and has total of 1,2-bond content and 3,4-bond content of 30-90%. The component (ii) is hydrogenated diene polymer having functional group chosen from carboxy, acid anhydride, epoxy, (meth)acryloyl, amino, alkoxy silane, hydroxy, isocyanate and oxazoline group. The component (iii) is olefin polymer having functional group chosen from carboxy, acid anhydride, epoxy, (meth)acryloyl, amino, alkoxy silane, hydroxy, isocyanate and oxazoline group. The component (iii) is acid anhydride group-containing propylene polymer or ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer. A thermoplastic resin and/or metal are laminated on surface of sealing material sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of zirconium or titanium and phosphorus is 1:2-1:5. The weight ratio of imidazole or imidazole derivative with respect to zirconium-hydrogen phosphate or titanium-hydrogen phosphate crystal and phosphate ions is 1:0.1-1:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Carbon dioxide gas and/or methane gas is used as carbon source gas for manufacturing the transparent conductive film. The source gas is diluted with argon gas and/or hydrogen gas as carrier gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The leaving group is comprised by atom group which has carbon atom as essential component, and contains hydrogen atom, nitrogen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom, and halogen atom.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The nicotine amide or nicotine amide-type compound is reduced type compound. The nicotine amide-type compound is chosen from nicotinamide mononucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Preferred Process: The n-type doping material is sublimated, contacted with carbon nanotube and heated, to perform n-type doping method of carbon nanotube. The n-type doping material is dissolved in a solvent, and the prepared n-type doping material solution is contacted with the carbon nanotube, and heated to perform n-type doping method of carbon nanotube. The n-type doping state of carbon nanotube is adjusted by adjusting the usage amount of n-type doping material, the concentration of n-type doping material in the n-type doping material solution, or the heating temperature or heating time during n-type doping method. The n-type doping of carbon nanotube is carried out at 40-250 degrees C for 10 seconds-100 hours. The treated carbon nanotube exhibits n-type after progressing in air for 30 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A metal organic precursor of formula R1n'SiZ(4-n'), R2Si(OH)3, or formula (3) is used in the plasma. It comprises silicon, germanium, titanium, lead or tin. It is octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The insulating layer comprises silicon, titanium, tin, lead, or germanium. It has a formula of SiOxCyHz. It is conformal with the roughness of the metallic substrate. The metallic substrate comprises aluminum, iron, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, brass, bronze, tin, copper, zinc, nickel, platinum silver, and/or gold.R1=monovalent hydrocarbon radical or halogenated monovalent hydrocarbon;Z=hydrolyzable group;R2=1-3C alkyl radical, vinyl radical, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl radical, gamma -glycidoxypropyl radical, or gamma -methacryloxy propyl radical;R=H, methyl, ethyl or propyl;n=2-8;n'=0-2;andx-y=0.001-2.Preferred Dimension: The insulating layer is 1-50 mu m thick. The metallic substrate is 10-1000 mu m thick. Preferred Method: The insulating layer is deposited using a vapor phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The purging comprising injecting gas flow comprising argon and/or nitrogen gas directed from a closed end or directed from the sealed end. The method further comprises maintaining the condensable solvent (112) at 1-50 degrees C below a temperature of the solvent delivery system. The method further comprises sealing the fill tube without exposing the interior to atmosphere. The sealing comprises welding, arc welding, pinch sealing, ultrasonic welding, magnetic pulse welding, or brazing. The method further comprises placing the capsule in a high pressure apparatus; and heating the capsule to generate a supercritical fluid for growth of a gallium nitride crystalline material. The step of heating the capsule to generate a supercritical fluid comprises heating to greater than 200 degrees C, preferably greater than 550 degrees C and generating greater than 0.5 GPa. Preferred Component: The gas flow may comprise a vapor of a condensable solvent in a liquid form. The condensable solvent is ammonia for formation of gallium nitride crystals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The material thickness is made from copper, copper-based alloy, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, iron-based alloy, nickel, nickel-based alloy, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and/or rhenium, preferably silver, gold, or platinum. Each reinforcement mechanism is made of stainless steel or nickel. The capsule further comprises a first diffusion barrier layer made of nickel, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, silver, iridium, tantalum, and/or MCxNyOz.M=Al, B, Si, Ti, Va, Cr, Yt, Zr, La, rare earth metal, Hf, Ta, and/or W; andx-z=0-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises glass frit in an amount of 1-6 wt.%. Preferred Components: The softening point of the glass frit is 400-600 degrees C. The conductive material comprises Ag (90-99 wt.%). The additives are selected from metal (preferably Zn, Pb, Bi, Gd, Ce, Zr, Ti, Mn, Sn, Ru, Co, Fe, Cu, and Cr) or its metal oxide; and/or any compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing (preferably ZnO (2-10 wt.%) or a compound that forms ZnO upon firing). The insulating film comprises at least one component selected from: titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A solderable material is applied on or within the bus bar opening. The dense metal layer is made using the material of III A group. The loose metal layer is made using the material of III A group. The dense metal layer and the loose metal layer comprise composition of aluminum. The metal paste comprises element(s) of the III A group. Preferred Method: The bus bar opening is formed by removing the loose metal layer by laser ablation; wet etching; dry etching; physical removing; ultrasonic; and/or rubbing. Preferred Condition: The metal paste is fired at not greater than 1200 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The solderable material is silver, copper, tin, zinc, palladium, nickel and/or their alloys, preferably tin-zinc alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon black is selected from furnace black or super P. The transparent conductivity oxide layer is fluorine doped indium-tin-oxide or indium-tin-oxide layer. The nano-oxide layer is layer made of titanium dioxide, tin ash or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed solvent includes acetic acid and ethanol. The nano-oxide layer is selected from ruthenium complex, xanthene based dye, cyanine based dye, basic dye, porphyrin-based compound, azo-based dye, phthalocyanine compound, anthraquinone dye or polycyclic quinone-based dye. The carbon black is acetylene black. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate consists of an electroconductive material. The substrate is a molded product. The substrate consists of carbon, a metal, an inorganic material and resin. The fuel cell has a separator integrally formed on opposite side to the side in which the carbon catalyst of the gas diffusion electrode is formed. Preferred Catalyst: The carbon catalyst contains nitrogen atom and/or boron atom. The total content of nitrogen atom and/or boron atom contained in the carbon catalyst is 0.5-20 mass% with respect to total weight of carbon catalyst. The carbon catalyst contains transition metal or transition metal compound. The transition metal is chosen from cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel, copper, titanium, chromium and zinc. The compound of transition metal is chosen from chloride, oxide, organic material and organic-complex material, preferably cobalt chloride, cobalt oxide, phthalocyanine cobalt, iron chloride, iron oxide and phthalocyanine iron. Preferred Method: The carbon-precursor polymer is heated at 300-1500 degrees C and carbonized. Nitrogen or boron is introduced after carbonizing carbon-precursor polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The carbon-precursor polymer is a high molecular compound containing nitrogen atom and/or boron atom. One or whole portion of carbon-precursor polymer contains polyacrylonitrile or its copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The transparent resin in the sealing material of the solar cell module is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate resin, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, olefin resin, polyester resin, silicone resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin and rubber-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The wavelength conversion layer has corrugated structure in a surface inside of the photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device further has fine grooving in the corrugated structure. Preferred Properties: The corrugated structure in the photovoltaic device has elevation difference of 300 nm to 100 mu m and in-plane period of 300 nm to 50 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: The corrugated structure is obtained by laminating different wavelength conversion layers. The wavelength conversion layer is formed using an inkjet such as piezo system-inkjet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The wavelength conversion composition contains oxide fine particles (4), and bismuth, and the wavelength conversion substance is contained in the oxide fine particles. The wavelength conversion substance contains europium, erbium, dysprosium, and/or neodymium. The semiconductor fine particles contain silicon or zinc oxide. Preferred Properties: The content of oxide fine particles in the wavelength conversion composition is 40-60 vol.%. The oxide fine particles have average particle diameter of 20-100 nm, preferably 45-55 nm. Preferred Component: The oxide fine particles are microparticles of silica or zirconia, or yttrium-vanadium oxide (YVO4) or yttrium oxide (Y2O3) microparticles. The wavelength conversion substance is semiconductor fine particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The ion-exchangeable functional group is sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphonic acid group, phosphinic acid group, arsenious acid group, phenoxide group, quaternary ammonium group, tertiary sulfonium group, quaternary pyridinium group, primary amino group, secondary amino group, tertiary amino group, pyridyl group and/or imidazole group. Preferred Compound: The surface treating agent is silane coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carbon material contains a carbonized carbon-precursor polymer comprising nitrogen as a main component. Preferred Property: The shape of the carbon material is powder form, particulate form, aggregated form, fibrous form and/or sheet form. Preferred Process: The surface of the carbon material is grafted, after processing with a surface treating agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The semiconductor compound has liquid crystal phase at 50-200 degrees C and solubility of 0.01 wt.% or more with respect to organic solvent. EXAMPLE - 2,7-Bis(trimethyl silyl ethynyl)(1)benzo thieno(3,2-b)benzothiophene (0.5 g), dichloro bis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (28 mg), copper iodide (20 mg) and diethylamine (20 ml) were stirred in nitrogen atmosphere. Trimethyl silyl acetylene was added and the contents were stirred to obtain 2,7-bis(trimethyl silyl ethynyl)(1)benzo thieno(3,2-b)benzothiophene. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution was added and the obtained solid was purified and stirred in dichloromethane and methanol, at room temperature. Potassium carbonate (1.0 g) was further added and the contents were stirred. The organic layer obtained after liquid separating the reaction liquid was separated and dried to obtain 2,7-bis(diethynyl)(1)benzo thieno(3,2-b)benzothiophene with yield of 90%. The obtained compound (0.25 g), copper acetate, 1-nonyne, methanol and pyridine were heat-refluxed. The reaction liquid was poured into water after removing the oil and the deposited solid was filter-collected to obtain 2,7-bis(undeca-1,3-diyl)(1)benzo thieno(3,2-b)benzothiophene (0.064 g) with yield of 14%. The field effect transistor produced using the obtained compound had favorable field effect mobility and ON/OFF ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal used for forming the composite is copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Ester group-containing diamine of formula (11) and ester group-containing tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride of formula (8) are polymerized to obtain the polyimide precursor.R14-R16=R1. EXAMPLE - 4-Aminophenyl-4'-aminobenzoate (40 mmol) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenylether (10 mmol) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 4-(4-(4-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)carbonyloxy)phenyl)phenyl)-2-methylphenyl 1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxylate (50 mmol) were polymerized to obtain polyamic acid solution having high storage stability and intrinsic viscosity of 0.72 dl/g in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The obtained solution was coated on a substrate film and heated to form polyimide film with thickness of 25 mu m. The film had favorable curl resistance, solvent resistance, flexibility and high adhesiveness with respect to metal film. The film had elasticity modulus of 5.8 GPa and fracture elongation of 54%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Metal: The metal used for forming the composite is copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (disclosed): Diamine of formula (11) and/or 2,2-bis(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)propane and ester group-containing tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride of formula (8) are polymerized to obtain the polyimide precursor.R14-R16=R1. EXAMPLE - 2,2-Bis(4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)propane (50 mmol) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and 4-(4-(4-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-yl)carbonyloxy)phenyl)phenyl)-2-methylphenyl 1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carboxylate (50 mmol) were polymerized to obtain polyamic acid solution having high storage stability and intrinsic viscosity of 0.74 dl/g in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The obtained solution was coated on a substrate film and heated to form polyimide film with thickness of 25 mu m. The film had favorable curl resistance, solvent resistance, flexibility, excellent flame retardance and high adhesiveness with respect to metal film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive coating film of outer and inner side frames further contains room-temperature hardenable resin composition. The frame material having gas barrier property contains resin composition having ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer as main component. Preferred Compounds: The siloxane compound is polyorganosiloxane compound having 2 or more hydrolyzable groups in a molecule, and is of formula (1). The fluorine compound is fluoropolyether compound having 2 or more hydrolyzable groups in a molecule, and has perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain of the molecule, and is of formula (2).n=300-2000;p,q=0 or integer;andp+q=integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound has phenyl group bonded together with the sulfonic acid group. The compound is obtained by reacting a silane-coupling agent having an amino group, and a sulfonic-acid compound having a carboxylic acid group and a sulfonic acid group, or by reacting a silane-coupling agent having an oxirane group, and a sulfonic-acid compound having an amino group and a sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst particle is titanium oxide. The inorganic oxide particle is silica. Preferred Parameter: The inorganic oxide has population average particle diameter of 5-40 nm when length of 100 arbitrary particles that enter into visual fields of 200000 times is measured with scanning electron microscope.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer comprises silicone modified resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The porous substrate refers to carbon paper or carbon cloth. The hydrophobic solution is mainly composed of hydrophobic components. In (a), the drying process refers to drying through blowing with hot air by a blower at 45-80 degrees C, naturally airing or drying using a blasting oven or an infrared heater at 45-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The hydrophobic components include fluoropolymer, where the fluoropolymer refers to one or mixture of several of polyfluortetraethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylfluoride (PVF) and fluorinated polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H), silicon oxide, silicon oxide or titanium oxide. The conductive materials and the submicron particles comprise silver. The additives comprise zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, chromium and/or their oxides. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide. The submicron particles further comprise zinc oxide and glass frit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide semiconductor contains titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and/or zirconium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - Porphyrin compound (in mg) (35.8) was dissolved in chloroform (10 mL). The solution which dissolved zinc acetate dehydrate (37.5) in methanol (1.4 mL) was added, heated and refluxed for 2 hours to obtain zinc 5-(4-carboxy phenyl)-10,15,20-tris(4-trimethyl silyl phenyl)porphyrinate. The obtained zinc porphyrin complex had high absorption and photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The transparent film is formed by scattering down-conversion luminescent material into organic molecule, by solidifying, drawing, film heating, joint-pressing, spin coating or screen printing method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic molecule is high or low molecular organic substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polar organic solvent is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polar ion-radical has general formula (I). The polar organic solvent is selected from alcohol or mixed solvent of alcohol. In formula (I),x=0.5-1;y+z=0-0.5;x+y+z=1;n=1-300;A=general formulae (II-V);B'=general formulae (VI-IX); andC'=aromatic heterocyclic unit having general formulae (X-XII).In formulae (II-V),R1 and R2=amino, quaternary ammonium salt, nitrile, carboxyl, sulfonic, phosphate or p-phenyl.In formulae (VI-IX),R3 and R4=H, 1-20C alkyl, p-phenyl or carbazyl group.In general formulae (X-XII),X=S or Se; andR5, R6, R7 and R8=H, 1-10C alkyl, quinolyl, general formulae (XIII-XIV), thienyl group or their derivatives having general formulae (XV-XVII), selenophene group or their derivatives having general formulae (XVIII-XX) or quinoxaline derivatives having general formulae (XXI-XXIII).In general formulae (XXIV-XXVII),R9 and R10=H or 1-10C alkyl group or general formulae (XXIV-XXVII), where X is sulfur or selenium and R11 and R12 are H or 1-10C alkyl or p-phenyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulator layer formed between junction regions is selected from silicon oxide layer or silicon nitride layer. A sacrificial layer formed on substrate is selected from thermal oxide layer, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxide layer and nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anchoring layer is made of zinc oxide, mixture of zinc and tin oxide, mixture of indium and tin oxide. The barrier layer is made of dielectric material e.g. nitride, oxide and oxynitride of silicon, nitride, oxide and oxynitride of aluminum, zinc oxide or mixture of zinc and tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The center region of the front layer comprises aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, copper and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorption unit contains lithium silicate, potassium silicate, sodium silicate or sodium zirconate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anode buffer layer and antireflection layer contain molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide or tungstic acid. The metal layer contains silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The second precursor comprises metal selected from aluminum, magnesium, niobium, titanium, vanadium and zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intermediate layer is made up of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, and silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The intermediate layer is made up of chromium, vanadium, tungsten, tantalum nitride and tungsten nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic nanowire includes inorganic components selected from titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, titanium sulfide, zinc sulfide, tin sulfide, niobium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cerium sulfide, titanium nitride, zinc nitride, tin nitride, niobium nitride, cerium nitride, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, cadmium selenide or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The optically active organic layer is poly-3-hexylthiophene based layer, poly(2-methoxy,5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) based layer or poly(2-methyl,5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy))-1,4-phenylenevynylene based layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The compound (I) comprises compounds of formula (I-A) or (I-B).Ra, Rb=H or optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkadienyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl, preferably 1H, 1H-perfluoro-2-30C alkyl, 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluoro-3-30C alkyl or branched 3-30C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film is stretched along width direction with draw ratio of 1.01-1.12, preferably 1.01-1.09. The stretching of self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film along width direction is carried out at 80-240 degrees C, preferably 90-160 degrees C for 2 minutes or more. The completion of stretching along width direction of self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film is performed at 80-300 degrees C. The stretching of self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film along width direction is implemented by fixing the both-ends portion of aromatic polyimide precursor film using pin-type tenter, clip-type tenter or chuck. Preferred Component: The aromatic polyimide precursor solution is obtained by reacting carboxylic component having 3,3',4,4'- biphenyl tetracarboxylic-acid compound as main component and diamine component having p-phenylenediamine as main component in an organic solvent. The solvent content of extended self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film is 30-41 mass%. The imidation ratio of self-supportive aromatic polyimide precursor film is 7-18%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass frit contains 11-25 wt.% silicon dioxide. Preferred Properties: The glass frit has softening point of 500-600 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive material is silver. The alkali metal oxide is sodium oxide and/or lithium oxide. The composition further comprises metal or metal oxide comprising zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper, and/or chromium; and/or any compounds that can generate metal oxides upon firing, preferably zinc oxide or a compound that forms zinc oxide upon firing. The insulating film comprises titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride hydride (SiNx:H), silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (wt.%) glass frit (1-6), silver (90-99, based on solids content), and zinc oxide (2-10). EXAMPLE - Solvent, organic medium and surfactant were mixed for 15 minutes. Glass frits comprising (wt.%) silicon dioxide (19.9), aluminum oxide (2.1), lead oxide (57.5), boron oxide (3.8), calcium oxide (15), zinc oxide (0.3), sodium oxide (0.3) and lithium oxide (0.6) were added and mixed for another 15 minutes. Silver was added incrementally to ensure better wetting. After uniformly mixing, the composition was repeatedly passed through a 3-roll mill. The composition was used in making solar cell. The solar cell has efficiency of 16.26%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Tank: The freezing point depressant tank contains an alcohol which diffuses at a slower rate through a proton exchange membrane than methanol, and a liquid glycol with a carbon content of more than two carbon atoms in the molecule. Preferred Compound: The alcohol is normal, branched aliphatic or cyclic structural isomer of ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol or their mixture. The glycol is normal, branched aliphatic or cyclic structural isomer of ethanediol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, heptanediol, octanediol or their mixture. The freezing point depressant tank contains an anti-freeze mixture having water/alcohol ratio or water/glycol ratio which ensures that the mixture remains liquid at 80 degrees C to -40 degrees C and prevents freezing of the solution at 0 degrees C to -50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The lithium ion secondary battery consists of positive electrode active material such as mendelevium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, silicon, magnesium, carbon, strontium, yttrium, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, silver, zinc, indium, tin, chromium, niobium, or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of content of gallium with respect to the total content of indium, gallium and zinc is more than 0.10 and less than 0.49. The ratio of content of zinc with respect to total content of indium, gallium and zinc is more than 0.05 and less than 0.65, preferably more than 0.2 and less than 0.7. The ratio of content of indium with respect to total content of indium and gallium is more than 0.5 and less than 0.99. The ratio of content of gallium with respect to total content of gallium and zinc is more than 0.6 and less than 0.99. The oxide sintered compact has a C type crystal structure of rare-earth oxide containing (in atomic%) indium (24-49), gallium (10-49), and zinc (5-65). When the total number of atoms except oxygen is 100 atomic%, the content of metallic element (more than tetravalent) in the compact is 10-10000 ppm. The metallic element is tin, zirconium, germanium, cerium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or titanium. The oxide sintered compact contains indium-gallium-zinc oxide compound of formula: In2Ga2ZnO7. Preferred Properties: The average grain size of the C type crystal structure of rare-earth oxide is 20 mu m or less. The oxide sintered compact has relative density of 80% or more (preferably, 90% or more), bulk resistivity of 0.1-100 m Omega .cm, and lattice constant (a) of less than 10.12 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The coated metal structure is made of material selected from the group comprising titanium, nickel, tungsten, rhodium, molybdenum, etc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The rare earth fluorescent material comprises one or mixture of more than one of rare earth doped aluminate fluorophore, rare earth doped silicate fluorophore, rare earth doped phosphate fluorophore, rare earth doped sulfide fluorophore, rare earth doped molybdate fluorophore, rare earth doped nitride fluorophore, rare earth doped fluoride fluorophore or rare earth doped metal oxide fluorophore. The substrate comprises rigid block, rigid plate or flexible thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): The 1R,2S,4S,5R-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride is obtained by heating 1S,2S,4R,5R-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride and isomerizing. Alternatively, the 1R,2S,4S,5R-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride is obtained by heating 1S,2S,4R,5R-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride in presence of dehydrating agent and making anhydrous. Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor and polyimide-containing repeating unit (5) contains 1,2,4,5-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride as raw material. EXAMPLE - 1S,2S,4R,5R-Cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride (in g) (20) and acetic anhydride (100) were added into a flask in presence of nitrogen, heated, refluxed for 3 hours, filter-separated, cooled, precipitated, washed using toluene and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain reaction powder (12.1). Then, the obtained reaction powder was heated in solution containing methanol (0.5 N) and hydrochloric acid, and esterification reaction was carried out, to obtain 1R,2S,4S,5R-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The liquid-crystal polymer is fully aromatic polyester. The fluororesin is a thermoplastic fluororesin obtained by copolymerizing a fluorine-containing ethylenic monomer having a hydroxyl group, and an ethylenic monomer not having a hydroxyl group. The ethylenic monomer not having a hydroxyl group is tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene and/or perfluoroalkylvinylether. The polymer film is a polyimide film containing non-thermoplastic polyimide obtained by polycondensing aromatic tetracarboxylic acid and aromatic diamine. The polymer film contains polyimide benzoxazole obtained by polycondensing aromatic tetracarboxylic acid and aromatic diamine having benzoxazole structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst particles are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The intermediate layer further comprises silicone modified resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is a plastic alloy layer of polyvinylidene fluoride alloy and inorganic material. The inorganic material is selected from one or more of the inorganic substances whose structural formula is AxBy; A is silicon, magnesium, titanium, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum or barium; B is oxygen, sulfur or sulfate radical; x and y are selected from 1, 3 and 3, respectively. The inorganic substance comprises silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and molybdenum sulfide, or zinc sulfide, barium sulfate and titanium dioxide or silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide. The inorganic material accounts for 10%-40% of the total weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer. The white polyethylene layer is a plastic alloy layer made of polyethylene mixed with inorganic white paint, ultraviolet stabilizer and thermal oxidative aging stabilizer. The inorganic white paint is titanium pigment or barium sulfate. The structural reinforcement layer is a polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is a biaxially oriented polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The first and the second adhesive layers can be one selected from polyurethane adhesive layer, acrylate adhesive layer and epoxy adhesive layer. Preferred Conditions: The thickness of the polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is 4-40 mu m. The inorganic white paint accounts for 3-10% of the total weight of the white polyethylene layer. The white polyethylene layer is 10-300 mu m thick. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is 40-400 mu m thick. The first and the second adhesive layers are both 1-30 mu m thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is the plastic alloy layer of the polyvinylidene fluoride and the inorganic material. The inorganic material is selected from one or more of the inorganic object of AxBy, where A is silicon, magnesium, titanium, zinc, lead, molybdenum or barium; B is oxygen, sulfur or acidophobous radical; and x and y are selected from 1, 2 or 3. The inorganic object comprises silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide, or comprises silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide and molybdenum sulfide, or comprises silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide and molybdenum sulfide, or comprises silicon dioxide, zinc sulfide and titanium dioxide, or comprises titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide and barium sulfate. The inorganic material is 10-40% of the total weight of the polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer. The structure enhancing layer is the polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is the one extended in the bidirectional way. The first adhering layer and the second adhering layer are one of polyurethane adhesive layer, Acrylate adhesive layer or epoxy adhesive layer. Preferred Conditions: The polyvinylidene fluoride alloy layer is in the thickness of 4-40 mu m. The polyethylene glycol terephthalate layer is in the thickness of 40-400 mu m. The thicknesses of the both the first and the second adhering layers are 1-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The discontinuous TCO layer has tin oxide (SnO2) as main component with fluorine and/or antimony as doping element. The continuous TCO layer has zinc oxide as main component with aluminum, gallium and/or zirconium as doping element. Preferred Properties: Both the discontinuous TCO layer and continuous TCO layer has thickness of 100-1000 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The discontinuous TCO layer is formed using predecessor liquid including stannic chloride, tetramethyltin, dichloro dimethyl tin or trichlorobutyl tin and hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon precursor in the preparation of silica sol is ethyl orthosilicate or tetramethoxysilane. Preferred Method: The silica sol preparation uses alcohol as solvent, where volume ratio of silicon precursor and alcohol is 1/5-4/5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The raw material in the first step is styrene or methyl methacrylate. Preferred Parameter: The diameter of colloidal polymer microspheres is 200-1000 nm. Spin-coating speed is 600-2000 revolutions/minute. The thin film has a thickness of 200-1000 nm. The volume ratio of colloidal polymer microspheres and silica sol is 1:1.5-1:4. Preferred Method: The preparation step comprises adding evocating agent. The gel formation step comprises using macropore molecular sieve and co-assembly method to finish the gel process. Calcining uses controlled heating method to heat the substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate of organic film solar cell is glass, metal or plastic. The transparent conductive layer of organic film solar cell is metallic oxide layer. The metallic oxide layer is indium-tin oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene derivative used is (6,6)phenyl 61C methyl butyrate. The solvent is benzene, toluene, paraxylene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, trichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran. The solid substance is camphor, naphthalene, anthracene or their derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor material is a conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer is polythiophene derivative, poly(p-phenylene vinylene)derivative, polyfluorene derivative, fullerene derivative or pyrene derivative. The polythiophene derivative is poly 3-hexylthiophene derivative. The poly(p-phenylene vinylene)derivative is poly(2-methoxy, 5-(30,70-dimethyl-octyl))-p-phenylene vinylene derivative. The polyfluorene derivative is poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-bi-N,N'-(4-butylphenyl)-bi-N,N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylene-diamine)derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium salt is titanium sulfate, titanyl sulfate, or metatitanic acid. Preferred Parameter: The concentration of titanium salt aqueous solution is 0.1-0.4 M/L. The sols with two special profiles are in the ratio of 1:1-1:0.5. Preferred Method: The precipitate is redissolved into different solvents including water or alcohol or mixed liquid of water and alcohol, where alcohol is ethanol, propanol, or butanol, and the volume ratio of water to alcohol is 3:1-5:1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The matrix is indium-doped tin oxide conducting glass, fluorine-doped tin oxide conducting glass, or polyethylene terephthalate/indium-doped tin oxide flexible conducting material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The trivalent phosphorus compound is compound of formulae R3O-P(OR2)-OR1, R6-P(OR5)-OR4, R9-P(R8)-OR7 and R12-P(R11)-R10.R1-R12=H, alkyl or (hetero)aryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer contains polythiophene and its derivative(s) such as poly(3,4-ethylene dioxy)thiophene. The conductive polymer composition contains polystyrene sulfonate as dopant. The conductive polymer material contains diol compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doping gas is phosphorus oxychloride and boron bromide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor forming the semiconductor layer is titanium oxide. The metallic compound contained in metallic compound solution is titanium tetrachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic amine compound is triaryl amine, and has cyano group. The amine compound has molar extinction coefficient of 20000 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate contains resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises an UV stabilizer. Preferred Components: The UV absorber is benzotriazole or triazine. The UV stabilizer is hindered amine light stabilizers. The concentration of the amino group is less than 40 mmole/kg. The composition comprises 50-99.99% of (I) and no UV absorber. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of the Ru nanoparticle is 4 nm, and mass percent of platinum is 25%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The tackifier is KH-550, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or 2-butanone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aluminum powder has 1.5-4.5 mu m granularity and 99.8% purity. The inorganic caking agent is lead-free glass powder comprising (pts.wt.) silicon dioxide (2-3, preferably 3), aluminum oxide (1-3, preferably 2), diboron trioxide (15-30, preferably 25), bismuth oxide (40-60, preferably 45), phosphorus pentoxide (3-5, preferably 4), zinc oxide (10-20, preferably 15), and zinc phosphate tetrahydrate (4-30, preferably 6).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic adhesive comprises (pts.wt.) ethyl cellulose (2-5, preferably 3), phenylcarbinol (1-5, preferably 3), terpineol (20-50, preferably 40), tributyl citrate (10-30, preferably 20), tributyl 2-acetylcitrate (10-20, preferably 12), butyl carbitol acetate (5-30, preferably 15), castor oils (0.5-5, preferably 5) and phenolic resin (0.5-5, preferably 2). The additive comprises Span(RTM: sorbitan fatty acid ester) (30-70) and diffusion pump oil (30-70).
Preferred Definitions:    R1-R6=formulae I-V;    R10-R13=H, hydrocarbyl, hydrocarboxyl, hydrocarbylthio, heterocycle or their derivatives;    R7-R9=formulae VI-XIII;    R14-R35=H, hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, heterocycle or their derivative;    X, Y, Z=N, O, S, Si or Se;    n= greater than or equal to 0.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 of 10 compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. of formula (C)-(E).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The transparent electrode at the first layer is made from indium tin oxide conductive glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The organic solar battery has a transparent electrode at the first layer; a conductive coating at the second layer; a crystalline organic semiconductor induction layer at the third layer; a donor material layer at the fourth layer; a donor material and receptor material co-mixed layer at the fifth layer; a receptor material layer at the sixth layer; an electrode buffer layer at the seventh layer; and a metal electrode at the eighth layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrode buffer layer can be made from lithium fluoride. The metal electrode at the eighth layer is silver or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive coating is made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). The crystalline organic semiconductor induction layer at the third layer is made of 5,5'-bis(4-biphenylyl)-2,2'-bithiophene(BP2T), 2,5'''-bis(4-phenyl)-5,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (P4T) and 2,5'''-bis(4-1-methyl-phenyl)-5,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-tetrathiophene (methylP4T). The donor material is phthalocyanine containing no metal, phthalocyanine containing metal, pentacene, rubrene, thiophene oligomer, bithiophene oligomer, or their functionalized variant. The receptor material is allotropes of carbon, where carbon atomic number in the allotropes of carbon is greater than 59-less than 100; 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride; or its functionalized variant. The electrode buffer layer is made from 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum; or 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Pure argon gas is used in the manufacturing of passivation film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is poly(3-alkyl thiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide strong related system compound is one or more of manganese oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, cobalt sesquioxide, or high temperature superconductor copper oxide. The anode material is indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, or aluminum-zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The cathode material is aluminum, silver-magnesium alloy, lithium-aluminum alloy, or calcium-aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The strong electron related system compound is an oxide strong related system compound or an organic strong related system compound. The organic strong related system compound is one or more of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene perchlorate ((BEDT-TTF)2ClO4), tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene perchlorate ((TMTSF)2ClO4), or bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene perrhenate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The cavity buffer layer material is one of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), self-assembly membrane, polyethylene oxide, nickel oxide, silver oxide, molybdenite, zinc oxide, gold and platinum. The photoactive layer material is poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-61C-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) mixing system; poly-p-phenylenevinylene and fullerene double-layer; zinc phthalocyanine; tin phthalocyanine; or copper phthalocyanine and fullerene double-layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon source gas is silane, disilane, monochlorosilane and/or silicon tetraiodide, and an inert gas such as argon, helium and/or neon is mixed with the silicon source gas. The substrate is monocrystalline silicon substrate, multicrystalline silicon substrate, glass plate, quartz plate or metal plate. Preferred Composition: The silicon source gas contains an impurity gas comprising element of group (III or V). The impurity gas contains aluminum, gallium, boron, phosphorus, arsenic and/or antimony. Preferred Property: The texture in the epitaxial silicon film has size of 100 nm to 10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The basic solution is an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Preferred Method: The catalyst is obtained by supporting platinum on the support after supporting ruthenium on the support.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The TCO electrode is made of zinc oxide, stannic oxide, indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first silicon-containing composition comprises SiCl4, SiCl3H, SiF4, and/or SiCl2H2 or SiCl4 and/or GeH4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal oxides are selected from sodium oxide (Na2O) and/or lithium oxide (Li2O). The conductive material comprises silver (Ag). The insulating film comprises at least one component selected from: titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. Preferred Composition: The softening point of the glass frit is 500-600 degrees C. The composition (C1) further comprises at least one additive selected from a metal including zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), gadolinium (Gd), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) or copper (Cu); a metal oxide of at least one of the metal; and/or compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing, (preferably ZnO, or compound that forms ZnO upon firing). The glass frit is 1-6 wt.% of the total composition. The composition (C1) comprises (wt.%): Ag (90-99) and ZnO (2-10). EXAMPLE - A glass composition comprising (wt.%) silica (14.4), aluminum oxide (6.6), lead oxide (56.2), zinc oxide (19.6), and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The dense metal layer is made of III-A group. The solderable material is silver, copper, tin, zinc, palladium, nickel and/or their alloys, preferably tin-zinc alloy. The dense metal layer and loose metal layer comprise composition of aluminum. The conductor is a metal alloy comprising tin. It is coated with tin alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode module comprises at least one rolled graphite foil and cathode module comprises at least one rolled silver foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fill used in the anode module comprises at least one rolled graphite foil. The fill used in the cathode module comprises at least one rolled silver foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shield includes graphite, silicon carbide and/or quartz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The metallic silicon powder is obtained directly in the market or fabricated from metallic silicon, and were crushed in at least one powder mill comprising ball mill, crusher mill or ordinary powder mill. Preferred Components: The silicon powder has a size of 50 to 2000 mesh (2.78-111.11 mm). The silicon powder is stirred during the process of oxidation reaction for accelerating the reaction step. The acid is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and/or acetic acid. The oxidizing gas is air and/or oxygen. The water is tap water and deionized water (both preferred), and/or distilled water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The reactor is a closed container, semi-closed or open. EXAMPLE - Block of silicon metal with a boron content of 60 ppm was crushed in a grinder to form powders with a particle size of 50-80 mesh and powders of silicon of particle size 50 mesh were immersed in acid for 6 hours to remove metallic impurities and washed with deionized water. Then, the washed silicon powder was heated in an oven to achieve dryness, and then placed in a closed reactor, which was heated to 700 degrees C with a supply of gaseous oxygen without agitation in process for 72 hours, thus oxidizing non-metallic impurities such as boron to become oxides. The oxides were then dissolved in water or acid. The oxidized silicon was immersed in hydrochloric acid for 48 hours to remove oxides of non-metallic impurities such as boron, washed with deionized water, heated at 200 degrees C and dried after 6 hours. The content of boron silicon metal was 44 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electroconductive particle is made of aluminum, chromium, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, copper and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The translucent insulating material is made of polyvinyl alcohol resin or ethylene-vinyl acetate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The weather-resistance base material consists of polyethylene-terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cycloalkane compounds are either cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclodecane, cis-decahydronaphthalene, trans-decahydronaphthalene, cis-hexahydroindan, trans-hexahydroindan, endo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene, dimethyl adamantane, ethyl adamantane and/or perhydro fluorene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The power switching element of the inverter circuit and the converter circuit is made of silicon carbide, gallium nitride and silicon germanium, and the diode of the rectification circuit is made of silicon carbide, gallium nitride and silicon germanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The chlorine-doped oxidation treatment is carried out at 700-1000 degrees C for 30-60 minutes. The square resistance of the surface of silicon component is controlled to 30-90 ohm by phosphorus source treatment. A mixed gas of nitrogen and oxygen is supplied to the dispersion furnace to continuously process the silicon component for 10-100 minutes. The chlorine-containing gas is chlorine hydride or methyl chloroform.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Low temperature phase change heat storage material stored in hot bag is saturated fatty acid and straight chain paraffin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The apparatus immobilizes carbon dioxide using plant chloroplast.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-conjugated portion comprises 1-30C linear alkyl, 1-30C branch alkyl, 1-30C cyclic alkyl, 1-30Calkoxyl, or 1-30C silyl. The protons of the conjugated portion are partially or fully deuterated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further includes a step of introducing a dopant in the deposition chamber to form a doped crystalline film. The substrates are heated to a temperature of 400-600 degrees C/600-800 degrees C. In the method, a potential difference between the first and second is 5-30 KV. The electric discharge is a silent electric discharge.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first silicon containing composition comprises: a silicon halide; silicon chloride, trichlorosilane, tetrafluorosilane and/or dichlorosilane; or silicon tetrahydride and/or germane. The electric discharge chamber comprises a first electrode and a second electrode. The first silicon-containing composition includes a carrier gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises: sputter depositing the metal oxide in a mixture of oxygen and primarily argon; chemical vapor deposition or spray deposition of the metal oxide containing a high-permittivity addition; sputter depositing the metal oxide from a metal target in a mixture of oxygen and argon; and sputter depositing the metal oxide in a mixture of oxygen, hydrogen, and argon. The deposition is carried out at 350-500 degrees C. The process comprises chemical vapor deposition or spray deposition of the lower-permittivity metal oxide. The permittivity of the host TCO is reduced and the material is combination of cadmium oxide and indium oxide to form the oxide cadmium indate. Preferred Components: The material added to the TCO is selected such that the added high-permittivity oxide and host TCO together produce a film that demonstrates a higher permittivity than the host oxide, preferably niobium pentoxide, vanadium pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxide or hafnium dioxide. EXAMPLE - A 2-inch diameter sputtering target was produced using fully oxidized zirconium oxide powder (1 wt.%), fully oxidized tin oxide powder (9 wt.%), and fully oxidized indium oxide powder (90 wt.%). The mixture was hot pressed, followed by mechanically sizing to more-accurate dimensions. The target was then fully re-oxidized using a high-temperature anneal in ambient oxygen. Film deposition was conducted in a high-vacuum sputtering system. Films were deposited onto Corning 1737 (RTM: Glass substrates at 350 degrees C) to give indium tin zinc oxide films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The one-dimensional micro/nanostructures is made of silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, germanium phosphide, antimony selenide and indium gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nano particle has a dielectric-function of gold, silver, copper, and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The atmosphere comprises a pure inert gas comprising nitrogen. The gas comprises hydrogen and/or helium, and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The photosensitive resin composition contains photoinitiator and monomer in mass ratio of 0.01-0.45.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The N-oxyl derivative is azaadamantane N-oxyl derivative or azabicyclo N-oxyl derivative. The N-oxyl derivative is of formula (1). The charge transferring layer further contains organic solvent chosen from 3-methoxypropionitrile, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, or ( gamma )-butyrolactone.R1-R4=H, aliphatic hydrocarbyl, aromatic hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic group;andX=2 or 3 atom group required to cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: About 85-99% of the inorganic components have a d50 of 1.5-10 mu m. The conductive materials comprise silver. The submicron particles comprise silver. The inorganic components have a bimodal size distribution. The composition includes additive(s). The additive is metal of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), gadolinium (Gd), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), tin (Sn), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) or Cr; a metal oxide of Zn, Pb, Bi, Gd, Ce, Zr, Ti, Mn, Sn, Ru, Co, Fe, Cu and/or Cr; and/or any compounds that can generate the metal oxides upon firing. The inorganic additives comprise zinc oxide (ZnO). The submicron particles include ZnO and an inorganic binder. The insulating film comprises component(s) of titanium oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride (SiNx):hydrogen (H), silicon oxide, and/or silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anode or cathode is made of carbon and/or stainless steel, aluminum, nickel or titanium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The thin film is an active layer. Preferred Process: The bisazo methine group is obtained by removing hydrogen atom(s) from Ar1 or Ar2 of cyanide group containing compound of formula: Ar1-CH=N-C(-CN)=C(-CN)-N=CH-Ar2 (1). Preferred Component: The molecule containing bisazo methine group is a cyanide group containing compound (1). The cyanide group containing compound (1) is preferably of formula (2).Ar1,Ar2=aryl (optionally substituted by nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur);andX1,X2=H, halo or 1-13C hydrocarbon optionally substituted by nitrogen or oxygen.Preferred Property: The molecule containing bisazo methine group is a polymer having number average molecule weight of 3000 or more. Preferred Material: The semiconductor element further has source electrode(s), drain electrode(s), gate electrode, and a layer containing fluororesin oriented such that it is contact with active layer. The long axis bisazo methine group of the molecule in active layer is oriented in parallel with respect to the direction in which electric charge flows between the source electrode and drain electrode. The bisazo methine group in the active layer is oriented in parallel preferably with the shortest path between source electrode and drain electrode. The source electrode and the drain electrode are in contact with the surface of the active layer. A layer containing oriented fluororesin contacts the surface of the active layer, which opposed the surface having source electrode and drain electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The self-supporting film is wound in roll shape and placed in heating furnace. The thickness non-uniformity of coating portion of surface treating agent is observed. The traveling speed of self-supporting film is controlled based on observation result of thickness non-uniformity. The application quantity of coating liquid along width direction is controlled such that thickness of coating portion is uniform.
Preferred Definitions:    Ar=phenylene group;and    R1-R6=H.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic layer comprises metal oxide, metal nitride, metal carbide, metal oxide-nitride or metal oxide-carbide, preferably metal oxide, metal nitride or metal oxide-nitride. The number of the organic layer and the inorganic layer is 1. Preferred process: The inorganic layer is formed on the surface of the organic layer. 2 or more of the organic layers and 2 or more of the inorganic layers are laminated alternately.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polymerizable compound is of formula: (R1-CH(=CH2)-L1)n1-Ar-(L2-Si(-R2)(-R4)-R3)n2.Ar=aromatic group, preferably phenylene;R1=H, alkyl, halo, alkoxy or acyloxy;L1,L2=divalent bonding group, preferably alkylene, arylene, ether, imino, carbonyl, sulfonyl, or bivalent residue formed by bonding several bivalent residue in series;R2,R3=alkoxy, acyloxy, halo or amino;R4=alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, acyloxy, halo or amino;andn1,n2=1-5, preferably 1 or 2.Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of carbon atoms in the cyclic carbon structure of the polymerizable compound with respect to the polymerizable compound is 20 or more. Preferred Component: A device has substrate which is a barrier film substrate which is formed by providing the barrier laminate or gas barrier laminate on a substrate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic phosphorus halide is phosphorus dichloride or phosphorus trichloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is synthesized by:(A) dissolving 2-methyl-4-nitropyridine N-O into the alcohol solution;(B) dripping sodium alcoholate to the solution under the protection of inert gas, where the mol ratio of sodium alcoholate to 2-methyl-4-nitropyridine N-O is 1.5-5: 1, performing magnetic stirring, controlling the reaction temperature at 40-80 degrees C, then removing the alcohol solution, adding the mixture of ice and water, extracting, drying, filtering, decompressing and condensing, separating by silica gel column chromatography so as to obtain the pure product 2-methyl-4-alkyloxypyridine N-O compound; and(C) adding 2-methyl-4-alkyloxypyridine N-O compound of step (B) to the trichloromethane solvent, adding inorganic phosphonium halide under the protection of the ice water bath and the inert gas, where the mol ratio of inorganic phosphonium halide to 2-methyl-4-alkyloxypyridine N-O is 3-12: 1, controlling the reaction temperature at 60-80 degrees C, then adding the mixture of the ice and the water, neutralizing the reaction solution to have a pH of 7-8 by inorganic lye solution, extracting, drying and filtering, decompressing and condensing, separating by silica gel column chromatography so as to obtain the pure product 2-methyl-4-alkyloxypyridine.Preferred Method: The reaction time of step (B) is 0.5-6 or 0.5-12 hours. Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or iso-propanol. The sodium alcoholate is sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, sodium propylate or sodium isopropylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidation-reduction pair further comprises iodine negative ion compound, where the mol ratio of iodine elementary substance: iodine negative ion: additive is 1:0-10:0.2-2. The compound containing iodine negative ion is the mixture of lithium iodide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide and/or alkyl imidazole iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive is the mixture of 4-tertiary butyl pyridine, N-methyl benzimidazole and/or guanidine thiocyanate. The ionic liquid of imidazole salt is ionic liquid of the dibasic imidazole iodine salt, imidazole fluoroform sulfonyl imide salt or imidazole thiocyanate, or the mixed solution of solvents according to any proportion. The dibasic imidazole iodine salt is 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazole iodine salt, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazole iodine salt or 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole iodine salt. The imidazole fluoroform sulfonyl imide salt is 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazole fluoroform sulfonyl imide salt, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole fluoroform sulfonyl imide salt or 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazole fluoroform sulfonyl imide salt. The imidazole thiocyanate is 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazole thiocyanate, 1-propyl-3-methyl imidazole thiocyanate or 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole thiocyanate. The viscosity regulator is terpineol, polyacrylate or amitraz.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode material, cathode material and electrolyte are powder materials with less than 1 mm particle diameter. Preferred Process: The electrolysis is a siliconizing process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The aluminum-silicon alloy is obtained in cathode material. The aluminum-silicon alloy comprises silicon, aluminum, phosphorus, boron, calcium, iron and small amount of reaction impurity. Removal rates of iron, calcium and aluminum are at more than 98%, more than 80% and more than 99.99%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first (0.01-5 wt.%) or the second fluorescent powder (0.01-5 wt.%) employs an oxygen-containing compound of element from group II, III, IV or V as substrate. The first fluorescent powder and the second fluorescent powder have a mixing ratio of 40-60:40-60 within the polymerization adhesive.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polymerization adhesive is added at a volume equal to the volume of the mixture of the first and second fluorescent powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Benzaldehyde compound and pyrrole are dehydrate-condensed, to obtain porphyrin compound (1). Preferred Compounds: The porphyrin compound (1) is preferably of formula (2). The benzaldehyde compound (3) is preferably of formula (4). The halogenated-aryl acetal compound (5) is preferably of formula (7). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 porphyrin compounds specifically claimed are 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-triethoxysilyl phenyl)porphyrin of formula (1a) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-diethoxy methylsilyl phenyl)porphyrin.    EXAMPLE - 2-(4-triethoxysilyl phenyl)-1,3-dioxolane (in g) (3.01), chloroform (240 ml) and 5M hydrochloric acid (30 ml) were mixed, stirred for 13 hours, reacted, washed using saturated salt solution (200 ml), extracted using chloroform (200 ml), and dried using magnesium sulfate. hen, pyrrole (520 ml) and trifluoro boron ethoxide (90 mu l) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred for 40 minutes, benzene (37.6 ml) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (1.58) was added to the reaction mixture, stirred for 2 hours, filtered and purified, to obtain 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4'-triethoxysilyl phenyl)porphyrin (1a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation includes tin-doped cation, indium trioxide, boron, aluminum, gallium, zinc oxide or antimony doped tin oxide. The doped titanium dioxide is titanium dioxide doped with vanadium, niobium or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorescent material layer contains fluorescence substance chosen from inorganic phosphor, organic fluorescent component and organic phosphorescence material. The inorganic phosphor is chosen from europium doped lanthanum oxysulfide, europium doped strontium barium oxosilicate, zinc sulfide doped copper-aluminum, europium doped strontium phosphide, europium doped barium-magnesium-aluminum complex oxide (BaMgAl10O17), magnesium barium aluminate (BaMg2Al16O27) and strontium chloro phosphate, germanate doped with manganese, zinc doped zinc oxide, manganese doped willemite, europium doped yttrium orthovanadate, europium doped yttrium oxysulfide, copper doped zinc sulfide, manganese doped magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide and germanium oxide, and europium doped yttrium oxide. The dye-sensitized solar cell further has a reflecting layer containing silicon material which is chosen from silica, silicon oxide, silicon aluminum oxynitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, silicon carbide and silicon oxycarbide, and includes silver, copper and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The nano composite particles have average particle diameter of more than 2 nm. Preferred Process: The silica particles are activated by plasma processing or acid processing. The reaction of the activated silica particles is performed by heating, sonication and/or microwave irradiation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The group 14 element containing compound is chosen from alkyl trialkoxysilane, alkyl trihalosilane and/or polysiloxane. The organic absorbing agent is conductive polymer, dendrimer, macromer or phthalocyanine compound material. The photoelectric conversion layer further contains fullerene or its derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction solvent contains amine-based solvent and aromatic organic solvent. The content of reaction solvent is 75-85%. Ammonium group reaction accelerator (1-10%) is added during preparation of copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfide nanoparticles. Preferred Component: The amine-based solvent is diethylenediamine, diethylamine and/or triethylamine. The aromatic organic solvent is of formula (1). Preferred Property: A mixing ratio of volume of amine-based solvent and sum of volume of amine-based solvent and volume of aromatic organic solvent is 0-1. The organic solvent thermal reaction is performed at 100-280 degrees C.X=H, -OH, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen or amine;andn=0-1..
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alkaline solution used for manufacturing solar cell, comprises sodium tetraborate solution, tetraboric-acid ammonium fluid and ammonium liquor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The optical absorption layer is made of copper, indium, gallium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of carbon dioxide in gas is 40-60 volume%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first contact material layer on the first conductivity type doped a-silicon:hydrogen layer is aluminum. The second contact material layer on the second conductivity type doped a-silicon:hydrogen layer is silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of surface resistance immediately after film-formation and surface resistance after leaving the film for 10 days in an environment of 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity, is 0.5-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive material comprises silver. The composition further comprises additive chosen from metal, metal oxide, and compound that can generate metal oxide by heating. The metal, and metal of metal oxide are chosen from zinc, lead, bismuth, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and chromium. The inorganic additive comprises zinc oxide. The submicron particles comprise silver, zinc oxide and inorganic binder. The inorganic binder comprises glass frit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass frit comprises (in mass%) silica (1-36), alumina (0-7), boric oxide (1.5-19), lead oxide (20-83), zinc oxide (0-42), copper oxide (0-4), bismuth oxide (0-35), zirconium oxide (0-8), titanium (0-7) and lead fluoride (3-34). The thick film conductive composition further comprises additive chosen from metal, metal oxide, and compound that can generate metal oxide, and/or zinc-containing additive. The metal, and metal of metal oxide is chosen from zinc, magnesium, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, ion, copper and chromium. The zinc-containing additive is zinc oxide. The semiconductor device has insulating film comprising component chosen from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, hydrogen doped silicon nitride (SiNx:H, where x is not defined), silicon oxide and silicon oxide/titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dibasic ester is compound chosen from dimethyl ester of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The substrate has a layer formed of glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The device layer comprises nano-particulate semiconductor material such as titanium dioxide. The light deflection unit has light scattering centers having titanium dioxide as scattering particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate has a layer formed of plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The latter matrix material includes a hole transport material. The third matrix material comprises an electron transport material. The organic functional layer is selected from emission layers, electron transport layers, hole transport layers, electron blocking layers, hole blocking layers, hole injection layers, electron injection layers or inter layers, where the organic functional layer is an emissive layer, which is endowed with an emitter material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The porous semiconductor electrode comprises transition metal element (0.01-50 mass%) and titanium dioxide. The content of tungsten oxide or tungsten-oxide composite material is 1-100 mass%. A pigment is absorbed on the porous semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The manufacturing apparatus has reaction apparatus, a solid-gas separation apparatus (5a-5c,6a-6c) for separating mixture containing silicon particles, halogenated silane and halide of reducible metal supplied from reaction apparatus, into gas containing halogenated silane and halide of reducible metal, and silicon particles, a storage apparatus (23) for temporarily storing separated silicon particles, a piping (L9) for connecting reaction apparatus and separation apparatus, a piping (L11,L13) for connecting separation apparatus and storage apparatus, and a piping (L23) for removing stored silicon particles. Inner surface of separation apparatus, storage apparatus, and/or piping are coated with silicon layer and/or fluorine resin layer. The separation apparatus is cyclone. The manufacturing apparatus further has a melting apparatus (25) for melting silicon particles and a solidification equipment (27) for cooling and solidifying molten silicon particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic layer comprises metal oxide. Preferred Process: The inorganic layer is formed by sputtering process or plasma process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cyclic carbon structure is aromatic structure. The tri- or multi-functional (meth)acrylate is biphenyl compound of formula (1).R1,R2=H or optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group;R3,R4=substituent;andm,n=0-5.R1 and R2 optionally combines to form ring, and the total number of (meth)acryloyloxy groups in the compound (1) is 3 or more. Preferred Process: 2 or more organic layers and 2 or more inorganic layers are laminated alternately.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymerizable composition has cyclic carbon rate of 20% or more in polymerizable monomers, and satisfies following relation: ((X/Y')x 100)(%) (where, X is the total weight of carbon atoms containing cyclic carbon structures in the polymerizable monomer of the composition, and Y'is the total weight of the polymerizable monomers comprised in the composition). The polymerizable composition further comprises bifunctional (meth)acrylate. Preferred Component: A device is sealed with barrier laminate, or gas barrier film as substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating layer is formed by using a material, which is selected from niobium pentoxide, zinc oxide, strontium titanate, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The hydroxide of alkaline-earth metal is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide. The heavy metal powder is copper powder. Preferred Composition: The heavy metal compound contains copper oxide, copper carbonate, copper sulfate or copper hydroxide. Preferred Property: The aqueous solution concentration of hydroxide of alkaline-earth metal is 5-90%. The aqueous solution concentration of hydrochloric acid is 5-37%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol. The propanol is n-propanol or isopropanol. The linear or branched butanol is n-butanol, isobutanol or tert-butanol. Preferred Process: The cyclization reaction is carried out using 1-4C ester, preferably dimethyl oxalate, diethyl oxalate or dibutyl oxalate. The cyclization reaction is carried out at 25-65 degrees C. The oxidation reaction is carried out with hydroxide of an alkaline-earth metal, and then reacts with hydrochloric acid. The decarboxylation reaction is carried out by a heavy metal compound, heavy metal powder or dimethylformamide. EXAMPLE - 3,4-alkylene dioxythiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (in g) (192), copper oxide (3.3), copper powder (2.7) and dimethylformamide (417 mL) were mixed, heated at 155 degrees C for 24 hours, cooled and vacuum-distilled to obtain 2,3-dihydrothieno(3,4-b)(1,4)dioxine having purity of 99.67% and moisture content of 0.0763%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Apparatus: The gas discharge line is connected with the burner which heats the modification catalyst of the modifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: The photoelectric transducer consists of a semiconductor layer (3) and an electrolyte layer (5) provided between counter electrodes (6). The semiconductor layer contains the fluorene derivative or fluorenone derivative. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 32 Fluorene and fluorenone derivatives are disclosed e.g. (2E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(7-(diphenylamino)-9-(propan-2-ylidene)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)prop-2-enoic acid of formula (A), 2-((5Z)-5-((5-(7-(diphenylamino)-9-(pentan-3-ylidene)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, (2E,4E)-5-(7-(bis(4-methylphenyl)amino)-9-(dimethoxymethylidene)-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-2-cyanopenta-2,4-dienoic acid, (5Z)-5-((5-(7-(diphenylamino)-9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)methylidene)-2-((5Z)-3-ethyl-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidine-3-carboxylic acid of formula (B), and (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(7-(diethylamino)-9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)phenyl)prop-2-enoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Ru salt ruthenium chloride ruthenium (II) nitrosyl nitrate (RuCl2-Ru(NO)(NO2)2). The dissolvable alkali metal is nitrate of alkali metal. The alkaline-earth metal is nitrate of alkaline-earth metal. The hydrogen gas is 10-70 (preferably 30-50) wt.% of hydrogen gas-inert gas mixture. The inert gas is nitrogen or helium. The mole ratio of Ru and metal element of alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal is 1-10:1. The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The alkaline-earth metal is magnesium or calcium. The aluminum gel is 3-5 wt.% of catalyst. Preferred Method: The drying process is carried out for 5-10 minutes by microwave. The roasting temperature is carried out at 300-800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Ethyl cellulose is added to terpineol at a mass ratio of 1: 5, or 1: 7 or 1: 10. The organic carrier has a viscosity of 6.1 or 6.0 or 5.9 Kcp. The TiO2 nanocrystals having grain diameter of 25 nm and the TiO2 nanotube having grain diameter of 100 nm are mixed at a mass ratio of 1: 3 or 1: 1 or 1: 2. About 18 or 24 or 20 pts.wt. TiO2 nanometer mischcrystal is thoroughly mixed with the organic carrier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silica-based solar battery is poly-silicon solar battery, single-crystal-silicon solar battery, amorphous silicon solar battery or micro-crystal silicon solar battery. Preferred Method: The coating is screen printing, spin coating, spray coating, chemical deposition or pulling method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst metal precursor is chloride, nitride, oxide or halide of platinum, preferably tetrachloroplatinic acid, hexachloroplatinic acid, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, diamine dinitritoplatinum(II), and/or tetraamine platinum(II) chloride. The reaction promoter metal precursor is chloride, nitride, halide or oxide of metal chosen from cerium, ruthenium, tin, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, iron, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, chrome, nickel, palladium, rhodium and iridium, preferably ammonium hexachloro ruthenate (IV), ammonium-ruthenium complex ((NH4)2(RuCl5H2O)), ruthenium chloride (RuCl3.3H2O), cobalt acetate ((CH3COO)2Co.4H2O), cobaltous chloride (CoCl2.6H2O), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4.7H2O), cobalt(II) fluoride, and cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O). The diol compound is of formula: OHR1OH. A carbon support of fuel cell catalyst has carbon black, Ketchen black, acetylene black, active carbon powder, carbon molecular sieve, and carbon nanotube.R1=2-10C optionally substituted alkyl.Preferred Process: The reducing agent having hydride compound of formula: MBH4 is mixed with diol compound in basic solution for reduction process. The basic solution is sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The adhesive paste containing inorganic compound powder which comprises carbide, nitride, boride, silicon oxide and aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The reaction chamber is a quartz tube (3). The heating unit is an electric furnace (1). The supply unit is the ultrasonic nebulizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixture is introduced into the atmosphere using nitrogen, helium or argon as carrier gas. Preferred Method: A raw material is introduced into the atmosphere using an ultrasonic nebulizer (2) as introduction unit. A carbon nanotube thin film is formed by placing a substrate (5) in the heating atmosphere. Alternately, a carbon nanotube thin film is formed at low temperature on the substrate (6) placed in non-heating atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fullerene is C60, C70 or C74. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is ethanol, or methanol, acetone, hexane, toluene, turpentine oil, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: Three selective adsorbents including aluminum oxide, activated carbon and molecular sieve are filled in both first and second adsorption towers from top to bottom. The molecular sieve is a 5A type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The protective film has silicon dioxide layer (16) provided on silicon carbide layer. The silicon oxynitride layer comprises dense material having compositional formula: (SiOxNy). The protective film has silicon carbide layer, silicon dioxide layer, a sintered compact layer (I) containing sintered compact of fine particles, provided on silicon dioxide layer, and a sintered compact layer (II) comprising sintered compact of fine particle containing silicon oxynitride (SiOxNy), provided on layer (I). The molar ratio of nitrogen in silicon oxynitride layer and sintered compact layer (II) is reduced towards depth direction from the surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The coating film on the base material is processed under pressure (P1) of 5-1030 hPa for 1-120 seconds. The coating film on the base material is processed under pressure (P2) of 100-1600 hPa for 1-120 seconds. The coating film on the base material is processed under pressure (P3) of 1x 10-5 to 5 hPa for 1-120 seconds. The hardening process is performed in presence of inert gas atmosphere. A deaeration process is carried out before coating the coating liquid. Preferred Properties: The lower layer has thickness of 100-500 nm. The upper layer has thickness of 5-40 nm. The foaming traces on the surface of laminate have size of 10 mu m or less. The number of components per m2 in the laminate is 5000 or less. Preferred Layer: The lower layer has 2 or more layers. Preferred Material: The base material is a film or sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material is a film. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on base material by bar coating or gravure coating, and die coating. Preferred Properties: The thickness of lower layer is 100-1000 nm, and upper layer is 5-40 nm. The size of foreign material of lower layer uppermost layer is 1000 nm or less and the number of objects per m2 in laminated component is 500000 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The film is piezoelectric material film containing perovskite-type oxide(s) (AaBbO3), barium strontium titanate and/or barium zirconate titanate. The film is film containing zinc, or film containing metal oxide (NxMyRzO(x+3y/2+3z/2)) where, R is indium, M is indium, iron, gallium or aluminum, N is zinc, A is lead as main component, bismuth and/or barium, B is titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, scandium, cobalt, copper, cadmium, iron, nickel or lanthanide element, a and b are 1, and x-z are real numbers, more than 0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shielding board is made of material such as oxide, nitride, carbide, fluoride, quartz, alumina, yttrium or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The low resistive metallic section is made of silver or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amine-containing monomer unit is preferably of formula (2, 3, 4 or 5). Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains urethane oligomer and silica particles having average particle diameter of 1-100 nm. The amount of urethane oligomer is 1-500 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of reactive (meth)acrylate polymer. The amount of silica particles is 5-1000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of reactive (meth)acrylate polymer. The amount of polymerization initiator is 0.1-50 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of hardenable component. The amount of reactive monomer is 1-500 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of reactive (meth)acrylate polymer. Preferred Property: The double-bond equivalent of reactive (meth)acrylate polymer is 200-1000 g/mol. Preferred Process: The silica particle is surface-treated using silane compound of formula (6) and silane compound having aromatic ring structure of formula (7).p,q=1-30;R3,R4=H or methyl;R5=2-4C linear or branched alkylene;R6,R10=1-3C alkyl or phenyl;R8=H or methyl;R7,R9=H or 1-10C hydrocarbyl;s=1-6;r,t=0-2;andu=0-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer contains molybdenum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The aromatic tetracarboxylic acid component contains 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride as main component. The aromatic diamine component contains p-phenylene diamine as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The laminated material has the polyimide film and layer containing molybdenum as metal layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The weight reduction of the polyimide film after heat processing at 500 degrees C for 20 minutes is 1 mass% or less. The linear expansion coefficient and thickness of the polyimide film is 1-10 ppm/ degrees C of 25-500 degrees C, and 5-100 mu m, respectively. Preferred Component: The aromatic tetracarboxylic-acid component contains 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride as a main component. The aromatic diamine component contains p-phenylenediamine as a main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The substrate is formed of high strain point glass, alkali free glass, metal or resin material. Metal layer (I) is formed of copper or copper gallium alloy. Metal layer (II) is formed of indium. The layer containing alkali metal is formed using copper gallium alloy containing sodium (0.5 atomic% or more). The content of gallium in copper gallium alloy is 10-50 atomic%. The layer which does not contain alkali metal is formed using copper gallium alloy containing sodium (100 ppm or less). The alkali metal is sodium, potassium or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is a platelet, needle-like or fibrous, and the absorber layer is a copper indium gallium di-selenide (CIGS)/copper indium di-selenide (CIS absorber layer. The filler is selected from oxides, nitrides and/or carbides. The filler comprises oxygen and at least one member of aluminum, silicon, titanium and/or magnesium; platelet talc, acicular titanium dioxide. The film is reinforced with a thermally stable, inorganic: fabric, paper, sheet and/or scrim.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rigid rod type dianhydhde is selected from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and/or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The rigid rod type diamine is selected from 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD), 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidene (TFMB), 1,5-naphthalenediamine, and/or 1,4-naphthalenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is a platelet, needle-like or fibrous, and the absorber layer is a copper indium gallium di-selenide (CIGS)/copper indium di-selenide (CIS absorber layer. The filler is selected from oxides, nitrides and/or carbides. The filler comprises oxygen and at least one member of aluminum, silicon, titanium and/or magnesium; platelet talc, acicular titanium dioxide. The film is reinforced with a thermally stable, inorganic: fabric, paper, sheet and/or scrim.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The rigid rod type dianhydhde is selected from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and/or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The rigid rod type diamine is selected from 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD), 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidene (TFMB), 1,5-naphthalenediamine, and/or 1,4-naphthalenediamine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrically conductive color pigment is carbon blacks.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The solar cells are thin film solar cells consisting of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide, copper indium/gallium diselenide, light absorbing dyes, or organic semiconductors based solar cells.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: Each of sub-layers independently comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, PVCs, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ionomers of copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, silicone elastomers, and/or epoxy resins. Each of sub-layers of colored multi-layer polymeric sheet comprises a poly(vinyl butyral) and plasticizer. The module further comprises a front encapsulant layer that is laminated to light-receiving side of solar cell layer, and that comprises a polymer consisting of acid copolymers, ionomers, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetals), polyurethanes, PVCs, polyethylenes, polyolefin block elastomers, copolymers of alpha -olefin and alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester, silicone elastomers and/or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal foil comprises stainless steel. The polyimide dielectric layer further comprises filler, the filler is selected from platelet-shaped fillers, needle-like fillers and fibrous fillers; or mica, talc, boron nitride, wollastonite, clays, calcinated clays, silica, alumina, platelet alumina, glass flake and/or glass fiber. The polyimide dielectric layer further comprises a thermally stable reinforcing fabric, inorganic paper, sheet and/or scrim. The filler comprises oxygen and at least one member aluminum, silicon, titanium and/or magnesium. The metal foil comprises titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The aromatic rigid rod diamine is selected from 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD), 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidene (TFMB), 1,4-naphthalenediamine, and/or 1,5-naphthalenediamine (preferably 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD) or 1,5-naphthalenediamine); and the aromatic rigid rod dianhydride is selected from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), and 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) (preferably 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA)).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The grading interlayer is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide. The window layer is composed of indium aluminum phosphate (0.60 to 0.70). The surrogate substrate is sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide, or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The Ti4+ ion molar concentration of (A) is 2-3 M and the Ti4+ ion concentration of titanium oxychloride solution is adjusted to 0.3-0.8 M by adding distilled water. Washing with weakly basic aqueous solution is repeated 2-4 times. (E) comprises adding 100-400 folds distilled water based on Ti4+ molar concentration of the washed titanium oxyhydroxide, stirring the mixture, adding 20-500 folds hydrogen peroxide, stirring the mixture and heat-treating at 90-100 degrees C for 1-7 days. Preferred Materials: The weak base of (C) has pH of 8-10. The weakly basic aqueous solution of (D) is aqueous ammonia solution of pH 8-10. The basic solution of (B) and (C) is ammonia solution. The titania nanorods have aspect ratio of 10-30 and anatase structure. EXAMPLE - Titanium oxyhydroxide precipitate (5.28 g) obtained from washing with ion exchanged water and filtration was charged to a round bottom flask containing a magnetic stirrer and added with distilled water (100 mL). After stirring the mixture for 10 minutes, hydrogen peroxide solution (90 mL) was added. The mixture initially became deep yellow suspension and then orange with increased clarity after 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and the reaction vessel was immersed in an oil bath controlled at 100 degrees C. A condenser was connected to the vessel and the revolution rate was set at 1000 rpm. After 1 day of reaction at 100 degrees C, rod-type particles began to occur. After 3 days, slow settling of particles could be confirmed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin film has ultraviolet protection rate of 95.0% or more, water vapor permeability of less than 0.50 g/m2.day and absolute value of heat deformation rate of 2.0% or less. The resin film and a resin-made sheet are laminated to obtain a laminated material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The anode contains derivative of polythiophene and/or polythiophene. The active layer contains conjugated polymer compound and fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler is platelet, needle-like or fibrous and is less than or equal to 600 (preferably less than or equal to 400, especially less than or equal to 200) nm in at least one dimension. The filler is selected from oxides, nitrides and/or carbides and comprises oxygen and at least one member of aluminum, silicon, titanium and/or magnesium. The filler comprises platelet talc, acicular titanium dioxide, at least portion of which is coated with aluminum oxide. The rigid rod type dianhydride is selected from 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and/or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The rigid rod type diamine is selected from 1,4-diaminobenzene (PPD), 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl, 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl) benzidene (TFMB), 1,5-naphthalenediamine and/or 1,4-naphthalenediamine. At least 50 mole.% of the diamine is 1,5-naphthalenediamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The film comprises coupling agent and/or dispersant. The film comprises at least two layers. The film is reinforced with thermally stable, inorganic: fabric, paper, sheet and/or scrim. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The buffer layer is arranged on a front electrode, where the electrode includes aluminum or gallium-endowed zinc oxide or transparent conductive oxides. The another buffer layer is represented by a chemical formula (III), Zn1-xMgzO (III)z=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide particles are selected from indium oxide, tin, zinc, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, gallium, fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide-semiconductor porous layer is made of material selected from group consists of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tungstic oxide, barium titanate, and strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The microparticles of electroconductive carrier are vapor-deposited in deposition chamber (I) maintained in an atmosphere of reduced pressure (I). The microparticles of catalyst metal are vapor-deposited in deposition chamber (II) maintained in an atmosphere of reduced pressure (II). The substrate is conveyed from chamber (I) to chamber (II), after vapor deposition of the microparticles of the electroconductive carrier. After completion of vapor deposition of the microparticles of the catalyst metal, the surface conveyed from chamber (II) chamber (I). Two or more chambers (I) and chambers (II) are alternately installed along the conveyance direction of the substrate. The vapor deposition of the microparticles of electroconductive carrier and microparticles catalyst metal are alternately repeated for two or more times. Preferred Material: The electroconductive carrier is a carbonaceous material. The catalyst metal is platinum or its alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is connected mutually to form carbon nanotube network (16). The carbon nanotubes are entangled and arranged isotropic in the carbon nanotube network. The carbon nanotubes are arranged along same direction or different directions. The carbon nanotube network comprises a carbon nanotube film, and the carbon nanotube is connected with intermolecular force.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electroconductive polymer fiber and carbon nanotube are dispersed uniformly in the carbon nanotube/electroconductive polymer composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of oxide crystal phase containing gallium-indium oxide compound is 50 mass% or more with respect to the total crystal phase contained in the oxide. The oxide further contains metallic-element (X) having valency of more than 4, which is tin, zirconium, geranium, cerium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten and/or titanium. Preferred Properties: The oxide has relative density of 80% or more, and bulk resistance of 0.1-17 m Omega .cm. The atomic ratio of each element of an indium, gallium and zinc with respect to the sum total content of indium, gallium and zinc is 0.05-0.9. The atomic ratio of metallic element (X) with respect to the sum total of indium, gallium, zinc and metallic element is 0.0001 or more and less than 0.05, preferably 0.05-0.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive fiber is dispersed in hydrophobic solvent. The electroconductive fiber is metal nanowire and/or carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The emulsion is water-in-oil type emulsion. Preferred Process: The transparent conductive film is obtained by forming hydrophilic region (12) and hydrophobic region-like (13) pattern on transparent film base material surface before forming the electroconductive pattern, and forming opening portion in the hydrophilic region.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The working electrode has metal wire that is provided with center metal which is chosen from aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium and magnesium alloy, and is provided with coated metal which is chosen from titanium, nickel, tungsten, rhodium and molybdenum. The counter electrode contains carbon fiber or titanium wire.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A solvent of polyamic acid is chosen from N,N'-dimethylacetamide, N,N'-diethylacetamide, N,N'-dimethylformamide, N,N'-diethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-methylcaprolactam, dimethylsulfoxide, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, and dimethylimidazolidinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The film coated on the support is heated at 40-200 degrees C. The film peeled-off from the support is heated at 200 degrees C or more. Preferred Property: The polyamic acid has reduced viscosity of 1 dL/g or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The transparent microparticles are high refractive index metal oxide having refractive index of 1.8 or more, preferably zirconia and/or titania. The amount of transparent microparticles is 1-80 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Medium: The dispersion medium is organic solvent having sulfate group content of 0.6 ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Benzoic acid (in mass parts) (100) was added to NZD-3007 (RTM: zirconia aqueous dispersion containing zirconia microparticles (40 mass%)) (500), and surface of microparticles were modified. Methyl ethyl ketone substitution was performed, and zirconia dispersion liquid containing zirconia microparticles (20 mass%) was obtained with favorable color tone and visible ray transmittance. The content of sulfate ion in dispersion liquid was 0.1 ppm. The mean dispersion particle size of zirconia particles was 8 nm. 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (5 g), pentaerythritol triacrylate (2.5 g) and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (2 g) were added to zirconia dispersion liquid (50 g), and zirconia-containing transparent resin composition having favorable visible ray transmittance and coloring grade was obtained. The resin composition was heated at 40 degrees C in an evaporator, and solvent was removed. The reaction was continued at 60 degrees C for 5 hours, and heated for 2 hours. Benzoyl peroxide (0.5 g) was added, and cured. Zirconia-containing transparent resin having zirconia content of 50 mass% was obtained. The resin had favorable visible ray transmittance, optical characteristics and coloring grade.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkoxysilane condensate shell having alkenyl group is a component obtained by condensing an alkoxysilane comprising a bifunctional alkoxysilane compound of formula: R22O-Si(-OR23)(-R25)-R24 (I) having alkenyl group and/or its partial condensate and/or a trifunctional alkoxysilane compound of formula: R32O-Si(-OR33)(-R35)-OR34 (II) having alkenyl group and/or its partial condensate, or component obtained by condensing an alkoxysilane comprising bifunctional alkoxysilane compound (I) having alkenyl group and/or its partial condensate and/or a tetrafunctional alkoxysilane compound of formula: R42O-Si(-OR43)(-OR45)-OR44 (III) and/or its partial condensate.R22,R23,R32-R34,R42-R45=monovalent alkyl;R24,R35=alkenyl;andR25=monovalent organic groups other than alkenyl or alkenyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The silicone composition further contains adhesive imparting agents. Preferred Process: The silicone polymer particles are uniformly dispersed in the silicone composition by masterbatch method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The oxidation number of molybdenum in the reaction product of molybdenum complex existing in the anionic state is +5 or +6. The oxidation number tungsten in the reaction product of tungsten complex existing in the anionic state is +5 or +6. Preferred Products: The reaction product of molybdenum complex is molybdenum oxide and the reaction product of tungsten complex is tungsten oxide, which are obtained by reacting molybdenum complex or tungsten complex with organic solvent containing carbonyl group and/or hydroxyl group, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The positive hole-injection transport-layer further contains high molecular hole transportable compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive protection layer includes tungsten nitride, tantalum nitride, molybdenum nitride, titanium nitride, hafnium nitride and zirconium nitride, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. The absorber layer comprises copper indium gallium sulfur selenium telluride (Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se,Te)2). The precursor layer comprises copper and two of indium, gallium, selenium, tellurium and sulfur. The adhesion layer comprises chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum and titanium. The conductive substrate comprises stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer comprises aluminum oxide (Al2O3), aluminum nitrate (AlN), hafnium oxide (HfO2), hafnium nitrate (Hf3N4), silicon nitrate (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2), tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), titanium oxide (TiO2), titanium nitrate (TiN), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and zirconium nitrate (Zr3N4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The underlying layer is a film formed by metal organic chemical vapor deposition method. The buffer layer is formed using a reactive sputtering method in which gas containing group V element is made to circulate inside a reactor; radio frequency (RF) sputtering method while moving a magnet of a cathode; or direct current (DC) sputtering method or pulsed DC sputtering method. The buffer layer is formed to cover greater than or equal to 90% of a surface of the substrate. It is formed by making a temperature of substrate within room temperature to 1000, preferably within 200-800 degrees C. The buffer layer is produced inside a chamber of a film forming apparatus under a condition of an ultimate vacuum degree of less than or equal to 1.0x 10-3, preferably less than or equal to 6.0x 10-6 Pa. Preferred Component: The group V element is nitrogen; and nitrogen gas fraction in the gas when forming the buffer layer is within 20-100%. The buffer layer comprises gallium nitride. The substrate comprises sapphire. It has a principal plane constituted of a plane, which comprises c-plane, and convex portions formed on the c-plane, where buffer layer is formed to cover the principal plane. The convex portions of the substrate have a form in which their outer shape gradually becomes smaller towards an upper section. They are formed into a circular cone shape or polygonal pyramid shape. Preferred Parameter: Pressure inside a chamber of film forming apparatus is not less than 0.3 Pa when forming the buffer layer. Film formation rate is within 0.01-10 nm/s when forming the buffer layer. The convex portions of the substrate have a base width within 0.05-5 mu m and a height within 0.05-5 mu m, where height is not less than 1/4 of the base width and intervals between the convex portions adjacent to each other are 0.5-5 times as large as the base width.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor colloidal solution containing titanium oxide, acetic acid, deionized water, acetylacetone and citric acid is prepared and coated on the surface of glass tube. The outer glass tube of solar cell is coated with transparent conductive coating and further coated with nano crystalline titanium semiconductor coating and dyed using high energy photon absorption organic pigment. The reduction/oxidation couple permits the regeneration of dye molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. EXAMPLE - Phenyl magnesium bromide (PhMgBr) (17.5 ml) was dripped at the stirring solution of iodine containing compound (CF3OCF2CF2I) (50.7 mmol) in anhydrous diethylether (300 ml) at -78 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour, and stirred further at -78 degrees C for 1.5 hours. The trimethoxy borane (B(OCH3)3) is added over 10 minutes, stirred at -78 degrees C for 2 hours, formed to room temperature. The obtained suspension liquid was poured into 48% of hydrogen fluoride aqueous solution (100 ml), cooled and stirred rapidly. After making saturation with potassium chloride at 0 degrees C, the ether phase is separated and water phase was extracted. The ether extract was washed in potassium bicarbonate aqueous solution and dried. The solvent was removed in vacuum and recrystallized in methyl alcohol-chloroform to obtain the anion with a yield of 52%.The ionic liquid formed using anion had high electrical conductivity, and low viscosity and melting point.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The transparent section comprises transparent resin, polymethyl methacrylate, or polyepoxy compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Nanoparticle: In the nanoparticles (A1), the outer surfaces of the nanoparticle further include surface defects on the terraces; the terrace includes surface defects formed of atoms from the second metal, where the surface defects include at least one of step atom, kink atom, and step adatom; the second metal atoms occupy approximately 5 to 75% of a total surface area of the outer surfaces of the nanoparticle; and the core portion of the nanoparticle is formed of at least one of platinum, platinum alloy, and transition metal selected from transition metals from fourth, fifth, and sixth row of the periodic table. The diameter of the nanoparticle (A1) is approximately 0.5 to 100 (preferably approximately 1 to 20) nanometers. Preferred Catalyst: In the stabilized platinum catalyst the nanoparticles are supported on a substrate; the catalyst is an electrocatalyst in an electrochemical cell. Preferred Components: The second metal at least one of gold, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, palladium, and silver; or at least one of gold, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, rhenium, osmium, palladium, silver, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten. The second metal has a standard electrode potential greater than a standard electrode potential of platinum. The second metal has a standard electrode potential of equal to or less than a standard electrode potential of platinum. The substrate includes at least one of carbon black, modified carbon black, metal oxides, metal carbides and boron doped diamond. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The photovoltaic cells comprise silicon monocrystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dimension: The nickel aluminide and/or iron aluminide is present up to 150 mu m from the surface of the article.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The component comprises iron base alloy, nickel base alloy, or super alloy. The article comprises stainless steel. It comprises a metal component present in a fuel cell. The metal component comprises a frame for securing an electrode to the fuel cell, a gas inlet tube, or a metal casing. The metal species comprises chromium. Preferred Method: The article is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) aluminizing the surface of stainless steel, and heating the article at 800-1200 degrees C for 2-8 hours in the absence of air. The diffusion coating process involves aluminizing the surface of the article to produce nickel aluminide and/or iron aluminide. Prior to the aluminizing step, the surface of the article is coated with less than 50 mu m thick nickel. The diffusion coating process involves pressure bonding aluminum foil (2, 3) on the surface of the article; and heating the article to produce a metal aluminide layer on the surface of the article. Prior to the diffusion coating, a layer of nickel foil (3-15 mu m thick) is applied to the surface of the component. The diffusion coating process may involve applying the layer of nickel foil to two surfaces of the component to produce two nickel layers each has an exposed surface; pressure bonding aluminum foil on each exposed surface of each nickel layer; and heating the article to produce a metal aluminide layer on the two surfaces. It may involve electroplating nickel on the surface of the article to produce a nickel layer (0.5-5 mu m thick); electroplating aluminum on the nickel layer to produce an aluminum layer (5-30 mu m thick); and heating the article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopant is phosphorus based and is prepared by mixing phosphoric acid with ethanol to form a dopant solution (preferably the dopant solution comprises phosphorus pentoxide (0.25 to 4 wt.%)).The barrier layer is formed of silicon nitride and the dielectric layer is silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The back contact comprises an aluminum and silicon alloy, which forms a back surface field having a thickness of 6-15 micrometers at the opening, where the alloy comprises 1-12 atomic percent of silicon. The first barrier layer comprises silicon nitride. The spin-on dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxide layer consists of tin oxide or tin-doped indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consists of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn) and vanadium (V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: The working step comprises trimming excess film from the rear surface of the laminate. An identification mark is also applied to the panel. This is stored in a database with the measurements of distance and angle and read when working the laminate. When the panel is rectangular the measurements are made using cameras focused on its corner. When the panel is polygonal sufficient marks are applied to define its shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor electrode contains metal chalcogenide. The metal in metal chalcogenide is chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. Preferred Definitions:    R1=aromatic group.    R2 and R3 optionally combined to form a 5 or 6 membered saturated ring.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 18 indoline compounds are disclosed e.g. 2-(5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-((4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid of formula (1a), 2-(5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-((4-methylphenyl)methyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, 2-(2-((5E)-3-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid, 2-(5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-((3-methylphenyl)methyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)acetic acid and 3-(5-((4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-2-((5E)-3-((4-methylphenyl)methyl)-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)-4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)propanoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol is methanol, which is supplied as fuel. The direct alcohol fuel cell (1A) has an anode (3) containing a catalyst. The catalyst comprises platinum, ruthenium and carbon, or platinum and carbon. Preferred Composition: The atomic ratio of nitrogen with respect to iron in the ternary type-compound is 0.1-4. The atomic ratio of nitrogen with respect to cobalt in the ternary type-compound is 0.2-8. The atomic ratio of carbon with respect to platinum is 0.05-0.95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer comprises materials selected from group consisting of tin-dioxide (SnO2), gallium-indium-tin-oxide (Ga-In-Sn-O), zinc-indium-tin-oxide (Zn-In-Sn-O), gallium-indium-oxide (Ga-In-O), zinc-indium-oxide (Zn-In-O) and indium-tin-oxide (In-Sn-O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is doped with boron. The diffusion gas comprises phosphorus oxychloride, oxygen, and nitrogen. The first dopant is phosphorus. The second dopant is boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mol. ratio of Ru to alkali metal oxide and/or metal element in alkali metal oxide is 1-10:1. The content of alumina gel is 3-5 wt.% of catalyst. The alkali metal is sodium or potassium. The alkali earth metal is magnesium or calcium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole thiophene-type compound is of formula (1 or 2).R1-R28=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl or halo;A=heteroarylene having 6-membered ring structure or arylene having 6-membered ring structure;m=0 or 1;n=1-1000;andW',X,Y',Z=single bond, arylene, heteroarylene, ethenylene and/or ethynylene.Preferred Layer: At least one active layer other than active layer containing thiophene-type compound (1 or 2) contains electron donating material having band gap of less than 1.6 eV or more than 1.9 eV. The thiophene-type compound (1 or 2) has band gap of 1.6-1.9 eV. Preferred Material: The electron donating material is chosen from 2,1,3-benzo thiadiazole thiophene group copolymer, polythiophene group polymer, poly p-phenylenevinylene group polymer, metal-containing phthalocyanine compound, metal free phthalocyanine compound, subphthalocyanine compound, metal-containing naphthalocyanine compound, metal free naphthalocyanine compound, porphyrin compound, metal free porphyrin compound, rubrene compound, pentacene compound, tetracene compound, oligo thiophene compound, or perylene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ester is alkyl carboxylate, preferably methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, t-butyl acetate, methyl propionate and/or ethyl propionate.The cyclic amine salt (I) is piperidine salt of formula (IV).The cyclic amine salt (III) is piperidine of formula (V).The basic compound is hydroxide of alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal.Preferred Properties: The total weight of cyclic amine (I) and/or cyclic amine (III) and solvent is 0.1-15 wt.%.The weight ratio of ester and water is 9:91-91:9.The basicity of basic compound is 9 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: A cyclic amine of formula (III) after heating and cyclizing in a solvent is neutralized with a basic compound to obtain polycyclic tertiary amine (II). EXAMPLE - 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl) piperdine (in g) (475) and hydrogen bromide water (1606) were reacted at 140 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain 4-(2-bromo ethyl) piperdine bromic-acid salt. 4-(2-Bromo ethyl) piperdine bromic-acid salt (150), ethyl acetate (1500) and ion-exchange water (150) were heated at 70 degrees C. To the mixture, aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (330) and water (66) were added and mixed. The reaction mixture was concentrated, extracted, liquid-separated and dried to obtain 4-(2-bromo ethyl)piperdine bromic-acid salt, with yield of 80%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intrinsic semiconductor layer is made of a material selected from the group consisting of nanocrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon. The electrode is made of a material selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide layer, tin dioxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made of a material selected from the group consisting of nickel, gold, silver, titanium, copper, palladium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conversion layer is made from a material e.g. silicon carbon and amorphous silicon. Another conversion layer is made of a material e.g. nano-crystal silicon, microcrystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon. The third conversion layer is made polycrystalline silicon, germanium amorphous silicon, germanium microcrystal silicon and germanium polycrystalline silicon. The electrode is made a material such as indium tin oxide, tin dioxide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made a material such as nickel, gold, silver, titanium, copper, palladium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The surface treatment of low-temperature glass involves dissolving surface active agent into solvent, and adding mixture during grinding process of glass micropowder; or using surface active agent to directly treat ground glass micropowder; and drying ground glass micropowder in an oven to obtain glass micropowder with low melting point.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surface active agent (0.1-90%) comprises lecithin, nonyl phenol ether, propanetriol mono-fatty acid ester, phosphoric acid higher fatty alcohol ester, trolamine, and n-octyl. The total quantity of glass micropowder is used as a standard. The content of surface active agent is 0.1-90%. The solvent comprises terpineol, ethanol, acetone, and butyl carbitol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The wafers are made of silicon, germanium, indium phosphide or gallium arsenide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, tin or its combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A mask material made of polymer material is deposited using spin, spray or roller coating process, and silicon oxide deposited using chemical vapor deposition or evaporation process. The gap between the wafers is filled with polymer, epoxy or glass. The deposited layer is made of electrically conducting plastic and other polymer formulation such as carbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method comprises:(A) washing silicon chip with deionized water, reducing at 80-90 (preferably 85) degrees C using 30% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for 0.5-2 (preferably 1) minutes, surface structure processing or texturing at 80-90 (preferably 85) degrees C using 1.2% NaOH solution for 30-40 (preferably 35) minutes, washing silicon chip with deionized water, deionizing at 60-70 (preferably 65) degrees C using a mixture of hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water at 1:1:6 ratio for 15-25 (preferably 20) minutes, washing with deionized water, and drying silicon chip;(B) placing silicon chip in a diffusion furnace, aerating nitrogen and processing, taking out silicon chip after the reaction and stopping aerating nitrogen and oxygen, where feed rate of oxygen is 1.2-1.5 (preferably 1.3) L/minute, low feed rate of nitrogen is 0.3-0.5 (preferably 0.4) L/minute and high feed rate of nitrogen is 30 L/minute; and(C) placing a stack of less than or equal to 250 pieces of diffused silicon chips in an etcher furnace and processing, soaking silicon chips into a 10% hydrogen fluoride solution for 2 minutes, washing with deionized water, and drying, where carbon tetrafluoride and oxygen ratio is 6:1-10:1 (preferably 7.9-1).The PECVD comprises using silane:ammonia at 1:6-1:8 (preferably 1:7) ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The curing process is thermal curing or chemical curing process. Curing is carried out at maximum temperature of 200-500 degrees C. The coating is carried out by spin coating, jet coating, spraying, printing, brushing, casting, blade coating, dispersing and molding. A curing agent and a catalyst are provided on the film, and then cured. Preferred Precursor: The insulating precursor has carboxy group. Preferred Particles: The nanoparticles are zinc oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, iron oxide, cobalt oxide, tin oxide, cadmium oxide, bismuth oxide, indium oxide or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The coating mixture further contains a solvent chosen from N-methyl pyrrolidone, water, diglyme and N,N-dimethylacetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugate polymer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3-alkylthiophene), poly(tetrathiafulvalenes), polyfluorene, polynaphthalene, poly(phenylene sulfide), poly(phenylene vinylene), and polyacetylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: A transparent conductive film containing the zinc oxide target has thickness of less than 200 nm, resistivity of 2x 10-4-6x 10-4 (ohm.cm), and visible light transmission rate of 95% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alumina-zirconia complex oxide carrier comprises zirconium (1-10 wt.% with respect to total carrier).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Zirconium alkoxide and chelating agent are used during manufacturing process of nickel catalyst. The zirconium alkoxide is chosen from zirconium butoxide, zirconium propoxide, zirconium tert-butoxide and/or zirconium isopropoxide. The chelating agent is chosen from 2,4-pentanedione, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-tetraacetic acid and diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laminar structure has a barrier layer in the form of an inorganic oxide or nitride layer facing away from the rear of the solar cell system. The lacquer is pigmented with an ultra violet absorbed pigment, particularly with carbon black or with titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The protective layer is a foil made of plastic, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate. The protective layer is a lacquer, particularly a two-component epoxy resin system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution further comprises at least one of indium, gallium or copper ions. Preferred Components: The selenium source material comprises at least a selenious acid, selenium oxide, and a metal selenide comprising potassium selenide, sodium selenide, calcium selenide, copper selenide, indium selenide or gallium selenide. The anti-coagulation agent comprises a sulfonate based material. The sulfonate based material comprises lignosulfonate, sodium lignosulfonate, potassium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, ammonium lignosulfonate or lignin sulfonic acid. The concentration of sulfonate based material is 2-500, preferably 5-125 parts per million. The selenium source comprises selenium dissolved in sulfuric acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. The selenium containing film is substantially free of aggregated selenium particles (26). The conductive layer is copper, indium or gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solution includes substantially no reducing agents. The pH of the solution is 4-8. The solvent comprises water. The pH value of the electroplating solution is 4-8. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The solar collection device further comprises thermal transfer device.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell is crystalline silicon single junction cell; and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-1150 nm with major portion of light greater than 1150 nm not reflected, multi-junction gallium-arsenic (GaAs) cell and the solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 350-1750 nm with major portion of light greater than 1750 nm not reflected, amorphous silicon single junction cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 300-720 nm with major portion of light greater than 720 nm not reflected, ribbon silicon cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-1150 nm with major portion of light greater than 1150 nm not reflected, copper indium gallium selenide cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 350-1100 nm with major portion of light greater than 1100 nm not reflected, or cadmium telluride cell and solar concentrating mirror reflects light from 400-895 nm with major portion of light greater than 895 nm not reflected. Preferred Property: The solar concentrating mirror exhibits reflectivity of greater than or equal to 98% of light corresponding to the absorption bandwidth of the solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The cation is preferably tetraethylammonium, tri-ethyl-methyl ammonium tetramethylammonium, ethyltrimethyl ammonium, n-propyl trimethyl ammonium, N,N-diethyl N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, tetraethyl phosphonium, N-methyl-N-propyl-piperidinium or 5-azonia spiro(4.4)nonane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (C) is cyclic group-containing compound of formula (3-a or 3-b), preferably cyclic group-containing compound of formula (3-b).R11=H, aliphatic group, aromatic group, heterocyclic group or hydrolyzable protecting group bonded with carbon atom;R12-R16=H or substituent, where R11 and R12, R12 and R13, R13 and R14, R14 and R15, R15 and R16, R16 and R11 optionally bonded to form ring;R21=H, aliphatic group, acyl group, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, oxyradical or hydroxy;Q=non-metallic atom group required to form 5-, 6- or 7- membered ring;andR22-R25=H, aliphatic group, aromatic group or heterocyclic group bonded with carbon atom, where R21 and R22, R22 and R23, R23 and R24, R24 and R25, and R21 and R24 optionally bonded to form ring.Preferred Property: The ultraviolet absorber (A) has maximum absorption wavelength of 350-400 nm, half value width of 55 nm or less and molar extinction coefficient of 50000 or more at maximum absorption wavelength. The ultraviolet absorber (B) has maximum absorption wavelength of less than 320 nm. The ratio of ultraviolet absorber (A) and ultraviolet absorber (B) is 1:10-10:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive film further comprises a second oxide thin film with a high visible-light transmittance formed on the zinc oxide-based transparent conductive thin film, where the second oxide thin film has a water-vapor transmission rate of 1 g/m2 per day or less as measured by a Mocon method under the conditions of an atmosphere temperature of 40 degrees C and a relative humidity of 90%. The resistance value of the zinc oxide-based transparent conductive thin film after heating in air at 150 degrees C for 1 hour is 10% or more lower than the resistance value of it immediately after it is formed. The zinc oxide-based transparent conductive thin film is a zinc oxide thin film doped with one or more elements. The zinc oxide-based transparent conductive thin film has a thickness of 10-100 nm. INORGANIC CHEMSITRY - Preferred Components: The elements are aluminum, gallium, boron or indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of nickel, aluminum, titanium, silver, gold, cobalt, antimony, palladium or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The article withstands an exposure of 18700 kJ/m at 340 nm before the onset of significant cracking, peeling, delamination or haze when evaluated using the weathering cycle described in ASTM G155-05a and D65 light source operated in the reflected mode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The multilayer optical film is high and low refractive index polymer combinations of polyethylene terephthalate/tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, polyethylene terephthalate/polyoxamide silicone, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/polyoxamide silicone, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/polymethylmethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate/copolymers of polymethylmethacrylate, poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/copolymers of polymethylmethacrylate, copolymers of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/polymethylmethacrylate, copolymers of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/polyoxamide silicone, copolymers of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, copolymers of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)/fluoroelastomer, syndiotactic polystyrene/polyoxamide silicone, syndiotactic polystyrene/tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene-co-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, polyethylene terephthalate/fluoroelastomer or syndiotactic polystyrene/fluoroelastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer further contains impurities having diameter of 0.5 mm and/or 2/100 cm2 or less of bubble. The laminated film further has anchor-coat layer on base film, and preferably has 2-5 layers of inorganic thin film layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The metal electrode arranged on the substrate (3) mounted with semiconductor element contains gold or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The isocyanurate compound is of formula (1).R1-R3=-(CH2)m-X or -(CH2)p-O-(CH2)q-Y';m,p,q=0-3;andX,Y'=alkenyl, epoxy or alkoxysilyl.At least one of X, Y'is alkenyl group. The organosiloxane oligomer contains 2-10 silicon atoms. The composition contains hydrosilylation reaction catalyst. EXAMPLE - Xylene solution of vinyl group containing silicone resin (in weight parts) (68), polyorganosiloxane (66), polyorgano hydrogen siloxane (2.2) and vinyl dimer platinum complex (0.03) were blended to obtain a hardenable silicone composition. The cured material formed using the composition had high transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The strong-oxidizing compound comprises nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, or potassium permanganate. Preferred Conditions: The heating involves electric heating, radiation conducting heating, or microwave radiating heating. Electric heating is carried out using electric heating tube and electric heating board. Coating is carried out by concave printing, reverse printing, and edge-type rotary reverse printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The high-molecular film comprises high-molecular microporous film, or high-molecular microporous film and bidirectionally-stretched film. The high-molecular microporous film comprises polypropylene microporous film, polyethylene microporous film, and polyethersulfone microporous film. The bidirectionally-stretched films comprise polypropylene bidirectionally-stretched film, polyethylene bidirectionally-stretched film, styrene bidirectionally-stretched film, polyvinylidenechloride bidirectionally-stretched film, polyvinyl alcohol bidirectionally-stretched film, polyfluoroethylene bidirectionally-stretched film, and nylon 6 bidirectionally-stretched film. The residual carbonate rate of the substrate is higher than 50%, the thickness is 0.01-0.20 mm, the pore size is 0.01-300 mu m, and the porosity is 30%-60%. Preferred Resin: The thermosetting resin comprises unsaturated polyester resin, epoxy resin, ethenyl resin, phenolic resin, or polyimide resin. Preferred Composition: The amount of thermosetting resin is determined according to the mass% of thermosetting resin to the high-molecular film, given by a relationship, mass% = (thickness of high-molecular filmx areax porosity of high-molecular film)/weight of high-molecular film. The mass% of thermosetting resin is 5-60. The water-proof paste is hydrophobic resin, including PTFE, petroleum resin, epoxy resin, or oil-soluble phenolic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The amount of alkyl group-containing trialkylaluminum is 5 mass% or less. Preferred Method: The reaction product is distilled and dialkyl zinc with high purity is obtained as distillate. Dialkyl zinc distilled as residue and remaining as distillate is separated. The residue is distilled and dialkyl aluminum monohalide with high purity is obtained as distillate. Distillate containing dialkyl zinc during secondary distillation is added to reaction product. Alternately, the reaction product is distilled and dialkyl zinc is separated as distillate. The distillate is distilled and dialkyl zinc with high purity is obtained as distillate. The residue is distilled and dialkyl aluminum monohalide with high purity is obtained as distillate. Dialkyl zinc distilled as residue is distilled and separated, and distillate is recycled. Preferred Compound: Trialkylaluminum is triethyl aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst particles are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica particles. The base material is a base material whose surface is formed by organic material. Preferred Property: The inorganic-oxide has population-average particle diameter of 5-20 nm as measured using length of 100 arbitrary particles in a visual field of magnification 200000 times using scanning electron microscope. The photocatalyst layer is directly coated on the base material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The counter electrode is platinizing electricity conducting glass. The light positive electrode is a power electricity glass loaded with nanometer titanium dioxide and light sensitization dye.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal net is titanium net.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The metal net is stainless metal net.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is N,N-dimethyl formamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive is cellulose and polyvinyldifluoride adhesive.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The hard mask layer includes silicon oxynitride (SiOX), silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx). The auxiliary thin film formed between the thin film and amorphous carbon layer includes silicon oxynitride (SiOX), silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon carbonitride (SiCN), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), tantalum nitride (TaN), titanium nitride (TiN) or tantalum silicon nitride (TaSiN). The adhesion promoter layer is formed on carbon layer (633) by deposition method and includes hydrogenated amorphous carbon, silicon oxide (SiOx) or metallic material. The reaction gas includes carbon tetra fluoride, hexafluoro butadiene, octafluoro cyclobutadiene, difluoro methane, oxygen, nitrogen and argon (Ar) is supplied to the chamber. Preferred process: The adhesion promoter layer is formed by treating top surface of carbon layer (633) using plasma of oxygen, nitrogen and/or argon. The method further includes treating top surface of carbon layer (631) with plasma of mixed gas including nitrogen/oxygen, oxygen/argon or argon. Formation of PR pattern comprises forming PR layer on hard mask layer, reacting PR layer with argon fluoride of wavelength of 193 nm, fluorine of wavelength of 157 nm and extreme ultraviolet, irradiating light onto the PR layer through photo mask and developing PR layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cross-linking adjuvant is triaryl isocyanurate or triaryl cyanurate. The weathering stabilizer additive is chosen from ultraviolet absorber, stabilizer and antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Copolymer: The ethylenic copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene and vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic ester copolymer, and/or ethylene and unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, preferably ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer containing 10-40 wt.% of vinyl acetate. The composition further contains peroxide with half-life temperature of 140 degrees C or less for 1 hour, cross-linking adjuvant containing allyl group, and weathering stabilizer additive. EXAMPLE - Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (in g) (5000) with melt flow rate of 15 g/10 minutes and vinyl acetate content of 28 wt.%, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane (60) as cross-linking agent and 3-methacryloxy propyl methyl dimethoxysilane (2) as silane coupling agent were mixed. The obtained composition was pelletized to form a uniform cross-linked sheet with thickness of 0.6 mm. The produced sheet had favorable adhesive strength, heat resistance, transparency, insulating property, flexibility and durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas consists of nitrogen, noble gases and carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The selective recognition layer (L2) comprises indium-zinc-oxide, zinc-oxide or indium-gallium-zinc-oxide, tin-oxide, titanium-oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The selective recognition layer (L1) comprises aminopropyldimethylsiloxane (APDMS), polystyrene ethylene diamine (PSEDA), propylaminopropylpolysiloxane (PAPPS) or polypropylenimine (PPI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Electrode Assembly: In the membrane-electrode assembly, the binder and the polymer electrolyte membrane comprises the polymer (I).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymer is selected from formulae (Ia)-(Ic).A2 and A5=alkylene, cycloalkylene, fluorenylene, arylene (all optionally substituted), or CR7R8;X=cycloalkylene;R7 and R8=alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, (hetero)aryl, or heteroalkyl including an atom selected from O, N, or S (all optionally substituted), or H.Preferred Components: The proton groups of Y1 and Y2 are selected from sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid and/or their salts. The salts are selected from sodium salt, potassium salt, lithium salt, and/or calcium salt. Preferred Definitions:    m1-m10=1-3;    I1-I6=5-12;    m11=1-18.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The insulating spacer contains nitride or oxide of metal. Preferred Component: The source gas is gas or hydrogen gas containing silicon such as silane and disilane. The film formed on the substrate is silicon thin film containing microcrystal silicon or amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The flexible film substrate contains polyimide, polyamide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone and/or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consists of a single layer of high-melting point metal such as molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta) or tungsten (W). The sulfide layer consists of copper zinc tin sulfide (Cu2ZnSnS4) (CZTS) type-compound layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The blocking layer is made of silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon dioxide, and SiyNx, where x is 1-5 and y is 1-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The blocking layer is made of polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is gallium nitride, indium phosphide or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidizing gas being provided into the fuel cell system is air; local atmospheric information is used for characterizing the oxidizing gas; and local atmospheric information involves ambient temperature, ambient pressure and relative humidity of the air. The step of providing the fuel involves determining a composition of the fuel based on at least one of location or time of year. The method further involves: providing at least two fuels (preferably at least two fuels with distinct carbon contents, hydrogen contents, and/or oxygen contents) into the fuel cell system; and calculating at least one of the steam:carbon ratio, fuel utilization and oxidizing gas utilization; providing the fuel and the oxidizing gas to the fuel cell system based on the calculated S:C ratio, fuel utilization or oxidizing gas utilization; and generating electricity using the fuel cell system. The step of providing the fuel involves determining at least one of moles of carbon per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel, moles of hydrogen per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel, moles of oxygen per gram or milliliter or mole of fuel. The step of providing the oxidizing gas involves determining at least one of temperature, ambient pressure, or relative humidity from a source of weather data; and the step of providing the fuel involves determining the fuel characteristics from the fuel supply source or by measuring or testing the fuel. The S:C ratio is calculated according to the equation as given in the specification. The step of providing the oxidizing gas utilizes ambient pressure, temperature and relative humidity to derive at least one of the oxygen, nitrogen or water contents of the air. The computer or a logic device performs the step of calculating. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The titanium alkoxide is selected from titanium tetrabutoxide and titanium tetraisopropoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The alcohol in the solvent system is selected from ethanol, 1-propanol, and/or 2-propanol. The chelating agent is acetylacetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive mass is (meth)acrylate, synthetic rubber or a solvent based, a solvent-free or a water based system. The adhesive mass contains: fillers in an amount of 0.5-30 (preferably 5-15) wt.%; a reactive crosslinking agent in a concentration of 0.01-5%, preferably 0.15-1.8%. The adhesive band is produced by actinic radiation , preferably UV-radiation. The adhesive band is produced in the lamination process under the influence of temperature and pressure, in which the hot melt adhesive-carrier penetrates in the adhesive-free areas of the adhesive layer and permanently bonded to the substrate. The carrier foil is ethylene-vinyl acetate-copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane or polyvinyl butyral. In the adhesive band, a barrier layer is pre-fixed in module superstructure before the lamination process. EXAMPLE - In a flask, acrylic acid (30 parts by weight (pbw)) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (70 pbw) were mixed in an initiator of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzophenone (0.1 pbw). Then the mixture was irradiated with a UV lamp for 10 minutes and the mixture was discharged through a filter (50 mu m). The obtained polymer (adhesive material) exhibited an average molecular weight of 5600000, a polydispersity of 2.2 and a conversion rate of 32%. The adhesive material was diluted by butyl acetate to a solid content of 30-35% and coated at the coating plant comprising an engraving commissioned work, a UV-drying canal, a laminating station and a re-winder with surface weight of 25 g/m2 and dried. The UV irradiation dose was 350 mJ/cm2. At the end of drying canal, thermoplastic film (produced by swelling Levamelt 900 (RTM: Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer with 90 wt.% vinyl acetate) (30 pbw) in ethyl acetate (70 pbw) for 4 hours and then homogenized by a stirrer) was added to the laminate and subsequently rolled up to obtain one-sided adhesive band.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photocatalyst particles are titanium oxide particles. The inorganic oxide particles are silica particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The intermediate layer contains silicone modified resin. A mixed liquid of coating liquid comprising solvent, silicone modified resin and organic antifungal agent for intermediate layer and coating liquid of photocatalyst layer is used in the manufacture of photocatalyst coated component. Preferred Property: The inorganic-oxide has population-average particle diameter of 5-20 nm as measured using length of 100 arbitrary particles in a visual field of magnification 200000 times using scanning electron microscope.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric transducer has semiconductor layer containing compound (1) and electrolyte layer which are provided between counter electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ratio of total thickness of the resin layer with respect to thickness of the inorganic glass is 0.01-10. The resin layer is formed on both surfaces of the glass, with same material and same thickness. Thickness of each resin layer and thickness of the glass are same. The total thickness of the substrate, and the inorganic glass is 600 mu m or less, and 1-400 mu m, respectively. Young's modulus of the resin layer is 1.5 GPa or more. Preferred Layer: The resin layer is formed from the resin composition which has an epoxy resin and/or oxetane type resin as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thiophene compound is an electron-donating organic material. The photovoltaic device material further contains electron-accepting organic material which is fullerene compound. Preferred Definitions:    A=group of formula: -CH=CH-Ar10-CH=CH-, -CH=CH-Ar11-Ar12-CH=CH-, -Ar13-CH=CH-Ar14-, -Ar15-O-Ar16-, -Ar17-O-CH2-CH2-O-Ar18-;and    Ar10-Ar18=arylene or 6-membered ring heteroarylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The white inorganic pigment is particles of inorganic compound chosen from titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and barium sulfate, preferably rutile-type titanium dioxide. Preferred Property: The rutile-type titanium dioxide has average particle diameter of 0.1-3 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyester (A) has melting point of 200-225 degrees C. The polyester (B) has melting point of 230-250 degrees C. The polyester film has average reflectance of 60% or more at wavelength of 800-1200 nm. Preferred Composition: The composition further contains 10-50 weight% of white inorganic pigment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The dispersing agent is sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose. The binder is emulsion of styrene butadiene type elastomer or acrylic type elastomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface layer consists of a thermoplastic resin composition which contains 1-15 wt.% of white inorganic pigment with average particle diameter of 0.25-10 mu m. The rough layer consists of a thermoplastic resin composition which contains 20-65 wt.% of white inorganic pigment with average particle diameter of 0.25-10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching medium is etching liquid consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, cerium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, or hydrazine; or etching gas consisting of xenon difluoride, chlorine fluoride, bromine fluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, carbon tetrafluoride, or carbon tetrafluoride added with hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etching medium is etching liquid consisting of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, ethylene diamine pyrocatechol, or amine gallate; or etching gas consisting of trifluorochloromethane added with chlorine (Cl2), trifluoromethane added with Cl2, sulfur hexafluoride/pentafluorochloroethane, or Freon 115(RTM: dichlorodifluoromethane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The first and second semiconductor material particles comprise titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, strontium titanate, silicon oxide, indium oxide, zinc sulfate, cadmium selenide, gallium phosphide, cadmium telluride, molybdenum selenide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, potassium tantalite, and/or cadmium sulfide. The inorganic particulates comprise titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, zirconia, strontium titanate, silicon oxide, indium oxide, zinc sulfate, cadmium selenide, gallium phosphide, cadmium telluride, molybdenum selenide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, potassium tantalite, cadmium sulfide, calcium phosphate, and/or calcium oxide. The first semiconductor material particles and the inorganic particulates are titanium oxide, zinc oxide, or tin oxide. The second semiconductor material particles are titanium oxide, zinc oxide, or tin oxide. Preferred Property: The specific surface area of the composite semiconductor material is 20-60 m2/g. The first semiconductor material particle has a grain size of 100-400 nm. The grain size of the inorganic particulate is 5-50 nm. The grain size of the second semiconductor material particles is 10-80 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate is silicon chip, silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate, or sheet steel. The oxide particle is hafnium oxide particle, aluminum sesquioxide particle, silicon monoxide particle, zirconium dioxide particle, manganese dioxide particle, or cobalt dioxide particle. Preferred Method: The silicon dioxide is grown on silicon chip or SOI substrate by thermal oxidizing growth. It is grown on steel sheet by plasma reinforcing chemical gas phase deposition method or vaporizing silicon dioxide by electron beam. Evaporation is electron beam evaporation. The annealing step is high-temperature annealing under the protection of nitrogen atmosphere. Preferred Parameter: The diameter of particle used by electron beam evaporation is 1-6 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal powder consists of 50-80 pts.wt. of copper or nickel plated on silver sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The organic solvent is selected from butyl CARBITOL(RTM: any of a group of solvents consisting of ethers of diethylene glycol and their derivatives) or sorbitol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The opaque or semi-transparent electrode consists of metals, and a substrate having electrically conductive film of carbon. The photopolymerizable composition contains a layered silicate and insulating spherical inorganic filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The (meth)acryloxy alkyl silane coupling agent is 3-(meta)acryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. The principal chain of the hydrogenated elastomer derivative in the photopolymerizable composition contains hydrogenated polybutadiene and hydrogenated polyisoprene. The hydrogenated elastomer derivative in the photopolymerizable composition is a hydrogenated polybutadiene derivative obtained by reacting hydrogenated polybutadienepolyol, hydroxy (meth)acrylate compounds and isocyanate, or by reacting hydrogenated polybutadienepolyol and (meth)acryloyl-group containing isocyanate compounds. The hydrogenated elastomer derivative in the photopolymerizable composition is a hydrogenated polyisoprene derivative obtained by reacting hydrogenated polyisoprenepolyol and (meth)acryloyl-group containing isocyanate compounds, or by reacting hydrogenated polyisoprenepolyol, hydroxy(meth)acrylate compounds and isocyanate. The photopolymerizable composition comprises hydrogenated polybutadiene derivative, hydrogenated polyisoprene derivative, poly (meth)acrylate compounds, and photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The transparent laminated material consists of transparent base material layer (4), the layer (2) and acrylic type polymer layer (1). The acrylic type polymer layer is a hard coat layer. The lactone ring structure is of formula (I).R1-R3=H or optionally substituted 1-20C hydrocarbyl.The polymer further contains structure derived from (meth)acrylate type monomer. A layer containing ultraviolet ray shielding substance is further provided between the polymer layer and the base material layer. The lactone ring-containing polymer has glass transition temperature of 110 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid desiccant particles do not contain particles with particle size more than 100 nm. The solid desiccant particles contain barium oxide, strontium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, lithium chloride, calcium bromide, potassium carbonate, copper sulfate, sodium sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, cobalt chloride, diphosphorus pentaoxide, silica gel, aluminum oxide and/or zeolite. The active energy ray is light including ultraviolet light and/or visible light.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The hardening resin is a hardening resin containing photocationic polymerization initiator and cation polymeric compound. The photocationic polymerization initiator contains borate anion of formula: (BY'mZn)- (1), and sulfonium cation of formula: R1-S+(-R2)(=R4)-R3 (2).Y'=fluoro or chloro;Z=phenyl optionally substituted by two or more groups chosen from fluoro, cyano, nitro and trifluoromethyl;m=0-3;n=1-4;m+n=4;R1=benzyl, phenacyl, allyl, alkoxy or aryloxy (all substituted);R2,R3=benzyl, phenacyl, allyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkyl, aryl or alkenyl(all optionally having substituent);andR4=oxygen or lone electron pair.two or more of R1-R3 optionally couples to form cyclic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dosage of ethanol amine is 20-100 ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conductive polymer ink consists of polyethylenedioxythiophene polystyrenesulfonate, polyethylenedioxythiophene, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and polyalcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar device comprises conductor layers comprising a metal material selected from a group consisting of copper, gold, silver, and aluminum. The solar device comprises layers comprising nickel and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bridge layer includes oxacillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, cloxacillin, ticarcillin, amoxicillin, penicillin G, penicillin V, penicilloic acid, 6-amino penicillanic acid, methicillin, cystine, carbocysteine, s-allyl cysteine, acetylcysteine, s-propyl cysteine, s-phenyl cysteine, s-tertbutylcysteine, biotin particularly norbiotin and homobiotin, or actiazic acid. The hole conductor layer comprises conductive polymer including thiophenyl containing repeating unit of formula (IA).R=absent or alkyl;andm=6-12.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 10 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. group of formulae (C)-(G).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic silica mesoporous substance is obtained by laminating and closing organic silane compound of formula (3) in the presence of a surfactant.R1-R9=H or 1-15C alkyl.The mesoporous substance has hole mobility of more than 6x 10-6 cm2/V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The working gas is argon. The dilution ratio of silicane is 5%. The flow ratio of silicane/hydrogen is 8/2-7/3 (preferably 4/6~2/8). The flow ratio of borane and silicane is 10-20%. The flow ratio of phosphorane and silicane is 10-16%. Preferred Process: The plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method is performed to control crystallization of film, crystal grain size and hydrogen content in film through changing direct current (DC) bias, flow ratio of silicane and hydrogen, radio frequency (RF) power and deposition temperature to make three different optical band gap hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) intrinsic absorption layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivating layer is made of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, silicon oxide-silicon nitride-layer sequences or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pressure sensitive adhesive mass comprises (meth)acrylate or synthetic rubber. The pressure sensitive adhesive mass comprises solvent based, solvent-free or water based system. The pressure sensitive adhesive mass contains 0.5-30, preferably 5-15 wt.% of fillers, and 0.01-5, preferably 0.15-1.8% of a reactive crosslinker. The pressure sensitive adhesive band comprises single- or double-sided, carrier based or strapless adhesive band. The carrier based, double-sided adhesive band contains a diffusion film as carrier material, preferably polyester compound or aluminum composite. The carrier based, single-sided adhesive band contains closed-cell polyethylene foam as carrier material. Preferred Method: The pressure sensitive adhesive mass is produced by actinic radiation, preferably UV radiation. The adhesive band is applied as punched part. EXAMPLE - Ethyl acetate (180 GT) was heated in a three-necked flask and stirred. After reaching a boiling point, 50% of a monomer mixture consisting of acrylic acid (30 GT) and ethylhexyl acrylate (70 GT), and a mixture comprising azobisisobutyronitrile (0.1 GT) in ethyl acetate (20 GT) were added and stirred for 120 minutes and cooled to obtain corresponding pressure sensitive adhesive tape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound contains additional element (X) and additional element (Y) containing oxygen which coexists. The compound of additional element (Y) is solid at normal temperature and pressure. The additional element (X) is a single elemental state element or double elemental state element. The additional element (X) and additional element (Y) includes similar metallic elements. The additional element (X) includes silicon, nickel, titanium or vanadium. Preferred Property: The melting point of additional element (X) at normal temperature is 1000 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The steel sheet contains (in mass%) carbon (less than 0.020), silicon (0.25 or less), manganese (less than 2), phosphorus (less than 0.060), sulfur (less than 0.008), chromium (12-20), nickel (less than 1), nitrogen (less than 0.020), boron (0.0005-0.0100) and niobium which satisfies the following relation: 10x (C(%)+N(%))-0.80%. The steel further contains molybdenum (less than 5), tungsten (less than 5), titanium (less than 0.5), zirconium (less than 0.5), cobalt (less than 3), copper (less than 2) and/or vanadium (less than 0.5). The cooling rate of steel upto 900-700 degrees C satisfies the following relation: cooling rate greater than or equal to 50x (Nb mass%)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hard substrate is made of glass epoxy or paper epoxy. A light receiving surface protective layer is made of transparent resin such as acrylic resin and polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal used in layers is aluminum, gallium, indium, indium-doped tin, thallium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, chromium, tungsten, zinc, silicon, germanium, tin, barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, tantalum, yttrium or vanadium. An additional film is arranged on graded barrier film, and is UV neutralizing film, zinc oxide layer, protective layer or barrier film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The graded barrier film is arranged on a substrate. The substrate is an organic polymer and/or inorganic polymer. The organic polymer is polyacetate, polypropylene, cellophane, poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne), poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne), polyimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polyethersulfone, epoxy resins, polystyrene, polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polydimethylphenylene oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, nylon, nitrocellulose, cellulose or acetate. The inorganic polymer is silica (glass), nano-clays, silicones, polydimethylsiloxanes, biscyclopentadienyl iron, indium tin oxide, polyphosphazenes or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The active layer is comprised of conjugated polymer compound and fullerene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer is formed using a vinylidene-chloride lacquer obtained by dissolving a vinylidene-chloride-type resin powder in an organic solvent, or a vinylidene-chloride emulsion. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin powder and vinylidene-chloride emulsion are obtained by emulsion-polymerizing a monomer containing vinylidene chloride (50 mass% or more). The silicone-modified acrylic resin layer is formed using a silicone-modified acryl emulsion containing a silicone resin and an acrylic resin. A silicone modification agent is added before, during and/or after emulsion polymerization, when silicone-modified acryl emulsion is obtained by emulsion-polymerizing acrylic resin. A UV absorber and/or an optical stabilizer are blended with the silicone-modified acryl emulsion. The acryl emulsion is used as a coating material mixed with a pigment. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer is a coating layer of a vinylidene-chloride lacquer or a vinylidene-chloride emulsion. The silicone-modified acrylic resin layer is a coating layer of a silicone-modified acryl emulsion. The base material is a plastic base material manufactured using a hydrolysis-resistant polyethylene-terephthalate type-resin. Preferred Properties: The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer and silicone-modified acrylic resin layer contact directly. The thickness of silicone-modified acrylic resin coating layer is 10-100 mu m, and the thickness of vinylidene-chloride-type resin coating layer is 5-50 mu m. The vinylidene-chloride-type resin layer and base material are laminated through an adhesive agent (3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Membrane filtration processing of resist film component contained in peeling liquid is carried out by cross flow-filtration method using ceramic filter (1) having molecular weight cut off of 1000-4000 and mean pore diameter of 2-5 nm, by cross flow-filtration method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Liquid: The peeling liquid contains organic solvent chosen from aprotic organic solvent (a) containing oxygen atom and/or sulfur atom in chemical structure, and does not containing nitrogen atom, and organic solvent (b) having nitrogen atom in chemical structure, other than primary amine compound, secondary amine compound and organic quaternary ammonium salt. The aprotic organic solvent is chosen from dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and gamma -butyrolactone. The solvent (b) is N-methyl pyrrolidone, dimethyl formamide and/or dimethyl acetamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The lactone ring system of polymer contained in the film is of formula (1). The acrylic type polymer has a structure derived from (meth)acrylate type monomer.R1-R3=H or 1-20C hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent.Preferred Components: The back surface protecting sheet has an ultraviolet absorption layer, and an adhesive layer (8) formed between the film containing acrylic type polymer as main component, and the gas-barrier film. The ultraviolet absorption layer is formed on the film containing acrylic type polymer as main component to the side facing the gas-barrier film. The film containing acrylic type polymer as main component has glass transition temperature of 110 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred components: The source gas is selected from silane, disilane, argon, helium, hydrogen or nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass powder is made of boron-zinc and boron-barium-lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic macromolecular adhesive is made of ethyl cellulose or polyethylene glycol and the organic dispersant is made of acetylacetone or terpilenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The cooling device is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquefied tetrachlorosilane is used as raw material for manufacture of silicon by reacting with a metal such as zinc and/or aluminum. Preferred Process: The unreacted tetrachlorosilane in the reaction liquid is separated and stored in the container which contains argon, neon and helium of liquid state.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fluorescent material is coumarin or its derivative(s), rhodamine or its derivative(s), pyrromethene or its derivative(s), dimethylaminophenyl groups and compound which has partial structure of formula (1).n=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolyte solution is comprised with electrolytic polymerization property molecule, supporting electrolyte, and solvent which can be electrolytically polymerized. The electrolytic polymerization property molecule is consisting of aniline, pyrrole, thiophene, diphenylamine, pyrene, azulene, N-vinylcarbazole, benzene, biphenyl, furan, indole, phenol, phthalocyanine, ethylene, acetylene and/or their derivatives. Preferred Parameter: The supporting electrolyte is a substance which can ion electrodissociate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective film: is constituted of a sintered body of a powder having the composition; has such a composition gradient that y is decreased and x is increased toward the depth direction of it from the surface of it; is constituted of a sintered body of a powder having the composition, and where the powder is an aggregate of fine particles having the composition gradient that y is decreased and x is increased toward the depth direction of it from the surface of it; is constituted of a dense body, and has the composition gradient that y is decreased and x is increased toward the depth direction of it from the surface of it; and contains alkali metal, alkali earth metal, fluoride, chloride, carbon, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum and titanium at a total concentration of 100 ppm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The crucible is formed by combining many plate-materials comprising a heat-resistant member having the protective film formed on a surface of it. Preferred Definitions:    Either x, y = 0.2-0.8; or    x = 0.2-50.8; and    y = 0.8 -1.2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer A is polyester-type resin (preferably polyethylene naphthalate). The polymer B is copolymer containing styrene-type monomer and maleic acid anhydride as monomer component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A material of the chalcopyrite layer comprises metal compounds of formula (X-Y1-Z2). The thickness of the chalcopyrite layer is 50-50000 Angstrom . The specific resistance of the chalcopyrite layer is greater than 10-1 Omega cm. The solar cell further comprises: a buffer layer disposed between the first silicon layer and the chalcopyrite layer; and a buffer layer disposed between the second silicon layer and the chalcopyrite layer. The semiconductor silicon layer is a P-type silicon layer. The solar cell further comprises a window layer disposed between a buffer layer (disposed between the chalcopyrite layer and the second electrode) and the second electrode. The chalcopyrite layer is an intrinsic semiconductor layer. The first and second silicon layer is a first and second conductive type semiconductor layer respectively. The first semiconductor layer has a first energy gap and the second semiconductor layer has a second energy gap and the intrinsic semiconductor layer has a third energy gap which is less than the first energy gap and the second energy gap. The buffer layer has a fourth energy gap which is greater than the first energy gap or the second energy gap.X = I group elements, preferably copper;Y1 = III group elements, preferably aluminum, indium or gallium; andZ = VI group elements, preferably sulfur or selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An insulating layer formed on top of the substrate contains silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride or titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layers and interlayer are made of material selected from tin oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, and indium-zinc oxide. The photoconductive layers are made of material selected from single-crystal silicon, multi-crystal silicon, non-crystal silicon, micro-crystal silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium alloy and silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layer is made of metal selected from silver, aluminum, chromium, titanium, nickel, and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal ion contains a lithium ion. The gelling compound is lithium salt (Lix), where x is iodide, bromide, chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, or hexafluorophosphate. The electrolyte composition further contains 0.05 M of iodine. The electrolyte solution contains compound (MiXj), where i and j are 1 or more, X is anion which is chosen from chloride, perchlorate, thiocyanate, trifluoromethyl sulfonate, and hexafluorophosphate, and M is chosen from lithium, copper, barium, zinc, nickel, lanthanides, cobalt, calcium, aluminum, and magnesium. The electrolyte composition further contains 1-6 wt.% of lithium chloride and 1-6 wt.% of lithium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the electrolyte composition contains 90 wt.% of ionic liquid containing imidazolium iodide, 0-10 wt.% of water, 0.05 M concentration of iodine, and methyl-benzimidazole. The ionic liquid is chosen from the group containing butylmethylimidazolium iodide, propylmethylimidazolium iodide, hexylmethylimidazolium iodide and their combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The organic compound is a polymeric compound chosen from poly(4-vinyl pyridine), poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyethylene oxide, polyurethane, and polyamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The crucible is made of aluminum oxide or boron nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact layer is made of aluminum and/or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pyrolysis gas for forming film contains silicon, carbon, germanium, and silane or halogenated silane. The required hot gas for spraying on substrate surface contains reacting nitrous oxide, oxidation gas containing nitrogen dioxide or nitridation gas containing ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductor material is made of copper or aluminum. The rearside contact-solar cell exhibits a contact layer made of aluminum or nickel, and a diffusion barrier layer made of titanium-tungsten compound, nickel, tungsten or titanium-tungsten-nitride, tungsten or chromium, a starting layer made of copper, nickel, nickel-vanadium or silver, and a contact unit made of nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The crystalline meso-porous titania has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 150 m2/g or more, pore capacitance of 0.05-0.5 cm3/g and pore diameter of 50 nm or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium alkoxide is titanium tetraisopropoxide or titanium tetraethoxide. The amine is chosen from primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium hydroxide containing hydrogen or organic group chosen from 1-5C alkyl, alkenyl and hydroxyalkyl group. Preferred Compound: The quaternary ammonium-type surfactant is of formula: (R1R2R3R4N)+X-.At least one or two of R1-R4=6-18C alkyl, 8-18C alkenyl, R5COO(CH2)n- or R6CON(CH2)n-, and the remaining are 1-4C alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or benzyl;X=monovalent anion;R5,R6=6-18C alkyl or 6-18C alkenyl;andn=2-4.Two or more of R1-R4 are not benzyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Pigment: The black pigment is carbon black having average particle diameter of 20-80 nm, dibutyl phthalate oil absorption amount of 30-200 cm3/100 g and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 10-200 m2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The total light transmittance of the sealing film is 0.1% or less. Preferred Polymer: The ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferred Film: The sealing film further contains a crosslinking adjuvant. Preferred Ratio: The amount of black pigment, crosslinking agent, and crosslinking adjuvant is 0.15-5 mass parts, 0.1-5 mass parts, and 0.1-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of the ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc and positive trivalent or more element(s) comprise an oxide crystal phase. The metal zinc exists with the independent phase which is not formed into solid solution in the oxide crystal phase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The adhesive tape has heat resistance at 100-400 degrees C. Both the surface of film is covered with adhesive tape. Preferred Process: The film is formed by laminating greater than or equal to 1 layers of hard coat and/or gas barrier layers. Preferred Components: The film contains a polymer consists of greater than or equal to 50 mol% fumaric acid diester units of formula -CH(C(=O)-O-R1)-CH(C(=O)-O-R2)- (1).R1, R2=1-12C linear or branched alkyl group or 3-6C cycloalkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The halogen ion is a chloride. The average molecular weight of aromatic polyamide is 2x 104-2x 105 and the molecular weight distribution of aromatic diamine is 1.5-4.5. The glass transition temperature is 180-400 degrees C. The temperature at which the aromatic polyamide amount decreases 5% is 350-600 degrees C. The aromatic polyamide comprises aromatic diamide and aromatic carboxylic acid having alkylene chain in which two or more carbons are directly connected with aromatic ring. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A laminating foil made of ethylene vinyl acetate is applied on a base substrate i.e. glass plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The noble metal particles contain platinum. The metal oxide layer contains tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alcohol of the fuel cell is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The oxidation tin film conforms to DU A-110U80 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The vinyl monomer has secondary amide group and/or tertiary amide group. The mass ratio of vinyl monomer and polymeric emulsion particles, are 0.1/1-0.1/1. The polymer emulsion particles has core-shell structure including core layer and shell layers (a,b) which covers core layer and outermost surface. The mass ratio of vinyl monomer and hydrolysable silicon compound, is 0.01/1-1/1, in core layer. The outer most layer of shell layer has 0.1/1-5/1 of mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound and vinyl monomer. The shell layer (a) in which mass ratio of vinyl monomer and hydrolyzable silicon compound is 0.01/1-1/1. The shell layer (b) in which mass ratio of vinyl monomer and hydrolyzable silicon compound is 1/1-9/1. The undiluted solution further contains other copolymerizable vinyl monomers. The hydrolyzable silicon compound has vinyl polymeric group. The mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound having vinyl polymeric group, and polymeric emulsion particles, are 0.01/100-20/100. The mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound having vinyl polymeric group and vinyl monomer, is 0.1/100-100/100. The metallic compound is formed using silica, metal oxide having photocatalytic activity, or metal oxide having electroconductivity, preferably metal oxide having electroconductivity. The ratio of length and diameter of metallic compound particles is 1/1-20/1. The metallic compound particles has tri organosilane unit of formula: (R3Si)- (1), monooxy-diorganosiloxane unit of formula: -(R2SiO)- (2), modified compound having structural unit chosen from dioxy organosilane unit of formula: -Si(-R)(-O-)2 (3), trioxy silane unit of formula: -Si(-O)3 (4) and/or difluoro methylene unit.R=linear or branched 1-30C alkyl, 5-20C cycloalkyl, linear or branched fluoroalkyl, linear or branched 2-30C alkenyl, phenyl, 1-20C alkoxy or hydroxy;andR2,R3=not defined.Preferred Property: The coating film has haze value of 20 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Component (b2) is a vinyl monomer with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, sec. and/or tert. amino group, polyoxyethylene and/or ether group (b2-1). Component (b3) contains reactive emulsifying agent with polyoxyethylene chain. The composition further contains substantially water insoluble optical stabilizer (D). Component (b1-1) is preferably a hydrolysable silicon compound with vinyl polymeric group and has mass ratio (b1-1)/(B) of 0.01/100-20/100. Component (A) is metal oxide with silicon dioxide and photocatalytic activity, or a metal oxide with electroconductivity. Component (A) is tri organosilane unit of formula R3Si- (1), monooxydi organosilane unit of formula -(R2SiO)- (2), dioxy organosilane unit of formula (3), trioxy silane unit of formula (4) or difluoro methylene unit (A'). Component (A) is modified to form a modified metallic compound particle. Component (A') has a photocatalytic activity and the l/d ratio is 1/1-20/1. Preferred Parameters: The mass ratio of component (b2)/(B) is 0.1/1-0.8/1, (b2)/(b1) is 0.1/1-5/1 and (b1-1)/(b2) is 0.1/100-00/100. The ratio (l/d) of particle length (l) to diameter (d) of component (A) is 1/1-20/1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The haze of coating film is less than or equal to 20.R=linear or branched 1-30C alkyl, 5-20C cycloalkyl, linear or branched 1-30C fluoroalkyl, linear or branched 2-30C alkenyl, Ph, 1-20C alkoxy or hydroxyl groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: Resin is thermoplastic resin or ionized radiation induced crosslinked resin which contains copolymers, polyethylene polymers or polypropylene polymers with monomers such as aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic ester, ethylene monomer, vinyl acetate or aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid. Preferred Process: The resin is irradiated by ionized radiation. Preferred Parameters: The gel fraction of the resin after irradiation is 2-65 wt%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metallic substrate is stainless steel foil or aluminum alloy foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The step of attaching attaches the electrical lead onto the conditioned back surface using a conductive adhesive material. The front and back packaging materials comprise ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer or thermoplastic polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent polymer electrode material is indium tin oxide. The electron blocking is formed of silicon dioxide, perfluorooctane or nickel oxide. The small molecule material comprises tin (II) phthalocyanine (SnPc) or lead phthalocyanine (PbPc).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first acceptor material layer is formed of 60C, (84)PCBM((6,6)-phenyl 84C butyric acid methyl ester), copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16-CuPc), perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI), 3,4,9,10-perylentetracarbonic acid dianhydride (PTCDA), poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline), TCNQ (7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), or F4-TCNQ (tetrafluorotetracy-anoquinodimethane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The polyethylene terephthalate is co-polymerized polyethylene terephthalate containing 1-15 mol% of co-polymerization component per total dicarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkoxysilane is chosen from dialkoxysilane having amino group, 3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane, and N-3-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane. The weathering stabilizer is chosen from ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The ethylene copolymer composition is further obtained by mixing weathering stabilizer and additive with ethylene and polar monomer copolymer. The laminated sheet is further obtained by carrying out corona-treatment to aluminum foil surface, and ozonizing and laminating on a melted film of the ethylene copolymer composition. Preferred Component: The ethylene and polar monomer copolymer is chosen from ionomer of ethylene, unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, and ethylene and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer. The fluororesin is chosen from tetrafluoroethylene ethylenic copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, chlorotrifluoroethylene ethylenic copolymer, polyvinyl fluoride, and polyvinylidene fluoride. The polyester resin is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate. Preferred Layer: The fluororesin or polyester resin and aluminum foil are laminated through polyurethane resin adhesive layer of two-component type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pigment is pyrazolone derivative of formula (2) and thiazolidinone derivative of formula (3). The metal oxide particles are core-shell particles containing shell with which metal oxide containing dopant in at least one portion of core microparticles and its surface is coated. The dopant is magnesium, strontium, zirconium, niobium and/or tantalum.R4=H, alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acyl and carbamoyl;R5=substituent;R6,R7=alkenyl, aryl and heterocyclic group;andX=oxygen or sulfur.Preferred Property: The conduction band level of outer layer of metal oxide particles is 1.7-2.3 eV, preferably 1.9-2.1 eV. Preferred Definitions:    A=bivalent coupling group chosen from group of formula: -CR9R10-, -CR11R12-CR13R14- and -CR15=CR16-;    R9-R16=H or electron donating group, and at least one of R9 and R10, R11-R14 and R15 and R16 is electron-donating group;    K=-CO2H, -P=O(OH)2, -OP=O(OH)2, -SO3H or -Si(OR)3;and    R=alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The raw material and flux are maintained at temperature below eutectic point for fixed time. The raw material and flux are cooled at temperature below eutectic point and temperature-fall rate of more than 200 degrees C/hour and 1500 degrees C/minutes or less. Preferred Property: The tantalate crystal particles have average particle diameter of 100 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The fine-particles of organic pigment has average particle diameter of 5-100 nm. Preferred Definitions:    M=titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The liquid-repellent layer is formed on the substrate by exposing the substrate to a liquid or atmosphere containing organic silazane compound, or to a liquid containing metallic compound which can produce hydroxyl group on hydrolysis. Preferred Compounds: The organic silazane compound is hexamethyldisilazane, tetramethyl disilazane or trimethyl disilazane. The metallic compound is a silicon compound having an isocyanate group and/or 2 or more halogen atoms.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester is polyalkylene terephthalate copolymer which contains 4-20 mol% of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper nanocrystalline or silver nanocrystalline in prepared heterojunction structure of metal nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube are both face-centered cubic structures The soluble metal salt for preparing heterojunction structure of copper nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube or heterojunction structure of silver nanocrystalline/carbon nanotube is copper sulfate or silver nitrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is metal sheet or conductive glass. The metal sheet is copper sheet or iron sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sintered frit is formed by coating paste composition which contains (in weight parts) frit (60-90), organic adhesive (0.1-5) and organic solvent (5-35), and sintering the frit. Preferred Composition: The paste composition further contains 0.1-30 weight parts of filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The preparation reaction further comprises putting phenanthroline and KX into reactor, adding mixed concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid, refluxing for 5-24 hours at 80-179 degrees C, pouting reaction liquid into ice water, neutralizing, filtering, extracting filter liquid, combining organic layer, using absolute magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) to dry, steaming, removing solvent in spiral manner, obtaining crude product, taking mixed solvent of petroleum ether and acetic ester as eluent to carry out column chromatography, and obtaining 40-70% faint yellow 2-aza-fluorine ketone derivative; or carrying out Montague Ullman reaction for carbazole and 2-aza-fluorine ketone under presence of cuprous iodide (CuI), under protection of nitrogen, adding carbazole, 2-aza-fluorine ketone derivative, potassium carbonate, cuprous iodide, small block 18-crown-6 and dichlorobenzene into flask, refluxing for 20-60 hours, decompressing, distilling, removing dichlorobenzene in system, using toluene dichloride to extract residual product, combining organic phase, using absolute MgSO4 to dry, steaming, removing solvent in spiral manner, obtaining crude product, taking mixed solvent of petroleum ether and acetic ester as eluent to carry out column chromatography, and obtaining 71-80% faint yellow 2-aza-fluorine ketone. Preferred Definition:    Ar'=aza or 6 thia-aromatic-ring compounds of formulae (II, V, VII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material layer includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer and an electron-transport layer. Preferred Definition:    L=An aromatic compound selected from chemical formulae (VIII-XXXV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reflective parabolic configuration is made of a metal, a polymer, a fiberglass composite, a glass, and/or a ceramic. The secondary reflector is made of a metal, a polymer, a fiberglass composite, a glass, and/or a ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The first section of concentric circular facets is made of UV transmitting acrylic. The second section of the concentric circular facets is made of polycarbonate. The third section of concentric circular facets is made of infrared compatible polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The graded interlayer is composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen or antimony based III-V compound semiconductors subjected to the constraints of the in-plane lattice parameter, which is greater or equal to that the middle subcell and less than or equal to that the bottom subcell. The upper subcell is composed of aluminum gallium indium phosphide. The window layer is composed of gallium indium phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The subcell is composed of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimony (GaAsSb) or gallium indium arsenide nitrogen (GaInAsN) emitter region and galliun arsenide (GaAs), GaInAs, GaAsSb or GaInAsN base region. The transition material is made of arsenide, phosphorus, nitrogen, antimony based III-V compound semiconductors and (InxGa1-x)yAs. The repeating layers of strain balanced quantum well structure are made of Inx-0.15GaAs and Inx+0.15GaAs.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact metal layer is composed of layers made of palladium, germanium and titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The tap water comprises silicic acid and carbonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The shell layer (a) in which mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound and vinyl monomer is 0.1/1-1/1. The shell layer (b) in which mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound and vinyl monomer is 1/1-9/1. The hydrolyzable silicon compound has vinyl polymeric group. The mass ratio of hydrolyzable silicon compound having vinyl polymeric group, and polymeric emulsion particles, are 0.01/100-20/100. The vinyl monomer has functional group chosen from hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, amide group, amino group and/or ether group. The mass ratio of vinyl monomer having functional group and vinyl monomer, is 1/100-60/100. The undiluted solution further contains other copolymerizable vinyl monomers. The metallic compound is formed using silica, metal oxide having photocatalytic activity, or metal oxide having electroconductivity, preferably metal oxide having electroconductivity. The ratio of length and diameter of metallic compound particles is 1/1-20/1. The metallic compound particles has tri organosilane unit of formula: (R3Si)- (1), monooxy-diorganosiloxane unit of formula: -(R2SiO)- (2), modified compound having structural unit chosen from dioxy organosilane unit of formula: -Si(-R)(-O-)2 (3), trioxy silane unit of formula: -Si(-O)3 (4) and/or difluoro methylene unit.R=linear or branched 1-30C alkyl, 5-20C cycloalkyl, linear or branched fluoroalkyl, linear or branched 2-30C alkenyl, phenyl, 1-20C alkoxy or hydroxy;andR2,R3=not defined.Preferred Property: The coating film has haze value of 20 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The surface layer(s) has gel fraction of 3-90 wt.%, thickness of 10-1150 mu m. The thickness of the layer having unbridged resin sealing sheet is 15 mu m or more. The melting point of the resin containing layer with unbridged resin sealing sheet is 70-165 degrees C. The resin sealing sheet further contains ionizing radiation-induced-crosslinking-resin. The ionizing radiation is irradiated to resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The amorphous thin film or polycrystalline thin film is selected from fluorine-doped tin dioxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc stannate, molybdenum doped indium oxide or aluminum doped zinc sulphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is comprised of a material consisting of silicon, subgroup III-V semiconductor compounds, copper indium gallium selenide, copper indium selenide, cadmium-tellurium, organic material or dye-sensitized material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of glass or plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor absorber film is a Group IBIIIAVIA compound film. The transparent conductive layer comprises zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, or indium zinc oxide. The buffer layer comprises oxide, sulfide and/or selenide. The sacrificial layer comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, molybdenum nitride, titanium nitride, or tungsten nitride. Preferred Methods: The material removal process is a dry etching process particularly ion milling or sputter etching process. Preferred Properties: The metallic foil substrate has the front surface with an average roughness of less than 50 mu m. The back surface has average roughness of greater than 200 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The filler (5-15 wt.%) comprises metal oxide, metal halides, or metal nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoinitiator comprises free radical initiators, cationic photoinitiators, or metallocenes. The light source is an UV light source, a visible light source or an infrared light source.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (I) has a: viscosity of 1-100000 cps; and light transparency of more than 85%. Preferred Method: The method further comprises performing a second illumination process by the light source for curing (I). The first and second illumination process is performed for 1-200 minutes. The first and second illumination process is performed under a power of 1-20000 watts. Preferred Components: The acrylic resin monomer has a structure of formula (CH2=C(R2)-C(=O)-O-R1). The epoxy resin monomer has a structure of formula (A). The silicone resin monomer has a structure of formula (R1a-Si(R1b)(R1c)-R2-O-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R3).R1-R3, R1a-R1c = 1-12C alkyl, tert-butyl group, 1-12C ester group, 1-12C alkanol, or 1-12C cyclo-alkoxy. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in g): benzyl methacrylate (117); methyl methacrylate (86); 2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (130); silicon oxide (39); and (1-hydroxy-cyclohexyl)-phenyl-methanone(4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bismuth containing additive is bismuth trioxide or bismuth resinate. The phosphorus containing additive is phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus-containing surfactant or organic phosphorus. The first additive is a bismuth-containing additive. The first additive is present at 0.05-10 (preferably 0.15-0.5) wt.% of (I). The second additive is present at 4-8 wt.% of (I). The conductive powder comprises silver. The silver is present at 70-99 wt. % of the total solid components of (I). The second additive is (a) a metal comprising zinc, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium; (b) a metal oxide of one or more of the metals comprising zinc, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium; (c) any compounds that can generate the metal oxides of (b) upon firing; and (d) their mixture. The zinc containing additive is zinc oxide. The insulating film comprises one or more of titanium oxide, silicon nitride (SiNx), SiNx:hydrogen, silicon oxide, or silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%) of: silver (78.95); zinc oxide (6.3); bismuth oxide (0.2); and glass (#4) (1.4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The top and bottom electrodes are made of stainless steel, aluminum or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Composition: The protective ink further comprises a colorant (1-5 parts by weight). The protective ink has a solid content of 10-80 wt.%. The protective ink has a viscosity of 20000-300000 cps at 25 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conductive layer comprises metals, metal oxides, or their alloys or laminates, preferably copper, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, titanium, platinum, tungsten, cobalt, tantalum, molybdenum, tin, indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or their alloys or laminates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The etching is performed by wet etching. The conductive pattern is fabricated by a continuous roll-to-roll process or a batch process. Preferred Components: The conductive pattern has a minimum line width of not greater than 100 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The flexible substrate comprises: polymer, organic/inorganic hybrid material, organic/inorganic composite, paper, non-woven fabric, cloth, thin glass, sol gel or metallic foil; and polyester, polyimide, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl phenol, poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), parylene, epoxy resin or PVC. The polymer resin comprises epoxy resins, vinyl resins, polyurethane resins, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers and/or acrylic resins. The epoxy resins comprise bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, bisphenol S epoxy resins, phenol-novolak epoxy resins, cresol-novolak epoxy resins and/or alicyclic epoxy resins. The vinyl resins comprise vinyl acetate polymer resins, vinyl chloridevinyl acetate copolymer resins and/or vinyl chloride-vinyl acetatemaleic acid terpolymer resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The aggregate-form silicon is packed with several multi-layered packing material. The packing material has water-vapor-barrier property in a sheet other than innermost layer. The aggregate-form silicon is crushing lump of polycrystalline silicon obtained by processing using cleaning liquid containing fluorine. Preferred Process: The method further involves adding desiccant (50) into packing material, and maintaining inner side of packing material in atmosphere having humidity of 70% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide sintered compact contains (in wt.%) two or more types of aluminum, gallium (0.1-10) and boron (0.1-10) in zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The thickness of electrode is 200 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The adhesive layer contains acrylic adhesive and/or rubber-based adhesive agent. The adhesive layer contains bubble and/or hollow microsphere-like component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Properties: The glass plate has average thermal expansion coefficient of 83x 10-7/ degrees C or less at 50-350 degrees C, and density of 2.46 g/cm3 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coupling agent layer formed between resin layer and inorganic glass is comprised of amino-group containing coupling agent, epoxy-group containing coupling agent or isocyanate-group containing coupling agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The resin layer is comprised of thermoplastic resin including ester bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The outermost layer contains silica as main component. The outermost layer has refractive index of 1.45-1.5 measured at wavelength 550 nm. Preferred Layers: The low reflection glass has layer containing titanium nitride (TiNx, where x is 0.5 to 1), and layer including titanium oxide (TiOy, where y is 1.9 to 2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film consists of an electroconductive material which is chosen from titanium oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal nanowire comprises a portion of component having magnetism.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The film thickness of transparent resin is 0.5-1.2 times standard film thickness of the metal nanowire. The ratio of portion of metal nanowire having transparent resin layer exposed to surface is 10% or more of area of the metal nanowire. Preferred Process: The electroconductive layer is formed by liquid phase forming method. The portion of metal nanowire having transparent resin layer exposed to surface is processed by applying magnetic field before transparent resin solidification, or processed by electrodischarge treatment or plasma processing. The plasma processing is atmospheric pressure plasma processing. The electrodischarge treatment is corona discharge treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flux contains alkali metal compound and/or alkaline-earth metal compound other than alkali metal compound. The metal oxide particles are tantalate crystal particles having layered perovskite-type structure or layer structure having alkali metal-containing composition of formula: X( alpha )Y'( beta )Ta( gamma )O( delta ), or alkaline-earth metal-containing composition of formula: Y'(zeta)Ta( eta )O( theta ), where X is alkali metal, and Y'is alkaline-earth metal, and ( alpha ), ( beta ), ( gamma ) and ( delta ) satisfies relation: ( alpha )+2( beta )+5( gamma )=2( delta ), and (zeta), ( eta ) and ( theta ) satisfies relation: 2(zeta)+5( eta )=2( theta ), and ( gamma ) and ( eta ) are more than 1. Preferred Composition: The additional amount of flux with respect to additional amount of metal oxide particles is 2-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The current collection wire is obtained by electrolytic plating of an electroconductive metal to a silver thin wire. Preferred Property: The ratio of wire width of current collection wire and wire width of silver thin wire is 1.2-2. The current collection wire has cross-sectional area of 30-200 mu m2. Preferred Composition: The electroconductive coated layer (i) contains a material having redox catalyst ability.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive coated layer contains metal oxide and conductive polymer. The electroconductive coated layer (ii) contains metal oxide and conductive polymer. The transparent base material contains flexible base material. Preferred Process: The surface of current correction wire is covered with electroconductive coated layer (i). An opening portion of translucent conductive substrate is covered with electroconductive coated layer (ii).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gas barrier film has silicon oxide as main component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polyvinyl alcohol-type film is formed into film by carrying out solvent cast of polyvinyl alcohol-type resin. Preferred Components: The polyvinyl alcohol-type film which does not contain plasticizer and compounds other than inorganic compound for food additive has polyvinyl alcohol-type resin with 1,2-diol binding in side chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: In the process, corresponding to the thermal stability of the substrate, vacuum ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 180-230 nm, is used. In the solar cell, polysilazane layer is ceramized. The solution is applied by spraying, pouring or immersing on the substrate. The substrate is glass or plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the process, a slit nozzle is used as an application system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is an inert, aprotic solvent, preferably toluene, xylol, ether or n-isobutyl ether. The amount of the catalyst is 0.001-5, preferably 0.01-2 wt.%. The catalyst is N-heterocyclic compounds, mono-, di- or tri-alkylamine, organic and inorganic acids, acetylacetonate complexes of metal ions, which are nickel, platinum, palladium, aluminum or rhodium, metal carboxylate of formula ((RCOO)n1M) of optionally saturated, aliphatic or alicyclic 1-22C-carboxylic acid and metal ions, which are nickel, titanium, platinum, rhodium, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, osmium, palladium, iridium, or aluminum, or metal powder, which is gold, silver, palladium or nickel with a particle size of 20-500 nm, peroxide, metal chloride or metal organic compounds, ferrocene or zirconocene.n1 = charge of the metal ions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating solution further comprises: at least a perhydropolysilazane compound of formula ((-Si(H)2-NH-)n-) (II); (-(SiR1R2-NR3)n-(SiR1aR2a-NR3a)p-) (III), preferably (-(Si(H)(CH3)-NH)n-(Si(CH3)2-NH)p-), (-(Si(H)(CH3)-NH)n-(Si(CH3)(CH=CH2)-NH)p-) or (-(Si(H)(CH3)-NH)n-(Si(H)(CH3)-N(H))p-); or (-(SiR1R2-NR3)n-(SiR1aR2a-NR3a)p-(SiR1bR2b-NR3b)q-) (IV).R1a-R3a, R1b-R3b = R1.Preferred Components: The amount of (I) is 1-40 wt.%. The layer thickness of the hardened coating is 0.05-10 mu m. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluoborate is potassium fluoborate or sodium fluoborate.
Preferred Definitions:    Z=S;    n=0.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. formulae (Ia)-(Ie).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bifunctional ligand layer comprises selenomethionine, selenocystine, selenoglutathione, selenolipoic acid, selenohomocysteine, Se-methyl-selenocysteine, selenoethionine, Se-allyl selenocysteine, Se-propyl selenocysteine, and seleno penicillamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole conductor layer comprises a conductive polymer. The conductive polymer comprises substituted thiophene compound of formula (I) as a repeating unit.R=absent or alkyl; andm=6-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The conductive substrate is stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell module comprises front protective layer disposed over light receiving side encapsulant layer, where front protective layer comprises one of glass and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. The back side encapsulant comprises a non-transparent material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The back side encapsulant layer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The back protective layer has stacked structure comprising sheets of polyvinyl fluoride and aluminum. The protective layer has stacked structure comprising polyethylene naphthalate and aluminum. The protective layer has stacked structure comprising polyethylene terephthalate and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method further comprises applying the precursor solution to the substrate by spin coating, dip coating, roll-to-roll coating, screen coating, spray coating, spin casting, flow coating, screen printing, ink jet coating or drop casting. Preferred Condition: The treatment step is carried out at 100-250 degrees C. EXAMPLE - On a washed plastic substrate, aluminum/niobium alloy, serving as a gate electrode, was deposited to a thickness of 1000 Angstrom using a sputtering process, and then silicon dioxide serving as a gate insulating film was deposited to a thickness of 1000 Angstrom using a chemical vapor deposition process. Subsequently gold, serving as source-drain electrodes, was deposited to a thickness of 1200 Angstrom using a sputtering process. Before the substrate was deposited with the organic semiconductor material, it was washed using isopropyl alcohol for 10 minutes and then dried. The substrate was then immersed in a 10 mM solution of octadecyltrichlorosilane in hexane for 30 seconds, washed with acetone, and then dried. Aromatic enediyne derivative (A) was dissolved at 0.1 wt % in a xylene solvent and then applied to the prepared substrate using a spin coating process to form a coating film. The coating film was then baked at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes in an argon atmosphere to manufacture the bottom-contact-type organic thin film transistor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The organic volatile component in the cured material is removed by washing using solvent, and/or heating the material in air or inert gas atmosphere under vacuum pressure reduction. The terminal hydroxyl group of the synthetic smectite is processed using surface modifying agent before mixing synthetic smectite with cured resin. A solvent is further added while preparing the resin composition. Preferred Components: The synthetic smectite is chosen from synthetic hectorite, synthetic saponite and synthetic stevensite. The quaternary organoammonium salt is chosen from lauryl trimethylammonium salt, stearyl trimethylammonium salt, trioctyl methyl-ammonium salt, distearyl dimethyl-ammonium salt, di hardened beef tallow dimethyl-ammonium salt, distearyl dibenzyl ammonium salt and N-polyoxyethylene-N-lauryl-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium salt. The cured resin is allyl ester resin and/or vinyl ester resin. The surface modifying agent is chosen from silane coupling agent, titanate coupling agent, glycidyl compound, and isocyanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition contains volatile solvent and/or reactive monomer, allyl ester resin, (meth)acryl resin, and/or vinyl ester resin, and layered inorganic compound. Preferred Component: The layered inorganic compound is synthetic smectite. Preferred Process: The curable resin composition layer is dried before bonding curable resin composition layers of base materials (A) and (B). The curable resin composition hardened layer is peeled from the base materials (A) and (B) after curing curable resin composition layer. The curable resin composition layer is cured by electron beam irradiation, ultraviolet-ray irradiation, heating and/or infrared irradiation. The curable resin composition layer between base materials (A) and (B) is cured by irradiating electron beam, ultraviolet-ray, and infrared rays with nearly identical light quantity from the side of base-material (A) and (B). The curable resin composition layer between base materials (A) and (B) is cured by heating with nearly identical heat amount from the side of base material (A) and (B). Preferred Properties: The cured film has linear-expansion mean coefficient of 30 ppm/ degrees C or less along surface direction at 50-250 degrees C, and total light transmittance of 85% or more in thickness of 100 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stabilizer contains an antioxidant and a hindered amine light stabilizer. The amount of antioxidant and hindered amine light stabilizer in the composition is 0.5-1 wt.% and 0.5-1 wt.%, respectively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The rubber component is polyisobutylene having average viscosity molecular weight of 55000, ethylene propylene rubber, butyl rubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber, polyisobutylene having average viscosity molecular weight of 75000, polyisobutylene having average viscosity molecular weight of 400000 or block copolymers with saturated mid-blocks. The adhesion promoter is aminosilane, epoxy silane or vinyl silane. The flow modifier is amorphous poly- alpha -olefin, partially crystalline grades of amorphous poly- alpha -olefin, butylene or ethylene rich amorphous poly- alpha -olefin, or polyethylene. The seal (18) disposed between substrates of solar module has composition containing silicone, modified silicone polymer, silanated polyurethane, butyl or polysulfide. Preferred Composition: The amount of rubber component, carbon black, adhesion promoter, flow modifier in the composition is 60-65 wt.%, 4-7 wt.%, 0.2-0.5 wt.%, 10-15 wt.% respectively. The sealant composition further contains rheology modifiers chosen from amorphous fumed silica, precipitated silica, talc, hydrophobic silane treated fumed silica with surface area of 100-300 m2/gm, precipitated calcium carbonate, ground calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, nickel dioxide, bentonite and kaolin, and ultraviolet absorber. The amount of the amorphous fumed silica, precipitated silica, talc and ultraviolet absorber in the composition is 2-6 wt.%, 2-6 wt.%, 7-15 wt.% and 0.5-3.0 wt.%, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The cured resin has polyester acrylate oligomer as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of monomer (A) is 0.5-10 weight%. The ethylenically unsaturated monomer further contains monomer chosen from styrene, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and cyclohexyl methacrylate. Preferred Process: The crosslinked-type emulsion is formed by emulsion-polymerizing monomer containing 0.5-10 weight% of carbonyl group-containing unsaturated monomer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: (I) comprises a charge transfer layer and a semiconductor layer carrying (A).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The of formula (2) is preferably of formula (AA). Preferred Definitions:    Ar1 = phenylene;    P1 = H;    P2, P3 = phenyl (substituted by organic residue having the acidic group, which comprises an ethylene group substituted by carboxylic acid or CN);    n = 1; and    m = 0.
Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=sulfur;    R23-R26=atom group required for total of each substituent constant value of Hammett to become 0 or more;    R31,R32=optionally substituted acyl;and    R33,R36=alkyl, acyl or carbamoyl (all optionally substituted).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 88 Pyrazolidinedione-containing compounds are disclosed. E.g. 4-(2H-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene)-1,2- dimethylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione of formula (A), 1,2-dimethyl-4-(5-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione, 4-(5,6-dichloro-2H-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene)-1,2-dimethylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione, 4-(5-bromo-2H-1,3-benzodithiol-2-ylidene)-1,2-dimethylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione and 2-(3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenylpyrazolidin-4-ylidene)-7-((2-ethylhexanoyl)oxy)-2H-1,3-benzodithiol-4-yl 2-ethylhexanoate.    EXAMPLE - 1-(4,7-Dihydroxybenzo(1,3)dithiol-2-ylidene)piperidinium acetate (in g) (1.64), N-methylpyrrolidone (5 mL), 1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidine dione (1.26) were stirred for 30 minutes at 100 degrees C. Then, diluted hydrochloric acid (50 mL) was added to resulting mixture, and filtered. The obtained compound was dissolved in dimethylacetamide (5 mL), and triethylamine (0.304) and 2-ethylhexanoyl chloride (0.39) were added to the resulting mixture and stirred for 2 hours to obtain 2-(3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenylpyrazolidin-4-ylidene)-7-((2-ethylhexanoyl)oxy)-2H-1,3-benzodithiol-4-yl 2-ethylhexanoate. The compound had excellent ultraviolet absorptivity and light resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ignition voltage of the power supply of tungsten filament is AC 8-12 V and the ignition current is 15-25 A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coating(s) include structures that incorporate silicon, silica, air or gas inclusions. The inorganic materials in coatings are selected from silicon dioxide, aluminum, zinc, nickel, indium, tin, copper, titanium, titanium dioxide, silver, gold, and/or other metals or metal oxides. The coatings are deposited on wafers composed of silicon, glass, metals, glass-metal-glass combinations, metal-glass-metal combinations, or other photovoltaic converter that converts light to energy selected from mono or polysilicon, amorphous, and microcrystalline silicon, copper indium gallium selenide, or cadmium telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The coatings are deposited on wafers composed of polymers, plastics, self-assembled monolayers, or organic solar cells.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nano metal particle is made of gold, silver, copper, palladium or tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The straight chain hydrocarbon of 1-5 carbon number is propylene. The conductivity of PANI is higher than the konjac glucomannan (KGM-1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass substrates of outer photoelectric glass layer and inner glass layer are selected from toughened glass, semi-toughened glass, float glass, wired glass and laminated glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film solar cell assembly is selected from copper indium diselenide (CIS) thin film solar cell, copper indium gallium diselenide (GIGS) thin film solar cell and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film solar cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thin film solar cell assembly is made of polycrystalline solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive carbon layer is synthesized using platinum, chromium, tungsten, titanium, copper, silver, gold, aluminum and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali metal compound is hydroxide of alkali metal such as lithium, sodium or potassium. Preferred Process: The silicon oxide raw material, alkali metal compound and water are reacted by heat-stirring in container, to produce silicic acid alkali-salt aqueous solution. Alternately, the mixture of alkali-metal oxycarbide and silicon oxide raw material is dissolved in water at high temperature, and cooled to produce silicic acid alkali-salt aqueous solution. The alkali-metal oxycarbide is oxycarbide of lithium, sodium or potassium. The silicon is added and casted by plasma-jet heating from upper direction under atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The interconnector material has average grain size of 300 mu m or more. Preferred Process: A lead free solder plated layer is formed on a surface which extends along extension direction of a rectangular wire in the interconnector with respect to main surfaces.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The layer with charge transport function comprises organic-semiconductor nanofiber having charge transport function. The device comprises an optical electric charge generation material, or a wear-resistant material which is in contact with the organic-semiconductor nanofiber having charge transport function. Preferred Compound: The compound with charge transport function has a bivalent group-containing repeating unit of formula: -(R2-N(-R1)-R3)- (I) or an aromatic hydrocarbon group-containing repeating unit of formula: -(Ar2-N(-Ar1)-Ar3-CH=CH-Ar4-CH=CH)- (II). The compound with charge transport function is of formula (III).R1=alkylene, or aromatic hydrocarbyl or alkyl (both optionally having substituent);R2,R3,Ar2,Ar3=optionally substituted optionally-fused monocyclic or polycyclic bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl;Ar1=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl;andAr4=bivalent group such as benzene, thiophene, biphenyl, anthracene or naphthalene (all optionally having substituent).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The system is based on silicon based material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon carbide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The noble metal is platinum (Pt). The transition metal is ruthenium (Ru), molybdenum (Mo), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), palladium (Pd), rhenium (Re), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), niobium (Nb) and/or tantalum (Ta). The electroconductive carrier is carbon carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is acetone or alcohol with less than or equal to 3 carbons. The noble metal component is platinum acetyl acetate. The transition metal component is transition metal acetyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shell layer is made of manganese oxide, bismuth oxide or cobalt oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The shell layer surface is processed with hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid or nitric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell system is hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst material is manufactured by drying the dispersion liquid containing two or more types of primary particles and secondary particles by carrying out freeze-drying process. Preferred Condition: The repulsion state of two or more types of primary particles and secondary particles are same or different, respectively by adjusting the type or quantity of dispersing agent, or by adjusting the zeta potential of primary and secondary particles. Preferred Components: The primary and secondary particles are dispersed in the dispersion liquid using a dispersing agent. The primary particles include catalyst particles (1) to which alloy of noble metal and noble metal or the oxide, and complex oxide having catalyst function is adhered, and secondary particles include metal oxide particles (2). The metal oxide particles are chosen from cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives. The noble metal (3) is chosen from platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, iridium and/or osmium. The catalyst particles contains co-catalyst component(s) (4) having oxygen occlusion-discharging function. The co-catalyst component includes cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, lanthanum oxide and/or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction solvent is solvent type which is mainly concerned with water-insoluble solvent of donor number less than or equal to 20. The compound of formula (IV) is tetra n-butylammonium iodide, tetra n-butylammonium bromide, tetra n-butylphosphonium bromide, or tetra n-butylphosphonium iodide. Preferred Process: The method involves removing mineral salts by water washing after reaction, adding poor solvent, and crystallizing. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=polynuclear disk shaped compound residue more than trinuclear which is triphenylene 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexyl group;    Z-=bromine ion or iodine ion; and    R=3-26C alkyl group which has ether, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, substituted aryl groups, unsaturated bonds or carbon chain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The solar module exhibits thermal expansion coefficient according to DIN 53752, and exhibits preset elongation at break in accordance with DIN EN ISO 37. The module has a fire protection unit that conforms to DIN EN 13501-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The light emitting layer contains at least one member of (a). In (I), where at least one layer of the at least one organic layer contains a material having at least one deuterium atom. The material having at least one deuterium atom is a material containing any one of a carbazole structure and an indole structure each having at least one deuterium atom. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 280 compounds (a) is disclosed e.g. 1-(6-(1-(2',6'-difluoro-(2,3')bipyridinyl-6-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile platinum of formula (Ia), 2',6'-difluoro-6-(1-(6-(3-fluoro-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl- ethyl)-(2,3')bipyridinyl platinum, 6-(1-(6-(3-tert-butyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)-2',6'-difluoro-(2,3')bipyridinyl platinum, 2',6'-difluoro-6-(1-methyl-1-(6-(3-phenyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridin-2-yl)-ethyl)-(2,3')bipyridinyl platinum 2',6'-difluoro-6-(1-(6-indazol-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)-(2,3')bipyridinyl platinum.    EXAMPLE - A flask was charged with 1-(6-(1-(2',6'-difluoro-(2,3')bipyridinyl-6-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile (1.60 g), platinum(II) chloride (1.07 g) and benzonitrile (50 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was heated at 180 degrees C with stirring for 3 hours. After cooling, the solvent was concentrated and a deposited crystal was filtered to obtain 1-(6-(1-(2',6'-difluoro-(2,3')bipyridinyl-6-yl)-1-methyl-ethyl)-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile platinum (1.27 g, 53%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound is N,N'-bis(2-methyl-phenylethyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8 tetracarboxylic acid diimide, N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenylethyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8 tetracarboxylic acid diimide, or N,N'-bis(2-methyl-phenylmethyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid diimide or N,N'-bis(3-methyl-phenylmethyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid diimide or N-(2-methyl-phenylethyl), N'-(phenylethyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid diimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cell unit has a P-type semiconductor layer selected from a group consisting of P-type amorphous silicon, aluminum gallium nitride, and aluminum gallium arsenide. The P-N junction of the cell unit is made of a material selected from a group consisting of copper indium gallium diselenide, Cadmium telluride and Copper Indium Diselenide. The N-type semiconductor layer of the cell unit is selected from a group consisting of N-type amorphous silicon, gallium nitride, and Indium gallium phosphide. The transparent conductive layer is made of a material selected from a group consisting of Indium Tin oxide, and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell unit has a rear metal layer made of a material selected from a group consisting of silver, copper, molybdenum, aluminum, copper aluminum alloy, silver copper alloy and copper molybdenum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reduction in mass of glass composition containing (in mass%) bismuth oxide (60-87), boric oxide (3-12) and zinc oxide (0-20) immersed in iodine electrolyte solution at 25 degrees C for two weeks is 0.14 mg/cm2 or less, preferably 0.1 mg/cm2 or less. The glass composition further contains iron oxide (Fe2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) in total content of 1-15 mass%, or iron oxide of 0.1-5 mass%. The glass composition has thermal expansion coefficient of 65-120x 10-7/( degrees C). The dye-sensitized solar cell material has softening point of 550 degrees C or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The wafer is made of silicon, germanium, indium phosphide or gallium arsenide. The deposited metal layer is made of nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminum, copper, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The deposited metal layer is substituted by carbon polymer. The gaps between the wafers attached to front substrate are, filled with polymer, glass, or epoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An insulation layer formed from aluminum oxide is arranged between the support structure and the rear side plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The support structure is formed from copper, copper iron alloy, copper nickel alloy or aluminum alloy, and is provided with a diffusion barrier made from nickel, palladium or silver and an oxidation barrier made from gold, and the rear side plate has a substrate plate formed from steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The rear side plate has the substrate plate formed from plastic, glass or glass fiber composite material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Crude silicon and gaseous chlorine are contacted, to obtain silicon-tetrachloride gas, which is used in the contact process. Alkali chemicals are added to the zinc-chloride aqueous solution. The organic solvent and zinc-chloride aqueous solution are contacted by setting the pH of zinc-chloride aqueous solution to 2 or more. A sodium-chloride aqueous solution obtained by extracting the zinc component from zinc-chloride aqueous solution to which alkali chemicals are added, is electrolyzed to obtain sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide is used as alkali chemical for zinc extraction. Gaseous chlorine is obtained by electrolyzing the sodium-chloride aqueous solution obtained by extracting the zinc component, and used for chlorinating crude silicon. The zinc-chloride gas is contacted with the aqueous solution containing a component of high boiling point than water, or its vapor, to obtain aqueous solution or vapor containing hydrogen chloride. The zinc concentration is reduced by separation of hydrogen chloride. Preferred Compounds: The alkali chemicals are calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, or sodium carbonate. The high-boiling-point component is sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The heavy calcium carbonate has average particle diameter of 5 mu m or less, measured by specific surface area. Preferred Composition: A colloidal calcium carbonate is further used during manufacturing process of curable composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The organic polymer (A) further contains reactive silicon group-containing organic polymer (a2) (5-70 weight%). Preferred Component: The organic polymer (A) is polyoxyalkylene-type polymer or acrylic-type polymer. The reactive silicon group-containing organic polymer (a2) is of formula: -(CR12)2-SiR2X2.R2=1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl, 7-20C aralkyl or (R')3SiO-;andR'=1-20C (un)substituted hydrocarbyl.Preferred Process: The curable composition is hardened during manufacturing process of fluid adjusted curable composition. Preferred Property: The fluid adjusted curable composition has viscosity of 2000 Pa.second or less at 23 degrees C.1 rpm. Preferred Definitions:    X=methoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophobic layer and sealing material contain organic compound which has siloxane bond.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etching liquid used for tape is made of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and acetic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material layer attached to tape is made of gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polyimide film, polymethyl pentene, polystyrene butadiene rubber and polypropylene. The adhesive layer is made of (meth)acrylic resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The conductor powder is spherical silver powder. The paste composition comprises (in weight parts) glass powder (3-8), vehicle (70-84) and conductor powder (10-20).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer A consists of aluminum, zinc, tin, silicon, titanium and zirconium with one of the elements of oxygen and nitrogen. The layer B consists of aluminum, zinc, tin, silicon, titanium and zirconium with one of the elements of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer film consists of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene napthalate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, poly(methyl methacrylate), fluorinated ethylene propylene or poly (vinylidene) fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high molecular weight polyol is polycaprolactone polyol. The isocyanate component is diphenyl methane diisocyanate and/or its modified substance. Preferred Properties: The polyurethane foam has specific gravity of 0.2-0.6. The Asker-C hardness of polyurethane foam at 30 seconds after measurement is 20-50 degrees . The difference of Asker-C hardness of foam at 1 second after measurement and 30 seconds after measurement is 5 degrees or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive films are made from any one material selected from the group consisting of tin indium oxide layer, tin dioxide layer or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc oxide based material comprises zinc oxide, indium-zinc-oxide, aluminum-zinc-oxide, gallium-zinc-oxide, zirconium-zinc-oxide, magnesium-zinc-oxide or silicon-zinc-oxide. The substrate comprises gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride, gallium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, silicon carbide, silicon, lithium aluminum oxide or gallium lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic polymer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene) or poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) that generates exciton through solar energy absorbed in solar spectrum range.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron-accepting organic material is a fullerene compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Structure: The benzothiadiazole skeleton is 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl, and the oligothiophene skeleton is an oligo(thiophene-2,5-diyl). The benzothiadiazole compound is of formula (1).R1-R18=H, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl or halo;A=bivalent heteroarylene having 6-membered ring structure, or bivalent arylene group having 6-membered ring structure;m=0 or 1;andn=1-1000. EXAMPLE - (In mg) 4,7-bis-(5'"-bromo-3,3'"-dioctyl-(2,2';5',2";5",2'")quaterthiophen-5-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (57) and 2-(7-(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)-9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane (18) were dissolved in toluene (5 ml). Water (2 ml), potassium carbonate (0.11 g), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (4.7), and Aliquat 336 (RTM: water-insoluble quaternary ammonium salt) (1 drop) were added and stirred at 100 degrees C in nitrogen atmosphere for 75 hours. Subsequently, phenylboronic acid (40) was added and stirred at 100 degrees C for 5 hours. The solid produced by adding methanol (50 ml) to the obtained solution, was filtrated and washed with methanol, water, methanol and acetone. The obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, concentrated and dried, to obtain a benzothiadiazole compound (55) of formula (A). The compound had a number average molecular weight of 14419, a polymerization degree of 26.5, an optical absorption end wavelength of 1.72 eV, a highest occupied-molecular-orbital level of 721 nm, and a band gap of -5.14 eV. A photovoltaic device obtained using the compound had a fill factor of 0.5, a short-circuit current density of 8.3 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 0.89 V, and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3.69%.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 66 Merocyanine dye compounds are disclosed e.g. (4Z)-4-((4-(4-(4-(7-(((4E)-3-carboxy-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)methyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid of formula (A), (4Z)-4-((4-(4-(4-(7-(((4E)-1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)methyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, (Z)-4-((4-(4-(4-(7-(((5Z)-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, (4Z)-4-((4-(4-(2-(4-(7-(((4E)-3-carboxy-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-ylidene)methyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid and (4Z)-4-((4-(4-(2-(4-(7-(((5Z)-3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)methylidene)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The aliphatic tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride is chosen from butanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, cyclobutanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, cyclohexanetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, dicyclohexyl-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, bicyclo(2.2.2)octane-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and/or 2,3,5-tricarboxycyclopentyl acetic acid dianhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The film has birefringence of 0.0120 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biodesulfurization column is heated using the heat generated from the compressor. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage gas is measured to maintain a predetermined concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the mixed gas supplied to the biodesulfurization column. The quantity of oxygen-containing gas supplied from an oxygen-containing gas supply unit is controlled with respect to measured concentration of the hydrogen sulfide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The de-sulfuring apparatus of sewage gas further has a recovering unit to recover heat generated from the compressor, a heat retention unit to heat the biodesulfurization column using the heat generated from the compressor, a hydrogen-sulfide densitometer (2) to measure concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the sewage gas to maintain predetermined concentration of hydrogen sulfide in mixed gas supplied to the biodesulfurization column, and a control unit to control the quantity of oxygen-containing gas supplied from oxygen-containing gas supply unit with respect to measured concentration of the hydrogen sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The copper indium gallium selenide film has composition according to formula (I). Cu(In1-xGax)Se2x=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The frit contains (mol%) phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) (0-30), vanadium oxide (V2O5) (0-30), zinc oxide (ZnO) (0-20), barium oxide (BaO) (0-15), arsenic trioxide (As2O3) (0-20), antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) (0-20), indium oxide (In2O3) (0-5), iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) (0-10), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (0-3), boron oxide (B2O3) (0-20), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) (0-10) and titanium oxide (TiO2) (0-10). Coupling agent is silane coupling agent, titanium coupling agent and/or silicone compounds. Inorganic filler is disilicon nitride, talc, magnesium oxide (MgO), mica, montmorillonite, alumina oxide, graphite, beryllium oxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, mullite and/or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Coating frit paste composition contains (weight parts) frit (60-90), organic adhesive (0.1-5) and organic solvent (5-35). Light-cured resin composition contains (weight parts) epoxy resin (100), photo-polymerization initiator (0.1-20), coupling agent (0.01-10), inorganic filler (0.01-100) and photo-acid generator (0.05-10). Epoxy resin is bisphenol-A epoxy resin, bisphenol-F epoxy resin, bisphenol-AD epoxy resin, glycidyl amine epoxy resin, naphthol novolac epoxy resin, dicyclopentadiene epoxy resin, phenol novolac epoxy resin, cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, epoxy resin prepolymer, polyether modified epoxy resin, silicone modified epoxy resin and/or epoxy resin copolymer. Photo-polymerization initiator is diazonium, aromatic sulfonium salt, aromatic iodonium aluminum salt, aromatic sulfonium aluminum salt, metallocene compounds and/or iron arene compounds. Photo-acid generator is sulfonate or sulfonic ether compounds and/or onium compounds. Preferred Process: The process further involves cutting space of coating part between sealing line and light-cured resin composition to separate solidified part of the light-cured resin composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal weight ratio of composition metal wire grid anode layer Ag/Cu/Ni is 3:1:1. A LiF layer covers the composition metal wire grid anode layer Ag/Cu/Ni. Preferred Process: The process further involves copper plating metal silver grid pattern by chemical plating method using chemical plating liquid, consist of copper sulfate with pH value of 12.5, 180 Mm/L triethanolamine and 0.002 Mm/L yellow prussiate, to plate copper for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C, plating nickel on chemical copper plated grid pattern by using a chemical plating liquid consist of nickel sulfate with pH value of 12.5, 180 Mm/L triethanolamine and 0.002 Mm/L yellow prussiate to plate nickel for 5 minutes at 25 degrees C and adjusting the thickness of vacuum evaporated LiF layer and square resistance of metal grid/LiF composite anode at 0.1-15 Ohm/square.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Cavity transmission layer is coated with PEDOT:PSS layer by spin coating. Active layer is spin-coated P3HT/PCBM film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Conductive carbon material contains carbon powder, graphite, acetylene black, or blast-furnace carbon black with grain diameter of 20-40 nm. Organic pore-forming agent is polyethylene glycol oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polycarboxylic acids or polyvinyl butyral with molecular weight of 400-10000 (1000-5000). Water retention agent is propanetriol, ethylene glycol or propanediol. Solvent is alcohol or water. Alcohol is isopropanol, absolute ethyl alcohol, normal butanol and/or cyclohexanol. Hydrophobic agent is polyfluortetraethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The other element comprises tin, titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, gallium, bismuth, and/or aluminum (preferably tin, titanium, or aluminum).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding: ruthenium to (I); adding cerium to (I); or ruthenium and cerium to (I). The adding step comprises: infiltrating a solution comprising praseodymium into (I), adding powders comprising praseodymium to a feedstock for (I) and applying powder processing techniques; infiltrating a solution comprising praseodymium and ruthenium into (I), adding powders comprising praseodymium and ruthenium to the feedstock for (I) and applying powder processing techniques; infiltrating a solution comprising praseodymium and cerium into (I), adding powders comprising praseodymium and cerium to the feedstock for (I) and applying powder processing techniques; or infiltrating a solution comprising praseodymium, ruthenium, and cerium into (I), adding powders comprising praseodymium, ruthenium, and cerium to the feedstock for (I) and applying powder processing techniques. The method is performed in a solid oxide fuel cell, where the fuel cell anode comprises (I). Preferred Components: (I) comprises a nickel-based catalyst system or porous nickel with 8 mol.% yttrium stabilized zirconia. The solution further comprises a catalyst material on which (I) is based.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition further contains zinc oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide and copper oxide whose total content is 10-55 mass%. Preferred Composition: The content of zinc oxide is 0-30 mass%, content of strontium oxide is 0-20 mass%, content of barium oxide is 0-45 mass% and content of copper oxide is 0-15 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Process: In the process, the application of (I) is performed by printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) additionally comprises: one or more glass frits (0.01-5 wt.%); a zinc-organic component in a proportion corresponding to a zinc contribution of 0.05-0.6 wt.%; and amorphous silicon dioxide (0-0.5 wt.%). The particulate aluminum is present at 50-80 wt.%. The tin-organic component is solid tin-organic compound, a combination of two or more solid tin-organic compounds, one liquid tin-organic compound, a combination of two or more liquid tin-organic compounds, a combination of solid and liquid tin-organic compounds and a solution of one or more tin-organic compounds in organic solvent(s). The tin-organic component is present in a proportion corresponding to a tin contribution of 0.01-0.5 wt.%. The tin-organic compound(s) is/are tin-organic salt compounds comprising tin resinates or tin carboxylates. The tin-organic component is tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (0.1-1 wt.%). The silicon solar cell further comprises a silicon wafer. Preferred Process: The firing is performed as cofiring together with other front-side and/or back-side metal pastes that have been applied to the silicon wafer to form front-side and/or back-side electrodes on it during firing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic vehicle further comprises organic polymer(s) and/or organic additive(s). EXAMPLE - Typical aluminum paste comprised (in wt.%): air-atomized aluminum powder (72); organic vehicle of polymeric resins and organic solvents (26); amorphous silica (0.07); tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (0.5); glass frit (0.5); and zinc neodecanoate (1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The Bi2O3-B2O3 series lead-free glass powder has an expansion coefficient of 60-80x10-7/ degrees C and a thermally sealing temperature of 500-650 degrees C; the electric volume resistivity of the glass at the temperature of 80-200 degrees C changes in a range of 1011 to 1013 ohm.cm; and the glass is instantly sintered at a higher temperature. The Bi2O3-B2O3 series lead-free glass powder for electronic slurry is made into fine powders and used after the surface is modified. Preparation: Preparing the Bi2O3-B2O3 series lead-free glass powder for electronic slurry, comprises: (a) weighing the raw materials according to the weight percent that includes 40-70% of Bi2O3, 15-50% of B2O3, 1-10% of ZnO, 2-8% of Sb2O3, and 0.1-5% of Al2O3; (b) sufficiently mixing the well weighed raw materials; (c) putting the uniformly mixed materials into a crucible then into an electric furnace of 1200-1500 degrees C, and preserving the heat for 45-60 minutes; (d) hydraulically pressing the molten glass obtained in (c) into thin sheets or pouring cold water to quench it so as to obtain sheet-like or granular glass; (e) putting the sheet-like or granular glass, an additive, namely stearic acid, and a milling medium, namely the ethanol solution into a ball mill for ball milling, where the stearic acid accounts for 2-5% of the sheet-like or granular glass by mass; and (f) sieving the glass powders after the milling, then detecting and packaging the powders. Preferred Components: The Bi2O3-B2O3 series lead-free glass powder is applicable to the package of solar photovoltaic cell substrate, monocrystalline silicon, and polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The seed particles is gold, silver, copper, platinum group element, iron group element and/or metallic compound, and microparticles of colloidal silica and/or oxide glass. Preferred Properties: The seed particles have particle size of 500 nm. The imine compound has molecular weight of 1000 or more. Preferred Composition: The hydrazine is used as the reducing agent. The polyethylene imine is used as imine compound. The additional amount of imine compound is 0.2 mass% or more with respect to the content of silver in the aqueous solution. The silver ammine- complex aqueous solution is used as aqueous solution containing silver ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The linear dopant is carbon nanotube. Preferred Property: The concentration of linear dopant is 0.0000001-90 mass%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer composition contains a composite component having conductive polymer on surface of the linear dopant having sulfonic acid group. Preferred Composition: The conductive polymer contains polythiophene or its derivative. The conductive polymer composition further contains water as a solvent. Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of conductive polymer and linear dopant is 100:1-1:100. The concentration of the conductive polymer is 0.1-10 mass%. EXAMPLE - Single-walled carbon nanotube (in g) (1) and 98-mass% concentrated sulfuric acid dispersion liquid (300 ml) were mixed for 4 hours, cooled, filtered and water-washed to obtain single-walled carbon nanotube having sulfonic acid group on the surface. Single-walled carbon nanotube having sulfonic acid group (1) was dispersed to water. To the mixture, 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (0.35) and polystyrene sulfonate (0.5) were added and mixed to obtain monomer dispersion liquid. The monomer dispersion liquid, ammonium persulfate (0.75) and ferric sulfate (0.2) were mixed to obtain composite component. The composite component (0.2) and water (10) were mixed to obtain aqueous dispersion. A thin film formed using the aqueous dispersion had transmittance of 83%, surface resistance value of 300 Omega /square, haze of 2% or less and excellent optical durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The adhesive resin contains resin chosen from olefin-type copolymer having hydroxy group, ethylenic copolymer having glycidyl methacrylate, and polyolefin graft modified by acidic functional group, preferably maleic acid modified polyolefin graft modified by maleic acid anhydride. The olefin-type copolymer having hydroxy group is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified compound and/or ethylene-vinyl acetate acrylic acid ester copolymer saponified compound. Preferred Layer: The resin layer contains a thermoplastic resin chosen from ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer, ethylene-aliphatic carboxylate ester copolymer and/or polyolefin-type resin. The sealing sheet has a single layered structure consisting of resin layer containing adhesive resin and having inclined cross-linked structure, are multilayered structure having two or more layers comprising inner layer laminated on a surface layer containing adhesive resin. The resin layer and surface layer have gel fraction of each of 1-65 mass%. The sealing heat is formed using cyclic die. Preferred Composition: The content of adhesive resin and thermoplastic resin in resin layer is 10-100 mass% and 0-90 mass%, respectively. Preferred Property: The resin sheet has water vapor permeation rate of less than 40 g/m2.day.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is an organic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of alkyl group in surface functional group is 40-90%. The content of silica polymer with respect to inorganic particles is 0.1-100 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fullerene is fullerene hydroxide. The content of fullerene is 10-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of single-wall carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: A protective layer (13) is further provided on the conductive layer. The conductive layer is provided on a resin-made substrate (11).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The thermoplastic-resin sheet consists of 2 or more compound layers. The content of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol component in the resin layer is 0.5-10 mol% with respect to all diol components in a thermoplastic resin layer, and/or the sum total content of isophthalic-acid component and naphthalene dicarboxylic acid component in the resin layer is 0.5-10 mol% with respect to all dicarboxylic acid components in the resin layer. The thermoplastic-resin sheet has a 90 degrees peeling strength of 4 N/15 mm or more. The carboxyl-end-group concentration after processing at 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity for 2000 hours is 100 eq/polyester 106 g. The thermoplastic-resin sheet has a light transmittance of 35% or less. Preferred Components: The thermoplastic-resin sheet contains a pigment, and 1 or more types of particles chosen from carbon black particles, titanium oxide particles, barium sulfate particles, calcium carbonate particles, and silicon dioxide particles (0.5-50 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silicon. The template comprises aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, or non-conducting silicon. The nanotubes comprise carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes (preferably), metallic nanotubes, or dielectric nanotubes linked to polynucleotide, a polypeptide, an antibody, or a pharmaceutical agent. The suspension comprises an inorganic solvent having a surface tension not greater than ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The suspension comprises an organic solvent having a surface tension not greater than ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The first electrode is a transparent electrode. The second electrode is a reflective electrode. The concave convex pattern is a diffraction grating, or blazed diffraction grating. The organic active layer is a polymer active layer. The polymer active layer is a bulk-heterojunction active layer. The cell includes a buffer layer disposed between the organic active layer and the transparent electrode. The elastomer stamp is formed by molding using a template having a surface relief grating (SRG). The template includes a photoisomerization polymer layer. The surface relief grating is formed by irradiating interference light onto the photoisomerization polymer layer. The surface relief grating is a blazed diffraction grating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The compound (a) is a hydrolysis product of an alkoxy silane. The silicon compound (a) is contained in an amount of 2-10 mass% by silicon oxide conversion. The component (b) contains compound of III group element and/or compound of V group element. Further, the composition contains surfactant and a porogen, or colloidal silica. Preferred Properties: The elevation difference of film thickness of the diffusing-agent composition layer is 0.1 mu m or less. The elevation difference of film thickness of the pattern is 0.1 mu m or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound has maximum absorption in the wavelength of 300-450 nm and light emission in the wavelength of 350-600 nm. The resin layer further contains ultraviolet absorber and/or optical stabilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The clad consists of thermoplastic resin (B) which comprises a molecular structure or functional group of the same composition as the core which consists of thermoplastic resin (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode protective layer is made of aggregate of particles containing compound (A) chosen from zirconia, titania, silicon oxide, indium oxide, tungsten oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, tin oxide, antimony pentaoxide, cesium oxide, barium titanate, strontium titanate, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, silicon carbide, magnesium fluoride, zinc sulfide, selenium sulfide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride and boron nitride. The protective layer has amorphous layer containing compound (A), or resin layer. The anti-reflective film contains compound (A).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Layer: The clad filter material has anticorrosion metal coating layer having alloy containing nickel, tin, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, tantalum, niobium and/or gold. The perforated metal layer is coated with alloy containing 2 or more type of alloy chosen from molybdenum, chromium, titanium, palladium, platinum, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, gold, nickel and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The felt-type resin fiber layer has average thickness of 20-500 mu m. The perforated resin layer has average thickness of 10-50 mu m. The average length of fine through-hole of perforated resin layer is 10-60 mu m. The surface roughness of perforated metal layer is 0.5-10 mu m. Preferred Components: The clad filter material contains thermoplastic resin film in which perforated resin layer is insoluble to methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of metal salt-containing solution to carrier is 0.5-10 ml/g. A water-soluble high molecular compound is supported by the carrier surface. Metal salt containing solution has a compound which contains magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and/or aluminum (Al). The carrier contains alumina, silica, zirconia, ceria and/or titania. The catalyst supports a noble metal which is ruthenium (Ru). Preferred Parameters: The pH of metal salt-containing solution is 5-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Water-soluble high molecular compound is polyacrylate, polystyrene sulfonate salt and/or methylcellulose derivative. The metal salt-containing solution contains urea or sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A co-catalyst, consists of platinum, silver, gold, palladium, nickel, copper, iron, chromium, ruthenium, lead or titanium, is dispersed on the surface of the tubular body. The ratio of metal or metallic compound in the co-catalyst is 0.05-10 wt.% with respect to the tubular body. The photocatalyst contains tubular body (0.1 g) in a 500 mL airtight container filled with air consists of 500 ppm acetaldehyde with 30% relative humidity. Preferred Parameters: The particle size of microparticles are 10-200 nm, outer diameter is 100 nm-2 mu m, inner diameter is 20 nm-1 mu m, length is 1-50 mu m and specific surface area is greater than or equal to 5 m2/g. The tungsten oxide tubular body has greater than or equal to 2 pore volume distributions measured using nitrogen adsorption method. The range of pore volume distribution which recognizes multiple presence exists as micropore (1-5 nm) and mesopore (20-100 nm). The band gap of tungsten compound is less than or equal to 2.8 eV. Production rate of carbon dioxide during irradiation of 20 mW/cm2 visible light at wavelength of greater than or equal to 410 nm is greater than or equal to 250 ppm/hour. Preferred Process: Heat processing is at greater than or equal to 100 degrees C    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Compound with amino group is urea. Organic solvent is alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sheet-like support structure is made of foaming polyethylene or foaming polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The outer wall of the carbon nanotube is chemically modified by covalent bond by functional molecule. The functional molecule is porphyrin group molecule. The organic molecule is fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is chosen from organic compound having boiling point or melting point 250 degrees C or more, where organic compound having thermal polymerization start temperature of 250 degrees C or less. Preferred Components: The ligand is phenol-containing compound of formula (I or II).R1=H or substituent;Q=divalent organic group having nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic ring;Z=divalent organic group having 1 or 2 nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic rings;T1=nitrogen containing aromatic heterocyclic ring;andW1=H or substituted monovalent aromatic group which does not contain nitrogen.Two adjacent R1 are optionally combined. The mononuclear complex has nitrogen and oxygen as coordinating atom, and transition metal atom of 4-6 periods. Preferred Condition: The mononuclear complex is heat-processed at 250-1200 degrees C. Preferred Process: The modified metal complex is obtained by using composition containing mononuclear complex, carbon carrier and/or conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The zircono siloxane compound is obtained by carrying out partial cohydrolysis condensation of alkoxy zirconium compound and/or its partial hydrolysis condensate, and alkoxysilane compound. The molar ratio of water with respect to the alkoxy group coupled with zirconium in the zircono siloxane compound is 0.05-5.0. The molar ratio of alkoxysilane compound and water is 0.3-5.0 and the molar ratio of zirconium and silicon in the partial cohydrolysis condensate is 0.01-5.0. The molar ratio of water with respect to the sum total of alkoxy group coupled with zirconium and alkoxy group coupled with silicon is 0.03-0.8, when alkoxy zirconium compound and/or its partial hydrolysis condensate, alkoxysilane compound and water are used for producing the zircono siloxane compound. The ratio of zircono siloxane compound with respect to 100 weight parts of the polymer is 2-600 weight parts. The acidic radical is carboxyl group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer (A) is vinyl polymer or polyurethane type polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic resin is polyvinyl pyrrolidone or poly oxazoline. The tetragonal crystal zirconia particle (1-90 mass%) is dispersed in the hydrophilic resin. EXAMPLE - Methanol (in g) (7.11) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (0.85) were mixed with zirconia transparent dispersion liquid (1) to obtain zirconia polyvinyl pyrrolidone mixed solution. The obtained mixed solution was coated on 50 mmx 50 mmx 2 mm soda-lime glass substrate, and heated at 60 degrees C with drying machine for 24 hours, and preliminarily dried, then dried at 80 degrees C under pressure reduction for 24 hours, to obtain organic-inorganic composite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive composition comprises (in mass%): elastomer (40-90), (meth)acrylate monomer (1-30) and photoinitiator (0.01-10). The adhesive composition comprises at least one of tackifier and flexible imparting agent. EXAMPLE - Compounds (in mass%): styrene elastomer (65), (meth)acrylate monomer (10), tackifier (22) and photoinitiator (23) were dissolved in toluene to obtain coating material. The coating material was coated on base material, dried for 3 minutes at 80 degrees C to form adhesive layer (20 mu m). The base material was peeled from the adhesive layer, low polar to-be-adhered component containing cycloolefin resin film was stacked on the adhesive layer and dried to obtain adhesive sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of vinyl monomer and polymer emulsion particle is 0.1-0.5. The mass ratio of vinyl monomer and colloidal silica is 0.1-1. The polymer emulsion particle has core-shell structure made of two or more layers. The mass ratio of vinyl monomer and hydrolyzable silicon compound is 0.1-5 in outermost layer of core-shell structure and 1 or less in innermost layer of core-shell structure. The content of hydrolyzable silicon compound, is 0.01-20 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of polymer emulsion particle. The content of vinyl monomer is 0.1-100 mass parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The layer arranged on the substrate contains a silicon oxide compound of formula (SiOx) (I). The layer made of oxide ceramic material has a thickness of 50-2000 nm, preferably 150-500 nm. The layer consists of metal, preferably chromium, aluminum, nickel, titanium, iron, molybdenum, or at least two of these metals consisting of alloy. The metal layer has a thickness of maximum 5 nm, preferably a layer thickness of 0.1-0.5 nm corresponding to a monoatomic configuration.x = 0.9-2, preferably 1.5-1.8.Preferred Process: The substrate is coated with (I) and subsequently coated with metal, preferably chromium (preferred), aluminum, nickel, titanium, iron, molybdenum, or at least two of these metals consisting of alloy. The metal is deposited in line with the oxide ceramic material on the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate has a plastic foil, preferably a polyester, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, oriented polyamide or oriented polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteroaromatic units are: located in the polymer main chain; or bonded at the polymer main chain. The heteroaromatic units are imidazole, benzimidazole and/or purine. The Lewis acid is boron trifluoride, tris(trifluoromethoxy)alumane and/or tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane. The cation is from proton and/or alkali metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of the polymer comprises either (a) polymerizing a monomer containing the heteroaromatic units to obtain a polymer, and (b) reacting the polymer from step (a) with the Lewis acid, so that the Lewis acid is bonded to at least two of the existing nitrogen- and/or phosphorus atoms; or reacting a monomer containing the heteroaromatic units with the Lewis acid, so that the Lewis acid is bonded to at least two of the existing nitrogen- and/or phosphorus atoms, and (d) polymerizing the monomer from the step (c). Preferred Process: The step (a) and step (d) takes place by polycondensation or radical polymerization. The steps (b) and (c) are carried out at 0-150 degrees C. Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a copolymer containing monomer with heteroaromatic units and further monomer. EXAMPLE - Polybenzimidazole (21 g) and toluene (100 ml) were produced under nitrogen, and under stirring, butyl lithium solutions (46.6 g) was added. The obtained mixture was heated for 48 hours and cooled to obtain lithium-polybenzimidazole (23.7 g). Lithium-polybenzimidazole (0.6 g) and toluene (40 ml) were produced under nitrogen. Further slowly under stirring tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (4.2 g) was added at 0 degrees C. The obtained mixture was stirred for 16 hours and filtered. The residue was washed toluene (60 ml) and subsequently dried under nitrogen to obtain the corresponding polymer (0.9 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen bromide is an aqueous HBr solution with 10-62 wt.% of hydrobromic acid. The hydrogen peroxide is an aqueous H2O2 solution with 25-35 wt.% of hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The bromination is carried out as mono- or dibromination. The process is carried out at -10 to +80 degrees C. Preferred Components: (I) is 3-hexylthiophene. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The preparation of 2-bromo-3-hexylthiophene of formula (Ia) and 2,5-dibromo-3-hexylthiophene is specifically claimed as (I).    EXAMPLE - 3-Hexylthiophene (338 g) was dissolved in 48% hydrobromic acid (1070 g). The mixture was cooled to -5 degrees C and 34% hydrogen peroxide (400 g) was added for 7 hours. Within 16 hours, the mixture was heated to 20 degrees C. The phases were separated to give 2,5-dibromo-3-hexylthiophene (97%, with a purity of 96.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: Compound (1) is preferably of formula (2). Compound (2) is preferably of formula (3).Het2=Het1;X2a-X2d=Xa;Y'2b-Y'2f=Y'b;L1,L2=oxygen atom, sulfur atom, or =NRa;Ra,R5a-R5j=H or monovalent substituent;andZ1,Z2=atomic group required to form a 4-8 membered ring grouping with Y'2b and Y'2c, or Y'2e and Y'2f.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The resin molding has a light transmittance of 80% or more at a wavelength of 440 nm and 70% or more at a wavelength of 430 nm. Preferred Material: The polymer material is polyester, polycarbonate, or acrylic resin, preferably polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, or polymethylmethacrylate. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 51 Heterocyclic-ring-containing compounds are disclosed e.g. 2-(5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)thien-2-yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one of formula (A), 2-(5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, 2-(5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)-2-furyl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, 2-(6-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one, and 2-(3-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)isoxazol-5-yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one.    EXAMPLE - Polyethylene-terephthalate pellets having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.78 were dried at 170 degrees C for 6 hours, and injected into an extruder with 2-(5-(4-oxo-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-yl)thien-2-yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-one having maximum absorption wavelength of 375 nm. The components were melt-kneaded at 280 degrees C, to obtain UV-absorber-containing pellets. A film of thickness 100 mu m formed using the pellets had excellent light resistance and no coloring. The light transmittance was 0.4% at 410 nm, 81.8% at 430 nm, and 88.2% at 440 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymeric substance is acrylic-type polymer, polyester-type polymer and polycarbonate-type polymer, preferably polyacrylic acid, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Composition: The content of ultraviolet absorber is 0.1-50 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Process: The polymeric material is produced by melt-kneading polyethylene terephthalate and ultraviolet absorber at more than 200 degrees C, and is obtained by dissolving acrylic ester and ultraviolet absorber in solvent at 200 degrees C or less, and coating on substrate. Preferred Property: The polymeric material has glass transition point of more than -80 degrees C and 200 degrees C or less. EXAMPLE - 1-(4,7-Dihydroxy benzo(1,3)dithiol-2-ylidene)piperidinium acetate (in g) (1.64), N-methylpyrrolidone (5 mL) and 1,2-dimethyl-3,5-pyrazolidine dione (0.64) were stirred for 30 minutes at 100 degrees C, and filtered. Then, resulting compound was dissolved in dimethylacetamide (5 mL), and triethylamine (0.304) was added to resulting solution and stirred for 2 hours to obtain ultraviolet absorber. The obtained ultraviolet absorber (0.1) and polymethyl methacrylate resin were mixed and stirred for 1 hour to obtain polymeric material. The obtained polymeric material had long wave ultraviolet absorptivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanotube is percolating array of carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluorinated olefin is perfluoro(4-methyl-3,6-dioxaoct-7-ene)sulfonyl fluoride, perfluoro(5-methyl-3,6-dioxanon-1-ene), tetrafluoroethylene, trifluoroethylene, 1-bromo-1-chlorodifluoroethylene, 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropene, heptafluoro-1-butene, perfluorohexene, pentafluoroethyltrifluorovinyl ether, trifluoromethyl trifluorovinyl ether, and/or heptafluoropropyltrifluorovinyl ether. The fluorinated olefin is preferably perfluoro(4-methyl-3,6-dioxaoct-7-ene)sulfonyl fluoride. The concentration ratio of cpsepve to cnnt is 0.005-0.035, preferably 0.007-0.02.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Dihalo biphenyl derivative (2) is reacted with copper compound or copper, to obtain biphenylene derivative (1). Preferred Process: The dihalo biphenyl derivative is reacted with copper compound after carrying out dilithio forming process and/or di-Grignard forming process. The dilithio forming process is carried out in dialkyl ether. Preferred Component: The copper compound is bivalent copper compound, preferably copper chloride (II) or copper bromide (II). Preferred Definitions:    m,n=1.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 73 biphenylene derivatives are disclosed e.g. tetra-dodecyl-di-naphtho biphenylene of formula (1a), didodecyl difluoro-dinaphtho biphenylene, tetra-(perfluoro dodecyl)-dinaphtho biphenylene, tetraphenyl-dinaphtho biphenylene and tetra(dodecyne-1-yl)-dinaphtho biphenylene. 71 dihalo biphenyl derivatives are disclosed e.g. 6,7,6',7'-tetra-dodecyl-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene of formula (1b), didodecyl difluoro-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene, 6,7,6',7'-tetra-(perfluoro dodecyl)-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene, 6,7,6',7'-tetraphenyl-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene and 6,7,6',7'-tetra(dodecyne-1-yl)-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene.    EXAMPLE - 6,7,6',7'-tetra-dodecyl-3,3'-dibromo-2,2'-bianthracene (in mg) (240), diethyl ether (7 ml), hexane solution of n-butyl lithium (0.28), copper chloride (II) (95.3) and tetrahydrofuran (10 ml) were mixed, cooled to -78 degrees C, reacted at room temperature, hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and toluene were added to the reaction mixture, organic phase was washed using water, dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure and recrystallized using toluene, to obtain tetra-dodecyl-di-naphtho biphenylene (1a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma is excited using mixed gas containing argon, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, tetraethyl siloxane, hexamethyl disiloxane, tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethyldisilazane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The proton exchange material contains salt obtained by reacting aminosiloxane-type compound and Broensted acid, and prepared salt is maintained in gelatinization material consisting of high molecular compound. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4,R9-R12=H;and    R5-R8=alkyl.    EXAMPLE - Formic acid (in g) (0.85) and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane (2.3) were dissolved in methanol (9 ml) and stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction liquid was distilled and dried at reduced pressure to produce formate (3.15) of 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane. The obtained solution had proton conduction degree of 4.3 mS/cm at 40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte solution further contains ionic liquid having viscosity of 5-30 mPa.second which is different from the iodine compound, organic derivative and guanidine salt. The organic derivative has benzimidazole ring, saturated hydrocarbon group which is directly bond and optionally substituent. Preferred Property: The organic compound has boiling point of 220 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The lanthanum oxide content in the mixed rare earth with respect to the total rare earth oxide content, is 5 mass% or more. Preferred Property: The sedimentation volume of the slurry containing 10 mass% of the cerium type abrasives injected in a 1000 ml graduated, after 24 hours, is 20 ml or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of the carboxylic acid group and carboxylate ion is 1 or more. The organic compound is chosen from citric acid, tartaric acid, potassium dihydrogen citrate, sodium dihydrogen citrate, ammonium dihydrogen citrate, sodium-potassium tartarate, disodium tartarate, dipotassium tartarate, diammonium tartarate, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate and/or triammonium citrate. The condensate is chosen from sodium ultra polyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate and/or sodium hexametaphosphate. The additive is sodium-potassium tartarate, disodium tartarate, dipotassium tartarate, diammonium tartarate, tartaric acid, sodium ultra polyphosphate and/or citric acid, or trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, triammonium citrate, sodium pyrophosphate and/or citric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The core-shell particles are particles in which palladium is coated on the surface of silver or copper. The metal particles are palladium particles. The alloy particles are silver-palladium particles. Preferred Composition: When the conductive component is silver particles and metal particles, the content of metal particles is 0.01-10 weight%, based on the total amount of paste. When the conductive component is alloy particles or core-shell particles, the content of alloy particles or core-shell particles is 0.01-20 weight%, based on the total amount of paste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The curable resin composition is a resin composition cured by light, and contains a polymeric compound and a polymerization initiator. The polymeric compound is a polymerizable monomer or polymer, having weight average molecular weight of 5000 or less. The polymerizable polymer contains 5-99.99 weight parts of urethane acrylate. The polymerization initiator is visible light polymerization initiator, preferably an acyl phosphine-oxide compound. The mold having predetermined pattern is a plastic mold formed using a polyimide, a polycarbonate, a polypropylene, and/or polydimethylsiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The substrate contains glass, steel, graphite, ceramic material and metallic silicon. The contact under-layer contains silica and/or boron-doped silica glass. The metal layer contains aluminum, aluminum-silver alloy and/or aluminum-nickel-copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon being treated is multi-crystalline silicon wafer. The etch comprises acid and oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent comprises iodine and/or potassium iodide, potassium permanganate and potassium iodate. The supporting electrolyte is potassium sulfate or ammonium fluoride. Preferred Method: The etching process is electrochemical anodic etching carried out using a chemical etch including potassium chromate and hydrogen fluoride (HF), or chromate and HF. The reduction of dislocations in silicon involves using electrolyte based on hydrogen fluoride comprising supporting electrolyte.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supporting electrolyte is tetrabutylammonium perchlorate or tetra(n-butyl)ammonium hexafluorophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The material of transparent solar cell contains silicon carbide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium sulfide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphide, cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc-scandium alloy and/or zinc sulfide. The transparent solar cell contains gallium-indium-aluminum-nitrogen-arsenic-phosphorus-antimony-sulfur alloy (GaxInyAlzNaAsbPcSbdSe), gallium, arsenic, nitrogen and phosphorus or gallium phosphide, sapphire or silicon carbide, where x-z and b-e are less than 1 and a is 0.0001-0.1. Preferred Property: The concentration of nitrogen in the transparent solar cell is 0.01-10%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell comprises silicon carbide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphate, gallium sulfide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphate, cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, or their alloy. The solar cell includes nitrogen (0.01-10%), diluted nitride absorbing layer and an emitter layer. The dilute nitride absorbing layer has semiconducting alloy with a group-III element, a group-V element, and nitrogen. The dilute nitride absorbing layer comprises an electrically active carrier concentration of 1016-5x 1018 cm-3. The transparent solar cell preferably comprises gallium, arsenic, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The solar cell comprises alloy of formula GaxInyAlzNaAsbPcSbdSe.a=0.0001-0.01; andb, c, d, e, x, y, z=less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The material comprises a doped material. The solar cell is disposed over a substrate (108) having a thickness less than 1 mu m. The solar cell includes substrate over which the multiple-band gap material is formed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises gallium phosphate (GaP), sapphire, or silicon carbide (SiC). The multiple band gap material comprises SiC, gallium nitride, GaP, gallium sulfide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphate, cadmium sulfide, zinc telluride, zinc selenide, zinc sulfide, or their alloy. The multiple band gap material comprises nitrogen (0.01-10, preferably 0.01-5 atom %). The multiple band gap material comprises dilute nitride absorbing layer and an emitter layer. The dilute nitride absorbing layer has semiconducting alloy with a group-III element, a group-V element, and nitrogen. The dilute nitride absorbing layer has an electrically active carrier concentration of 1016-5x 1018 cm-3, preferably 5x 10-6-5x 10-8 cm-3. The multiple-band gap material comprises gallium, arsenic, nitrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The solar cell is formed on a substrate comprising gallium phosphate sapphire, or silicon carbide. The multiple-band gap material comprises alloy of formula GAxInyAlzNzAsbPcSbdSe.a=0.0001-0.1;andb-e, x-z=less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The strip-shaped conductive layer comprises aluminum, silver, gold, tough pitch copper, low oxygen copper, oxygen-free copper, phosphorus deoxidized copper and high purity copper. The melt solder-plated layer comprises tin, lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: Portion(s) of the silicon surface is coated with silver. The majority of nanowires have diameters below the coherence length of electrons or holes in silicon, and below the de Broglie wavelength of electrons or holes in silicon. The nanowire array comprises polycrystalline silicon. The deposited metal is continuous such that there are no breaks or cracks that would cause a portion of the film to become separated from the remainder. Preferred Conditions: Etching is carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent less reactive than hydrogen peroxide. The array is formed by etching a substrate composed primarily of amorphous or polycrystalline silicon. The oxidizing agent is oxygen gas (44) bubbled through the etchant aqueous solution. The metal deposited and patterned is silver. The silver is less than 50 nm thick. The result of etching process is a nanowire array where the average nanowire diameter is less than 100 nm, preferably less than 50 nm. The result of etching process is a tapered nanowire array such that the bases of the nanowires are larger than the tips. The nanoparticles act as a barrier between the metal and silicon-containing substrate to prevent the metal from touching silicon in certain areas of the substrate. The nanoparticles are used to remove the metal where an etch is not desired and expose the silicon surface. Preferred Substrate: The silicon-containing substrate prior to deposition of the metal is a bulk silicon wafer or a silicon-on-insulator wafer. The silicon-containing substrate prior to deposition of metal comprises polysilicon or microcrystalline silicon, or epitaxially grown silicon, or germanium on silicon or germanium on oxide on silicon. The pattern created by etching process comprises electronic states mixed in the patterned and etched silicon-containing substrate. The silicon may be chosen to have any desired crystallographic orientation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive material is silver (70-99 weight% with respect to total solid component of composition). The semiconductor device is formed using conductive composition, semiconductor substrate and insulating film containing titanium oxide, silicon nitride (SiNx:H), silicon oxide and/or component containing silicon oxide and titanium oxide. Preferred Composition: The rhodium-containing additive contains rhodium resinate and/or rhodium metal. The content of rhodium metal is 0.001-10 weight%, preferably 0.01-0.03 weight% with respect to total conductive composition. The glass frit is lead free, and comprises (in weight% with respect to total glass composition) silica (1-36), alumina (0-7), boron oxide (1.5-19), lead oxide (20-83), zinc oxide (0-42), copper oxide (0-4), bismuth oxide (0-35), zirconia (0-8), titania (0-7) and lead fluoride (3-34). The conductive composition further contains metal, metal oxide and/or metal compound obtained by firing the metal oxide. The metal is chosen from zinc, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and/or chromium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The fin material is product made from aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrolyzable alkoxy silyl group and reacting functional group are hydroxyl group, alkoxy silyl group, epoxy group and/or block isocyanate group. The metal complex catalyst is metallic element, 2A, 3B, 4A and 5A group of periodic table, or oxo or hydroxy acid matter compound chosen from ketoester, hydroxy carboxylic acid or its ester, amino alcohol, enol property active hydrogen compound and ( beta )-diketone. The composition further contains alkoxide compound containing element of silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), aluminum (Al) and/or their partial hydrolysis condensate, and colloidal silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrophilic polymer is mixture of hydrophilic polymer (A-1) which has hydrolyzable alkoxy silyl group(s) at polymer terminal and hydrophilic polymer (A-2) which has hydrolyzable alkoxy silyl group(s) to polymer side chain which has mass ratio of 50/50-5/95.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The coatings include structures that incorporate silicon, silica, air or gas inclusions. The coating includes silicon dioxide, aluminum, zinc, nickel, indium, tin, copper, titanium titanium dioxide, silver or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silver element and copper element is contained in photocatalyst coating composition as silver oxide and copper oxide of 0.1-10 mass% with respect to titanium oxide particles. The ratio of silver oxide with respect to copper oxide is more than 0/100 to 65/35. The photocatalyst coating composition contains titanium oxide particles (1-20 mass parts), inorganic oxide particles (70-99 mass parts) and further contains hydrolysable silicone (0-10 mass parts) in conversion of silica. Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide particles are silica particle.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The quaternary ammonium hydroxide is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. Preferred Composition: The amount of quaternary ammonium hydroxide is 0.01-0.1 mol with respect to 1 mol of titanium oxides. EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide particle (in mass parts) (10), silver oxide and copper oxide in the mass ratio of 30/70, silica particles (90) having average particle diameter of 26 nm and polyether modified silicone-type surfactant (6) were blended, to obtain photocatalyst coating composition. The obtained photocatalyst coating composition had excellent stability. The coat formed using the obtained composition had excellent transparency, film strength, weather resistance and poisonous-gas decomposability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbodiimide compound has molecular weight of 200-100000, preferably 200-1000, and breakage elongation retention of 50% or more after 50 times passage and 72 times passage at 121 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. EXAMPLE - Dimethyl terephthalate (85 wt.pts) and ethylene glycol (60 wt.pts) were added to a reactor. Calcium acetate (0.08) was added, and trans-esterified at 240 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. Trimethyl phosphate (10 wt.%) and ethylene glycol were added. Silicon oxide particles having average particle diameter of 1.5 mu m, and antimony trioxide (0.03 wt.pts) were added. The temperature was raised, and pressure was reduced. N,N'-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide having molecular weight of 206 was added and maintained at 3 kPa for 10 minutes to produce a polyethylene terephthalate composition. The composition was extruded and stretched to produce a film for solar cell backside protective film. The film had favorable breakage elongation retention.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating further comprises: one or more carriers; one or more dispersants; at least one electrically conductive polymer; and at least one carbonaceous material other than the functionalized graphene sheets. The coating has an electrical conductivity of at least 10-8 S/cm, preferably at least 103 S/cm. Preferred Components: The binder is a polymeric binder. The functionalized graphene sheets have: a surface area of at least 300 (preferably 400-2400) m2/g; and a carbon to oxygen ratio of at least 3:2, preferably at least 10:1 EXAMPLE - Ethylene cellulose polymer, functionalized graphene sheets and isopropyl alcohol were ground in ball mill at 5100 rpm for 100 minutes and yttrium stabilized zirconium oxide grinding medium (0.8 mm, 5%) to afford a coating mixture. Dispersing agent (an alkylol ammonium salt of a high-molecular weight carboxylic acid) was added to the mixture, which was then ground for another 10 minutes. The resulting coating adhered to paper, glass, and aluminum foil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The fluorine-type alcohol is an alcohol having trifluoromethyl in terminal group, preferably 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol. The coating liquid contains toluene. The ionic dye is cyanine dye of formula (1), preferably of formula (2 or 3).n=1-4;R=1-4C linear or branched alkyl;X=halo, ClO4 or PF6;andY'=hetero atom or isopropylidene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The matrix polymer is chosen from polymethylmethacrylate and polymer group containing transformation polymer. Preferred Sheet: The color purity improvement sheet including matrix polymer and ionic dye has maximal absorption peak wavelength of absorption spectrum of 560-610 nm, and maximum luminescence peak wavelength of 600-700 nm. The half value width of the maximal absorption peak of the color purity improvement sheet is 100 nm or less. The ionic dye contained in the color purity improvement sheet is cyanine dye (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The adhesive coating film of outer and inner side frames contains room-temperature hardenable resin composition. The frame material having gas barrier property comprises a resin composition having ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EvOH) as main component. The resin composition having fluorine compound (X) as essential component is a resin composition having fluoro polyether compound (a) having at least 2 hydroxyl groups in 1 molecule and having perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule, isocyanate compound (b) and reaction catalyst (c) as main component. The fluoro polyether compound (a) is of formula: HO-F2C-(O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q-CF2-OH (I). The fluorine compound (Y') of the resin composition is fluoro polyether compound having 2 or more hydrolysable group in 1 molecule and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule. The fluorine compound (Y') is of formula: H3C-Si((-ON=C(-CH3)-C2H5)2)-((O-CF2-CF2)p-(O-CF2)q)-O-Si((-ON=C(-CH3)-C2H5)2)-CH3 (II).p,q=0 or more;andp+q=positive integer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The manufacturing method of the electrical insulation sheet for solar cell backboard comprises: (a) taking corona discharge process to the two surface of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) thin film, and coating adhesive to a surface of the PET thin film, drying at 70-100 degrees C for 3-5 minutes; (b) plating a protective layer to another PET thin film, drying and pressing the PET thin film at 70-100 degrees C to prepare a PET composite sheet; (c) taking corona discharge process to a surface of another PET thin film, drying for 1-3 minutes at 90-110 degrees C; and (d) coating an adhesive layer to a surface of the dried PET thin film, taking easy adhesion process to the other surface of the dried PET thin film, and heat pressing and compounding the composite sheet at 70-90 degrees C to make an electrical insulation sheet.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transitional element comprises fourth, the fifth and the sixth period elements from the group III B to the group VIII in the periodic table of elements except for the platinum element. The gas for the nitridation reaction is the alkaline air, nitrogen gas, hydrazine or hydrogen-nitrogen mixed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of inorganic particles is 10 weight% or more with respect to total weight of non-volatile ionic liquid and inorganic particles, preferably 10-50 weight%. Preferred Component: The inorganic particles are silica, titanium oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, barium titanium oxide, niobium oxide, indium oxide, zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, lanthanum oxide, strontium titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, holmium oxide, bismuth oxide, cerium oxide, alumina, carbon black and/or carbon nanotube, preferably silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of volatile solvent is 8-60 weight%. Preferred Component: The non-volatile ionic liquid is quaternized imidazolium derivative, quaternized pyridimium derivative and/or quaternized ammonium derivative, preferably quaternized imidazolium derivative. The volatile solvent is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cathode support material comprises mesophase carbon microbead powder (50-90%); graphite powder (5-40%); and zinc oxide, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide or silicon oxide (5-30%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The predetermined temperature (T) and martensitic transformation start temperature (M) satisfies the relation: 50 less than or equal to T less than or equal to M-20. Preferred Composition: The material of the steel material contains (in mass%) carbon (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.5), silicon (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2), manganese (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 2), chromium (5-13), nitrogen (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.1), aluminum (greater than 0 and less than or equal to 0.05), and molybdenum and tungsten (0.2-4), vanadium, niobium and/or tantalum (0.02-0.6), boron (0.002-0.02), and nickel, copper and/or cobalt (0.05-4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fabric is made of high conductive metal wires such as copper, silver, or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The coating is on top of the fabric facing incident light. The coating comprises grooves and/or mirror coating, and coloring matter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - TEXTILES AND PAPER - Preferred Components: The fabric is weave or knitting. The fabric is part of multilayer structure. The fabric is covered by coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor nanomaterials are selected from a group consisting of group 4 intrinsic semiconductors, group 4-4 compound semiconductors, group 3-5 compound semiconductors, group 2-6 compound semiconductors and group 4-6 compound semiconductors.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silicon-containing gas is chosen from silane, disilane, chlorosilane, dichlorosilane, trimethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, tetraethoxysilane, triethoxyfluorosilane, 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, dimethyldiethoxy silane and/or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane. The carbon-containing gas is chosen from methane, propylene, propyne, propane, butane, butylene, butadiene, acetelyne, pentane, pentene, pentadiene, cyclopentane, cyclopentadiene, benzene, toluene, alpha terpinene, phenol, cymene and/or norbornadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous anodic film comprises copper oxide, copper chloride, and copper phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is a dopant for doping the conductive particle. The polymer is selected from polyacrylic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, perfluorocarbonsulfonic acid, sodium polyacrylate, sodium polyanetholesulfonate, and/or nitrocellulose. The conductive particle is CNT or metallic particle, and the polymer has an electron-withdrawing group. The cover layer covers the upper and lower portions of the CNT layer. The ratio of the cover layer is defined as a weight percent of the conductive particle present in the cover layer divided by the sum of the weight of the CNT layer and the weight of the conductive particle present in the cover layer, and the ratio of the cover layer is up to 60%. The conductive particle is CNT, the polymer is polyacrylic acid, and the ratio of the cover layer is up to 40%. The substrate comprises a polymer. The polymer is selected from polyethylene terephthalate and/or polyethylene naphthalate. Preferred Method: In method (M1), a solution comprising carbon nanotubes and a dispersing agent is used to form the carbon nanotube layer, following which the dispersing agent is removed from the carbon nanotube layer. The CNT layer is formed from a polar solution that comprises acid treated CNTs. When a ratio of the cover layer is defined as a weight percent of the conductive particle present in the cover layer with respect to the sum of the weight of the CNT layer and the weight of the conductive particle present in the cover layer, the types of the conductive particle or polymer or the formation positions of the cover layer are changed to determine the ratio of the cover layer. The CNT layer or the cover layer is formed to be in contact with a substrate. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The silicon- containing gas is selected from a group comprising silicon tetrachloride, silane and halogenated silane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst is selected from a group comprising gold, copper, iron, nickel and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The baked talc has average particle diameter of 2-15 mu m. The surface-modified silica has particle diameter of 1-4 mu m measured by Coulter-counter method, BrunauerEmmettTeller specific surface area of 30-80 m2/g and surface-modification processing degree of silica of 50 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The nonconjugated polyene is norbornene compound of formula (I).n=0-10;R1=H or 1-10C alkyl;andR2=H or 1-5C alkyl.Preferred Properties: The content of baked talc is 2-50 weight parts with respect to ethylene- alpha -olefin/nonconjugated polyene copolymer and other resin component in the resin composition (100 weight parts). The total content of baked talc, surface-modified silica and carbon black is 10-60 weight parts with respect to ethylene- alpha -olefin/nonconjugated polyene copolymer and other resin component in the resin composition (100 weight parts). Preferred Compound: The resin component in the rubber composition is ethylene- alpha -olefin/nonconjugated polyene copolymer. Preferred Composition: The resin composition further contains surface-modified silica obtained by surface-modifying sedimented silica and/or carbon black having iodine adsorption amount of 80 mg/g or less, average particle diameter of 250 nm or less and dibutyl phthalate adsorbed quantity of 10-300 cm3/100 g, and silicon compound of formula: H-Si(-R3)2-(O-Si(-R3)2)a-R4-(Si(-R3)2-O)b-Si(-R3)2-H (II) having two silane groups in a molecule and/or a silicon compound of formula (III) having three silane groups in a molecule.R3,R5=optionally substituted 1-10C monovalent group or aromatic hydrocarbyl;a-c=0-20;R4=1-30C bivalent organic group or oxygen;andR6=1-30C trivalent organic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The working electrode and counter electrode are joined by a joining layer that contains an ionomer, ethylene-vinyl acetic anhydride copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetic anhydride copolymer, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, UV-ray cured resin and group of vinyl alcohol polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The half value width of zinc oxide single crystal by X-ray-rocking-curve measurement in surface (0002) reflection is 50 seconds or less. The zinc oxide single crystal has the length of 15 mm or more, room temperature mobility of more than 100 to less than 300 cm2/ V.second, and specific resistance of 1x 10-3-1x 103 ( Omega .cm). Preferred Composition: The zinc oxide single crystal has nitrogen content of less than 1x 1018 atoms/cm3, aluminum concentration of less than 2x 1014 atoms/cm3, and carrier concentration of 1x 1014-1x 1018 atoms/cm3 in room temperature, during crystallization. The zinc oxide single crystal contains 1 or 2 types of 1asterisk1016-1asterisk1020 atoms/cm3 of trivalent metallic element. The content of platinum group elements other than platinum is 5-30 weight%. The platinum group element other than platinum is iridium. The solution used for growing the crystal does not contain an ammonium ion and lithium ion. Preferred Process: The zinc oxide single crystal is grown by using a solution having lithium concentration of less than 1 ppm (based on weight).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive resin is propylene type-resin having stress relaxation property and density of 0.85-0.89 g/cm3, or acid modified-polypropylene type-resin. The sealing material consists of blended material containing acid modified-polypropylene type-resin and polypropylene resin in weight ratio of 100:5 to 100:50. The substrate is formed using aluminum, stainless steel, or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The acid etchant resistant belt is formed from a plastic comprising Teflon(RTM: PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer formed between back surface of base layer and dielectric layer consists of amorphous silicon. The dielectric layer consists of silicon nitride and silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer consists of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The nozzle portion consists of a silicon-oxide layer provided on the surface of surface-layer portion. The nozzle portion consists of a main component comprising silicon nitride ceramics. The surface-layer portion consists of silicon oxynitride ceramics surrounding the main component. The surface-layer portion is formed by oxidizing the nozzle portion. The entire nozzle portion consists of silicon oxynitride ceramics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The thin plate is a metal material which is an iron-nickel series alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The base material is polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass powder is binary type glass chosen from lead oxide-silica and lead oxide-boric oxide. Preferred Composition: The glass powder further comprises 5 mol% or less of titania, silica, alumina, zirconia and nickel oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The testing of the total light transmittance of the plastic transparent material is performed according to the JIS K7361-1 and ISO 13468 standards. The surface resistivity of the transparent conductive film is measured according to the JISK6911, JISK7194 and ASTMD257 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass powder which does not contain lead oxide (PbO) is binary system glass of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)-boric oxide (B2O3). The trace components (0-5 mol%) of glass powder are titanium dioxide (TiO2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and nickel oxide (NiO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrode board contains synthetic resin as main component. The adhesive coating film contains room temperature hardenable resin composition. The frame material with gas barrier property contains resin composition which has ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EvOH) as main component. The fluorine compound component is fluoropolyether compound which has greater than or equal to 2 pieces of hydrolyzable group and perfluoropolyether structure in principal chain of molecule. The siloxane compound component is polyorganosiloxane compound which has greater than or equal to 2 pieces of hydrolyzable group in 1 molecule. The mixture ratio of siloxane compound component in resin composition which forms adhesive coating film is 5-100 weight part with respect to 100 weight part of fluorine compound components.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal back surface electrode has orientation control layer (3) containing chromium, vanadium, chromium alloy and/or vanadium alloy or ruthenium-aluminum alloy, orientation layer (4) containing molybdenum or its alloy, tungsten or its alloy, niobium or its alloy, tantalum and/or its alloy, seed layer (2) containing cobalt, nickel and/or iron, and elements chosen from tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and niobium preferably tungsten and/or molybdenum, and ruthenium and/or rhenium, or nickel-phosphorus alloy, molybdenum-phosphorus alloy, chromium-phosphorus alloy, iron-phosphorus alloy and/or manganese-phosphorus alloy. The solar cell further has n-type buffer layer (6) containing cadmium-sulfur alloy, indium-sulfur alloy, zinc-sulfur alloy and/or zinc-magnesium-oxygen alloy. The semiconductor contains copper or silver as I group element, gallium, indium and/or aluminum as III group element and sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium as VI group element. The transparent electrode contains indium tin oxide, complex oxide of zinc oxide and alumina, complex oxide of indium oxide and zinc oxide and/or complex oxide of zinc oxide and germanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The adhesive coating film contains room temperature hardenable resin composition or resin composition containing siloxane compound and fluorine compound. The frame contains resin composition comprising ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer as main component. The fluorine compound is fluoropolyether compound having hydrolyzable groups in a molecule and perfluoropolyether structure in the principal chain of the molecule.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Iodine compound is an ionic liquid and an ionic liquid with viscosity of 10-30 mPa.s apart from the iodine compound. The electrolyte solution further contains lithium salt and/or preferably guanidine salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Semiconductor: The band gap is 0.5-3.0 eV. The semiconductor carbon film is n-type or p-type. The polycyclic carbon containing carbon atoms in the rings are substituted by atoms chosen from nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, boron, aluminum, gallium and indium. The semiconductor carbon film is doped with fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Preferred Method: The raw material of the semiconductor carbon film is thermally decomposed at 650-1600 degrees C in gaseous phase, and the semiconductor carbon film the shaped into a film on a substrate by contacting the substrate with the gaseous phase. The raw material of the semiconductor carbon film is thermally decomposed in a gaseous phase and the semiconductor carbon film is shaped into a film on a substrate by contacting the substrate with the gaseous phase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw materials are chosen from menthol, ethanol, methanol, camphor, borneol, hinokitiol, linalool, limonene, thujone, cineol, turpentine oil and pinene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid component of polyimide precursor (A) is 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid component, 2,3,3',4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride component and/or pyromellitic acid component. The polyimide precursor obtained from diamine component is p-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylether and/or 1,3-bis(4-amino phenoxy) benzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The optical substrate is dielectric mirror, X-ray mirror, interference filter, diffractive grating, and/or waveguide. The coating is selectively doped to provide a doped light-emitting layer having luminescent ions selected from Mn2+, Sb3+, Sn2+, Bi3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Eu2+, Gd3+, and/or Tm3+. The hafnium and/or zirconium oxy hydroxy compound comprises sulfate. The sulfate is subsequently removed by ion exchange with an aqueous basic solution. The basic solution comprises a group (I) metal hydroxide, soluble group (II) metal hydroxide, soluble group (III) metal hydroxide, soluble lanthanide hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and/or aqueous tertiary amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: 6,12-Diaryl indolo (3,2-b)-carbazole derivative of formula (1) is subjected to oxidation polymerization, to obtain organic electroconductive polymer of formula (2). The organic electroconductive polymer is doped by electron-accepting substance chosen from halogen, proton acid, polymeric proton acid, Lewis'acid, transition metal salt, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyano quinodimethane, chloranil or oxygen.Ar=3-20C aryl optionally having substituent;R1=H, alkyl, alkenyl, acyl, sulfonyl or 3-20C aryl optionally having substituent, preferably H, alkyl or 3-20C aryl optionally having substituent;andR2=H, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkoxy alkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, amide, nitro, cyano, sulfonyl, optionally substituted amino or 3-20C aryl optionally having substituent. EXAMPLE - 6,12-diphenyl-indolo (3,2-b)carbazole (in g) (3.01), dimethoxyethane (160) and iron-chloride (III) (6.43) were added into nitrogen-substituted flask, heat-refluxed at room temperature for 5 hours, cooled, suction filtration was carried out, the obtained filtered solid was washed using 130 ml of 6N-hydrochloric acid, water-washed, washed using methanol (20), and the obtained residue was dried at 60 degrees C under reduced pressure, to obtain poly(6,12-diphenyl-indolo (3,2-b)carbazole-2,8-diyl).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal electrode layer contains a material selected from Al, Ag, Au, Pt, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, and Ti.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The layer (a) has ratio of atom-number of dopant with respect to sum total atom-number of titanium and dopant of 2-7 atomic%. The thickness of the layer (b) is 3 nm or more. Preferred Composition: The substance contains glass. The titanium oxide layer (a) and titanium oxide layer (b) contain an element of group 5,6,7,10,15,16 or 17 in periodic table. Preferred Component: The dopant is niobium or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The mass ratio of the branched fluorine-containing elastomer with respect to linear fluorine-containing polymer is 95/5-55/45. The peroxide crosslinking-type fluorine-containing elastomer composition has Mooney-viscosity (ML1+10:100 degrees C) of 10-120. The addition amount of unsaturated compound of formula (1) is 0-10 mass% with respect to total additional amounts of ethylenic unsaturated compound added in polymerization system after addition of polymerization initiator. Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing elastomer is obtained by co-polymerizing ethylenic unsaturated compound containing fluoro olefin chosen from unsaturated compound of formula (1) and/or bis-olefin. The unsaturated compound is of formula: CY12=CY2RfX1 (1).Y1,Y2=H, fluoro or -CH3;Rf=linear or branched fluorine-containing alkylene optionally having ether linkage-property oxygen atom and substituted with fluoro;andX1=iodo or bromo.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor electrode substrate which has porous semiconductor immersed in varnish, and makes dye adsorbed to porous semiconductor. The dye-sensitized solar cell which is equipped with the electrolyte is interposed between the semiconductor electrode and counter electrode. EXAMPLE - 2,5-Dibromo-3-diethoxy phosphoryl thiophene, 2,2'-bipyridyl-1,5-cyclooctadiene, bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel and 1,4-dioxane were mixed and heated at 60 degrees C for 20 hours. The obtained reaction liquid was filter and washed using aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Then, sodium sulfate was added, dried and solvent was distilled off, to obtain phosphoryl thiophene derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The Mooney viscosity of the elastomer is 10-80 at 121 degrees C. Preferred Component: The fluorine-containing elastomer has carboxyl group in a side chain. The crosslinking agent in crosslinking composition or fluorine-containing elastomer composition is tetramine-type crosslinking agent. The fluorine-containing elastomer is fluorine-containing elastomer obtained by carrying out acid coagulation of fluorine-containing elastomer. Preferred Process: The fluorine-containing elastomer is obtained by co-polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene, propylene and carboxyl group-containing vinyl monomer at 5-50 degrees C in presence of reducing agent and peroxide. EXAMPLE - Fluorinated compound of formula: CH2=CFCF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 (5) (in g) (0.153), fluorinated compound of formula: CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 (6) (3.06), pure water (1530 ml), and isopentane (0.04 ml) were mixed with monomer mixture of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, to obtain dispersion liquid. The obtained dispersion liquid (765), fluorinated compound (5) (0.765), fluorinated compound (6) (1.53), sodium sulfite (20), monomer mixture of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene, polymerization initiator solution containing ammonium persulfate (0.5 g) and pure water (5 ml), dimethyl malonate (1.6) and fluorinated compound of formula: CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2COOH (7) (0.96) were mixed and polymerized, to obtain tetrafluoroethylene/propylene/CF2=CFOCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2COOH copolymer having Mooney viscosity of 75 at 121 degrees C. The fluorine-containing elastomer was manufactured using the obtained copolymer, and had excellent amine resistance, heat resistance and chemical resistance with reduced gel content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The preferable content of solvent (a) is 90-95 weight%. The conjugated polymer compound contains a thiophene ring system. The solvent (a) is an aromatic compound with a substituent. Preferred Compounds: The solvent (b) is linear alkane, branch-like alkane or cycloalkane, and linear alcohol, branch-like alcohol or alicyclic alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The solar cell contains ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin sheet (3) as packing material of photovoltaic cell. EXAMPLE - Butyl 065 (RTM: butyl rubber), Septon 2063 (RTM: styrene based block copolymer), YS resin To115 (RTM: styrene modified terpene), Sumilizer GA-80 (RTM: phenolic antioxidant), Irgafos 168 (RTM: phosphorus type antioxidant), Biscole 550P (RTM: paraffin wax), HV-300 (RTM: liquid polybutene) and 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane were used to prepare a hot-melt resin composition. The composition had excellent adhesiveness with respect to aluminum or glass and excellent ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer resin sheet contamination proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of gallium in copper-gallium alloy ingot is 10-50 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Film: The transparent conductive film includes 1-3 wt.% of aluminum and boron, or 1-3 wt.% of gallium and boron. The content of boron in transparent conductive film is 0.1-1 wt.%. The substrate is rigid substrate or flexible substrate. An electrode layer(s) (22,23) is disposed between the substrate and transparent conductive film. The electrode layer is a metal layer containing transparent conductive oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wet etchant is an alkaline wet etchant, which is an etchant including an alkaline solution (0.5-23.5 wt.%) and surfactant (0.01-0.1 wt.%) in pure water. The alkaline solution is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and/or ammonium hydroxide. The substrate is a single crystal silicon substrate or a polycrystalline substrate. The wet etchant is an acidic wet etchant, which is an etchant including the surfactant in an acidic wet etch solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and nitric acid (HNO3). The acidic wet etchant is an etchant including HF solution (5-30 wt.%), HNO3 solution (29-75 wt.%), and surfactant (0.1-3 wt.%) in pure water. The surfactant is fluorine-containing surfactant. Preferred Method: Texturing comprises generating air bubbles (204) by reacting the wet etchant and the substrate, where bubbles adhere on a surface of the substrate, and an etchant rate of first portions of the surface on which the bubbles are adhered is different from an etchant rate of second portions of the surface on which the bubbles are not adhered.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The (meth)acrylic-type photocurable composition has volume shrinkage rate of 6-8% before hardening, and viscosity of 5-1000 mPa.second at 23 degrees C. The texture layer has glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more and thickness of 0.3-30 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The zinc oxide compound is an inorganic zinc compound. A p-n assembly substrate is also included, which is coated with glass, sapphire, silicon, gallium arsenide or silicon carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc oxide compound is selected from carboxylic acid salt of zinc or zinc alkoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor nanocrystals comprises lead sulfide core. The first matrix material is silica sol-gel. The semiconductor nanocrystals are two or more semiconductor nanocrystals. Preferred Methods: The method includes adding the shaped article in LED. The first step comprises dissolving the first matrix material in solvent to form first matrix material solution, dissolving semiconductor nanocrystals in the same solvent to form semiconductor nanocrystal solution, mixing the two solutions to form semiconductor nanocrystal-first matrix material solution, and evaporating the solvent from the semiconductor nanocrystal-first matrix material solution to form preform material. The second step is carried out by injection molding, extrusion molding, blow molding, compression molding, contact molding, impression molding, press molding, or resin transfer molding the preform material. The forming of preform material is preferably by injection molding. Preferred Properties: Upon excitation the shaped article emits light in infrared range.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The shaped article comprises optical epoxy. The first material is matrix or polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is sodium, potassium and lithium, and comprises sodium sulfide. The Group IB material is copper (Cu). The layer of the Group IIIA material is indium (In) and gallium (Ga). The metallic stack is Cu/Ga/In, Cu/Ga/Cu/In, Ga/Cu/In, In/Cu/Ga, Cu/In/Ga, In/Cu/Ga/Cu, In/Cu/Ga/In, In/Cu/In/Ga, In/Cu/Ga/In/Cu, In/Cu/In/Ga/Cu, Ga/Cu/In/Cu, Ga/Cu/In/Ga, Ga/Cu/Ga/In, Ga/Cu/In/Ga/Cu, Ga/Cu/Ga/In/Cu, Ga/In/Cu, Ga/In/Cu/Ga, Ga/In/Cu/In, Ga/In/Cu/Ga/Cu, Ga/In/Cu/In/Cu, Ga/In/Ga/Cu, In/Ga/Cu, In/Ga/Cu/In, In/Ga/Cu/Ga/Cu and In/Ga/Cu/In/Cu.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solution that forms buffer layer material comprises Cd, Zn and/or In, in addition to a sulfur source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step (b) comprises heating the CIGS material to 30-85 degrees C, preferably 60 degrees C for 10-80 minutes, preferably 60 minutes. The CIGS material disposed on an electrically conducting substrate is treated. The method comprises: contacting the CIGS material with a eutectic solvent or aqueous solution that comprises thiourea and choline chloride at a 2:1 molar ratio (thioureaxholine chloride); and step (b). The providing step comprises disposing a CIGS semiconductor film on a glass substrate comprising an electrically conducting substrate. The preparing step comprises washing and then drying the CIGS material. The method further comprises disposing a buffer layer on the CIGS material prior to disposing the front contact. The disposing the buffer layer comprises disposing a layer of chemical deliver system. The disposing the front contact comprises disposing a transparent conductive oxide. The disposing a transparent conductive oxide comprises disposing zinc oxide. Preferred Components: The ionic solvent comprises thiourea, where the concentration of thiourea is 0.01-1M, preferably 0.6M. The eutectic solvent and the aqueous solution comprise 2M or 0.6M of thiourea and 1M or 0.3M of choline chloride. EXAMPLE - Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) substrate was rinsed with deionized water and dipped in a chemical bath to deposit a 500 A thick cadmium sulfide film on the CIGS. The chemical bath comprised 0.0015M of cadmium sulfate, 2.25M of ammonium hydroxide and 0.075M of thiourea. The cadmium sulfide film was deposited over a period of 20 minutes at 53-56 degrees C. The CIGS substrate was then washed with deionized water, air dried and annealed at 150 degrees C for 30 minutes to obtain treated CIGS substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cleaning bath in the apparatus is washed with oxidation drying part made of silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ether is straight-chain ether or branched-chain ether. The ester is fatty acid ester or aromatic derivative. The alcohol is monohydric alcohol. The alcohol-ether compound is oligomer of low molecular weight polyol. The additive is a mixture containing complexing agent and surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The particles have a diameter of less than 1 mu m and a crystal structure of 200 nm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The alicyclic tertiary monoamine is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound of formula (6). A dehydrating agent is used in the manufacture of polyimide-type material. The dehydrating agent is acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, benzoic anhydride or carbodiimide compound.R=1-4c alkyl;X'=oxygen or sulfur;l=0 or 1;andm,n=0-2.Preferred Properties: The polyamic acid and/or a polyimide have weight average molecular weight of 50000-500000 based on polystyrene conversion. The polyimide-type material contains acyl compound and aromatic imino formation compound in the ratio of 1.000:0.960-1.000:0.995. Preferred Method: The polyamic acid is imidated in presence of alicyclic tertiary monoamine. The polyimide-type material is obtained by further reacting aromatic diamine compound having sum total Hammet substituent constant ( sigma ) of -0.11 to 2, where the sum total Hammet substituent constant is not included on the basis of amino group. EXAMPLE - Bis(4-(3-amino phenoxy)phenyl)sulfone (in g) (9.88), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (60 ml) and 2,3,5-tricarboxy cyclopentyl acetic acid dianhydride and (5.12) were mixed and reacted at room temperature for 12 hours, to obtain polyamic acid. Then, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (75 ml) was added, diluted, pyridine (7.4 ml) and acetic anhydride (6.5 ml) were added and imidated by stirring at 110 degrees C for 6 hours, to obtain polymer. The obtained polymer was vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C, dissolved in N,N- dimethylacetamide, coated on polyethylene terephthalate substrate and dried, to obtain film. The obtained film had excellent heat resistance and transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ternary system is of formula (II) or (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Disclosed): An aromatic heterocyclic group-containing compound of formula: X-Ar'-X and imine group-containing compound of formula: Ar"-NH-Ar'-NH-Ar"are reacted to obtain a high molecular compound of formula: -(Ar'-N(-Ar")-Ar'-N(-Ar")) n-.X=halo or CF 3SO 2O-;Ar'=optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group;Ar"=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic heterocyclic group;andn=not defined.Preferred Compound: The organic compound has two or more crosslinkable groups. The organic compound is a high molecular compound with molecular weight distribution. Preferred Group: The optionally substituted bivalent pyrene ring is of formula (I or II). The bivalent group is of formula: -N(-Ar 1)-Ar 2-. The crosslinkable group is of formula (a-l).Ar 1,Ar 2,Ar 11=optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group;andR 1-R 6=H or alkyl.Preferred Property: The organic compound has molecular weight of 2000 or more. EXAMPLE - 2-(7-(1,3,2-dioxaborinan-2-yl)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane (in g) (2.407), 3-(((6-(2,7-dibromo-9-(6-((3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methoxy)hexyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)hexyl)oxy)methyl)-3-methyloxetane (0.327), and 1,6-dibromo-pyrene and 1,8-dibromo-pyrene (1.530) were mixed in presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.108), toluene (46 ml) and aqueous solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide (20 ml) to obtain pyrene-containing compound of formula (i) with weight average molecular weight of 77000 and number average molecular weight of 39000. An organic electroluminescent element formed using the pyrene-containing compound (i) had excellent luminous efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive part moisture barrier (8) is made of metal evaporated polyester film, laminated film of metal layer, insulating resin film, or metal oxide evaporated polyester film. The flexible surface protection thin film layer comprises layer(s) of transparent fluorine resin film, transparent metal oxide evaporated polyester film and ultraviolet ray shielding adhesive layer for bonding the first two films. The flexible adhesive resin layer is made of crosslinked resin film containing crosslinked ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer. The flexible adhesive resin layer cover the total surface area of surface side of the solar cell layer, and extends towards the outer side of the solar cell layer to join with the flexible waterproof support membrane. The flexible adhesive resin layer extends between the solar cell layer and the flexible waterproof support membrane such that the back face side of the solar cell layer is bonded to the flexible waterproof support membrane. The conductive part moisture barrier is between the flexible adhesive resin layer and flexible surface protection thin film layer. The crosslinked resin layer is connected with the flexible surface protection thin film layer and the flexible adhesive resin layer and the edge parts of the flexible surface protection thin film layer and the flexible waterproof support membrane. The crosslinked resin layer is at least two solidified crosslinker. The crosslinker is epoxy resin, isocyanate compound, or coupling agent compound. The crosslinked resin layer (6) contains acrylic resin with primary amine group or fluoroolefin-vinyl copolymer resin with hydroxyl group and carboxy group. Preferred Properties: The area of the flexible surface protection thin film layer is 120-200% of total surface area of the solar cell layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The photovoltaic structure comprises an n-type gallium arsenide based compound substrate; an n-type indium aluminum phosphide based back surface field layer on the n-type gallium arsenide based compound substrate; an n-type indium gallium phosphide based base layer on the back surface field layer; a p-type indium gallium phosphide based emitter layer on the base layer; a p-type indium aluminum phosphide based window layer on the emitter layer, where the window layer is an alloy composition including the common component and a second component; a p-type indium aluminum gallium phosphide based added layer between the emitter layer and the window layer; and a p-type gallium arsenide ohmic contact layer on the window layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The fiber membrane consists of polysulfone and polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Carrier: The carrier is a silica gel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The chelating agent is a compound having amino group, carboxy group, mercapto group, and/or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The high-molecular compound is a conjugated polymer. The main structure of the polymer chain is polythiophene, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene). The dispersion liquid contains poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene) and polystyrene 4-sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The electron accepting substance is halogen, proton acid, polymeric proton acid, Lewis acid, transition metal salt, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyano quinodimethane, chloranil and/or oxygen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal of anode is aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, indium or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The active layer contains conjugated polymer compound and fullerene derivative. The solution used for forming functional layer contains polymer compound and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The alkaline solution contains potassium hydroxide and water. The substrate is pre-cleaned (103) with solution containing hydrofluoric acid and deionized water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The surface modification additive contains wetting agent containing polyether or non-ionic surfactant and etching additive. The wetting agent is polyethylene glycol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polypropylene glycol, or copolymer polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol. The etching additive is poly(4-vinylphenol), brominated poly(4-vinylphenol), polystyrene sulfonic acid, Joncryl (RTM: polymer), phenol, ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, para-cresol or poly(cresol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The monomer is thiophene or thiophene derivative. The oxidizing agent is hypervalent iodine compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The polymerization is terminated when the yield of conductive polymer nano fine-particles is 50-75%. Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive substrate is made of indium selenide and tin (In2O3:Sn), tin oxide and iron (SnO2:Fe), zinc oxide and aluminum (ZnO:Al), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al) or silver (Ag). Selenium (Se) or sulfur (S) is added in the hydrazine solution to prepare another solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin matrix is polyacrylic ester or polyester having carboxyl or hydroxide group. The curing functional group is amino group, carboxyl or hydroxide group. The curing agent is epoxy resin or isocyanate or carbodiimide curing agent. The adhesion layer further comprises curing catalyst, anti-hydrolytic stabilizer and silane coupling agent. The protection layer further comprises a top coating coated on the surface of the fluorine-contained coating and obtained by curing the bi-component high temperature curing glue. The top coating is polyacrylic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The fiber glass is crushed non-alkali insulating fiber glass. Preferred Properties: The fiber glass has a diameter of 5-20 mu m; is corrosion resistant and aging resistant; and has insulating property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photo-catalyst film comprises titanium dioxide and the transparent conductive film is selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles e.g. silica, carbon, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, iron, cobalt, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, ruthenium, zinc oxide, cerium, molybdenum and aluminum oxide are introduced in the micropassage.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The proton conducting layer is chosen among Nafion (RTM: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer), Polybenzimidazole, Sulfonated polyimide and Sulfonated Polyetherethercetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred features: The overflows are pipes or troughs whose inlet does not interfere with the transport of the articles and whose outlet feeds fluid into a collecting tank (13) below the treatment tank. The level of fluid in the treatment tank is higher than the rims of the overflows. The electrical contacts (6) are fine wires or flexible strips. The conveyor is made up of rollers (3) fitted with rings (4) which are offset transversely from roller to roller. The contacts are positioned over the overflow inlets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrically conducting and light reflecting layer is made of aluminum and/or silver. The metal layer is made of copper and aluminum. The organic electrically conducting layer is made from one of a group consisting of polyacetylene, polyphenylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, polyvinylene and polyaniline and copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas barrier layer contains silicon-metal complex oxide (SiXO), where X is titanium, aluminum, magnesium or niobium. Preferred Property: The concentration of titanium with respect to silicon in the silicon titanium complex oxide is 0.2-40 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The surface roughness of the plastic film is 10 nm or less based on JIS B 0601.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A smooth layer laminated on plastic film and/or a protective layer laminated on the gas barrier layer contains amino-type resin. Preferred Properties: The ratio of surface area of smooth layer and surface area of plastic film is less than or equal to 1.0010 and ratio of surface area of protective film and surface area of plastic film is less than or equal to 1.0050, measuring with viewing side product having length of a side of 2 mu m square using atomic force microscope. The gas barrier film has thickness of 50-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total weight concentration of aluminum and/or tin doped inorganic layer (a) is 0.2-40%. The total weight concentration of aluminum, tin, titanium, and/or germanium doped inorganic layer (b) is 0.2-40%. Preferred Properties: The thickness of the inorganic layer (a) is 20-100 nm. The thickness of the inorganic layer (b) is 20-400 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium complex anion is titanium fluoride acid ion and the hydrolysis promoter is a compound containing boron or aluminum. Preferred Property: The outer diameter of organic material is 1 nm to 10 mu m. Preferred Condition: The process of coating organic material with titanium oxide is carried out at 10-90 degrees C. Preferred Process: The process of removing organic material from reaction product is carried out by baking the reaction product at 250-400 degrees C or 400-800 degrees C, contacting the reaction product with alkaline aqueous solution of pH of 11-14 or contacting the reaction product with organic solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-crystalline thermoplastic resin is chosen from polyether imide, polyether sulfone and/or polysulfone. The crystalline thermoplastic resin is aromatic polyether ketone or thermoplastic crystalline polyimide. The polyester is chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and/or their modified components. Preferred Property: The non-crystalline thermoplastic resin and crystalline thermoplastic resin forms a dispersed phase in polyester. The diameter of mean dispersion of non-crystalline thermoplastic resin is 1-50 nm and the diameter of mean dispersion of crystalline thermoplastic resin is 50-500 nm. The film has temperature coefficient of expansion of -5 to 8 ppm/ degrees C and humidity coefficient of expansion of 0-6 ppm/% relative humidity in film width direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biaxially oriented polyester film further contains alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt of montanic acid as crystal nucleating agents (0.2-1 mass%). The polyester is polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene-2,6-naphthalate and/or their modified bodies. The polyimide is polyether imide. Preferred Parameter: The temperature coefficient of expansion of film width direction is - 5-8 ppm/ degrees C. The humidity coefficient of expansion of film width direction of 0-6 ppm/% relative humidity (RH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The cycloalkyl group-containing acrylic type monomer is cyclohexyl group-containing acrylic type monomer. The monomer mixture contains 30 mass% or less of hydroxyl-containing acrylic type monomer with respect to the whole quantity of the acrylic type monomers. The acrylic type polymer has weight average molecular weight of 20000 or more. The coating membrane has thickness of 10 mu m or less. EXAMPLE - Methyl methacrylate (in mass parts) (94.8), cyclohexyl acrylate (160.1), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (32.3), butyl acrylate (9.1), methacrylic acid (2.3) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidyl-4-methacrylate (6.1) were mixed to obtain monomer mixture. ABN-E (RTM: azo initiator) (0.31) and ethylacetate (10) were mixed to obtain initiator solution. The initiator solution (152.35) was added to ethylacetate solution of the monomer mixture (242.6) and the contents were polymerized. Ethylacetate (15) was further added and the polymerized liquid was aged for 300 minutes, and diluted with toluene (371.1) to obtain resin solution containing acrylic type copolymer. The copolymer had weight average molecular weight of 38000 by polystyrene conversion. The resin solution (6.35), Desmodur N3200 (RTM: isocyanate cross-linking agent) (0.14) and toluene (3.51) were mixed to obtain a coating resin composition with solid content of 20%. The coating membrane formed using the composition had excellent affinity with metal thin film, excellent flexibility, solvent resistance, total light transmittance and glossiness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The methanol container further contains (in mass parts) glass fiber (10-50) with respect to the resin composition (100). Preferred Component: The chemical admixture is hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive ion etching process is also performed by sulfur hexafluoride, oxygen and helium gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive ion etching process is performed by trifluoromethane, octofluorocyclobutane and tetrafluoromethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The absorber layer comprises cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). The interface layer comprises: a cadmium rich (CdTe1-x) composition, where x is 0-10; tellurium rich (Cd1-xTe) composition; a first layer comprising CdS; a second layer comprising alloy of cadmium tellurium sulfur (CdTe1-xSx); and a third layer comprising CdTe.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low-refractive-index layer includes silica nanoparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The low-refractive-index layer includes a hybrid material that is a mixture of an organic material and an inorganic material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The low-refractive-index layer includes a silicone resin, preferably a silane coupling material; and a fluoropolymer, preferably an amorphous fluorocarbon polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The primary and secondary materials are chosen from silicon, silicon-germanium, gallium phosphide, gallium-arsenic phosphide, zinc sulfide, germanium, germanium-arsenic, gallium-indium arsenide and zinc-selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The silver complex is a complex of ammonical silver. The reducing agent is reducing sugar. Preferred Methods: The silver nanowire is produced through silver halide. The method further comprises adding reducing agent when heating silver complex. Preferred Property: The silver nanowire has short axis of 5-500 nm in length. EXAMPLE - Silver nitrate powder (0.51 g) was dissolved in 50 mL pure water. Then 1N aqueous ammonia solution was added to resultant solution until producing transparent mixed solution. Pure water was further added to adjust whole volume of the solution to 100 mL to produce additive liquid A. Additive liquid A (20.6 mL) was placed in a three-neck flask and stirred at room temperature. To this liquid, pure water (41 mL), additive liquid H (16.5 mL), and additive liquid G (20.6 mL) were added with funnel, and mixture was heated for 5 hours at 90 degrees C. The temperature of the sample liquid in the three-neck flask during heating was 77 degrees C under atmospheric pressure. The number of revolutions for stirring was 200 rpm. The resultant aqueous dispersion was cooled, centrifuged, and purified until conductivity became less than or equal to 50 mu S/cm, thus obtained aqueous dispersion. The silver nanowires had short axis with length of 15-30 nm and long axis with length of 40-60 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen comprises hydrogen (30-70 wt.%) and nitrogen (30-70 wt.%). Preferred Component: The reducing plasma comprises an argon containing plasma. Preferred Condition: The reducing agent is contacted with the cathode catalyst in an environment comprising less than 50 volume ppm water and/or hydrocarbon; at - 30 to 80 degrees C for 1 second to 1 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrogen precursor is selected from nitrogen atom, hydrazine hydrate, ammonia gas or ammonia solution. The acid treatment is performed using inorganic acid selected from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The alkali treatment is performed using alkali hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nitrogen precursor is preferably 1-6C alkylamine. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyzed solution contains sodium hypophosphate. The transition metal is cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, vanadium, titanium, zirconium or chromium. The low surface area support is graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The vanadium type material contains zirconium-containing fire-resistant filler powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal back surface electrode has laminated structure comprising seed layer (2), orientation control layer (3) and orientation layer (4). The orientation control layer contains chromium, vanadium and their alloy, or ruthenium-aluminum alloy. The orientation layer contains molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and their alloys. The seed layer contains cobalt, nickel and iron, and/or tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and niobium, preferably nickel phosphate, molybdenum (phosphate, chromium phosphate, gold alloy, iron phosphate and manganese phosphate. The p-type I-III-VI group chalco pearlite type compound semiconductor contains sulfur, selenium, tellurium, copper, silver, gallium, indium and/or aluminum. The n-type buffer layer (6) contains cadmium sulfide alloy, indium sulfide alloy, zinc sulfide alloy and zinc-magnesium oxide alloy. The transparent electrode contains indium-tin oxide (In2O3-SnO2), zinc oxide-aluminum oxide (ZnO-Al2O3), indium oixde-zinc oxide (In2O3-ZnO) and zinc oxide-germanium oxide (ZnO-GeO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Pt and Ru are partly replaced with at least one platinum metal selected from Rh, Os and Ir. The T'-element in the largest amount is Al, Si, Ni, W, Mo, V or Cr, the content of the T'-elements atoms connected with oxygen bonds is not more than twice as large as that of the T'-elements atoms connected with metal bonds on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis. T'-element in the largest amount is Ti, Hf, Sn, Ta, Zr or Nb, the content of the T'-elements atoms connected with metal bonds is not larger than that of the T'-elements atoms connected with oxygen bonds on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectrum analysis. The distance between crystal planes in catalyst fine particles is 2.16 to 2.25 Angstrom . The oxygen content in catalyst fine particles is not greater than 25 atm %. The catalyst fine particles have a mean particle size of 0.5-10 nm. The electronically conductive support is carbon black. The conductive support is porous paper containing electrically conductive carbon fibers, an electrode diffusion layer or an electrolyte membrane. Preferred Process: In the process, electronically conductive support is kept at 10-400 degrees C. The alloy target is used or otherwise at least two metals are simultaneously sputtered in the sputtering process. The catalyst particles are formed by sputtering or by vapor-deposition, and then subjected to an acid-washing treatment or to a heating treatment. The heating treatment is carried out at 10-400 degrees c under an oxygen partial pressure of less than 5%. Preferred Definitions:    y=1-10 atm %.    EXAMPLE - A fuel cell catalyst comprising (%): corbon black support; and alloy composition of platinum, ruthenium, germanium and tungsten, was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Alloy: The alloy (A1) comprises platinum-nickel qualified by a crystallographic orientation of at least one of (100), (110) and (111) orientation. The alloy (A1) containing a thin film or nano-cluster. The alloy in the form of nanoparticle is disposed in a high surface area carbon substrate. Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from cobalt, nickel, titanium, chromium, vanadium zirconium manganese and iron. The layers include a first surface layer composed of pure Pt, a second layer having an elevated level of nickel, and a third layer having an elevated level of Pt. The content of the second layer is 30-60% of nickel, and the content of the third layer is 75-95% of Pt. The first layer is qualified by a contraction at a potential of at least about 0.8 V. Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves disposing the nanosegregated Pt alloy (A1) on at least one substrates used in a fuel cell, where the substrates are selected from carbon, metal oxides, metals, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires. In the process (P1), the period is 120 minutes to 1000 minutes or 20 minutes to 360 minutes. The temperature profile is a constant temperature of 350-1000 degrees C. The environment comprises an atmosphere of N2, H2 and/or Ar gas or vacuum conditions. The sample comprises a Pt3Ni single crystal, and the period and temperature are selected to obtain the nanosegregated Pt alloy (A1) with a first layer composed substantially of Pt, a second layer having an elevated level of Ni, and a third layer having an elevated level of Pt. The period and temperature are selected such that the nanosegregated Pt alloy is qualified by a surface activity of at least 2 mA/cm2 at 0.9 V. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compound (Pc-1) can be of formula (Pc-2).X=F or Cl;M=Si, Ge or tin (Sn); andR=1-30C substituent where part is bonded with C or -OSi.Preferred Process: The thin film containing greater than or equal to 5 mass% of compounds is obtained by coating and drying minute particle dispersion. Preferred Definitions:    M=Sn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photocurable composition comprises (in mass%) hardening resin having fluorine, compound which does not have fluorine (50-98), compound having carbon-carbon unsaturated double bond(s) (0.1-45), fluorine-containing surfactant (0.1-20) and photoinitiator (1-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The ball which moves in flow path supplying air from exterior to container of cartridge is formed of polypropylene, polyethylene, polyoxymethylene, polybutylene, polyacryl, Teflon (RTM: PTFE) and resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxide semiconductor is titanium oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The dye compound (1) contains acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A polymer film made of polyaniline, polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) is formed in the surface of brush-shaped carbon nanotube group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive carbon is selected from the group consisting of graphite, Ketchen Black, and carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carbon containing catalyst layer comprises porous resin sheet made of fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises: reacting a bis 6H-2-oxa-pyrene-1,3-dione compound of formula (II) with an amine compound of formula (III). Preferred Definitions:    m = 5;    n = 2; and    x = 0.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Compounds (I) are disclosed i.e. 2,9-bis-(2-pentafluorophenyl-ethyl)-anthra(2,1,9-def;6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetraone of formula (Ia), 1,3,8,10-tetraoxo-2,9-bis-(2-pentafluorophenyl-ethyl)-1,2,3,8,9,10-hexahydro-anthra(2,1,9-def;6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-5,12-dicarbonitrile, and 1,3,8,10-tetraoxo-2,9-bis-(2-pentafluorophenyl-ethyl)-1,2,3,8,9,10-hexahydro-anthra(2,1,9-def;6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-5,13-dicarbonitrile.    EXAMPLE - Lithium aluminum hydride (370 mg) was suspended in dry diethyl ether (10 ml). Aluminum trichloride (1.24 g) was then dissolved in ether (6 ml) and added rapidly to the suspension. After 5 minutes, pentafluorophenylacetonitrile (2 g) dissolved in ether (6 ml) was slowly added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, the remaining lithium aluminum hydride was quenched cautiously with water, then 6N sulfuric acid (16 ml) and water (8 ml) were added and worked up to give 2-pentafluorophenylethylamine. The obtained 2-pentafluorophenylethylamine (200 mg), perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxylic bisanhydride (50 mg), and zinc acetate (5 mg) were suspended under argon in quinoline (0.7 ml), and the mixture was heated to 180 degrees C. The reaction mixture was then added to 2N hydrochloric acid and extracted by shaking three times with chloroform (100 ml). The organic phases were combined, dried over sodium sulfate to give 2,9-bis-(2-pentafluorophenyl-ethyl)-anthra(2,1,9-def;6,5,10-d'e'f')diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10-tetraone (15 mg, 15%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solid material is silica particulates. Preferred Composition: The phosphorus paste further contains silicon alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organophosphorus compound is polymerizable monomer derivative and/or phosphoric acid group. Preferred Property: The organic solvent has boiling point of 100 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic binder is polyvinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molar ratio of silane compound (a) and silane compound (b) is 1/2-1/200. Preferred Condition: The grafting reaction is performed at 130 degrees C or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The photoelectric conversion layer is copper-indium-selenide (CIS) type photoelectric conversion layer (4) containing copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfide as main component. The silicate layer contains silicon-containing component. Preferred Compounds: The copper-indium-gallium-selenium sulfide is of formula: Cu(In1-xGax)(SeyS1-y)2. The silicon-containing component is of formula: aX2O.bY'O.cSiO2.x,y=0-1d;a,b,c=positive integer;X=alkali metal of group-Ia;andY'=alkaline earth metal of group-IIb.Preferred Process: The magnetron sputtering method is high-frequent magnetron sputtering method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate contains heat-resistant polyimide which is aromatic polyimide having diaza-spiro-heptane-tetraone repeating unit of formula (1).Ar1=6-20C tetravalent aromatic group;andAr2=bivalent aromatic group optionally having 6-20C non-reactive substituent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sealing film (13A) preferably contains 0.05-0.15 mass parts of magnesium hydroxide with respect to 100 mass parts of the copolymer. The sealing film (13B) preferably contains 0.1-0.5 mass parts of magnesium hydroxide with respect to 100 mass parts of the copolymer. The sealing film (13B) contains a coloring agent or lubricating agent, chosen from phosphite type compound. Preferred Property: The thickness of the sealing film (13A) is greater than the thickness of the sealing film (13B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The production taking place in an atmosphere where CO2 is added and/or exists and/or is produced in the plasma chamber, O2 in the form of oxygen or as carbonate or bicarbonate is added to the plasma chamber. The optional injection of a hydrogen- and carbon-containing gas into the chamber is carried out. The method (m2) involves adding a carboxyl compound to the material, preferably carboxyl acid, acetate or organic material with high carboxyl content; adding to the material carboxyl and alkaline metal compounds in the form of alkaline metal formate or in the form of water dissolved or non-dissolved alkaline based hydrocolloid (preferably Na, K, Cs alginate, pectin and/or carrageenan). The composite material is infused with water (0-95%), where the preferred moisture of the material is 15-60 (preferably 40)%, where the concentration of alkaline metals is sufficiently high to start and maintain plasma formation at low microwave feed. The composite material is produced only by mixing the components, or by suspending the composite material or part components in a water mixture, where hydrocolloid is added, alkaline metal is added to gel the carbon material. The flocculate is dehydrated, and/or formed and/or dried to powder, granulate, flakes or solid form. Preferred Components: The alkaline metal is cesium, sodium or potassium, preferably as hydroxide or carbonates or bicarbonates, as Si as the only metal not in main group I or II.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactants: The organic composite material contains compounds of carbon, carboxyl and alkaline metal, in dry form or with a liquid, where at least one of the components contains hydrogen. The main component of the material comprises carbon (preferably charcoal, fossil coal, peat, peat moss, cellulose or wood chip).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The overlying layer further comprises nickel. The conductive core further comprises nickel; or a material selected from copper, silver, aluminum, and elemental constituents and alloys having high electrical conductivity. The transparent electrically conductive oxide layer further comprises a conductive oxide selected from zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide and indium tin oxide. An absorber layer of the solar cell comprises copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The deoxidizing bed comprises a deoxidizing catalyst and the pre-reforming bed comprises a pre-reforming catalyst. The deoxidizing catalyst is platinum (Pt)-palladium (Pd) on alumina catalyst, Pt-rhodium (Rh)-based catalyst or Rh-Pd-based alumina catalyst. The pre-reforming catalyst is a nickel-based catalyst. The deoxidizing catalyst is G-74D. The pre-reforming catalyst is C11-PR, CRG-F, CRG-LH or G-180. The propane processing bed comprises a nickel-based carbon resistant catalyst. The carbon resistant catalyst is FCR-HC59. Preferred Method: The method further comprises reducing the propylene in the fuel feedstock using a propane processor unit. The method further comprises removing sulfur-containing compounds from the fuel feedstock in the pre-reforming unit. Preferred Condition: The maximum superficial velocity of the fuel feedstock in the pre-reforming unit is approximately 1.3 ft/second at standard conditions of temperature and pressure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The propane processor unit comprises a propane processing bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The step of providing an ink comprises an end-capped dopant-silicate carrier, a spread-minimizing additive that results in a spreading factor of 1.5-6, and a solvent, where the end-capped dopant-silicate carrier comprises end-capped boron-silicate carrier or end-capped phosphorus-silicate carrier. The step of applying the ink to the semiconductor substrate comprises applying the ink to the semiconductor substrate in a pattern having a feature with at least one dimension of less than 200 mu m, preferably less than 20 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises isostearic acid, polypropylene oxide, vinylmethylsiloxane-dimethylsiloxane copolymer, polyether-modified polysiloxanes and/or organo-modified polysiloxanes. The dopant-silicate carrier is end-capped with an end-capping group, where the weight percent of the end-capping group in the end-capped dopant-silicate carrier is up to 10% of the dopant-silicate carrier. The solvent comprises at least one alcohol. The dopant-comprising ink further comprises: a functional additive comprising dispersants, surfactants, polymerization inhibitors, wetting agents, antifoaming agents, detergents and other surface-tension modifiers, flame retardants, pigments, plasticizers, thickeners, viscosity modifiers and/or rheology modifiers; and an additional solvent with a boiling point of 50-250 degrees C. The dopant-silicate carrier is end-capped with an end-capping alkylsilyl group and/or an end-capping arylsilyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aziridine compound is of formula: R1-(X-R2)n (1).X=-NH-CO- or -R3O-C(=O)-R4-;R3,R4=bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent;R2=group of formula (3 or 4);R5-R11=H or monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent;andn=1-4.When n is 1, R1 is monovalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent. When n is 2, R1 is bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having arylene as substituent. When n is 3, R1 is trivalent aliphatic hydrocarbyl optionally having substituent. When n is 4, R1 is tetravalent carbon atom.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The sealing-film composition contains (in mass parts) aziridine compound (0.1-5) and ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer (100), and further contains crosslinking agent (0.1-5), silane coupling agent, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer and crosslinking adjuvant. The ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer contains polar monomer of 20-35 mass parts. Preferred Component: The ethylene-polarity monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Trimethylol-propane tris-( beta )-(1-aziridinyl propionate) of formula (G), N,N-hexamethylene-1,6-bis(1-aziridine carboxamide) and N,N'-diphenylmethane-4,4'-bis(1-aziridine carboxamide) are specifically claimed as aziridine compounds.    EXAMPLE - EVA100 (RTM: ethylvinylacetate) (in mass parts) (100), 1,1-bis(t-hexylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (0.6), ( gamma )methacrylpropyl triethoxysilane (0.5), triaryl isocyanurate (2) and trimethylol-propane tris-( beta )-(1-aziridinyl propionate) of formula (G) (1) were blended, to obtain a composition. The obtained composition had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive material consists of a metal or metal alloys selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, chrome, palladium, nickel, cobalt and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A benzaldehyde derivative and pyrrole are reacted. The obtained product is purified after reducing the unreacted benzaldehyde derivative to benzyl alcohol derivative, to obtain liquid porphyrin derivative. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3=7-14C alkoxy;    R1=H;and    R4=optionally substituted linear alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The porphyrin derivative is chosen from 8 disclosed compounds such as 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(heptyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin of formula (I), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(octyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(nonyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(decyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(undecyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin.    EXAMPLE - 3,4,5-Tris heptyloxy benzyl alcohol (in g) (6.123) and manganese oxide (4.732) were reacted to obtain 3,4,5-tris heptyloxy benzaldehyde. A mixture of 3,4,5-tris heptyloxy benzaldehyde (2.077) and pyrrole (0.40 ml) in chloroform (450 ml) were stirred at room temperature. Trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 ml) was further added and the contents were stirred at room temperature. 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano benzoquinone (1.082) and triethylamine (1 ml) were added and stirred. The obtained solution was concentrated and the residue was stirred with sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran-ethanol mixture. The solvent was distilled off and the mixture was extracted with chloroform-water. The organic layer was separated and concentrated to obtain 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-tris(heptyloxy)phenyl)porphyrin (0.291) with yield of 12.7%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The physical purifying step comprises removing silicon carbide (SiC) and iron (Fe) impurities from the silicon ingot cuttings by magnetic separation and gravity separation method. The chemical purifying step comprises removing impurities SiC and Fe from the silicon ingot cuttings by acid pickling method.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anode buffer layer is made of metal oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic hole transmission layer is made of hexadecafluorophthalocyanatozinc, copper hexadecafluorophthalocyanine, copper phthalocyanine or zinc phthalocyanine. The organic electronic transmission layer is made of carbon cluster, perylenetetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole or pentacene. The cathode buffer layer is made from di(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum, perylenetetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole, biphasic calcium phosphate or copper phthalocyanine. The anode buffer layer is made from N, N'-di(naphthalene-l-yl)-N,N'- diphenyl-benzidine, or triphenylamine dimer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The flow rate of the reducibility gas is adjusted by reducing the flow rate of the reducibility gas when the solidification ratio of crystal is lower than 0.6, keeping the flow rate of the reducibility gas the same when the solidification ratio of crystal is 0.6-0.8, and increasing the flow rate of the reducibility gas when the solidification ratio of crystal is higher than 0.8. The vacuum degree of the furnace is adjusted by reducing the vacuum degree of the furnace when the solidification ratio of crystal is lower than 0.6, keeping the vacuum degree of the furnace the same when the solidification ratio of crystal is 0.6-0.8, and increasing the vacuum degree of the furnace when the solidification ratio of crystal is higher than 0.8.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The inorganic material is preferably zinc oxide, titanium oxide, cadmium oxide, cadmium sulfide, ferric oxide or tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ultraviolet visible absorption peak of composite material is subjected to remarkable red shift and the light-emitting range of composite covers the whole ultraviolet visible absorption region. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=linear or branched 6-13C alkyl, 1-6C alkoxy, 4-6C cycloalkyl, aryl, amido, carboxyl, ester, halo, or nitro;and    n=300-500.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solar cell is chosen from single-crystal silicon solar cell, multi-crystal silicon solar cell, thin-film silicon-based solar cell, III-V group compound solar and II-IV group compound solar cell. The silicon hydride and dichlorosilane are used as silicon source, and nitrogen and ammonia are used as nitrogen source for film formation. The oxygen and nitrous oxide are used as oxygen source for film formation. The silicon nitride exists in form of Si3N4, and the silicon oxide exists in form of SiO2. The size of silicon quantum dot is 1-10 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The release material layer has porous structure having air hole (20a) connecting the surface of the release material layer to the interface with the container mainframe. Preferred Method: The porous silicon layer is subjected to oxidation treatment before nitridation and made into porous silicon oxynitride layer. A silicon raw material is poured into the casting mold, dissolved and solidified into plate-shaped silicon ingot. The ingot is demolded from the casting mold and used as polycrystalline silicon substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide varnish further contains silica particles having average particle diameter of 0.5-50 nm. EXAMPLE - Ethyl cyclohexane (in g) (151), 4,4'-diamino dicyclohexylmethane (60) and 1,3-dimethyl imidazolidinone (1215) were mixed at room temperature for 15 minutes. To the mixture, 1,2,4,5-cyclohexane tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride (75.2) was added and imidation-polymerized at 80 degrees C for 2.5 hours. To the resulting mixture, Jeffamine XTJ-542 (RTM: polyoxyalkylene diamine) (51.1) was added, polymerized and distilled to obtain polyimide resin having number average molecular weight of 18900, poly dispersion degree of 6.7 and concentration of 12%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first catalyst materials contain mixture of copper and oxide from first metal. The first metal is manganese, and/or cesium. The second catalyst material contains mixture of platinum and second metal. The second metal is iron, ruthenium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, and/or palladium. The first catalyst material is located upstream of the second catalyst material with respect to the flow direction of the gas. The catalyst materials are deposited on honeycomb structure support. The oxygen-carbon monoxide ratio of fuel cell feed gas is 2-0.5 or 1.5-0.7. The gas mixture flows continuously over the catalyst system or reactor. Preferred Parameters: The catalyst system is maintained at 80-220, preferably 100-200 degrees C. The space velocity of gas mixture is lower for the first catalyst material than for the second catalyst material. EXAMPLE - A high-surface area alumina was subjected to pre-calcinations at 750 degrees C. The alumina support was impregnated with hot solution at 85 degrees C containing tetramine platinum nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and tartaric acid using wetness impregnation. Tartaric acid was added in slight excess. Platinum loading was selected at 5 pts. wt. and cobalt loading was 1.5 pts. wt. The samples were dried at 77 degrees C in drying box overnight and was finally calcined at 550 degrees C for 2 hours in air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating base material in wiring board is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyimide and ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The transparent conductive oxide layer comprises zinc oxide. Preferred Components: The impurity (A) is aluminum. The impurity (B) is boron. The transparent conducting oxide layer is formed in atmosphere containing dopant gas and hydrocarbon gas. The hydrocarbon gas is chosen from ethane, acetylene and methane. Preferred Property: The film thickness of the layer is 5-1000 Angstrom .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic material is chosen from cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, antimony sulfide, selenium antimony, indium arsenide and indium gallium arsenide. The solar cell has photosensitizing element supported on a surface of porous semiconductor layer (20) containing metal-oxide semiconductor compound. The metal-oxide semiconductor compound is titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic molecule has interlock group having function bonded with the inorganic material by physically and electrically, and basic heterocyclic ring or electron donating substituent and acidic heterocyclic ring or electron withdrawing group. Preferred Properties: The organic molecule has molecular weight of 500 or less. The energy level of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of organic molecule is more than the normal energy level of conduction band of inorganic material. The energy level of highest occupied molecular orbital of organic molecule is more than the energy level of valence band of inorganic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous layer includes indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, fluorine, aluminum, titanium, iron, zinc, gallium, niobium, tin, antimony or tungsten.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic material includes polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane, epoxy, styrene-divinylbenzene, polystyrene or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In method (M1) and (M2), the ionic solvent is preferably a eutectic solvent that comprises thiourea and choline chloride at a 2:1 molar ratio. The contacting with ionic liquid involves contacting the CIGS material with an ionic solvent comprising thiourea (0.01 to 1, preferably 0.6 M) and heating at 30 to 85 (preferably 60) degrees C for 10 to 80 (preferably 60) minutes or the CIGS material is contacted with a eutectic solvent that comprises thiourea (2M) and choline chloride (1M) followed by heating the CIGS material at about 80 or 25 degrees C for 10 to 60 minutes or it involves contacting the CIGS material in an aqueous solution of thiourea (0.6M) and choline chloride (0.3M), and heating at 60 degrees C for 10 to 60 minutes. The method further involves dissolving impurity phases of binary oxides and selenides of copper, indium and gallium to improve photovoltaic properties of a solar cell comprising the prepared CIGS material. The CIGS material treated, is disposed on an electrically conducting substrate. Method (M2) involves disposing a CIGS semiconductor film on a glass substrate (110) comprising an electrically conducting substrate; preparing the CIGS material for inclusion in a photovoltaic cell by washing and then drying the CIGS material and further involves disposing a buffer layer (104) on the CIGS material prior to disposing the front contact. Disposing a buffer layer involves disposing a layer of CdS. Disposing a front contact involves disposing a transparent conductive oxide (preferably ZnO). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The material of target is zinc oxide (ZnO) or aluminum, where deposited film is ZnO thin film or alumina thin film, and oxygen gas serves as a background gas in a chamber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic piece is made of a material i.e. acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The organic layer is formed in the presence of oxygen. The barrier film substrate has at least one layer of (I) and a matting agent layer formed on it, on one surface of the plastic film, and has at least one layer of (I) on the other surface of it. EXAMPLE - An inorganic layer of aluminum oxide was formed by sputtering on the organic layer (which was formed by cutting a Teonex Q65FA (RTM: Polyethylene terephthalate film) into a piece of 20 cm square. On the smooth surface of the film, a mixture solution of 2-(2-(2-(2-methoxycarbonyl-allyloxycarbonylmethoxy)-ethoxy)-acetoxymethyl)-acrylic acid methyl ester (20 g), Irgacure 907 (RTM: 2-Methyl-1-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)-2-morpholinopropan-1-one) (0.6 g) and 2-butanone (190 g) was applied, using a wire bar, so as to form a liquid layer having a thickness of 5 mu m. After dried, this was cured through irradiation with UV rays from an eye graphics metal halide lamp (integrated radiation, 1.2 J/cm2) in a chamber in which the oxygen concentration (less than 0.1%) was controlled according to a nitrogen purging method) of each of the organic layer-coated sample BP-1. Aluminum was used as the target in sputtering and argon gas was used as the discharge gas and oxygen was used as the reaction gas. The pressure in film formation was 0.1 Pa and the ultimate thickness of the inorganic layer was 40 nm, to give the barrier laminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cells are made from one of a group consisting cadmium telluride, cadmium sulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium sulfide and copper indium gallium sulfur selenide. The quantum dots-semiconductor materials are selected from one of a group consisting of indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, gallium nitride, indium gallium arsenide, gallium/indium phosphide, cadmium oxide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury sulfide, mercury selenide, mercury telluride, lead suldfide, lead selenide and lead telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive films are made of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide or tin dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The acrylic-type adhesive contains polymer which is obtained by polymerizing carboxyl group-containing monomer of formula: CH2=C(R1)-CO-OZ.R1=H or methyl;andZ=4-25C hydrocarbyl.Preferred Components: The acrylic-type adhesive further contains hardening agent. The hardening agent is polyisocyanate compound, modified polyisocyanate compound, epoxy resin and/or oxazoline group-containing resin. The acrylic-type adhesive forms crosslinked adhesive layer. The base material is polyester base material, polycarbonate base material, fluorine-type base material or acrylic-type base material. The polyester base material contains polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polybutylene terephthalate and/or polycyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate. The fluorine-type base material contains polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin, polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene perfluoro-alkyl vinyl ether copolymer and/or tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer. The laminate further has gas barrier layer. The gas barrier layer is metal foil, metal vapor deposition film or oxide vapor deposition film. Preferred Process: The adhesive layer is formed on each surface of the base materials, and the gas barrier layer is integrated between adhesive layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound is given by formulae (1-4). The amount of the sulfur-containing heterocyclic compound in the organic layer is 0.1-10000 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of conjugated polymer compounds.R1,R2,R4,R5=H, halo, or (alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylalkyl, arylalkoxy or arylalkylthio group) optionally substituted by fluoro;m=integer of 0-10;R3=H, halo, or (alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio group) optionally substituted by fluoro;Ar1,Ar2=bivalent heterocyclic group having nitrogen atom or arylene group;n=2-10;o=1-3;andp=0-5.Preferred Layer: The organic layer further contains electron accepting compound preferably fullerene derivative, and electron donor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxidizer gas is oxygen, ozone or nitrous oxide. Portion(s) of the passivated densified nanoparticle thin film surfaces are covered with silicon oxide layer. The substrate is silicon or quartz. Alternately, the nanoparticle ink contains a set of silicon nitride particles and solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane compound is a silane compound of formula (1).A=cyclic ether or isocyanato having carbon-carbon double bond;R1,R2=1-4C alkyl;R3-R5=H, methyl or hydroxyl;X1=O, S or NH;c=1-3;d=0-2;c+d=3;e,f,i,j=0-10;g,k=0 or 1;andh=0-3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polythiol is aromatic polythiol or aliphatic polythiol having 2 or more mercapto groups coupled with carbon atoms. Preferred Process: The primer composition is obtained by mixing silane compound of formula (1), water and aliphatic polythiol having 2 or more mercapto groups in a molecule. EXAMPLE - Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercapto propionate) (in g) (7.8), 3-acryloyl propyl-trimethoxysilane (5), ethanol (57.6) and methanol (7.6) were mixed at room temperature for 20 degrees C. Then, acetic acid (1.28), water (3.4) and methanol (128) were mixed with the obtained reaction mixture and hydrolyzed at room temperature for 3 hours, to obtain primer composition. The obtained primer composition had excellent adhesiveness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The removable obstruction comprises a shutter controllable by an actuator to cause an obstruction of the application of the liquid to the substrate, or to cause a removal of the obstruction of the application of the liquid to the substrate. Each conductor is coupled to the power supply or a different power supply. Each additional tube receives an ingress opening of a conduit of the tube, and emits an additional single jet stream of an egress opening of the conduit of the tube responsive to a charge applicable by its conductor by way of its corresponding power supply. The controller causes the apparatus to synchronously or asynchronously generate single jet streams applicable on the substrate and/or more additional substrates. The electric, magnetic or electromagnetic device corresponds to an electromagnetic coil or an electromagnetic lens positioned about the single jet stream. The electric, magnetic or electromagnetic lens has a ring-shaped or polygon-shaped geometry. Each portion of the electric, magnetic or electromagnetic device independently generates fields for influencing the charged single jet stream.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic solvent is alcohol, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or ( gamma )-butyl lactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The silicon raw material contains boron and thermal donor as impurity. The silicon monocrystal ingot has electrical resistivity of 3-6 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The boron source is boron carbide, and the reducing agent is carbon. The catalyst particles contain platinum, rhodium, iridium, palladium, gold, and/or ruthenium. Preferred Condition: The solid phase reaction is carried out under vacuum of less than 0.1 Torr (13.3 Pa).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An orientation control layer (2) in the metal back surface electrode contains intermetallic compound having cesium chloride structure or nickel aluminum alloy. An orientation layer (3) in the metal back surface electrode contains molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, niobium and/or their alloys. The group (I) element contains copper or gold, group (III) element contains gallium, indium or aluminum and group (VI) element contains sulfur, selenium or tellurium in the p-type (I-III-VI) group chalcopyrite type compound semiconductor. The solar cell further has a n-type buffer layer (5) containing cadmium sulfide alloy, indium sulfide alloy, zinc sulfide alloy and/or zinc-magnesium oxide alloy. The transparent electrode contains indium-tin oxide, aluminum-zinc oxide (ZnO-Al2O3), indium-zinc oxide (In2O3-ZnO) and/or germanium-zinc oxide (ZnO-GeO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The corrugated electrically conductive layer comprises aluminum, silver, gold and copper such as highly purified copper, tough-pitch copper, low oxygen copper, anoxia copper and phosphorus deoxidation copper. The solder plating layer comprises lead, indium, bismuth, antimony, silver, zinc, nickel, copper and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The upper layer is made of a material selected from tin oxide, silicon oxide, and aluminum oxide. The conductive layer is made of tin oxide doped with fluorine. The intermediate and additional layers are made of silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The core may be made from an insulating material, preferably glass. The semiconductive material comprises titanium oxide, preferably of the anatase type.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Materials: The back electrode is applied to a support, which is a steel substrate. The discrete element comprises a core (14) supporting the porous structure and made from a metal, preferably titanium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The oxidizing agents consist of hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, oxygen reactants, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide and persulfates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is silver, gold, copper or metal alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalytic solution contains gold chloride, and metal particles contain gold particles. The catalytic solution contains silver fluoride, and metal particles contain silver particles. The etching agent contains hydrogen fluoride. The silicon oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide, ozone, carbon dioxide, chromium oxide, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, sodium nitrate, nitric acid, potassium permanganate or potassium chromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photovoltaic layer comprises a semiconductor including silica or gallium arsenide. Preferred Property: The anti-reflection coating is 300-1500, preferably 500-800 Angstrom . The BN has a refractive index of 2-2.8 at 2 eV. Preferred Method: The step of depositing the BN film on the light incident side of the photovoltaic layer comprises using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process. It further comprises providing a nitrogen source, and evaporating a boron source. The nitrogen source releases excited nitrogen. The PVD is performed at 250-350 degrees C. The BN is deposited at less than 0.2, preferably less than 0.1 Angstrom /second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The flexible membrane is made of metal ceramics selected from a group of titanium nitride, titanium aluminum nitride, tantalum silicon nitride, titanium aluminum silicon nitride or tantalum aluminum silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The contact metal is made of nickel, cobalt, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum, and palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is made of materials selected from a group of crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The material of the structured plate is selected from the group of polymethyl methacrylate, poly-carbonate, polystyrene, polypropene, poly-ethylene, poly-ethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The water-vapor barrier layer is a metal foil, or a plastic film having a vapor-deposited layer of metal oxide or non-metallic inorganic oxide on the surface(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The plastic film of the base material is polyethylene-terephthalate film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metallic mesh is gold, aluminum, silver, copper, or chromium coated with gold. The metal layer is lithium fluoride and gold, lithium fluoride and aluminum, calcium and gold, cesium fluoride and gold, cesium fluoride and aluminum, cesium carbonate and gold, cesium carbonate and aluminum, triple-layered lithium fluoride, and or aluminum and gold. The conducting oxide layer is indium tin oxide or fluorinated tin oxide. The transition metal oxide is vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide or tungsten oxide. Preferred Method: The conducting oxide layer is sputtered or thermal spray-coated onto the substrate. The method further comprises depositing a transition metal oxide layer by solution processing on the transparent conducting oxide layer of the transparent anode, where the transition metal oxide layer has a work function similar to a highest occupied molecular orbital level of the organic active layer. Forming the organic active layer further comprises thermal annealing, solvent annealing or adding additives for improving morphology and enhancing carrier mobility, where the transparent substrate, transparent anode and the organic active layer are treated at 70-180 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The X-ray emitted from the X-ray target changes with germanium, chromium, vanadium or gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The gas barrier property layer is formed by sequentially laminating inorganic oxide layer and gas barrier property application layer (5), such that the gas barrier property application layer turns as outermost layer. The lamination of inorganic oxide layer and gas barrier property application layer is carried out twice or more. The inorganic oxide layer is aluminum oxide vapor deposition layer or silicon-oxide vapor deposition layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The fluorine resin film contains compound capable of absorbing ultraviolet ray. The gas barrier property application layer contains alkoxide and water soluble polymer. The gas barrier property application layer is obtained by polycondensing alkoxide (1), and polyvinyl-alcohol-type resin and/or ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer by sol gel process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester film has curl index of 40 mm or less and visible ray reflectance of 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The inorganic compound is silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and/or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: A transparent layer (4b) containing resin which is not colored is provided to weather-resistance base material (a) side. A semi-white layer having coloring degree lower than the white layer is provided between white layer and transparent layer. The white color layer and semi-white layer are obtained by mixing white pigment with solid state-polymerized polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Composition: The weather-resistance base material (b) contains polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene naphthalate. The weather-resistance base material (a) contains polyethylene terephthalate or foamed mixed resin of polyethylene terephthalate and methyl pentene resin. Preferred Process: The polyethylene terephthalate is provided on both surfaces of base material obtained by foaming mixed resin of polyethylene terephthalate and methyl pentene resin.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 46 phosphorus compounds are disclosed e.g. 1-(diphenylphosphoryl)-4-(4-(diphenylphosphoryl)phenyl)benzene of formula (A), 2-((4-(4-(bis(naphthalen-2-yl)phosphoryl)phenyl)phenyl)(naphthalen-2-yl)phosphoryl)naphthalene, 1-((4-(4-(naphthalen-1-yl(phenyl)phosphoryl)phenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)phosphoryl)naphthalene, 1-((4-(4-(bis(naphthalen-1-yl)phosphoryl)phenyl)phenyl)(naphthalen-1-yl)phosphoryl)naphthalene and 2-((4-(4-(naphthalen-2-yl(phenyl)phosphoryl)phenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)phosphoryl)naphthalene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic binder matrix contains polymer of chelate derivative of hydrolytic polymerized component of organosilicon compound, and metal alkoxide or chelate derivative of metal alkoxide. A photoelectric converting layer (4) of solar cell comprises single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, thin silicon, chalcopyrite-type, cadmium-tellurium, dye or organic-semiconductor material. Preferred Compound: The organosilicon compound is of formula: (R1)xSi(OR2)4-x. The metal alkoxide is of formula: M(OR3)n.R1=1-6C alkyl having reactive functional group;R2=1-3C alkyl;x=0-3;M=aluminum, titanium, zirconium or zinc;R3=1-4C alkyl;andn=valency of M.Preferred Process: The inorganic binder matrix is baked at 400 degrees C or more. Preferred Property: The flat surface has surface roughness of 1-100 nm. The difference of refractive index of inorganic scattering particles and inorganic binder matrix is 0.05-0.6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A reflectance reduction agent containing mixture of thermally decomposable organic compound, organosilicon compound and/or inorganic silicon compound, copper, zirconium containing amorphous titanium peroxide and anatase titanium peroxide is coated on a substrate and heated to form low reflective substrate. The substrate is glass-made substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The thermally decomposable organic compound is sugar or sugar alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic compound comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The weather resistance base materials comprise polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and methyl pentene resin (TPX).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Alternately, the dye is chosen from two types of dyes of formula: N(-Ar21-R21)(-Ar23-R23)-Ar22-R22-X21 (vii) and N(-Ar21-R21)(-Ar23-R23)-Ar22-R30-X27 (x), N(-Ar24R24)(-Ar26-R26-X23)-Ar25-R25-X22 (viii) and N(-Ar24R24)(-Ar26-R26-X29)-Ar25-R31-X28 (xi), and N(-Ar27-R27-X26)(-Ar29-R29-X25)-Ar28-R28-X24 (ix) and N(-Ar27-R33-X32)(-Ar29-R35-X31)-Ar28-R34-X30 (xi).Ar21-Ar23=optionally substituted bivalent aryl;Ar24-Ar29=optionally substituted aryl;R21,R23,R24=R1;R22,R25-R35=R3;andX21-X32=X1.Ar21, Ar22 and Ar23, Ar24, Ar25 and Ar26, or Ar27, Ar28 and Ar29 may combine to form a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: During depositing at least 90% the temperature (T1) of the substrate is kept below 200 (preferably below 100 and especially below 60) degrees C. The process parameters (e.g. t, T, p, P, U) are set so that the film of the inorganic material (M2) is deposited at a deposition rate of at least 60 nm/minute (1 nm/s). Prior to the deposition of the film another layer of an inorganic material (M1) has been deposited. Preferred Components: The inorganic material (M2) is selected from SnS, Sb2S3, Bi2S3, CdSe, In2S3, In2Se3, SnS, SnSe, PbS, PbSe, MoSe2, GeTe, Bi2Te3, or Sb2Te3; compounds of Cu, Sb, and S (or Se, Te) (e.g. CuSbS2, Cu2SnS3, CuSbSe2, Cu2SnSe3); and/or compounds of Pb, Sb, S (or Se, or Te) (PbSnS3, PbSnSe3) (preferably SnS, Sb2S3, Bi2S3, SnSe, Sb2Se3, Bi2Se3 and/or Sb2Te3; especially SnS and/or Bi2S3; and particularly SnS and the crystalline structure is orthorhombic). The inorganic material (M1) is selected from a metal or a conducting oxide; and has been deposited by sputter deposition. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 0.3-0.5 mm is 115 ppm or more, or 100 ppm/mm or more, and the concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 1-3 mm is 25 ppm/mm or less. The concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 0.5-1 mm is 50 ppm/mm or more, concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 1-2 mm is 25 ppm or less, preferably 105 ppm or less and concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 2-3 mm is 20 ppm/mm or less, preferably 80 ppm or less. The concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 0.5 mm is 115 ppm or more. The concentration of hydroxyl group from inner surface to an area of 3 mm below 0.8t (t is thickness of crucible) is 60 ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The glass fiber of the solar cell module is made of fluororesin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The buffer layer is formed by reacting elements of group V with plasma. The group III nitride semiconductor device further comprises base layer (13) containing group III nitride semiconductor provided on buffer layer, and n-type semiconductor layer (14), light emitting layer (15) and p-type semiconductor layer (16) provided on base layer. Preferred Properties: The lattice constant of buffer layer is -1.4, which satisfies following relation: (c0-c)/(a0-a), where c0 is lattice constant of c-axis of aluminum nitride in bulk state, c is lattice constant of c-axis of buffer layer, a0 is lattice constant of a-axis of aluminum nitride in bulk state, and a is lattice constant of a-axis of buffer layer. The buffer layer has lattice constant of c-axis of 5 Angstrom or more, and thickness of 10-500 nm. The base layer has X-ray-rocking-curve half value width of (0002) plane of 100 arcsecond or less, and X-ray-rocking-curve half value with of (10-10) plane of 300 arcsecond or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The active layer contains electron-donating organic semiconductor, electron-accepting organic semiconductor, fluorous compound, and solvent. The fluorous compound is a fluorous solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The electrode at which the fluorous compound is localized contains a conductive polymer. The conductive polymer has a thiophene skeleton in the principal chain, and preferably contains polyethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The E.ulmoides is at least one of seed and fruit skin of E.ulmoides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biopolymer is washed by high pressure water washing. The average molecular weight of the biopolymer is 1x 103-1x 106. EXAMPLE - Extraction leftovers (1 kg) derived from Eucommia ulmoides were taken in a nylon net bag, and buried in the rotten leaves layer (5 cm) of broadleaf forests for two months. The degradation of E.ulmoides was confirmed by touching. The degradation product was washed with water, and crude E.ulmoides rubber substance was obtained. The crude substance was washed with water at 0.2-0.9 MPa, and 370 l/hour of discharge water quantity, and the purified substance of E.ulmoides rubber was obtained. The yield of the purified substance was 0.3 kg, and the yield rate was 30%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The carrier gel contains hydrophilic polymer, polysaccharide and/or hydrocolloid, or glycoprotein, glycopeptides and/or peptidoglycan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide microparticles are metal oxides each of which contains two metals consisting of zinc, aluminum, gallium, indium, tin and antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Properties: The p-type and n-type substance layers each have a thickness of 5-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fullerene is 60C fullerene, 70C fullerene, 76C fullerene, 78C fullerene or 80C fullerene, preferably 60C fullerene. The photoelectric conversion device has a hole blocking layer formed using naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The phosphorus-type compound is of formula (I-III).Ar1-Ar3=6-20C aromatic group optionally containing alkyl or 6-20C alkyl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Phosphorus-type compound stabilizer, hindered phenol-type compound and/or sulfur-type antioxidant of 0.005-2 weight parts is added to crosslinked (meth)acrylic-type polymer particles during polymerization reaction. The light diffusable aromatic polycarbonate resin composition contains phosphorus-type stabilizer of 0.0001-1 weight parts and/or hindered phenol-type compound of 0.001-1 weight parts, and further contains optical whitening agent of 0.0005-0.5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of aromatic polycarbonate resin. EXAMPLE - Deionized water (in weight parts) (500), sodium lauryl sulfate (0.1), tribasic calcium phosphate (50), methyl-methacrylate (90), trimethylol-propane triacrylate (10) and ADEKA STAB PEP-24G (RTM: phosphite antioxidant) (0.5) were blended and polymerized, to obtain crosslinked (meth)acrylic-type polymer particles. Crosslinked (meth)acrylic-type polymer particles (0.1), linear aromatic polycarbonate (100), Sandstab P-EPQ (RTM: tetrakis(di-t-butylphenyl)-biphenylenediphosphonite) (0.05), Irganox 1076 (RTM: octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) (0.05) and ADEKA STAB AO-80 (RTM: 3,9-bis(2-(3-(3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy 5-methylphenyl)propionyloxy)-1,1-dimethylethyl)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxapiro(5,5)undecane) (0.1) were blended, to obtain aromatic polycarbonate resin composition. The obtained aromatic polycarbonate resin composition had excellent heat stability, high light diffusivity and light transmittance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium oxide is titanium peroxide. Preferred Condition: The heat processing is performed at 400 degrees C or more. The silicon compound and layer containing metal-doped titanium oxide are formed in surface of transparent base.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The agent further contains thermally-decomposable organic compound. The thermally-decomposable organic compound is saccharide or sugar alcohol and water-soluble organic polymer. The saccharide is monosaccharide or disaccharide. The agent further contains positive-charge substance chosen from cation, conductor having positive charge or dielectric material and/or conductor having positive charge and dielectric material or complex of semiconductor and negative-charge substance chosen from anion and conductor having negative charge or dielectric material or conductor having negative charge and dielectric material or complex of semiconductor. One portion(s) of substrate is resin, metal or glass-made.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The modifier is mixed with polymer mixture containing 1-40 weight parts of polyethylene and 60-99 weight parts of polypropylene polymer to obtain polypropylene resin composition. Preferred Property: The propylene polymer has isotactic pentad fraction (mmmm) of 90% or more. The polyethylene has density of 0.875-0.920 g/cm3 and ratio of weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of less than 3.5, and is polymerized using metallocene catalyst. The melt flow rate ratio of polyethylene and polypropylene polymer is 0.05-1.2. EXAMPLE - An ethylene propylene copolymer having ethylene content of 3.4 weight% (in weight parts) (100), N-(3,5-Bis-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide (0.005), Irganox 1010 (RTM: phenolic antioxidant) (0.05), Irgafos 168 (RTM: phosphorous type antioxidant) (0.05) and calcium stearate (0.005) were mixed to obtain propylene type resin composition. The molded article formed using propylene type resin composition had bending elastic modulus of 870 MPa and izod impact strength of 3.3 KJ/m2 based on JISK7203, haze value of 13, heat deformation temperature of 106 degrees C, and reduced odor and impurities.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The propylene polymer (1 weight% or less) has molecular weight of 5000 or less. Preferred Composition: The propylene-type resin composition further contains 0.001 weight parts of nucleating agent with respect to 100 weight parts of propylene polymer. EXAMPLE - Novatech MA3Q (RTM: propylene homopolymer) (in weight parts) (100) having melt flow rate of 11 g/10 minutes, N-(3,5-Bis-(2,2-dimethyl-propionylamino)-phenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-propionamide (0.015), Irganox 1010 (RTM: methylene-3-(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4;#-hydroxyl phenyl)propionate)methane (0.05), Irgafos 168 (RTM: tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenol)phosphite) (0.05) and calcium stearate (0.05) were mixed, to obtain propylene-type resin composition. The high quality molded article formed using the propylene-type resin composition had excellent transparency, metal mold contamination-proof property, heat resistance, reduced bleed-out property and reduced volatile component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The polyimide and amorphous polymer forms dispersed phase respectively. The diameter of mean dispersion of polyester in polyimide is 1-50 nm. The diameter of mean dispersion of polyester in amorphous polymer is 50-500 nm. The biaxial oriented film has ductility half life of 30-120 hours by moist-and-heat-resistance test, and humidity coefficient of expansion along film width direction of 0-6 ppm/%RH. Preferred Compound: The polyester is polyester having ethylene terephthalate as a main component and/or polyester having ethylene naphthalate as a main component. The polyimide is polyether imide. The amorphous polymer is polysulfone, polyphenyl sulfone, polyether sulfone and/or their modified component, preferably polyphenyl sulfone, polyether sulfone and/or their modified component. Preferred Composition: The biaxial oriented film contains silicon in dispersion interface of the amorphous polymer in the film. EXAMPLE - Magnesium acetate (in weight parts) (0.04), dimethyl terephthalate (100), ethylene glycol (60), trimethyl phosphate (0.02) and germanium oxide (0.02) were mixed at 290 degrees C to obtain polyethylene terephthalate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.65 dl/g and glass transition temperature of 80 degrees C. Polyethylene terephthalate (50) and polyether imide (50) were mixed. To the mixture, polyether imide (80), polyether sulfone (20), ( gamma )-isocyanate propyl triethoxy silane (0.3), water (0.5) and polyethylene terephthalate (70) were mixed and extruded to obtain unstretched film. The unstretched film was stretched to obtain biaxial oriented film having thickness of 100 mu m, and excellent heat-and-moisture resistance and dielectric breakdown characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Definitions:    W=halo, CN, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, amine, phosphine or optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl group.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of DMPz-Ph-IMIz (1 mmol), potassium-platinum-chloride (0.41 mg), and dimethyl sulfoxide (35 ml) was refluxed for 1 day. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. Ether was added, the resulting yellow complex was filtered off and washed with methyl alcohol, water, ethanol, and diethyl ether, and dried under vacuum to produce DMPz-Ph-MIzCb-platinum chloride (PtCl) in 80% yield. The product was purified by recrystallization from dimethyl sulfoxide/methanol for further testing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises silicon, an inorganic glass, a silica, a silica-based material, or a metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron-donating metal is chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and rare-earth metal. The metal acid salt compound contains oxide semiconductor having electroconductivity. Preferred Properties: The oxide semiconductor has carrier moldability of 1x 1010-1x 1010 cm2/Vs and electroconductivity of 1010-10-10 Omega .cm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The electron transport organic semiconductor layer has thickness of 1-300 nm, and transmittance of 50% and more. Preferred Layer: The electron transport organic semiconductor layer is obtained by vapor deposition of organic-semiconductor element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon core is rectangular. The external layer of the cutting line is coated with carborundum. Preferred Parameter: The silicon core is 20-4000, preferably 30-3000 mm long, 3-20, preferably 4-12 mm high, and 3-20, preferably 4-12 mm wide. The distance between a set of transverse cutting line of the multi-line cutting machine and a set of longitudinal cutting line along axis direction of the polysilicon rod is 3-20 cm. The tension strength of the transverse or longitudinal cutting line is 10-160 N; and the diameter of the cutting line is 120-400 mu m. Preferred Method: Linear cutting is a multi-line cutting with transverse and longitudinal operation carried out at the same time. The method comprises completing the linear cutting in a condition with cutting slurry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The internal core of the transverse or longitudinal cutting line is made of steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first concentration fuel solution and second concentration fuel solution are methanol aqueous solutions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The optical film in which the refractive index (Nz) coefficients differ is film (A) and film (B1) and/or film (B2). Preferred Component: The film (B1) and/or film (B2) consist of resin composition containing acrylic resin (B-2) or styrene resin (B-1), and acrylic resin (B-2). The styrene resin (B-1) is styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer and/or styrene maleic anhydride copolymer. Preferred Composition: The film (B1) and/or (B2) contains heat-resistant acrylic resin containing (in mass%) methacrylic ester and/or of acrylic-ester unit (40-90), aromatic vinyl compound unit (5-40), and dione-containing compound unit (5-20) of formula (1). The heat-resistant acrylic resin is copolymer including methacryl acid ester and/or acrylic acid ester monomer unit (15-64), acid anhydride unit (15-35 mass%) having 6-membered ring structure of formula (2), and aromatic vinyl compound unit (1-50 mass%).X=O or N-R;R=H, alkyl, aryl, or cycloalkane;andR1,R2=H, (un)substituted alkyl, or hydroxy substituted alkyl.Preferred Properties: The laminated optical film has refractive index (Nz) coefficient of 0.4-0.6, -0.1 to 0.1, or -0.6 to -0.4. The film (A) is positive in thickness direction retardation (Rth). The film (B1) and film (B2) are negative in thickness direction retardation (Rth). The acrylonitrile of the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer has co-polymerization ratio of 1-40 mass%. The methacrylic acid in the styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer has co-polymerization ratio of 0.1-50 mass%. The maleic acid anhydride in the styrene maleic anhydride copolymer has co-polymerization ratio of 0.1-50 mass%. The co-polymerization ratio of the aromatic vinyl monomer unit is 1-3 times with respect to the co-polymerization ratio of the carbonyl group-containing compound unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The fuel cell alternately uses seawater or other aqueous solution as primary resources. The fuel cell has ultraviolet ray light emitter having resource regeneration function or photocatalyst in a water tank. Hydrogen or other gases are circulated as resources. Alternately, the fuel cell has photocatalyst, and carbon electrode in each fuel cell. The fuel cell has an electrical storage system at the exterior and the structure which supplies sunlight to a reactor with an optical fiber cable. The fuel cell uses different ion exchange membrane of positive potential and negative electric potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation given. Preferred Compound: The hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative is of formula (3). The fullerene containing metal is bonded through covalent bond. Preferred Definitions:    R2,R3,R5,R6=ethylene group;    R4=fullerene containing metal having ester bond, preferably C60 fullerene or -C6H4-O-CH2CH2-(O-CH2CH2)n-OCOCH-fullerene;    CH-fullerene=monovalent or bivalent carbon atom bonded with fullerene;and    R1=10-30C alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 2-(2-(2-(4-(3,4-Bis(4-dodecylphenyl)-6-(4-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-2,5-diphenylphenyl)phenoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol was reacted in presence of ferric chloride to obtain 2-(2-(2-((4,13-didodecyl-27-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)tridecacyclo-dotetraconta-henicosaen-32-yl)oxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethan-1-ol. The obtained compound was reacted with methano fullerene carboxylic acid to obtain hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene derivative (100 mg) with yield of 59%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The smoothing further comprises a laser smoothing, which further comprises a process comprising laser ablation process, laser melting-resolidification process or laser-induced, surface-alloying process. In method-1, the smoothing the surface of the substrate is roll to roll smoothing, which comprises providing the substrate in roll form from a roll of material. The method-1 further comprises depositing a surface-treatment layer on the metallic substrate. Preferred Components: The layer comprises copper indium gallium diselenide. The absorber layer further comprises copper indium gallium diselenide. The substrate has a width of 1 m and a thickness of less than 125 mu m. The altered surface layer has a thickness of less than 25 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The high-intensity energy source further comprises a laser, which is Q-switched laser, Q-switched Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, Q-switched fiber laser, Q-switched disc laser, Q-switched slab laser, carbon-dioxide laser, pulsed laser, continuous-wave laser or diode laser. The electronic device comprises a solar cell. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The array of photovoltaic cells are respectively made of gallium indium arsenide phosphide (GaInAsP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium indium phosphide (GaInP2) and aluminum gallium indium phosphide (Al2GaInP4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transition material comprises arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen, antimony based III-V compound semiconductors subjected to the constraints of having the in-plane lattice parameter greater or equal to that of the lower sub-cell and less than or equal to that of the upper sub-cell, and having a band gap energy greater than that of the upper sub-cell B. The transition material comprises (InxGa1-x)yAl1-yAs, where x and y are chosen such that the band gap of interlayer remains constant at 1.5 eV. The lower sub-cell comprises gallium-indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium-indium arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide, or gallium-indium-arsenic nitride emitter region and gallium arsenide, gallium-indium arsenide, gallium-arsenic antimonide, or gallium-indium-arsenic nitride base region. The upper sub-cell comprises indium-gallium arsenide base and emitter regions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The titanium oxide nanotube structure is obtained by carrying out hydrothermal processing of titanium oxide or titanate. Another surface modification is provided on the surface of the nanotube structure. The titanium oxide nanotube structure is anatase type titanium oxide nanotube. The nanotube structure has hydroxyl group aligned on the surface. Preferred Process: The hydrothermal processing is performed at 110-150 degrees C for 10-100 hours. EXAMPLE - Anatase type titanium oxide was treated with 10M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at 110-150 degrees C for 10-100 hours. The treated titanium oxide was subjected to acid treatment and water washing to obtain titanium oxide nanotube. The obtained nanotube (500 mg) was suspended in spin dried toluene (10 ml). Normal propyl trimethoxysilane (500 mu l), 4 wt.% azole silane in methanol and triethylamine were added to the suspension and stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, and nanotube powder having surface modified by silane coupling agent was obtained. The modified nanotube had excellent solubility with respect to organic solvent, and controlled surface wettability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Catalyst metals are lead, strontium, bismuth and barium. The ferroelectric support has an octahedral oxygen structure of formula ABO3.A=Pb, Sr, Bi or Ba; andB=Ti, Zr, Nb, Ni or Mg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Titanic oxalate solution is prepared by mixing a solution consists of dissolved titanium tetrabutoxide in ethanol and a solution consists of dissolved oxalic acid in ethanol. The obtained solution is mixed with a solution consists of water soluble catalyst metallic compound in water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The atomize gas is mixed gas of halogenated silane gas and inert gas (preferably argon and/or helium). The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane and/or monochlorosilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The molten metal is sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and/or preferably aluminum (Al).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: A recovery unit (5) is provided for recovering a solid product, a by-product, and unreacted substance from the solid-gas mixed fluid discharged by the discharge unit from the reactor. The molten-metal supplier is provided at the bottom portion of reactor with a nozzle for supplying the molten metal to the reactor. The nozzle makes the molten metal flow in the horizontal direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Gas: The concentration of halogenated silane of the source gas is 10 mol% or more. The source gas consists only of halogenated silane, or is a mixed gas of gaseous halogenated silane and an inert gas. The inert gas is argon and/or helium. Preferred Components: The molten metal is aluminum. The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane. Preferred Conditions: The amount of source gas sprayed on the molten metal per unit time is more than the amount of molten metal on which the source gas is sprayed. The source gas is discharged at a pressure of 0.1-15 MPa towards the molten metal. The thin-film-like molten metal is flown out in the horizontal direction. While the molten metal is flown out from nozzle (I) having a slit during spraying, the source gas is sprayed on the molten metal by discharging the source gas from nozzle (II) provided at the vicinity of nozzle (I). While the molten metal is flown out from nozzle (III) having a cylindrical tip during spraying, the source gas is sprayed on the molten metal formed on the end surface of nozzle (III) by discharging the source gas from nozzle (IV) having an opening provided along the outer periphery of nozzle (III).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The co-catalyst is porphyrin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The high molecular compound is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene imine or polyalginic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cyano compounds of formulae (i-xvi) are preferably adsorbed to metal oxide. The metal oxide is titanium oxide, preferably anatase type titanium oxide. Alternately, the cyano compounds are adsorbed to semiconductor. Preferred Material: Alternately, electron-accepting organic molecule is adsorbed to metal oxide. The electron-accepting organic molecule has non-occupying level less than the low level of energy of electronic conductor of metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Parameters: The optionally substituted aryl group or aromatic heterocyclic ring group has Hammett substituent constant sigma p of - 1 to 0. Compound (1) has thermal decomposition temperature of 150-500 degrees C. The light used for pattern exposure is laser beam having wavelength of lambda nm and maximal absorption wavelength lambda max of lambda plus minus 150 nm. Preferred Composition: The photoresist liquid contains greater than or equal to 50 mass% of compound (1) with respect to total contained solid. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 57 Compounds (1) are specifically disclosed, e.g. group of formulae (2) to (6).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The glazing material comprises a fluoropolymer composition. The fluoropolymer is homopolymer or copolymers with ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoromethyl (or propyl) vinylether, or chlorotrifluoroethylene. It is a polyvinylidene fluoride-based composition or blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The composite body is a membrane-electrode assembly containing at least one membrane and at least one electrode (preferably gas diffusion electrode).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solution or dispersion comprises 1-50 wt.% of the polyaromatic compounds, 48-97 wt.% of water and at least 2 wt.% of the organic solvent. In the solution or dispersion, one polyaromatic compound carrying acid group is present. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is cyclic amides, non-cyclic amides, sulfur-containing solvents, alcohols, dialcohols and/or trialcohols. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The casting compound is a radiation transparent elastic polymer such as polyurethane, aliphatic polyisocyanate, native polyurea systems, cast-silicone, native epoxide or plastisol. The carrier is made from plastic such as polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate and polypropylene, biopolymers such as polylactic acid and polylactic acid-copolymers, or duroplastics such as pheol-, polyester- or epoxy resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The curing agent is organometallic compound of tin, titanium, aluminum, zinc, zirconium, bismuth, iron, cobalt, manganese, phosphorus and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound is saturated hydrocarbon group, hydrocarbon group containing aromatic group and aromatic group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The main component is thermoplastic siloxane oligomer having mean molecular weight of 2000 or less. Preferred Composition: The amount of curing agent is 50 weight% or less. Preferred Condition: The thermosetting organic-inorganic hybrid transparent material is cured by heating at 200 degrees C or less. The hardness of thermosetting organic-inorganic hybrid transparent material is not changed after hardening at 200 degrees C or less. Priming is provided on surface of to-be-adhered component. Preferred Property: The Thermosetting organic-inorganic hybrid transparent material has saturation water absorption of 0.3 weight% or less after hardening and average transmittance of 80% or more at wavelength of 350-800 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic-type filler with average particle diameter of 1 nm-5 mu m is inorganic-type pigment. The content of inorganic-type filler is 0.01-10 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphite compound is tris isodecyl phosphite. The sealing film further contains cross-linked adjuvant which is triaryl isocyanurate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. The content of vinyl acetate in ethylene-polar monomer copolymer is 20-30 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The content of cross-linked adjuvant is 0.1-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. The content of phosphite compound is 0.01-5 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of ethylene-polar monomer copolymer. Preferred Definitions:    R1=8-14C aliphatic alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Features: The chromium layer is applied with a thickness of 5-10 mu m. Electrochemical deposition is carried out at 10-19 degrees C using a current density of 10-80 A.dm-2, a current yield of 25-30% and a deposition rate of 0.5-1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weight proportion of cesium carbonate with respect to total weight of polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid copolymer gel membrane and cesium carbonate is 65-85 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The gel layer has crosslinked structure derived from aldehyde group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The board is a polymeric board comprising any or derivatives of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), and polyether-sulfone (PES).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film contains dopant (1-3.5 weight%) chosen from gallium, aluminum, silicon, germanium and titanium. The intermediate layer of thin film contains material chosen from silica, alumina, calcium oxide, and silicon nitride. The metal oxide thin film contains zinc oxide, indium tin oxide and/or tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The oxide is a sintered compact target, which further contains the doping element of aluminum and/or antimony.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The brightness of reflected light is measured according to the JISZ8729 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant consists of selenium and tellurium. The upper subcell is composed of indium gallium aluminum phosphide. The middle subcell is composed of gallium arsenide, gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide or gallium indium arsenide nitride emitter region, and gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium arsenide antimonide or gallium indium arsenide nitride base region. The lower solar subcell is composed of an indium gallium arsenide base and emitter layer, or indium gallium arsenide base layer and indium gallium phosphide emitter layer. The graded interlayer is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide and composed of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen and antimony based III-V compound semiconductors subject to the constraints of having the in-plane lattice parameter greater or equal to that of the second solar cell, less than or equal to that of the second solar cell and less than or equal to that of the third solar cell. The surrogate substrate consists of sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide or silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode layers and interlayer are made of material selected from the group consisting of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), tin dioxide (SnO2), indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). The photoconductive layers are made of silicon germanium (SiGe) and silicon carbide (SiC).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode layer is made of material selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni) and gold (Au). The photoconductive layers are made of multi-crystal silicon, non-crystal silicon, micro-crystal silicon and germanium (Ge).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal oxide nanoparticles has geometrical-mean particle size of 50-200 nm and dispersion degree of 20% or less. Preferred Component: The metal alkoxide is magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, zinc, rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, indium, tin, antimony, barium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten and/or rare earth metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polar solvent (A and B) contains 1-10C alcohol. The polar solvent (A and B) contains different alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst metal is metal lead, metal strontium, metal bismuth and metal barium. The holder having oxygen octahedron structure is of formula: ABO3, were A is catalyst metal such as lead, strontium, bismuth or barium, and B is titanium, zirconium, niobium, nickel or magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solution used for dissolving catalyst metal comprises oxal titanic acid solution (1) obtained by dissolving oxalic acid as solute in ethanol as organic solvent, oxal titanic acid solution (2) obtained by dissolving titanium tetra-butoxide as solute in ethanol as organic solvent, and oxal titanic acid solution (3) obtained by dissolving water-soluble catalyst metallic compound as solute in water as solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The halide corrosion resistant material or the silicon material is quartz, ceramics, carbon and/or silicone. The reducible metal is aluminum. The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The halogenated silane is reduced by contacting the micro droplets and gas containing halogenated silane in a reactor. Preferred Composition: The atomized gas contains inert gas and/or halogenated silane gas. The halogenated silane is chosen from tetrachlorosilane, trichlorosilane, dichlorosilane and/or monochlorosilane, preferably tetrachlorosilane. The molten metal contains sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc and/or aluminum, preferably aluminum. The inert gas is argon and/or helium. The atomized gas is heated at 200-1200 degrees C and is injected at a pressure of 0.1-15 MPa towards the discharged molten metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The concentration of tetrachlorosilane in the atomized gas is greater than or equal to 10 vol.%. The atomized gas is a mixed gas of the tetrachlorosilane fluid and inert gas. The inert gas is argon and/or helium. The molten metal contains sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and/or zinc (preferably aluminum).
EXAMPLE - Paraffin and KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst) were subjected to hydrogenation process at 315 degrees C under partial pressure of 4.0 MPa for 3.5 hours, to obtain hydro de-sulfurized fuel oil with sulfur content of 0.3 mass ppm derived from a sulfur compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The curable resin composition is UV curable resin composition which consists of acrylate compound, epoxy resin, and/or oxetane compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dopants: Dopants (I,II) are chosen from nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, boron, aluminum, gallium and indium. The dopants are introduced using ion implantation of a molecular ion comprising both dopants. The molecular ion is chosen from arsenic monophosphide, diarsenic diphosphide, triarsenic phosphide, and arsenic triphosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The first layer is deposited by a method comprising halide vapor phase epitaxy, metal organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy, and/or laser ablation. The deposition of the first layer provides a growth rate of greater than or equal to 100 mu m/hour. The first layer is grown on the R-plane of the sapphire substrate. Preferred Parameter: The textured surface of the first layer has a reflectivity of less than 1% over 325-700 nm. The photoluminescence of the textured surface of the quantum wells is greater than or equal to 90 times higher than the photoluminescence of an untextured surface of the same material. Preferred Component: The substrate is sapphire. The textured surface of the first layer has a series of elongated facets, each having approximately 120 degrees orientation to adjacent facets. The entire surface of the first layer covered by quantum well is textured. The first layer comprises gallium nitride. The group III-V material of the first layer and upper layer is gallium nitride. The quantum well comprises aluminum gallium nitride and/or indium gallium nitride. The III-nitride material is A-plane gallium nitride, A-plane aluminum nitride, or A-plane aluminum gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The P-type gallium nitride epitaxial growth layer and the N-type epitaxial growth layer are made of trimethylgallium or ammonia or Silane or bis(cyclopentadienyl) magnesium material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst contains acid, alkali, metal chelate and/or metal salt. About 0.1-20 mass parts of catalysts are contained with respect to 100 mass parts of hydrophilic polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The base material is metal, metal alloy, ceramic, plastics or synthetic fiber. Preferred Process: The fin material is made from aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The latex has hydrophilic polymer which has greater than or equal to 2 hydrolyzable silyl groups in one molecule and crosslinkable group which can be crosslinked on surface. The hydrophilic polymer of formulae -(C(R1)(R3)-C(R2)(L1-X))x or -(C(R4)(R6)-C(R5)(L2-SiR73-m(OR8)m))y which has greater than or equal to 2 hydrolyzable silyl groups in one molecule and crosslinkable group which can be crosslinked are hydrolyzable silyl groups. The hydrophilic composition further contains hydrophilic polymer which has one hydrolyzable silyl group in molecule.R1-R8=H or hydrocarbon;L1=single bond or multivalent organic coupling group;L2=multivalent organic coupling group which has single bond, -CONH-, - NHCONH-, -OCONH-, -SO2NH- or -SO3-;m=1-3;x,y=0-100;x+y=100;X=-OH, -ORa, -CORa, -CO2Re, - CON(Ra)(Rb), -N(Ra)(Rb), -NHCORd, -NHCO2Ra, -OCON(Ra)(Rb), -NHCON(Ra)(Rb), -SO3Re , -OSO3Re, -SO2Rd, -NHSO2Rd, -SO2N(Ra)(Rb ), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc), -N(Ra)(Rb)(Rc)(Rg), -PO3(Re)(Rf), -OPO3(Re)(Rf) or -PO3(Rd)(Re );Ra-Rc=H or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Rd=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl;Re,Rf=H, linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or onium; andRg=linear, branched or cyclic alkyl, halo, inorganic anion or organic anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first solution contains copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium. The second solution contains a chalcogen consisting of oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium. The third solution contains: a metal such as copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium or thallium; a chalcogen such as oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium; and/or a chemical complexant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metallurgical grade silicon comprises SiO2, Si3N4, SiON2, LaF3 and/or CaF2. The halide-containing gas further comprises a silane. The gas is chlorosilane, bromosilane, fluorosilane or iodosilane. The dopant is P type dopant (preferably halide, borane, diborane, B-H species, B2H6, BCl3 and/or decaborane), or N-type dopant (preferably phosphorus (P), antimony (Sb), PCl3, PCl5 and/or SbCl5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The secondary buffer layer contains aluminum, gallium or boron as doping impurity element in concentration of less than 1x 1019 atoms/cm3, and has resistivity of 0.1 ohm.cm or more. The concentration of sulfur in optical absorption layer is 0.5 atomic% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The tertiary buffer layer has dopant impurity concentration of less than 1x 1019 atom/cm3, and resistivity of 0.1-100 ohm.cm. The doping impurity element is aluminum, gallium or boron. The primary buffer layer includes cadmium sulfide (CdxSy), zinc sulfide (ZnxSy), zinc oxide (ZnxOy), zinc hydroxide (Znx(OH)y), indium sulfide (InxSy) or indium hydroxide (Inx(OH)y), where x and y are natural numbers. The surface of CIS-type optical absorption layer has sulfur concentration of 0.5 atom% or more. The secondary buffer layer has resistivity of 0.1 ohm.cm or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electric power generation layer is comprised of n-type germanium, magnesium, hafnium, manganese, zirconium, yttrium or alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The method further involves supplying secondary gas into reactor. The molten metal is aluminum. The halogenated silane is tetrachlorosilane. Preferred Conditions: The ratio of temperature of atomizing gas and melting point of molten metal at absolute temperature, is 0.6-1.2. The reactor has cylindrical structure having internal diameter of 2R. The metal particles are supplied into reactor along cylindrical central axis. The halogenated silane is supplied into reactor from position of 0.3-0.8R separated from central axis of cylindrical radial direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Equipment: The silicon production apparatus further contains secondary gas supply unit (40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second layer comprises copper or indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The transparent or translucent conductive material comprises a metal oxide. The photovoltaic cell is characterized as a thin film photovoltaic structure. The semiconductor material is disposed over a self supporting metal based foil. The substrate includes a layer comprising silicon. The first layer is in direct contact or not in direct contact with the first substrate surface. The first and second layers are in direct contact or not in direct contact. The first layer is a printed structure. The first layer comprises a material having the ability to assist in the formation of the second layer. The first layer comprises: an electrically conductive filler in a polymeric matrix; and a material capable of initiating chemical metal deposition. The second layer comprises electrodeposited metal. In (I), where a portion of the first substrate surface is adhesively bonded to the top surface. The pattern further comprises a buss joining two or more of the multiple traces, and where a monolithic material forms portions of both the buss and the two or more traces. The monolithic material comprises an electrodeposit. The photovoltaic cell has terminal edges defined by the boundaries of the semiconductor material and a portion of the buss is positioned outside a terminal edge of the cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first sub-layer comprises copper, indium and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dopants are selected from a group consisting of nitrogen, boron, gallium, indium, phosphorus and arsenic. The molecular ion is selected from a group consisting of arsenic monophosphide, diarsenic diphosphide, triarsenic phosphide and arsenic triphosphide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopants are selected from a group consisting of antimony, bismuth and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The wetted surfaces in the texturing tank are coated with polyvinylidene fluoride or perfluoroalkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Apparatus: The operating device (5) is a plastics or metal fabric, acting as a diffuser, flow adjuster, distributor, membrane or separator, and is firmly connected to the component (2), e.g. by welding, adhering or screwing. The cross-section of the component (2) is adapted to that of the processing chamber, and is specifically round, square or quadrangular. At least one opening (18) is present in the free space wall (25) at the upper seal of the free space (4). A handle (16) is provided for manual or automatic insertion and removal of the component. Anode contacts (12) are present on an electrically conductive anode supporting base (9) or on an insoluble anode, and anode covers (13) electrically contact the anode (6). At least one liquid-permeable operating device is self-supporting or located in a supporting frame; and/or removable for servicing. The anode supporting base is removable for servicing. The operating device optionally has non-linear electrolyte permeability transverse to the permeable surface. The cross-section of the free space in the center of the anode support is 2-40 (preferably 5-15)% of that of the processing chamber. Preferably soluble anode is stored in loose form in a support (3) in the form of a metal or plastics basket. The component (2) (including the operating device) is specifically in the form of an illumination device (e.g. incandescent, luminescent, halogen or discharge lamp or LED); or of an anode screen for modulating the electric field at the article. Preferred Process: During galvanization the adapted volume flow below the operating device (5) through the openings (18) provides an almost constant static pressure in the electrolyte (8), causing a constant electrolyte flow via the operating device in the processing chamber and in the vicinity of the article.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor contains titanium oxide. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=aromatic hydrocarbyl, or aromatic heterocyclic group, preferably group of formula (2);    X=carboxyl or cyano;    Y',Z=cyano;    Ar1=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl or aromatic heterocyclic group;and    Q1,Q2,P1-P3=H or optionally substituted organic residue, and least one of P1-P3 is optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl or aromatic heterocyclic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The metal layer is formed using gold or silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dimonium dye is consisting of dimonium cation formula (1), and anion of formula Ra-(SO2)-N--(SO2)-Rb (2) or formula (3). The composition also contains phthalocyanine type dye.R1-R8=H, halo or optionally substituted 1-10C alkyl;Ra,Rb=fluoroalkyl; andRc=fluoroalkylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The resin has acid value of less than or equal to 25, and calculated solubility parameter of less than or equal to 9.8. Preferred Process: The resin is formed by copolymerizing 5-40 wt.% of (meth)acrylic ester having alicyclic, polycyclic alicyclic, aromatic ring type or polycyclic aromatic ring type alkyl group, 60-95 wt.% of (meth)acrylic ester having alkyl group with carbon number of 1-10, and 0-30 wt.% of copolymerizable monomer. Preferred Components: The near-infrared absorber has transparent base material where near-infrared absorption adhesive composition is laminated. The transparent base material is glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, easily-adhesive PET film, lactone ring containing resin film, triacetyl cellulose (TAC) film, antireflection film or electromagnetic wave shield film. The transparent base material is preferably PET film or easily-adhesive PET film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The precursor is obtained by heating alkoxysilane, low molecular oligomer, acid catalyst (1 times or more), organic solvent (100 times or less), water (1 times or more) and catalyst at 50-200 degrees C for 10 minutes to 1 week. The low molecular oligomer is obtained by mixing alkoxysilane containing hydrocarbon group, and aromatic containing saturated hydrocarbon group, hydrolyzing and polycondensing. Preferred Composition: The precursor comprises saturated hydrocarbon group as an organic substituent. The content of thermoplastic low molecular oligomer is 50 weight% or less. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon group is aromatic hydrocarbon group. Preferred Properties: The mean molecular weight of thermoplastic low molecular oligomer is 2000 or less. The precursor has mean molecular weight of 200-50000, and viscosity of 200 Pa.second or less at 25 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Phenyl trimethoxy silane and diphenyl dimethoxy silane was hydrolyzed was polycondensed, to obtain thermoplastic low molecular oligomer having mean molecular weight of 800. The obtained low molecular oligomer (30 weight%) was added to dimethyldimethoxysilane (10 g), ethanol (79 g), water (135 g) and glacial acetic acid (9 mg), mixed, heat-stirred at 100 degrees C for 3 hours, dissolved in diethyl ether and pure water, extracted using acetic acid and distilled off diethyl ether, to obtain precursor having mean molecular weight of 750 and viscosity of 1220 mPa.second. The precursor had excellent adhesiveness, transparency and crack-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer material is polyimide or photopolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The vapor deposition layer includes vapor-depositor aluminum oxide or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The protection sheet further includes an overcoat layer (O) laminated on the vapor deposition layer of gas barrier base material. The overcoat layer contains water-soluble polymer (B1) and component (B2) containing silane monomer or its hydrolyzate, metal alkoxide or its hydrolyzate, and/or silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate. The silane monomer is of formula: R-Si(OR')3. The metal alkoxide is of formula: M(OR')n.R=functional group chosen from alkyl, (meth)acryloyl, vinyl, amino, epoxy and isocyanate;R'=alkyl;M=metal ion;andn=valence of ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The antistatic resin contains conductor. The polyester-type resin layer contains polyethylene naphthalate, and has thickness of 6-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin (a) is polyolefin-type resin, polystyrene-type resin, polyester-type resin, polyamide-type resin or microorganism disintegrable resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The polyaniline or its derivative(s) (b) is doped emeraldin salt or non-doped emeraldin base, and is solid state component obtained by carrying out drying process of water or organic solvent. The content of water or organic solvent is less than 1%. The molten salt having ambient temperature (c) is ionic liquid containing imidazolium-type compound, pyridinium-type compound, ammonium-type compound, phosphonium-type compound and/or sulfonium-type compound. A proton acid is used along with emeraldin base. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of molten salt having ambient temperature (c) and polyaniline or its derivative(s) (b) is 0.5-2. EXAMPLE - Prime polypro J707G (RTM: polyolefin-type resin) (in weight%) (99), TOSHIKI#502 (RTM: polyaniline) (0.5) and ionic liquid containing pyridinium-type compound (0.5) were mixed at 190 degrees C and granulated, to obtain resin composition. The obtained resin composition had excellent electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The electrolyte layer further contains ionic liquid. The resin is cellulose derivative. The electrode base material and counter electrode are flexible films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The connection portion is made of electroconductive oxide consisting of any one of indium tin oxide, antimony tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves removing the filter membrane using vapor such as acetone vapor, removing surfactant on back surface of the carbon nanotube film, washing the carbon nanotube film and moving the film on a substrate. The surfactant on back surface of the carbon nanotube film is removed by immersing the carbon nanotube film in methanol aqueous solution. The carbon nanotube film is processed using thionyl bromide as dopant. Each layer of the carbon nanotube film laminate is modified using thionyl bromide. Preferred Component: The substrate is quartz substrate. The carbon nanotube is single wall carbon nanotube. The carbon nanotube film laminate contains anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The buffer solution is tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride buffer solution. The filtered membrane is mixing cellulose-ester (MCE) filter membrane. The surfactant is octyl-phenol ethoxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The polymer is immobilized when greater than or equal to 2 base material bonding groups in molecular structure are chemically bonded together by surface and multipoint of base material. Preferred Components: The base material bonding group which is chemically bonded together with surface of base material by covalent bond is polymerizable unsaturated bond group or alkoxy silyl group chemically bonded together with surface of base material by energy assignment. The content ratio of base material bonding group in polymer is 1-50 mol%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The film layer contains silica sol. The vapor deposition layer contains silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and/or tin oxide. The laminated component comprises primer layer provided between base film and vapor deposition layer. the primer layer comprises silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate, polyol and/or isocyanate compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition material of fluorescent substance is europium doped lanthanum oxysulphide (La2O2S:Eu), europium doped barium-strontium silicate ((Ba,Sr)2SiO4:Eu) or europium doped strontium chloroapatite (Sr5(PO4)3Cl:Eu).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The adhesive film contains ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first layer comprises copper sulfide. The second layer comprises cadmium sulfide. The substrate comprises a transparent first conducting layer including transparent conducting oxides, indium tin oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium tin oxide, carbon nanotubes or metal wire arrays; and a transparent base layer. The second conducting layer comprises metals, metalloids, transition elements, or carbon based conductive nanostructures. The two nanocrystal pairs are copper sulfide/cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide/cadmium telluride, zinc oxide/zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride, or copper oxide/zinc oxide. The second precursor comprises a metal salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The copper sulfide nanocrystals have an outer surface that comprise a partial layer of dodecanethiol. The cadmium sulfide nanocrystals have an outer surface that comprise a partial layer of oleylamine and/or pyridine. The first precursor comprising the first element is thiocarbamate and/or alkythiol, and the organic solvent comprises an organic surfactant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The up-conversion material signal reinforcing layer comprises rare-earth ion-doped fluoride, rare-earth ion-doped sulfur compound, rare-earth ion-doped halogen compound or rare-earth ion-doped oxide. The electrolyte is selected from a group comprising liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte or solid electrolyte containing iodine and lithium iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The sheet resistance of antireflective layer is not greater than 40 Omega /square. Preferred Component: The antireflective layer comprises zinc oxide. It further comprises indium, gallium, aluminum, fluorine, and/or hydrogen. The antireflective layer comprises indium-zinc oxide. The solar cell further comprises a passivation layer between the emitter portion and the antireflective layer, where passivation layer comprises amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode comprises silver. Preferred Method: In heat-treating the first electrode layer, the heat treatment temperature is below a eutectic point of the material of the passivation layer and a metal of the first electrode layer. Formation of the second electrode comprises applying a paste for forming the second electrode, where paste comprises silver or silver oxide; and heat-treating by firing the paste at 50-400 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nitride substrate and nitride based nano posts includes aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, indium nitride, and compounds such as aluminum gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride and aluminum indium gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reducing ambient comprises ammonia and hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The average particle diameter of zinc oxide particles, is preferably 5 nm or less. A zinc oxide particle is obtained by hydrolysis of zinc alkoxide in water in oil-type microemulsion solution containing water and surfactant dispersed in hydrophobic solvent. A zinc alkoxide is diethoxy zinc. The average particle diameter of zinc oxide particle is controlled by chain length (n) of hydrophobic group of surfactant. Preferred Property: The addition molar quantity of amino alcohol is more than addition molar quantity of zinc alkoxide in alcohol solution. Preferred Process: The zinc oxide membrane is obtained by coating ultrafine zinc oxide particle dispersion on substrate (9), and heat processing, in which ratio of maximum emitted light intensity in visible region, and maximum emitted light intensity in ultraviolet region is 0.2 or less. The particle diameter of zinc oxide particle in zinc oxide membrane is controlled by controlling temperature in heat-processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The zinc alkoxide is diethoxy zinc. The amino alcohol is monoethanolamine. The alcohol solution is ethanol solution. The surfactant has main surfactant (6) and sub-surfactant (7). The sub-surfactant is chain alcohol of formula: CmH2m+1OH. The main surfactant is polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether of formula (1).m=4-10;andn=positive integer. EXAMPLE - 1-Octanol, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, diethoxy zinc, monomethanol amine and water were mixed to obtain ultrafine Zinc oxide particle dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (A) comprises hydroxamic acid compounds, which has a structure of formula (R1a-C(=O)-N(R2a)-OH) and/or hydroxyamine compounds, which has a structure of formula (R3a-N(OH)-R4a). The content ratio of (A) to the electro-conductive polymer is 0.0005:1-100:1 by mass.R1a, R3a, R4a = H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy or aryloxy; andR2a = H, alkyl, aryl or heteroaryl.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises polystyrene sulfonic acid as a dopant. (I) further comprises water, where (I) is in the form of a dispersion liquid. Preferred Components: The electro-conductive polymer includes a polythiophene or its derivative, preferably poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene. EXAMPLE - Aqueous dispersion liquid of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thiophene (PEDOT)/polystyrene sulfonate, and methyl ethyl ketone solution of 1 mass% of pentanoic acid hydroxyamide in the same weight as that of the PEDOT was mixed to give electro-conductive polymer composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The semiconductor nanoparticles having size of 1-20 nm are formed. The silicon-nitrogen-carbon oxide thin film is formed in atmosphere containing hydrogen or hydrogen and inert gas. The silicon-nitrogen-carbon oxide thin film is subjected to in-situ doping with dopant source gas or physical sputtering source. Preferred Properties: The silicon-nitrogen-carbon oxide thin film has refractive index at wavelength of 632 nm of 1.9-3.5 and peak optical emission, transmission and absorption characteristics of 200-1600 nm. Preferred Component: The oxygen source gas is nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, oxygen or ozone. The nitrogen source gas is nitrogen or ammonia. The germanium source gas is germanium-hydrogen (GenH2n+2 or GeHxR4-x), where n is 1-4, R is chlorine, bromine or iodine and x is 0-3. The silicon source gas is silane, disilane, tetra ethoxy orthosilicate or silicon-hydrogen (SinH2n+2 or SiHxR4-x). The silicon source gas further contains inert gas such as helium, argon or krypton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carbon source gas is alkane (CnH2n+2), alkene (CnH2n), alkyne (CnH2n-2), benzene or toluene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains plastic, glass, quartz, silicon, silica carbide, gallium nitride, germanium or silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The organic active-layer material is a combination of a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor material is selected from conjugated oligomers and small molecules; and the n-type semiconductor material is selected from C60; C60 derivatives; C70; C70 derivatives; carbon nanotubes; carbon-nanotube derivatives; 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic-bis-benzimidazole (PTCBI); N,N'-dimethyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide (Me-PTCDI); PTCBI derivatives; and Me-PTCDI derivatives. The C60 derivatives are phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The first organic solvent is 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, chlorobenzene, toluene or xylenes. The second organic solvent is 1-chloronaphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The second organic solvent has a volume percentage of 2-50%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The p-type semiconductor material is selected from polythiophene, polyfluorene, polyphenylenevinylene, derivatives of polythiophene, derivatives of polyfluorene, and derivatives of polyphenylenevinylene. The n-type semiconductor material is selected from polymers and semiconductor nanoparticles. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor material comprises quantum dots having size of 10 nm or less, and dispersed in pores. The electrode (I) and electrode (II) are a metal grid or a transparent conducting oxide of tin oxide, zinc oxide or indium oxide. The pores of porous silica are filled with an electrolyte. Preferred Properties: The quantum dots have size of 1-7 nm, preferably 2-5 nm. The semiconductor material containing indium arsenide, indium antimonide, gallium antimonide, lead sulfide, lead selenide, lead telluride, germanium or gallium-indium arsenide, has band gap smaller than the band gap of silicon. The semiconductor material containing cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium telluride, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, zinc sulfide, gallium nitride, indium nitride, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide or indium phosphide, has band gap larger than band gap of silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains glass, ceramic, plastic, metal or semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amine group-containing compound is of formula: R7-Ar4-N(-Ar5-R8)-Ar6-R9-X4 (3) or R10-Ar7-N(-Ar8-R11-X5)-Ar9-R12-X6 (4).Ar-Ar6=Ar1;R7,R8,R10=R1;R9,R11,R12=R3;andX4,X5=X1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electric power generation layer is comprised by p-type silicon and n-type silicon which are laminated. The electric power generation layer surface is formed with transparent electrode layer comprised with transparent conductive organic compound or transparent conductive inorganic compound. The transparent conductive inorganic compound is indium tin oxide, tin dioxide or zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive organic compound is polyacetylene or polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nozzle is made of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, boron nitride, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, zirconia, boron carbide, magnesium oxide, tungsten oxide, tungsten carbide or uranium carbide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The nozzle is made of molybdenum, tantalum, platinum, gold, tungsten, iridium, rhenium, osmium, molybdenum-tungsten alloy, tungsten-rhenium alloy, ruthenium, alumina or boron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass is ITO glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The toluene is used in an amount of 15-45 ml. The lead acetate powder is used in an amount of 80-120 mg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The MDMO-PPV is used in an amount of 5-15 mg. The concentration of MDMO-PPV chlorobenzene is 6-12 mg/ml. The weight ratio of PbS to MDMO-PPV is 2:1. Preferred Conditions: The magnetic blending speed is 200 rpm. The violent magnetic blending speed is 600 rpm. The annealing temperature is 100-130 degrees C. The annealing time is 10-30 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide compound is selected from titanium tetraisopropoxide, titanium tetrachloride, titanium nitrate or titanium sulfate. The acid is selected from nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The glass and glass substrate comprise ferrous oxide (FeO) ( less than or equal to 0.003, preferably less than or equal to 0.002)%, and glass redox ( less than or equal to 0.06, preferably less than or equal to 0.04)%; cerium oxide (0-0.05, preferably not greater than 0.01)%; and further SO3 ( greater than or equal to 0.27, preferably 0.3-0.5)%; and contains not greater than 2 ppm of ( greater than or equal to 2, preferably greater than or equal to 3, especially greater than or equal to 4, particularly greater than or equal to 5) of erbium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, neodymium oxide, chromium oxide, and selenium. EXAMPLE - A test glass substrate was prepared using (wt.%): SiO2 (71.69), Al2O3 (0.15), Fe2O3 (0.054), CaO (9), MgO (4.55), Na2O (14.17), K2O (0.04), SO3 (0.29), TiO2 (0.02), Cr2O3 (0.0006), Co3O4 (0), and CeO2 (0.006). A comparative glass substrate comprised regular clear glass and contained (wt.%): SiO2 (71.67), Al2O3 (0.37), Fe2O3 (0.09), CaO (8.61), MgO (3.76), Na2O (13.58), K2O (0.14), SO3 (0.17), TiO2 (0.04), Cr2O3 (0.0012), Co3O4 (0), and CeO2 (0). Spectral properties of the test/comparative glass at 4 mm were as follows: % transmission visible (as determined by LT D65) = 91.66/90.01; % transmission solar (as determined by ISO 9050) = 91.21/84.84; % transmission solar (as determined by AM 1.5 2003) = 90.98/84.64; % UV (300-400 nm) = 72.25/80.45; color value Lasterisk (as determined by I11 D65, 10 degrees observation) = 96.66/96.08; color value aasterisk (as determined by I11 D65, 10 degrees observation) = -0.13/-0.89; color value basterisk (as determined by I11 D65, 10 degrees observation) = 0.71/0.13; and % FeO (spectral) = 0/0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The primary layer includes oxide particles such as titanium oxide, iron oxide (Fe2O3), zinc oxide, tin oxide (Sn2O3) and tungsten oxide (WO3). The sub assembly further includes an interlayer disposed between primary and secondary layers. The interlayer includes titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, diamond, nitrides, oxides, borides and phosphides of semimetallic and multimetallic material, silicide of niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and vanadium, oxynitride material, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, boron carbide, inert metals such as titanium, tungsten, or precious metals such as platinum, rhodium and palladium. A solution used during manufacture of sub assembly includes plasticizer, defoamer, thickener or wetting agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic layer comprises silver. The metal oxide layer comprises fluorine doped tin oxide. The hydrophilic, photoactive layer comprises crystalline (anatase) titania.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Microwave is irradiated to the paste which contains organic solvent (12) containing dopant element mixed with the metal oxide, to manufacture the impurity doped metal oxide. The metal oxide is titanium dioxide. The dopant element is carbon. Alternately, the metal oxide and dopant element are surrounded by ceramic heat insulation wall (14) coated with microwave absorber (16). The microwave is irradiated to the ceramic heat insulation wall, metal oxide and dopant element, to manufacture the impurity doped metal oxide. The microwave absorber is graphite or mixture of graphite and alcohol. The alcohol is ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The anti-reflective layer is made of silicon nitride, silicon oxide, or intrinsic amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fuel gas is comprised of ethylene and oxygen or air. The concentration of titanium in the fuel composition is 300-2000 parts per million. The substrate is comprised of glass. The jet of gas is at least one oxygen, nitrogen and argon. The titanium is in the form of titanium tetraisopropoxide. The fuel gas further comprises argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The substrate is rotated in a central axis and the flame is kept at a constant distance from the surface of the substrate. The substrate is rotated at a speed of 100-600 revolutions per minute. The temperature of the substrate is maintained at less than 200 degrees C, by use of at least one jet of gas directed to the surface of the substrate to cool the surface of the substrate. The method further involves staining the sintered nanocrystal layer with a light-sensitive dye. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: The atomic ratio of gallium to the total content of zinc and gallium in zinc-oxide-type thin layer (2) is 3.5-5.5%, preferably 4.5-5.5%. The layer (2) optionally includes two zinc-oxide-type thin layers (A,B). The atomic ratio of gallium to the total content of zinc and gallium in layers (A,B) is 4.5-5.5% and 3.5-4.4%, respectively. Preferred Properties: The zinc-oxide-type-transparent-conductive-film laminate has total film thickness of 80-400 nm and specific resistance of 8.0x 10-4 Omega .cm or less. When the zinc-oxide-type thin layer (2) includes layers (A,B), the zinc-oxide-type-transparent-conductive-film laminate has total film thickness of 400 nm or more and specific resistance of 3.5x 10-4 Omega .cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The processing liquid further contains aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and/or hydrogen dioxide. The silicon component is further processed using copper and zinc solution, or ammonium persulfate, and supplying hydrophilic agent including aqueous solution of sodium oxide and potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The process liquid for removing iron component is aqueous solution of ferric chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The liquid contains silane polymer and a dopant, or is dispersed with silicon fine particles doped with impurity. The silane polymer is hydrogenated polysilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxidant gas is oxygen. The metal part is based of platinum or its alloy containing 5-25% of rhodium. The glass contains 60 wt.% of silicon dioxide, and 0.01-0.009 wt.% of iron oxide. The reducer is coke or zinc sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The isocyanate-containing polymer is aliphatic-type isocyanate-containing polymer and/or alicyclic-type isocyanate-containing polymer. The ethylene-type copolymer resin is ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, co-polymerized polymer which has ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer basic structure, and/or ethylene-(meth)acrylic-acid copolymer resin. Preferred Properties: The thickness of adhesive layer is 0.1-1 mu m. The thickness of heat-bondable resin layer is 0.2-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The radical polymerizable water soluble monomer is N-substituted acrylamide or N,N-di-substituted acrylamide, and radical polymerizable water insoluble monomer is (meth)acrylate which has cyclic ether structure. The metal alkoxide has hydrolysable functional group with more than trivalence. The structural color membrane contains carbonized material derived from metal alkoxide and/or hollow polymer particle. Preferred Composition: The ratio (B)/(a) of hollow polymer particle and metal alkoxide in coating aqueous coating material composition is 70/30-5/95 by mass ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The near-supercritical carbon dioxide includes an acid sufficient for metal catalyst removal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: In the method, the near-supercritical carbon dioxide and disentangled filamentary nanocarbon are released from the pressure vessel by spraying through a nozzle. The collecting and releasing step is preceded by the step of agitating the near-supercritical carbon dioxide and the entangled filamentary nanocarbon. The installing step is preceded by the step of: adding a surfactant into the pressure vessel; adding an acid into the pressure vessel; adding a co-solvent into the pressure vessel; and adding a polymer to be pre-impregnated into the entangled filamentary nanocarbon into the pressure vessel. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Two new ruthenium complexes are specifically claimed, i.e., ruthenium complex of formula (I-1) and ruthenium complex of formula (I-2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluidizing agent further comprises an inert gas, which comprises nitrogen or argon. The fluidizing agent consists essentially of steam. The fluidizing agent has a superficial velocity in the fluidized bed of 0.03-0.15 m/second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises fluidizing the carbon black starting material in the fluidized bed with a fluidizing agent comprising the oxidant. The conditions comprise a reaction time of 0.5-15 hours; and a fluidized bed temperature of 700-1300 degrees C, preferably 900-1100 degrees C. The mass ratio of cumulative oxidant at the end of the reaction time to carbon black starting material is 0.5-2.5. The ratio of steam flow to carbon black starting material in the fluidized bed is 0.05-0.50 kg steam/kg carbon black starting material/hour. Preferred Components: The oxidant comprises steam or carbon dioxide. The carbon black starting material comprises pelletized carbon black. The porous carbon black has: the BET nitrogen surface area of 600-900 m2/g or 900-1200 m2/g; the Dagg/Dp ratio of 1-5 preferably 1-3 at 35-80 nm or 5-15 nm; a BET nitrogen surface area:STSA ratio of 0.95-1.1. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
Preferred Definitions:    A=O, S Se or N-R28;    R0 = groups of formulae (2)-(4);    R1, R2 = groups of formulae (5)-(6);    R4-R27 = H, OH, alkane, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkyl, alkylthio, haloalkyl or halo;    R28 = H, alkane, cycloalkyl or aralkyl;and    n = 1-10.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Organic dyes containing thienylenevinylene are specifically claimed, i.e. bis-n-(2-ethylbutoxy)triphenylamine thienylenevinylene-1-cyanoethanoic acid of formula (I') and bis-n-(2-ethylbutoxy)triphenylamine-4-cyclopentane thienylenevinylene-4-cyclopentene thienylenevinylene-2-cyanoethanoic acid of formula (II').
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves re-crystallizing the filtrate obtained by vacuum drawing and filtering, to obtain fluoride salt. Preferred Compounds: The metal is IA group metal or IIA metal group, chosen from lithium, sodium, metallic potassium and calcium. The fluorosilicate is potassium hexafluosilicate, lithium hexafluosilicate, sodium hexafluosilicate or calcium hexafluosilicate. A silicon powder is impregnated using acid chosen from hydrochloric acid, nitric acid are sulfuric acid. The vessel is stainless steel or quartz reaction vessel. The vacuum melting is performed in quartz crucible of vacuum furnace or zirconium crucible vessel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The components are made of aluminum alloy and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The air or argon gas is injected in the insulation layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The unvulcanized rubber is made using halogenated isoolefin or para-alkylstyrene copolymer and ethylene propylene rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixture flows over the substrate (SU) in laminar form. The indium-containing precursor (PR(In/(g/fl))) is (a) converted into a liquid phase by dissolution in a solvent, followed by atomizing the solution using an ultrasonic generator or pneumatic sprayer to generate an aerosol of very fine drops; or (b) converted into a gaseous phase by passing solvent vapor over a solid precursor or dropping a precursor solution onto a heated surface. The precursor is an optionally solvated indium halide salt, especially indium chloride (InCl3); or a beta -diketonate, especially indium acetylacetonate (In(acac)3)). The solvent is an alcohol or ketone, especially ethanol or acetone. The carrier gas (IG) is nitrogen. The surroundings of the heated substrate (SU) are at room temperature (RTE). The H2S (optionally mixed with the carrier gas) is preferably preheated. EXAMPLE - A 25 mM solution of indium chloride in ethanol was atomized at 1 ml per minute. The obtained aerosol was transported with a nitrogen carrier gas stream at a flow speed of 5 l per minute and mixed with a gaseous stream of 5% hydrogen sulfide in argon, supplied at an injection speed of 15 ml per minute. The obtained gaseous mixture, having an absolute H2S concentration of 0.015 vol. %, was passed in a laminar flow over a substrate heated to 200 degrees C. A compact indium sulfide thin layer was obtained at a growth speed of 9 nm per minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The process source is made of metallic boride, metallic nitride such as titanium nitride, metallic carbide, non-metallic boride, non-metallic nitride, non-metallic carbide, nitrides, borides, graphite, boron carbide, silicon carbide, mixture of titanium diboride and aluminum nitride, mixture of titanium diboride and boron nitride, and mixture of titanium diboride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The thermocouple metal traces in connection with the Peltier thermoelectric device is formed on a thin polyamide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The component (c) is chosen from nitrides and oxides of I, II, III and IV group elements. The electroconductive composition contains low-dimensional oxide (excluding cuprous oxide) and low-dimensional nitride (c) of I, II, III and IV group elements, instead of component (c) or along with component (c). The content of component (c and/or c') is 0.1-10 mass% with respect to the total content of components (a,b). The content of component (b) is 0.1-10 mass% with respect to component (a). The electroconductive composition further contains an organic binder. Alternately, the electroconductive composition contains electroconductive powder (a), glass frit (b), component (c") including metal oxide and/or metal nitride, and oxide (d) of III group element and/or oxide of V group element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material powder is of formula Ln1-xAexMO3. The high concentration oxygen-containing mixed gas is a mixed gas prepared so that oxygen gas concentration may be greater than or equal to 30 vol.%.Ln=lanthanoid(s);Ae=Sr, Ca and/or Ba;M=Mg, Mn, Ga, Ti, Co, Ni, Al, Fe, Cu, In, Sn, Zr, V, Cr, Zn, Ge, Sc and/or Y; andx=0-1.Preferred Process: The baking process is carried out by performing pressurization baking of molded object. Preferred Parameter: The deoxygenation material has reduction expansion coefficient of greater than or equal to 0.1%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The perovskite-type oxide has Seebeck coefficient of -150 mu V/K or less at 200-700 degrees C and electrical resistivity of 0.5-0.9 ohm.cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cleaning liquid further contains an inorganic acid. The content of water in cleaning liquid is less than 30 weight%. The coolant is water-soluble.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The low boiling point organic solvent is 1-6C alcohol and/or 3-6C ketone, preferably methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and/or acetone. Preferred Component: The recovery equipment further has another cleaning portion for cleaning separated solid content with a cleaning liquid containing low boiling point organic solvent, acid aqueous solution and/or water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The dilution water is added to neutralization decomposition process. The pH of silica separation water is adjusted between the separation process and crystallization process. The calcium-fluoride slurry is dehydrated, and is recovered as synthetic fluorite. The desorption water obtained by dehydration is recycled to the neutralization process, dehydration of silica slurry, crystallization process or pH control process. A stabilizer is added to the fluorine-containing wastewater before neutralization process. Preferred Properties: The pH of the wastewater is controlled to 7-10. The crystallization process is performed at 30-80 degrees C and pH of 2 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The sodium compound is sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydroxide. The stabilizer is oxidizing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The neutralization decomposition apparatus has a dilution water supply portion (23) to supply dilution water in which the specific-fluoride crystal in the silica slurry is dissolved and a pH control portion to adjust pH to 7-10. The crystallizer has a water temperature adjustment portion to adjust water temperature to 30-80 degrees C and pH control portion to adjust pH to 2 or less. The synthetic fluorite recovery equipment has pH controlling equipment to adjust pH of silica separation water, a recovery equipment to dehydrate calcium-fluoride slurry and recover synthetic fluorite, and a stabilizer addition apparatus (10) to add stabilizer to the fluorine containing wastewater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative (B) is 60C fullerene derivative. Preferred Composition: The content of fullerene derivative (B) is 90 mass% or less. The raw material contains 60C fullerene derivative (50-85 mass%) and 70C fullerene derivative (5-90 mass%, preferably 15-50 mass%). Preferred Process: The fullerene derivative (A) and fullerene derivative (B) are obtained using fullerene obtained by combustion method. EXAMPLE - Sodium methoxide, 4-benzoyl methyl-butyrate para-tosyl hydrazone and pyridine were mixed for 15 minutes, to obtain reaction mixture (a). Fullerene obtained using hydrocarbon was dissolved in ortho-dichlorobenzene, to obtain reaction mixture (b). The obtained reaction mixture (b) was mixed with reaction mixture (a), heated at 65-70 degrees C for 22 hours, concentrated, purified, the phenyl butoxycarbonyl substitution product was recovered, concentrated, vacuum-dried at 200 degrees C for 10 hours, irradiated and vacuum-dried, to obtain fullerene derivative composition. The obtained composition had excellent solubility with respect to solvent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: The transparent thermal conductive adhesive film is formed by laminating adhesive films, carrying out slicing of the obtained laminate along perpendicular or parallel direction with respect to the lamination surface. The adhesive film is molded from the kneaded material of resin and thermal conductive microparticles or thermal conductive fiber dispersed in the resin. The microparticles or fiber is anisotropic white or transparent microparticles of plate shape or rod shape or fiber of fibrous form and is orientated along perpendicular or parallel direction with respect to surface of the adhesive film. The microparticles or fiber has thermal conductivity along orientation direction. Preferably, layer (A) with high filling content of the transparent fiber or microparticles and layer (B) with low filling content of the transparent fiber or microparticles are alternately laminated and sliced along direction perpendicular to the lamination surface. Alternately, layer (A) and layer (B) are alternately laminated. Layer (A) is exposed to light emitting surface side and adhered. The thermal conductive fiber is the fiber coated with material of high thermal conductivity. The microparticles or fibers are adhered or immersed in the resin surface. The refractive index of the microparticles or fiber in visible light region is 1.8 or more. More than 2/3 portion of microparticles or fibers in layer inclines towards center.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The film is formed on stainless steel, aluminum and/or aluminum alloy. Preferred Composition: The concentration of chlorine trifluoride is 5-100%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel further comprises (in mass%) titanium (0.5 or less), zirconium (0.5 or less), cobalt (0.5 or less) and/or vanadium (0.5 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel material further contains (in mass%) boron (0.003 or less), titanium (0.25 or less), rare earth metal (0.08 or less), zirconium (0.5 or less), vanadium (0.5 or less) and/or cobalt (0.5 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ferritic stainless steel material further contains (in mass%) boron (0.003 or less), titanium (0.25 or less), rare earth metal (0.08 or less), zirconium (0.5 or less), vanadium (0.5 or less) and/or cobalt (0.5 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The top and bottom encapsulating layers are made of ethylene vinyl acetate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Cell: The bifunctional ligand including an electron conductor bonding moiety (preferably phosphonic acid moiety) and a first quantum dot anchor (preferably comprising amine moiety); and a hole conductor comprises a second quantum dot anchor; where the first quantum dot anchor and the second quantum dot anchor independently comprise a phosphonic acid moiety.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hole conductor layer comprises a conductive polymer having a thiophene based repeating unit of formula (IV) or (V).m and p=6-12. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 compounds i.e. 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (Iaa), propane-1,1-diphosphonic acid are specified as (Ia), 1 compound i.e. benzene-1,4-diphosphonic acid is specified as (Ib) and 1 compound i.e. 3-amino phenyl phosphonic acid is specified as (Ic).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal complex catalyst (B) contains metallic element consists of metal from groups 2A, 3B, 4A or 5A, and beta -diketone consist of oxo or hydroxyl acid matter compound such as ketoester, hydroxycarboxylic acid or its ester, amino alcohol and/or enol property active hydrogen compound. The composition for hydrophilic film formation further contains colloidal silica and alkoxide compound (C) having silicon, titanium, zirconium and/or aluminum and/or its partial hydrolysis condensate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal halide is tin tetrachloride, tin tetrabromide and/or zinc chloride. The gas is argon, helium, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen in nitrogen and oxygen through the atomizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises water, ethanol and/or acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid compound is hydrofluoric acid and sour ammonium fluorides added with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or HCl; hydrofluoric acid or sour potassium fluoride added with HCl and H2SO4, or barium sulfate and starch. Preferred Method: The operation of pickling the surfaces not covered with paint is carried out, so that a diverse pickling depth on the surface of the glass can be achieved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide nanoparticle layer comprises titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and strontium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide nano-particle layers of the photo-electrode and the counter electrode include a material selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide, and strontium titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane or semi-permeable membrane comprises metal, or ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The membrane or semi-permeable membrane comprises polymer, copolymer, or composite (preferably polysulfone-nanocrystalline cellulose composite membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The two inorganic materials include aluminum oxides, silicone oxides, silicone nitrides, silicone oxidenitrides, magnesium oxides, indium oxides, and magnesium fluorides.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photocurable polymer is epoxy resin, acrylate resin, thermocurable polyimide and polyethylene. The flexible substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and polyethylene sulfone. The plastic substrate is made of polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic solvent is toluene. The supporting electrolyte is ionic liquid which is triethyl dodecyl phosphonium bis(trifluoro sulfonimide). The monomer having electrolytic polymerization property is ethylene dioxythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The content of catalyst particles supported on the aggregate is 50 wt.% or more. The catalyst particles contain gold, platinum, palladium, silver, copper, iron, ruthenium, nickel, tin, cobalt, lanthanoids, their metal complexes, their oxides, or their compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The size of hole is identified by BET specific surface area measurement and introductory measurement of 60C fullerene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: The electrode base material and counter electrode are flexible films.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electrolyte layer contains an ionic liquid. The coating liquid for forming electrolyte layer contains an oxidation reduction pair, cellulose derivative, a volatile organic solvent and an ionic liquid having solubility with respect to volatile organic solvent. Preferred Compound: The cellulose derivative is ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The electrolyte layer further contains ionic liquid. The oxidation reduction pair is an oxidation reduction pair of iodine. The electrode base material and counter electrode are flexible films.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye (1) can be of formula (2). The substituent has carboxyl group or its salt. The dye with short wave absorption maximum wavelength can be of formulae (3)-(5).R1'-R4'=substituent;a'-d',l=0 or 1-4;A'=alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group or -SiRaRbRc;Ra'-Rc'=H, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy or siloxy group;R31,R32,R41,R42=H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;R33-R38,R43-R49,R22,R23=H or substituent;R39=alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic group, acylamino group, NH2, CN, COOH, alkoxycarbonyl group, carbamoyl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, ureido group or alkoxy carbonylamino group;R30=aliphatic group which may be substituted, aromatic group which may be substituted, heterocyclic group which may be substituted or acyl group;X1=O or NR51;R51,R24,R26,R52,R22,R23=H or substituent containing -COOM group in molecule;M=H or salt formation cation;R40,R50=substituent;X=O or NR52;R21=H or electron attractive group;X21-X26=O, S or Se;L21,L22=bivalent coupling group;R25=optionally substituted alkyl;n=1-4; andm=0 or 1.When R31-R36 bond together, a condensed ring may be formed. When NR51 bond with R30, a ring system may be formed. When R41 and R42 combine with each other, a cyclic structure may form. When NR52 bond with R50, a ring system may form. Preferred Definitions:    A or A'=-SiRaRbRc or -SiRa'Rb'Rc'.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The filler consists of ethylene acetic acid vinyl copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of one-electron atom is: helium (He+1), having a binding energy greater than ordinary He+1; lithium (Li+2), having a binding energy greater than ordinary Li+2; or beryllium (Be+3), having a binding energy greater than ordinary Be+3. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polyhedral structure polysiloxane type compound is liquid at 20 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of dichlorosilane with respect to 8 mol of monochlorosilane is 0.1-4 mol. EXAMPLE - Tetraethoxysilane (in g) (27.9) was added to 47 wt.% aqueous solution of 2-hydroxyethyl trimethyl ammonia (34.5) and stirred. Methanol (30 ml) was added and silicate methanol solution was obtained. Dimethylvinyl dichlorosilane (1.6), dimethyl dichlorosilane (0.65) and dimethoxypropane (7 ml) were added to the obtained methanol solution and reacted for 1 hour. Water (30 ml) and toluene (30 ml) were added to obtain brown viscous liquid. The organic layer was extracted and concentrated. The concentrate was dissolved in hexane and filtered using cerite to obtain polyhedral polysiloxane type compound. The composition containing the obtained compound had favorable moldability. The cured material formed using the composition had excellent heat resistance and light resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline substance is ethyl amine, cyclopropylamine, ethanol amine, n-butyl amine, aniline, diisopropylamine, triethyl amine, diethylene triamine, m-toluidine, p-toluidine, benzylamine, o-toluidine, o-methyl aniline, dianiline, diethyl amine, ethylene diamine, m-phenylene diamine, ammonia water, sodium hydroxide, and/or quat. ammonium salt. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, tert. butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, iso-octanol and/or sec-butyl alcohol. The phenyl connected with silicon atom through 1-8 carbon atoms is benzyl or phenethyl. The alcohol is present at 1-9.8 pts. wt. Preferred Parameters: The agitating time is 0.1-4 hours. The drying temperature is 20-700 degrees C in the film-forming process, and the strength of UV irradiation is 0.1 Mw/cm2-1 W/cm2. Preferred Methods: The method involves after forming film, placing the antireflective antifogging film in ozone atmosphere to UV irradiation for 0.01-4 hours. Preferred Components: The concentration of the ozone atmosphere is 1x 10-4-1 g/cm3. Preferred Definition:    R=1-18C alkyl, phenyl connected with silicon atom through 1-8C, aminohydrocarbyl, epoxy group, thiocyanohydrocarbyl, isocyanate hydrocarbyl or fluorination radical;and    X=F, Cl or 1-3C hydrocarboxyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of iron in sputter material layer is less than 30 ppm, preferably 0-20 ppm. The sputter material layer further contains aluminum (less than 15 wt.%), and has thickness of 5-30 mm. The carrier includes material chosen from titanium, stainless steel, copper and/or aluminum, and contains electrically conductive material, preferably electrically conductive and magnetically non-conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The stainless steel plate contains (in mass%) chromium (17-32), molybdenum (0.8-3), manganese (1.2 or less), carbon (0.15 or less), silicon (1.2 or less), nitrogen (less than 0.025), titanium (1 or less), aluminum (5 or less), niobium (1 or less), copper (3 or less) and nickel (5 or less).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The p-type and n-type amorphous silicon layers are made of indium tin oxide and zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The nominal sizes of the connecting flanges conform to the standard DIN250ISO-K/F and DIN320ISO-K/F.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor film consists of titanium oxide, zinc oxide and niobium oxide. The transparent conductive film consists of indium oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The current collection wire of working electrode consists of silver, copper, aluminum, tungsten, nickel and chromium. The electrically conductive film of opposition pole consists of chromium, copper, tungsten, titanium and zirconium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst particles comprise nickel, cobalt, iron or their alloys with tungsten, vanadium or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of halogenated aryl or aryl sulfonates is 1:0.8-1:1.3. The amount of palladium compound is 0.001-5 mol%. The amount of trialkyl phosphine is 1-4 times mole amount of palladium metal. The palladium compounds are palladium acetate (Pd(OAc)2), dimethylcyano palladium chloride ((CH3CN)2PdCL2), Pd(dba)2, Pd(dba)3 or palladium/carbon compound. The trialkylphosphine is tri-t-butylphosphine. Preferred Process: The manufacture of ortho-position substituted trialkylamines uses group chosen from ether solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon-type solvent and amide system solvent as reaction solvent. Preferred Parameter: The reaction temperature is 50-140 degrees C for 1-6 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer is formed on the semiconductor substrate which is made of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium-arsenide (GaAs) type-compound semiconductor and gallium-phosphide (GaP) type-compound semiconductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: In the process, a solution of zinc nitrate and nitric acid in a molar ratio of approximately 100:1 is used; or a solution of zinc nitrate and ammonium nitrate in a molar ratio of 1:1-130:1 is used. The potential is adjusted against the platinum reference electrode to a value of -1.2 V to -1.8 V. The deposition temperature is adjusted to 60-90 degrees C. The deposition temperature is obtained within a few minutes to 20 hours. The solution is stirred during the deposition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide, gold, silver, a polymer with conductive coating or silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc salt is zinc nitrate (1-20 mM). The dopant is nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, or ammonia dissolved in water. The pH of the solution containing zinc nitrate and nitric acid is 4.5-5.8. The pH of the solution containing zinc nitrate and ammonium nitrate is 4.2-6.4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor photocatalyst contains element chosen from titanium, tungsten, bismuth, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and/or indium. Preferred Structure: The semiconductor photocatalyst is in the shape of thin film or powder shape. EXAMPLE - Tungstic acid (2.5 g) and hydrogen peroxide (30 ml) were stirred and heated, so that moisture content and hydrogen peroxide were evaporated, to obtain a transparent solution. The resultant solution was subjected to ageing process until the solution turns into transparent yellow solution and dried, to obtain solid powder. The resultant powder was then pulverized and baked in presence of air, to obtain yellow-green tungsten oxide micro particles having surface area of 33 m2/g which was pulverized, to obtain photocatalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flux contains chloride (preferably potassium chloride or strontium chloride).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: The lanthanoid (preferably lanthanum) is doped.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The resin film has thickness of 10-3000 mu m and ten-point irregularity height of 200 nm or less. The arithmetic mean deviation in three positions (Ra(X), Ra(Y), Ra(Z)) (4-6) of film cross-section thickness direction is each 100 nm or less. The film comprises two or more types of thermoplastic resin with different refractive index.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The ratio of average crystal grain size of crystal grain size observed with a scanning electron microscope and thickness of zinc oxide transparent conductive oxide layer is 0.67-1.5. Preferred Material: The conductive film further comprises carbon film formed between air surface of zinc oxide transparent conductive oxide layer and transparent substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The metal-oxide microparticles contain silica, titania, tin oxide, tungstic oxide, zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, barium titanate, niobium oxide, indium oxide, zirconia, tantalum oxide, lanthanum oxide, strontium titanate, yttria, holmium oxide, bismuth oxide, ceria, and/or alumina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The resin is a cellulose derivative.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The upper part is made of polymethyl methacrylate, and the lower part is made of polyamide.
Preferred Definitions:    P1,P2,P3=H;and    X,A=benzene ring-containing repeating unit of formula (II).    EXAMPLE - 5-Chlorocarbonyl-2,3-bicyclo(2.2.1)heptane dicarboxylic anhydride (in g) (1.8g) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (8.2 mL) were mixed and cooled at 0 degrees C in the ice bath. Then, solution obtained by mixing hydroquinone (0.4), pyridine (1.3 mL) (16.0 mmol) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added to cooled mixture, stirred at 0 degrees C for several hours and at room temperature for 24 hours, to obtain white precipitate. The white precipitate was washed with water and vacuum-dried at 160 degrees C for 12 hours, to obtain crude product of decane group-containing compound of formula (VIII) (1.2) with yield of 64.3%. The crude product was recrystallized from mixed solvent containing acetic anhydride and ( gamma )-butyrolactone in the volume ratio 1:1, to obtain highly pure decane group-containing compound of formula (VIII) (0.4) as polyimide precursor. The obtained decane group-containing compound (VIII) had intrinsic viscosity of 0.439 dL/g and excellent shelf life. A mixed solution containing acetic anhydride and pyridine in the volume ratio of 7:3 was added to obtained decane group-containing compound (VIII) at room temperature and stirred for 24 hours, to obtain mixture. The mixture was added to methanol, solid was deposited, filtered and dried, to obtain polyimide. The obtained polyimide was transparent. A film formed using polyimide had excellent fraction resistance and flexibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A halogen group-containing bipentalenyl compound (8) reacts with alkyne compound in presence of base and metal complex catalyst, to obtain fused heterocyclic-containing compound (1). The alkyl compound is of formula: R11-CC-R12.X81,X82=H or halo, preferably halo, more preferably iodo.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer further has aromatic group-containing component as structural unit. The aromatic group-containing component is of formula: -(Ar5)-.Ar5=(bivalent heterocyclic ring or bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl) both optionally having substituent, preferably group of formula (6);R61,R62=R21-R24;andY6=Y13,Y14, preferably -S-. Preferred Definitions:    Y11,Y12=bivalent group of formula: -S-;    Y13,Y14=bivalent group of formula: -C(-R23)=C(-R24)-;and    R11,R12=1-10C alkyl or 6-20C aryl optionally having substituent.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Fused heterocyclic-containing compound e.g. 5,6-di(n-heptyl)benzo(2,1-b,3,4-b')bis(1)benzothiophene, 2,9-dibromo-5,6-di(n-decanyl)benzo(2,1-b,3,4-b')bis(1)benzothiophene and 4,5-diheptyl-3,6,9,10-tetrathiadicyclopenta(b,h)-indacene of formula (I) are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - 3,3'-Diiodo-2,2'-dibenzo(b)thiophene (in mg) (575) and 8-hexadecyne (302) were added into a flask in presence of nitrogen, heat-stirred for 2.5 hours, palladium acetate (24.4), N,N-di-cyclohexyl methylamine (520) and dimethyl formamide were added, reacted at 140 degrees C, methyl chloride and diluted hydrochloric acid were added, extracted, organic layer formed during the reaction was dried using sodium sulfate, filtered, the solvent was distilled off and purified, to obtain 5,6-di(n-heptyl)benzo(2,1-b,3,4-b')bis(1)benzothiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The condensed polycyclic polymer further has heterocyclic group-containing structural unit of formula: -(Ar1)-.Ar1=optionally substituted bivalent heterocyclic group, optionally substituted bivalent aromatic hydrocarbyl or group of formula (4);Z1=-O-, -Si-, -Se-, -Te-, -S(=O)-, -S(=O)2-, -C(-R7)=C-(-R8)-, -C(-R9)=N- or -N(-R10)-, preferably -S-;andR5-R10=H, halo, or monovalent group, and optionally couple to form a ring. Preferred Definitions:    X1,X2=sulfur atom.    EXAMPLE - 3,7-Dichloro benzo(1,2-b:4-5-b')dithiophene-2,6-dicarbonyl chloride (in g) (16.5) was added to a flask. Pyridine (13.9 ml), n-butanol (15.5 ml) and chlorobenzene (60 ml) were added. The mixture was stirred at 100 degrees C for 16.5 hours, and chlorobenzene was distilled. The solid portion was washed, dried and recrystallized to produce 3,7-dichlorobenzo(1,2-b:4,5-b')dithiophene-2,6-dibutyl dicarboxylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The peak has Raman strength of 1300-1400 cm-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The ruthenium complex is manufactured by reacting a heterocyclic compound of formula (3) with a ruthenium complex of formula (2) forming compound (1a), processing with an acid of formula H+X''- forming compound (1b), reacting with salt of formula M+X'''- forming compound (1c) and processing with 0.1-10 equivalent of amine of formula R53N or ammonium hydroxide of formula R54N+ OH- forming compound (1e).R1'=carboxyl group;X'=Cl or Br;R1''=salt of a carboxyl group;X''-, X'''-, X''''-=counter anion;M+=counter cation; andR5=1-4C alkyl. Preferred Definition:    R1=ammonium, tetrabutyl ammonium, sodium salt or potassium;    R2, R4=H, optionally substituted 1-4C alkyl, optionally substituted 1-4C alkoxy or optionally substituted amino;    R3=H;    X-=halide, perchlorate, nitrate, hexafluorophosphonate or tetrafluoroborate;    X''-=halide, perchlorate or nitrate; and    X'''-=perchlorate, hexafluorophosphonate or tetrafluoroborate.    EXAMPLE - cis -Bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium chloride (660 mg) was dissolved in distilled water (50 mL) in argon atmosphere. 2-Mercaptopyrimidine (138 mmg) and 1 N-potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (7.5 mL) were added, and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and continuously at 60 degrees C for 2 hours. The solvent was depressurizingly distilled from the solution after filtering the insoluble matter. 1N-hydrochloric acid (7.5 mL) was added to the obtained crude product and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Then centrifugated, filtered and washed enough with water forming dark red solid (736 mg) of the ruthenium complex.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aryl is phenyl, naphthyl, bisphenyl, anthryl, benzophenanthryl, phenanthryl, and diphenylenemethane. The heteroaryl is pyran, pyrroline, furan, benzofuran, thiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, pyrazine, pyridine, pyrrole, pyrazole, indole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isooxazole, benzothiazole, benzooxazole, 1,2,4-trioxazole, 1,2,3-trioxazole, phenanthroline, furodiazolylpyridine, benzofurodiazole, thiadiazolylpyridine, thiofuran, thiadiazolylquinoxaline, thianthrenopyrazine, quinoxaline, and dionepyrrolopyrrole. The hereto-aromatic alkyl containing sulfur is thiofuran, bisthiofuran or benzothiadiazole, thiadiazolylquinoxaline, thianthrenopyrazine, quinoxaline, or dionepyrrolopyrrole.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solute of the amino-substituted silane solution is gamma -aminoethylaminopropyl dimethicone, gamma -triethoxysilylpropyl ethylenediamine, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane or 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane; solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, glycol, acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone or tetrahydrofuran; and mass concentration of the amino-substituted silane solution at 0.1-5%. The solute of the mercapto-substituted silane solution is 2-mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, 2-mercaptoethyltriethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane or 3-mercaptoropyltrimethoxysilane; solvent is acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran or ethyl acetate; and mass concentration of the mercapto-substituted silane solution at 0.1-5%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyester substrate comprises polyethylene glycol terephthalate, polytrimethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polypentyl terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate or propanetriol ester terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic thin film layer contains inorganic oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ultraviolet-absorbing group is hindered amine group. The ultraviolet-stabilizing group is benzotriazole group and/or benzophenone group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The acrylic copolymer has crosslinked functional group and hydroxyl group which is reacted with isocyanate group. Preferred Process: The acrylic copolymer is obtained by copolymerizing ultraviolet-stabilizing monomer, polymerizable ultraviolet-absorbing monomer and group which consists of cycloalkyl methacrylate. The weather-resistant coating layer is produced by reacting acrylic type copolymer and crosslinked compound. The weather-resistant coating layer is produced by crosslinking polycaprolactone polyol and/or polycarbonate polyol with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. The weather-resistant coating layer is obtained crosslinking polyvinyl butyral and/or polyvinyl acetal with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound, or crosslinking modified polyvinyl alcohol with isocyanate compound and/or epoxy compound. Preferred Material: The base film is biaxially stretched film containing polyethylene naphthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon aerogel has a thickness of 0.005-2 g/cm3. EXAMPLE - Phenol (4.5 g) was dissolved in water (19.5 g) at room temperature. To this solution 37% formaldehyde solution (11.77 g) was added. Subsequently a solution containing 25% sodium hydroxide solution (0.73 g) was added to set the pH to 9.1. The mixture was kept in a closed silicone oil bath at 90 degrees C without heating. The obtained mixture was injected into hydrochloric acid solution (10 times) at 2.5 bar. The acid solution was dried at 160 degrees C for 20 hours. The obtained dry gel was carbonized in an oven at 800 degrees C for 1.5 hours under nitrogen to obtain carbon aerogel with an average particle size of 316 nm and a specific surface of 613.3 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic alkali metal sulfonate is diluted with solvent such as water, 1-4C lower alcohol, 2,4C glycol, propylene glycol monomethyl ether or lactic acid ester to obtain homogenous solution with concentration of 5-40 mass%. The solution is poured and processed in a strongly acidic cation-exchange-resin layer with space velocity of 0.01-6. An organic ammonium sulfonate type surfactant is obtained by neutralizing processed organic alkali metal sulfonate using basic compound of formula: R12-N(-R14)-R13, basic compound of formula: (R16-N(-R15)(-R17)-R18)+.OH-, organic cyclic basic compound having 5-membered ring and/or organic cyclic basic compound having 6-membered ring.R12-R18=H, 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C hydroxyalkyl.Preferred Compound: The solvent is water and/or 2-propanol. The basic compound is ammonia, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide and/or tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. The organic cyclic basic compound is pyrrole and/or pyridine. Preferred Property: The metal-ion concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, aluminum, copier, nickel or chromium with respect to organic sulfonic acid is 100 ppb or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic oxide microparticles are oxide microparticle of group IV element. The oxide microparticles of group IV element are silicon oxide particles and/or titanium oxide particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent contains 3-methyl pentane-1,3,5-triol. The solvent contains polar solvent which is gamma -butyrolactone and/or N-methyl pyrrolidone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The content of lead and bismuth in electroconductive paste is 0.1 wt.% or less. The average dimension of electroconductive particles and glass frit are 0.01-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The group 2 additional element consists of calcium oxide and/or barium oxide. The glass frit and/or additive contain oxide, hydroxide, peroxide, halide, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, fluoride, silicate, lactate, or organometallic compound of group 2 type additional element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium compound is tetratitanium isopropoxide, titanium alkoxide, titanium chloride, titanium nitrate, titanium sulfate or titanium aminooxalate. The content of the titanium oxide in (I) is 0.5-5 wt.%. The solid content of the water-soluble silicate compound in (I) is 5-20 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol; and the silicate compound is methyl silicate or ethyl silicate. The amount of water added for the hydrolysis of the binder compound is 50-70 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Pure water (63 g) was added to tetratitanium isopropoxide (TTIP) (400 g), one of the titanium compounds, followed by hydrolysis. 95% of Ethylalcohol (6 l) and nitric acid (25 g) were added in it. Hydrothermal synthesis was performed at 150 degrees C for 2 hours to give titanium oxide dispersion sol. Pure water (2 kg), TTIP (200 g), one of the titanium compounds, and acetyl acetone (65 g) were added into a reactor, followed by reaction for 30 minutes with stirring. The temperature was maintained at 90 degrees C for 2 hours and then nitric acid (9.8 g) was added, followed by stirring for 2 hours. The reactant was passive-cooled for 12 hours with stirring to give yellow aqueous sol. The compounds obtained in hydrothermal synthesis and aqueous synthesis were mixed at the ratio of 50:50 (weight ratio) to give the photocatalyst sol. Pure water (1.2 kg) was added into a reactor and a silicate compound (tetramethylorthosilicate, 0.3 kg) was dropped in it, followed by stirring for 30 minutes. Then, 2-butoxyethanol (0.5 kg) was added to it, which was stirred for 2 hours at 70 degrees C to synthesize the sol. The photocatalyst sol, sol and ethyl alcohol were mixed at the ratio of 20:20:60 (weight ratio) to give the composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The base material contains non-electroconductive material chosen from plastic, paper, timber, stone, ceramics, glass, slate, synthetic slate, and calcium silicate. The electroconductive surface of the base material is processed by ultrasonic cleaning and/or acid cleaning, and hydrogen plasma. The base material is building material chosen from roof material, tile, sizing material, slate board, aluminum board, steel plate, and resin film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitride-type moisture-content diffusion-prevention film is silicon-nitride film and/or silicon-carbonitride film. The semiconductor thin film contains silicon, compound semiconductor, germanium, and/or their composites. The main material of the transparent conductive film is zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Base Material: The base material is iron, aluminum, zinc, copper, their alloys, and/or their surface-treated products. The iron-type surface-treated product has galvanized sheet iron and carbonium steel plate. The aluminum-type alloy contains Duralumin (RTM: aluminum alloy) and/or copper-aluminum alloy. The aluminum-type surface-treated products contain alumite. The copper alloy is brass, German silver, and/or bronze.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite oxide further contains transition metal element (excluding zirconium), alkaline earth metals, rare earth elements excluding cerium and praseodymium, and halogen element, boron, carbon, silicon and/or sulfur. Preferred Properties: The complex oxide has specific surface area of 2 m2/g or less, and oxygen emitting amount in 400 degrees C and 700 degrees C of 300 mu mol/g or more and 600 mu mol/g or more, respectively. The content of element (a), zirconium and transition metal element contained with respect to 100 atomic% of total amount of elements (excluding oxygen) is 10-90 atomic% (preferably 20-90 atomic%, more preferably 30-90 atomic% and most preferably 40-90 atomic%), 10-90 atomic% (preferably 10-80 atomic%, more preferably 10-70 atomic% and most preferably 10-60 atomic%) and 0-20 atomic%, respectively. The content of cerium and praseodymium contained with respect to 100 atomic% of total amount of elements (excluding oxygen) is 0-70 atomic% and 20-90 atomic%, respectively. EXAMPLE - Cerium nitrate aqueous solution and nitric acid zirconyl aqueous solution were mixed and diluted with pure water, to obtain 0.5 mol/l aqueous solution. Then, 4 mol/l ammonia aqueous solution prepared as alkaline aqueous solution was add-mixed, to obtain precursor. Subsequently, Nutsche filtration and decantation washing were carried out, baked at 400 degrees C for 5 hours, and pulverized, to obtain complex oxide. The obtained complex oxide had large oxygen absorption emitting amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves coating a solution or dispersion liquid containing metallic compound, ceramics, organic polymer and/or inorganic polymer, and inorganic or organic solvent, on film-form substrate. The metal is palladium alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The n-type material contains magnesium-nickel hydride (Mg2NiH4-c) doped with aluminum or lithium in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3, magnesium hydride doped with aluminum in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3 or magnesium hydride doped with cesium in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3. The p-type material contains magnesium-nickel hydride (Mg2NiH4-c) doped with lithium in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3, magnesium hydride doped with lithium in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3 or aluminum hydride doped with calcium in concentration of 1015-1022 atoms/cm3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anode electrode substrate includes an oxide semiconductor layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The translucent electrode comprises hexagonal indium oxide (In2O3) crystal comprised in crystalline indium-zinc-oxide (IZO), where the content of zinc in the crystalline indium-zinc-oxide is 1-20% by mass as a zinc oxide equivalent. The group III nitride semiconductor layer having the pn-junction is made of indium gallium nitride (InxGa1-x N), where x is 0-1. The substrate is made of quartz, glass, sapphire, silicon carbide, silicon, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, manganese oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese-zinc-iron oxide, magnesium-aluminum oxide, zirconium boride, gallium oxide, indium oxide, lithium-gallium oxide, lithium-aluminum oxide, neodymium-gallium oxide, lanthanum-strontium-aluminum-tantalum oxide, strontium-titanium oxide or titanium oxide. The buffer layer is made of aluminum nitride or gallium nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The P-type dopant source comprises borosilicate glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antireflective layer comprises a layer of silicon nitride. A dielectric layer comprising silicon dioxide is provided over the P-type polysilicon emitter. The positive polarity metal contact comprises silver forming an infrared reflecting layer with a dielectric layer comprising silicon dioxide. The negative polarity metal contact comprises a metal formed in a contact hole to the N-type silicon substrate. The N-type dopant source comprises phosphorus doped silicon dioxide. The capping layer comprises undoped silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The ion species is made of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and argon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Fullerene, transition metal compound containing group 10 or group 11 metal, such as copper bromide dimethyl sulfide complex, Grignard reagent and organic group-containing compound of formula: R10-X are reacted to obtain the fullerene derivative.R10=organic group;andX=leaving group.Preferred Compound: The carbon atoms (C6-C10) are respectively bonded with the organic group of formula (II). The carbon atom (C1) is bonded with alkenyl group. The fullerene skeleton is fullerene C60, fullerene C70, or contains fullerene derivative other than fullerene C60 and fullerene C70. Preferred Solvent: The solvent is ester solvent. Preferred Definitions:    Ar=8-18C condensed polycyclic hydrocarbyl, preferably hydroxy naphthyl group.    EXAMPLE - Tetrahydrofuran suspension liquid of copper bromide (I) dimethyl sulfide complex (in g) (9.72), Grignard reagent (51 ml) synthesized from 2-bromo-6-methoxy naphthalene, ortho-dichlorobenzene (135 ml) of fullerene C60 (3) and methyl iodide (3 ml) were stirred for 8 hours. The solvent was removed and the solution was concentrated. Methoxy naphthalene-substituted fullerene (6.87) was obtained by crystallizing the concentrate with methanol. The obtained derivative had excellent solubility with respect to solvent and the film formed using the derivative had excellent optical characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic-oxide particle comprises zirconium oxide and/or titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is water-soluble resin which is modified polyvinyl alcohol and/or polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Property: The refractive index difference of transparent layer (A) and transparent layer (B) is 0.2 or more. EXAMPLE - Zirconia particles, water and CP-1000 (RTM: polyvinyl alcohol) were mixed, to obtain liquid mixture. Then, water was removed from the obtained liquid mixture, to obtain compound composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The oxide semiconductor electrode has a base material formed with an adhesive layer consisting of thermoplastic resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The semiconductor contains metal chalcogenides chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and/or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer includes titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dye-sensitized photoelectric transducer has semiconductor layer and electrolyte layer provided between counter electrodes. The semiconductor layer and electrolyte layer contains amine group-containing compound (I).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber is 2,2-methylene-bis(4-trioctyl-6-benzotriazolyl)phenol and/or 2,2-methylene-bis(4-cumyl-phenyl-6-benzotriazolyl)phenol. Preferred Properties: The benzotriazole-type ultraviolet absorber has molecular weight of 500-1000. The solar cell back surface protective film has weather resistance ( delta Y1) of 0-30 after ultraviolet irradiation for 15 days in indigo super tester with ultraviolet illuminance of 100 mW/cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal foil is corroded using sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal foil is made of aluminum film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal microparticles include material chosen from gold, platinum and palladium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises lump of several ion exchange resin and several metal microparticles. The each lump of ion exchange resin is composed of a structure having several cavity region and tubular path region connecting the cavity regions. The two or more microparticles are adhered to inner side surface of cavity region, path region and outer surface side of lump of ion exchange resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: The formation of the first layer of silicon powder further comprises forming the first layer of silicon powder with not greater than 0.5 ppm boron and 1-25 ppm phosphorus. Heating the first and/or second layers comprises applying heat to an upper surface of the second layer of silicon powder to cause the second layer of silicon powder to melt.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Organic dyes containing thienylenevinylene are specifically claimed, i.e. bis-n-(2-ethylbutoxy)triphenylamine-3-selenophen-2-cyanoethanoic acid of formula (I') and bis-n-(2-ethylbutoxy)triphenylamine-4-ethyl-3,4-ethyldithiothiophene-cyanoethanoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The pyridinyl derivative is selected from thiocarboxylic acid derivative having general formula (IV). The ruthenium complex is selected from another ruthenium complex having general formula (V) or third ruthenium complex having general formula (VI). The triphenyl derivative is selected from (XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, XXXII, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XL, XLI or XLII). The thiocarboxylic acid derivative is selected from (XLIII, XLIV, XLV or XLVI). The third ruthenium complex is selected from (XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX, L, LI, LII, LIII or LIV). In formulae (IV-VI),X11, Y11 and Y13=general formula (VII, VIII, IX, X or XI);X12=general formula (VII, VIII, IX, X, XI or XII);Z11 and Z12=independently general formula (XIII);Z21-Z24=independently general formula (XIV);m, j and p=0-2;n, k and q=0-4; andR11-R22 and R30-R31=independently H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, halogen, amino, nitro or cyano group.In formulae (XV-LIV),R11-R22, R30-R32 and R40=independently H or 1-20Calkyl;a and c=0 or 1;n=0-4; andb and d=0-2. Preferred Definition:    A1 and A2=carboxy, phosphorous acid, sulfonic acid, phosphinic acid, hydroxy, oxycarboxylic acid or acid amide; and    Z1 and Z2=vinylene, polyvinylene, phenylene, naphthalene, anthracenylene, fluorenylene, fluorenylene, biphenylene, perylene, thioperylene, carbazole or carbazolylene.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: The material which is removed can be cut into small pieces. The wires are parallel and uniformly spaced. The length of the row of wires is half the width of the workpiece to be trimmed. The cutting unit can be rotated on a pivot and moved sideways on a carriage. Several cutting units can be mounted on a turntable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The cage-type silsesquioxane resin is formed by hydrolyzing and condensing silicon compound (A) simultaneously in presence of organic polar solvent and basic catalyst, and re-condensing obtained hydrolyzed product in presence of non polar solvent and basic catalyst. Preferred Composition: The cage-type silsesquioxane resin is of formula: (RSiO3/2)n. The silicon compound is of formula: RSiX3 (A).R=organic functional group having (meth)acryloyl, glycidyl or vinyl;X=hydrolyzable group;andn=8,10,12 or 14.Preferred Layers: The transparent resin layer is laminated on both surface(s) of decorative printed film layer. The decorative printed film laminate further has surface modified film layer provided on surface of transparent resin layer. Preferred Definitions:    R=organic functional group containing CH2=C(-R1)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-, CH2=CH- or epoxy group of formula (B);    R1=H or methyl;and    l=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solution in reactor is added with hydrogen peroxide at 0.01-1 mol/L. Preferred Process: The method comprises naturally cooling reactor to room temperature or quickly cooling in cold water, and ultrasonically cleaning zinc metal plate for more than 20 minutes with deionized water and absolute ethanol, naturally cooling and drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reactor is tightly sealed, and is prepared from materials which are inert to acid and alkali. The heating device is a muffle or resistance furnace or oven.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkyl silicate is tetraethyl orthosilicate. The alcoholic solvent is selected from isopropanol, ethanol or methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Features: The local stores of the phosphorus dope are applied using screen printing techniques. Thermal treatment is carried out at 800-1150 degrees C. The gas phase is produced by POCl3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The zinc-oxide type-sintered compact has resistivity of 1x 10-2 ohm.cm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The generation source is fuel cell (40) or internal combustion engine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The desulfurizing agent containing silver, gold, platinum and palladium or its alloy, are made into microparticles having particle size of 200 nm or less. Upstream or downstream of desulfurization chamber is provided with suction portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solutions of particle precursors is an acetate consisting of lead, cadmium, nickel or platinum, and is selected from an elemental solution of tellurium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dry inert gas comprises argon, helium, nitrogen and neon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprising an activated iron-based non-porous catalytic material comprises thermal oxidation of low-carbon steel material, where the thermal-oxidative pretreatment comprises heating the carbon steel material at a temperature above 400 degrees C to form an alpha -phase; and oxidizing the material to form an iron oxide layer at the surface of the iron. Preferred Components: The iron-based catalytic material comprises nickel, chrome and/or cobalt alloying elements. The iron-based catalytic material is a high temperature resistant iron alloy. The activated iron-based catalytic material is iron oxides or iron carbides (preferably iron carbides of formulae (Fe3C and Fe7C), and iron oxides of formulae (FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4)). EXAMPLE - The catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation of the support, which in the example was alumina, with ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) precursors. An appropriate amount of the metal salts in an aqueous solution was added to the support (8 g of alumina (Al2O3), 0.3238 g of RuCl3, 3.17 g of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O). After a stirring maintained during 24 hours, the solid was placed in an oven for 12 hours at 80 degrees C. The catalyst was then calcinated with air at 400 degrees C for 5 hours with a temperature ramp of 3 degrees C/minute. Before initiating the experiment, the catalyst was reduced in situ under a hydrogen flow (150 ml/minute) during 90 minutes at 400 degrees C. The temperature was increased to the reaction temperature under nitrogen. The dry reforming of ethanol was performed at 500 degrees C during 90 minutes under a carbon dioxide flow of 200 ml per minute and a molar ratio of ethanol to carbon dioxide equal to 0.5. One gram of catalyst was used. After 90 minutes of reaction, the reaction produced hydrogen (47.2%), carbon monoxide (14.5%), methane (24.6%), and other products such as ethylene and ethane (4.8%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: A primary organic film, a primary electrode, a secondary organic film and a secondary electrode are sequentially formed on substrate to produce thin film device. The primary and secondary organic films contain alicyclic olefin resin. The organic film is gate insulating film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The resin composition is coated on substrate, heated at 130 degrees C or less, and further heated at temperature of more than 150 degrees C. Preferred Resin: The alicyclic olefin resin has structural units of formulae (1,2).R1-R4=H, 1-10C hydrocarbyl or polar group;andn=0-2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Array: The molecular junctions within the array are chemically-anchored to a substrate. The substrate is comprised of gold or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Molecule: The combination of the diamondoid molecule and molecular or chemical functionality covalently attached function as a p-n function. The molecular or chemical functionality covalent attached to the diamondoid molecule is attached through a connector selected from a cyclohexene connector, azomethine connector or cyclopropane connector (preferably cyclohexene connector). The molecule is a dumbbell-shaped structure that represents a n-p-n type junction. Preferred Components: The diamondoid molecule is selected from higher diamondoids, lower diamondoids, functionalized diamondoids, and heterodiamondoids. The diamondoid molecule is functionalized with a -SH, -OH, -COOH, -NH2, vinyl, butadienyl or alkynyl. The molecular or chemical functionality is selected from fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, or their functionalized variations, (preferably 60C); conducting polymers, electron deficient aromatic species, -NO2, -CN, halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I), or alkenes; polyacenes, graphenes, polyaromatics, polyheteroaromatics, or their substituted variations; or aromatic species substituted with a -CN group. The electron-acceptor aromatic species is a fullerene (preferably 60C), and the aromatic species is substituted by a -CN. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum well structure is made of semiconductor materials such as gallium indium phosphide, gallium-arsenic, indium gallium arsenide, gallium aluminum phosphide, aluminum gallium arsenide and gallium-arsenide-phosphide. The solar battery is provided with a de-reflection film layer made of oxide, nitride or fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive oxide layer is made of a material selected among zinc oxide, tin dioxide, tin indium oxide or indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer is made of material selected from aluminum, silver, copper, molybdenum or molybdenum alloy. The photoelectric conversion layer is made of materials selected among agraphitic silicon, agraphitic silicon alloy, cadmium sulfide, copper indium gallium diselenide, copper indium diselenide and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is included with regions containing indium gallium arsenide or gallium arsenide layer formed on germanium containing substrate, and indium gallium phosphide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The rechargeable power source is a battery made of nickel cadmium or nickel metal hydride or lithium ion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises forming a chalcopyrite compound semiconductors comprising Group IB Group IIIA and Group VIA of Periodic Table of Elements (GroupIBIIIAVIA) absorber layer (118) over the contact layer by, forming a precursor layer by electrodepositing the precursor layer comprising copper, indium and gallium, and reacting the precursor layer in presence of selenium and/or sulfur at 400-600 degrees C; and forming a transparent layer (120) over the Group IBIIIAVIA absorber layer, and forming a terminal including busbars and conductive fingers over the transparent layer, and a transparent conductive layer comprising zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, or indium zinc oxide deposited over the buffer layer. The protective film is formed by sputter depositing ruthenium. The selective etching is performed during an electropolishing process to planarize the some of the protruded surface portions. It is performed using an etchant comprising hydrochloric acid. Preferred Condition: The surfaces of the exposed substrate sections and a top surface of the conductive protective film are substantially coplanar.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The contact layer comprises tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, ruthenium, iridium, or osmium. The transparent layer includes a buffer layer comprising cadmium sulfide or indium sulfide deposited over the Group IBIIIAVIA layer. The conductive protective film comprises ruthenium, osmium, or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The flame retardant is inorganic metal and/or inorganic metallic compound. The inorganic metallic compound is salt of phosphate derivative of inorganic metal, and/or its complex. Preferred Composition: The base material thermoplastic resin film contains 2 wt.% or more of inorganic particles with respect to total weight of base material thermoplastic resin film. Preferred Properties: The shape of flame retardant is non-spherical shape. The ratio of average project area (S) of flame retardant which shape of flame retardant observed from direction parallel to a coated surface, and average project area (L) of flame retardant observed from direction vertical to a coated surface of the laminated film is less than 1. The laminated film has absolute value of difference of average reflectance of 400-500 nm and average reflectance of 400-700 nm measured from surface in which application layer of 5% or less. The laminated film has heating contraction of (-)0.1-0.2% at 90 degrees C for 30 minutes at 90 in the base material thermoplastic resin film in longitudinal direction and width direction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The base material thermoplastic resin film is polyester film, or white film. Preferred Composition: The application layer further contains ultraviolet absorber and/or optical stabilizer of resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst having a concentration of not greater than 50 (preferably 0.5-10) g/l is 3A molecular sieve, sodium silicate aluminum oxide or zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst having a concentration of not greater than 50 (preferably 0.5-10) g/l is sodium phenolate, potassium phenolate, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium ethylate, potassium ethylate, tetrabutyl ammonium acetate or quat. ammonium anion exchange resin. Preferred Method: The disproportionating reaction is done at 0-100 degrees C, and employs a solvent from N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, dimethyl formamide, toluene or hexamethyldisiloxane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solar cell further comprises a mixture of diamondoid material and semiconductor material with the diamondoid material dispersed within the semiconductor material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diamondoid is higher diamondoid, lower diamondoid, functionalized diamondoid, and/or heterodiamondoid. The functional groups of the functionalized diamondoid and the hetero substitution of the heterodiamondoid are chosen to fine tune the fluorescence shift of the film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ink includes polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The wiring is formed on a substrate by a sputtering method, covered with the glass or the glass ceramics member, and fired. The wiring further includes glass, and is formed on a substrate by a printing method, covered with the glass or the glass ceramics member including the glass, and fired. The wiring is formed in a hole part (32) and a surface of a green sheet (31) made of the glass or the glass ceramics member by a printing method, the green sheet is stacked and fired, and the wiring is incorporated into the green sheet thus stacked in three dimensions.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The wiring material comprises (vol.%) powder of the conductive metal material (65 to 90) and glass powder (10 to 35). The powder of the conductive metal material contains aluminum (1.0 to 15 wt.%) and has a form of molded particle powders. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant material comprises gas, fluid or solid. The substrate is semiconductor, glass, metal, alloy or organic compound. The dopant material comprises sulfur hexafluoride. Preferred Properties: The radiation pulses have temporal durations of 100 femtoseconds to 10 nanoseconds. The incorporated dopant has density of 1013-1021 cm-3. The top surface of surface layer has root-mean-square roughness of 10-20 nm, or greater than 1 nm to less than 10 nm. The doped surface layer has thickness of 10-1000 nm, preferably 10-500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The white polyester film has curl index of 40 mm or less, and light reflecting power of 85% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 1st electrode consists of indium tin oxide. The 2nd electrode consists of aluminum or magnesium. The inorganic semiconductor microparticles are cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, plumbous selenide and zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkyl chain is of formula -(CH2)n-.n=3-18.The organic semiconductor molecule is oligomer of condensation polycyclic aromatic compound, porphyrin derivative, phenyl vinylidene group or oligomer of thiophene. The functional group on one end of the alkyl chain is thiol group, amino group, cyano group, carboxy group, phosphoric acid group or phosphine oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is organic solvents (preferred) and/or water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The defoamer is a hydrophobic water soluble oil and/or hydrophobic solid material, preferably mineral oil, plant oil, silicone oil, polyoxyalkylene, modified polysiloxane, silicic acid particle, polyurea particle and/or wax particle. The hydrophobic defoamer-oil contains fine hydrophobic particle. The defoamer further comprises additives and emulsifiers. The defoamer is emulsified in water using an usual additive such as emulsifiers, thickeners, protective colloids and/or preservatives. The defoaming oil component is a modified polysiloxane. The modified polysiloxane is a polyether-siloxane. The modified polysiloxane is of formula (R1-Si(CH3)2-O-(Si(CH3)2-O)a-(Si(CH3)((O-Si(CH3)2)b-R1)-O)c-Si(CH3)(R2)-R1) (E1), (R1-O-(A)p-(B1-A)m-B1-(A)q-R1) (E2), or (R1-(O-A-G)p-(B1-Si(R2)2-G-O-A-G)m-B1-Si(R2)2-(G-O-A)q-R1) (E3).R1 = 1-14C hydrocarbon optionally containing a double bond and a OH functional, or O-R1a;R1a = 1-4C alkyl or Z-(CnH2n-O)mR1b;R1b = H, 1-8C alkyl or acyl;R2 = phenyl, C2H5, CH3, OH or amine with at least 90% methyl;Z = a divalent residue, which is -O-, NH- or -NR3-;R3 = 1-4C-alkyl, -S-, -(CH2)p-O- or -CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-O-;p = 2-4;n = 2.5-4;m = 5-350;a = 4-1500;b, c = 0-100;A = a polyoxyalkylene block of formula (((C2H4-dR2bdO)n(CxH2xO)r(C2H4-dR3bO)t)) (E2a);d = 1-3; eithern, r, t = greater than or equal to 0; orn+r+t = greater than or equal to 1;x = 2-10;R2 = 1-4C alkyl or phenyl;y = 5-200;m = 2-100;p, q = 0-1;R2b = a monovalent aromatic optionally substituted hydrocarbon;R3b = H or a monovalent 1-18C hydrocarbon;B1 = a polyoxyalkylene block of formula (Si(R2)2-O-)y (E2b); andG = 2-20C-alkylene.In formula (E2):R1 = H, a monovalent organic 1-40C alkyl or a carboxyl residue of optionally branched alkyl or aryl ester. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic diamine component comprises 2,4-toluenediamine (5-30 mole%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyimide film has a thickness of 3-250 mu m, preferably 75-250 mu m. The solution of the polyimide precursor which is flow-casted on a support has a solid content of 18-30 wt.%. The self-supporting film produced has an initial elastic modulus of 500 MPa or higher. The copper-laminated polyimide film has a 90 degrees peel strength of 0.3 N/mm or higher. EXAMPLE - N,N-dimethylacetamide and 2,4-toluenediamine were placed into a polymerization tank and then, while stirring at 40 degrees C, 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride was gradually added to the resulting mixture up to a substantially equimolar amount to 2,4-toluenediamine, and reacted, to give a polyamic acid solution (polyimide precursor solution) having a solid content of 22 wt.%. To the polyamic acid solution triethanolamine salt of monostearyl phosphate (0.25 parts by weight) and colloidal silica (0.3 parts by weight) relative to the polyamic acid (100 parts by weight) were added, and the resulting mixture was homogeneously mixed. The polyamic acid solution composition was cast on a glass plate, to form a thin film on it. The thin film was heated at 110 degrees C for 5.5 minutes, and then 160 degrees C for 4 minutes, using a hot plate, to produce a self-supporting film from the thin film of the polyamic acid solution composition. The self-supporting film obtained was peeled off from the glass plate, and then, while fixing the self-supporting film with a pin tenter, the film was imidized by heating it stepwise at 150 degrees C for 5 minutes, 210 degrees C for 5 minutes, 310 degrees C for 5 minutes, and 450 degrees C for 4 minutes in an oven, to give a polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The organic binder is cellulose-based binder or acrylate-based binder.
Preferred Definitions:    G1, G2, G3, G4=one or more of 6 compounds, e.g. formula (3);    R1, R2, R3=H, 1-8C alkyl or 1-8C alkoxy;    A=-COOH, -CN, -CH=C(CN)-COOH, -CH=C(CN)-CN, -C(CN)=C(CN)-CN or one or more of 7 compounds, e.g. formula (i), preferably -CH=C(CN)-COOH or -CH=C(CN)-CN;    D=-N(S1)(S2), -C6H4-N(S1)(S2) or one or more of 8 compounds, e.g. formula (a);    S1, S2=optionally substituted 6-20C aromatic group, including one or more of 5 compounds, e.g. formula (7);and    R5, R6=H, 1-5C alkyl or 1-5C alkoxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The etchant comprises an oxidizer and diluted hydrofluoric acid. The oxidizer is hydrogen peroxide. Preferred Properties: The oxidizer has a more positive redox potential than silicon(IV)/silicon (Si4+/Si).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The oxidizer can be silver ion (Ag+), copper ion (Cu2+), platinum(IV) (Pt4+), or ferric ion (Fe3+). The protection pattern comprises a noble metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer formed in film formation chamber consists of amorphous silicon or fine-crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The flexible film consists of polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Compound (I) is produced by dissolving 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid solution in sodium hydroxide at a mole ratio of 1:0.9-1.1; adding iron chloride solution into 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate solution; adjusting the pH value of solution at 4-5; heating the mixture while stirring in a boiling water bath for 0.5-4 hours until dryness; extracting crude product using anhydrous ethanol; and vacuum drying at 50-100 degrees C. Preferred Component: The 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and iron chloride has a mole ratio of 3:0.9-1.1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive layer includes zinc oxide-based material, tin oxide and indium tin oxide, or is doped with aluminum, gallium, fluorine, germanium, magnesium, boron, indium, tin and lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method is performed at temperatures less than 1000 degrees C, preferably not greater than 900 degrees C. Preferred Components: The contact paste has a perovskite structure, where the measure of oxygen non-stoichiometry ( delta ) is greater than 0 when exposed to air or oxygen at intended processing temperatures. The contact paste is a lanthanum manganite composition of formula (La(1x)Sr(x)MnO3) or (La(1-x)Ca(x)MnO3). The gasses have less than 10 ppm of oxygen. The gasses are: air and substantially pure oxygen; or air and nitrogen. The high oxygen partial pressure gas has at least 100000 ppm of oxygen. The low oxygen partial pressure gas has no more than 1000 ppm of oxygen.x = 0-0.12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The semiconductor layer is an amorphous semiconductor or a thin film. The semiconductor layer is an n-type silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal layer is a conducting polymer, an evaporated metal grid, a network of carbon nanotubes, or a thin film made through nanoparticles enhancement.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic molecular monolayer is a saturated alkyl chain monolayer, a thiol-terminated alkoxy monolayer, a methyl-terminated alkoxy monolayer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A naphthalene sulfonic acid compound of formula (I) and a reagent are reacted in presence of catalyst and nucleophilic substitution reaction is performed, to obtain aryl-sulfonic acid compound (1). Preferred Compound: The aryl-sulfonic acid compound (1) is of formula (2). Preferred Definitions:    Ar=group of formula (3 or 4);and    R1-R5=H, halo, 1-10C alkyl, 1-10C alkyl halide or 2-10C haloalkenyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Aryl-sulfonic acid compound e.g. Perfluoro toluene naphthalene sulfonic acid of formula (II), perfluoro allyl benzene naphthalene sulfonic acid, dicyano perfluoro toluene sulfonic acid and cyano perfluoro toluene sulfonic acid are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Sodium 1-naphthol-3, 6-disulfonate (in g) (10), perfluoro toluene (6.78), potassium carbonate (4.37) and N,N-dimethylformamide (500 ml) were added into a reaction system in presence of nitrogen, stirred at 100 degrees C for 5 hours, filtered, the potassium carbonate was removed, concentrated, dried under reduced pressure, methanol (50 ml) was added, filtered, washed for 30 minutes, dried, dissolved in pure water (500 ml), purified, concentrated and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain perfluoro toluene naphthalene sulfonic acid (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silyl containing polyacrylate polymer comprises a silyl terminated polyacrylate polymer. The second seal comprises a XMAP (RTM: telechelic polyacrylate). The first seal comprises a thermoplastic material and a desiccant. The first seal is comprised of a butyl sealant material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic semiconductor layer contains crystalline condensation polyaromatic compound such as crystalline acene type compound e.g. tetracene or tetracene derivatives. The tetracene derivative is chosen from group consisting of 2,3-dibutyl tetracene, 2-hexyl tetracene and 2-butoxy tetracene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkoxysilane is dialkoxysilane having amino group or epoxy group. The dialkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane or N-3-(amino ethyl)-3-aminopropyl dialkoxysilane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethylene and polar monomer copolymer is ethylenic copolymer chosen from ionomer of ethylene, unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer, and ethylene and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid copolymer. The ethylene copolymer composition further contains additive chosen from weathering stabilizer, ultraviolet absorber, optical stabilizer, and antioxidant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The reaction system in which zinc oxide precipitates is zinc nitrate solution or zinc acetate solution. Preferred Layer: The seed layer is acetic anhydride zinc seed layer, zinc oxide nanoparticle seed layer or single-crystal zinc oxide seed layer. Preferred Process: The region of the layer of zinc acetate hydrate or zinc nitrate hydrate is formed on the substrate, and subjected to light-irradiation through a photomask. Preferred Properties: The temperature of the reaction system is 0-99 degrees C. The number density of the whisker in the zinc oxide whisker pattern is adjusted to 1-1000/ mu m2, by adjusting the grade of densification of temperature, raw material concentration and/or pH of reaction system or seed layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains fluorine doped tin oxide, glass, silicon, metal, ceramic or polymer. The substrate is in the form of flat form, particles, fiber or complicated shape.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 30 Boranyl organic compounds, such as 2-(2-(bis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-boranyl)-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazole, 2-(4-(bis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-boranyl)-phenyl)-benzothiazole, 2-(2-(bis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-boranyl)-phenyl)-benzothiazole, 2-(4-(bis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-boranyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-benzothiazole and 2-(5-(bis-(2,4,6-trimethyl-phenyl)-boranyl)-thiophen-2-yl)-benzothiazole of formula (A) are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of immersing the membrane in H2SO4 involves immersion of the membrane in 1-2 M H2SO4 for at least 48 hours. The step of immersing the membrane in H2O involves soaking the membrane in distilled H2O for at least 24 hours or soaking the membrane in deionized H2O for at least 24 hours. The step of immersing the membrane in glycerin involves immersion of the membrane in glycerin for at least 48 hours. The method further involves rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the 1-2 M H2SO4 solution after the at least 48 hours have elapsed and prior to immersing the membrane in H2O; rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the distilled H2O after the at least 24 hours have elapsed and prior to immersing the before the membrane in glycerin; rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O after removing the membrane from the glycerin after the at least 48 hours have elapsed; drying the membrane in air for at least 48 hours after rinsing the membrane in distilled H2O. Preferred Membrane: The membrane is a perfluorinated ionomer membrane selected from NAFION (RTM: ion exchange membrane), FLEMION (RTM: ion exchange membrane), ACIPLEX-XR (RTM: ion exchange membrane).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The base material of the wiring board consists of transparent resin. The sealing material is selected from group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate resin, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, olefin resin, polyester resin, silicone resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin and rubber type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-fuel material is non-fuel gases or condensed water. The purged non-fuel material from the passive purge valve is directed to a catalyst bed in the presence of ambient air, where purge complete module determines when the non-fuel material has been purged by sensing when a temperature of the catalyst bed exceeds a threshold level, where catalyst is platinum, palladium, ruthenium, manganese oxide, silver oxide, or cobalt oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: The process optionally also includes the additional stage of applying a protective layer (specifically a spray lacquer) onto the first and second barrier layers (3, 4). An organic functional layer is applied to a first electrode on the substrate (1) followed by applying a second electrode to the functional layer, the first barrier layer (3) being applied to the second electrode. The first and second barrier layers are of oxide, nitride or oxynitride. The second barrier layer optionally consists of a sequence of at least two layers of different materials, specifically an oxide layer and a nitride layer. At least one further first and/or second barrier layer is optionally applied, specifically providing an alternating sequence of first and second barrier layers. Alternatively the second barrier layer may be applied before the first. Both barrier layers are applied at substrate temperatures of 60-120 degrees C. The first and second barrier layer thicknesses are 10-30 nm and 100-1000 nm respectively.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 pyrrolidone group-containing compounds e.g. 3-(9-methyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)prop-2-enoic acid (II), 3-(1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)prop-2-enoic acid, 4-(2-(1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl)ethenyl)benzoic acid, (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-phenyl-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)prop-2-enoic acid and (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)prop-2-enoic acid are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Aerosil P-25 (RTM: titanium oxide) (in g) (2), acetylacetone (0.2), Triton X-100 (RTM: surfactant) (0.3) and paint conditioner with water (6.5) were mixed for 6 hours, to obtain dispersion liquid. Then concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol 2000 (RTM: polyethyleneglycol) (1.2) were added to dispersion liquid (4), to obtain a paste. The obtained paste was coated to thickness of 12 mu m on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass substrate, dried at 100 degrees C at room temperature for 1 hour and baked at 550 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain semiconductor electrode. (2E)-2-cyano-3-(4-(4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl)-1H,2H,3H,3aH,4H,8bH-cyclopenta(b)indol-7-yl)prop-2-enoic acid was dissolved, to obtain pigment solution having concentration of 0.3 mM. The obtained semiconductor electrode was immersed in pigment solution at room temperature for 15 hours, to obtain pigment adsorbed semiconductor electrode. The pigment adsorbed semiconductor electrode and sputtered platinum on titanium board as counter electrode were positioned to face each other and electrolyte solution was poured among electrodes, to obtain dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye-sensitized solar cell had high short circuit current and photoelectric transfer characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio (R(P(H2)/P(O2))) of partial pressure (P(H2)) of hydrogen gas and partial pressure (P(O2)) of oxygen gas greater than or equal to 2. The zinc oxide type material is aluminum doped zinc oxide or gallium doped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The transition metal salt is chosen from acetate, fluoride salt, chloride salt, carbonate, sulfate, nitrate, hydroxide salt, alcoholate salt, oxalate and/or carboxylate salt. Preferred Process: The resin molded product is a film obtained by coating the coating liquid containing silicon-containing compound (a), silicon-containing polymer (b) and solvent on a substrate or three-dimensional material and removing the solvent. The obtained resin molded product is irradiated using light, heated, and then the resin molded product is contacted with transition metal salt solution or suspension liquid, transition-metal microparticles are formed on the non-exposed portion of resin molded product, and subjected to metal-plating process, to form metal-plated layer on the non-exposed portion. Thus, surface treatment method of resin molded product is carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composite material further comprises metal microparticles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The component (b) is chosen from vinyl group-containing polysiloxane, vinyl group-containing polyolefin, vinyl group-containing polyacrylate and polybutadiene. A molded article is formed by providing metal plated layer on composite material. Preferred Process: Manufacture of composite material further involves partially exposing the molded component. The formation of molded component involves applying coating liquid containing resin composition and solvent on base material, removing solvent and forming molded component on base material. Inkjet apparatus or screen printing apparatus is used for applying coating liquid on base material. EXAMPLE - Polybutadiene (in g) (4) having weight average molecular weight of 2-300000 and 98% cis form was dissolved in toluene (100), polyphenylsilane (6) having weight average molecular weight of 8000 was added and stirred at room temperature, to obtain uniform solution. The solution was coated on glass substrate at 500 rpm for 20 seconds and dried at room temperature under reduced pressure for 10 minutes, to obtain resin film as composition molded component. The film was heated at 150 degrees C under reduced pressure for 1 hour and crosslinked. Then resin film was immersed in copper acetate(I)acetonitrile suspension solution at room temperature in nitrogen atmosphere for 10 seconds, washed and dried by nitrogen stream for 5 minutes, to obtain composite material. The composite material had excellent adhesiveness.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The infrared reflective agent is an infra-red reflective pigment (preferably metal oxide pigment, especially nanoparticle titanium dioxide). The ultraviolet protective agent is a nanoparticle titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoinitiator is a bisaryl phosphine oxide. The ultraviolet protective agent is selected from benzotriazoles or hydroxyphenyl-s-triazines.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The urethane-acrylic polymer precursor comprises a urethane diacrylate oligomer; and additionally monomers selected from alkoxylated acrylic monomers, acrylate monomers, and aliphatic urethane acrylates. EXAMPLE - A UV-curable coating composition comprising (wt.%): urethane acrylic mixture (90.7) (comprising (wt.%) alkoxylated acrylic monomer (10), acrylate monomer (10), highly functional monomer (5) and aliphatic urethane acrylate (38.5)); Esacure KT046 (RTM: photoinitiator)) (3); Ferro Geode (RTM: pigments dispersed in reactive sartomer oligomer) (10-20); Nano Byk 3601 (RTM: aluminum oxide in tripropylene glycol diacrylate) (3.6); and Acematt TS100 (RTM: amorphous furned silica) (1.4), was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component:
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photosensitive organic component contains polymerizable polyfunctional monomer which has 2-6 polymerizable unsaturated groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesion portion of the solar cell panel contains either polyurethane, silicone or silyl group containing special polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ester group is chosen from -O-C(=O)-R1, -C(=O)-O-R1 or -O-C(=O)-O-R1. Aminated fullerene is tetra-amino C60-mono epoxide. The tetra-amino C60 mono epoxide has partial structure of formula (2) on fullerene.R1=4-10C alkyl, preferably t-butyl or neo pentyl;andNR2=ester-substituted cyclic secondary amino group. Preferred Definitions:    n=3.    EXAMPLE - 1,4-dioxane was added to isonipecotic acid. To the resultant uneven solution concentrated sulfuric-acid was added. Then, isobutene was added to uneven solution, cooled, sodium hydroxide solution was added, dried using sodium sulfate and extracted by diethylether, to obtain t-butyl isonipecotic acid. Fullerene C60 was dissolved in chlorobenzene under nitrogen gas atmosphere and stirred. Dimethyl sulfoxide was added and stirred for 10 minutes. Then, cumene hydroperoxide dissolved in chlorobenzene and t-butyl isonipecotic acid dissolved in chlorobenzene was added, stirred. The organic phase was washed twice using ion exchange water, sodium sulfate was added, dried, filtered and concentrated. Then, methanol was added, precipitate was removed by filtration, stirred, washed twice with methanol and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain high purity t-butyl piperidine-4-carboxylate group-containing aminated fullerene in yield of 99%. Aminated fullerene had high solubility with respect to propylene glycol 1-monomethyl ether 2-acetate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass mixture comprises aluminum oxide (Al2O3), bismuth pentoxide, diboron trioxide (B2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), lead oxide (PbO), thallium trioxide and zinc oxide (ZnO). The glass mixture further comprises ferric oxide, phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), magnesium oxide (MgO), digallium trioxide (Ga2O3), lithium oxide (Li2O), sodium oxide (Na2O), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), silver (I,III) oxide, scandium oxide, strontium oxide (SrO), barium oxide, calcium oxide, palladium, platinum or rhodium. The glass mixture contains greater than or equal to 2 main glasses including first and second glass comprising PbO-SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3, SiO2-PbO-B2O3-Al2O3-ZrO2, bismuth oxide (Bi2O3)-ZnO-SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3, SiO2-SrO-Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3, SiO2-PbO-ZnO-B2O3-Al2O3-titanium dioxide (TiO2), SiO2-PbO-ZnO-B2O3-Al2O3, SiO2-Bi2O3-B2O3-Al2O3-thallium-ZnO, PbO-B2O3-SiO2, Bi2O3-SiO2-ZnO-vanadium oxide (V2O5), Bi2O3-SiO2-ZnO, Bi2O3-SiO2-Al2O3, Bi2O3-SiO2-V2O5, Bi2O3-SiO2-B2O3-potassium oxide, Bi2O3-SiO2-ZnO-B2O3-Li2O-Na2O-niobium oxide, PbO-SiO2-ZnO-Al2O3, PbO-SiO2-ZnO-Al2O3-tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-hafnium dioxide (HfO2)-indium oxide-Ga2O3, PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-Ta2O5-ZrO2, PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3-antimony oxide (Sb2O5), PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-ZrO2, PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-P2O5-ZrO2, PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3-ZrO2-Sb2O5, PbO-SiO2-Al2O3-HfO2, PbO-SiO2-Ga2O3 and/or SiO2-ZrO2-B2O3-ZnO-MgO-TiO2-Na2O-lithium superoxide-Bi2O3. Preferred Composition: The aluminum-containing contains 60-80% aluminum powders with purity of 90-99.99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The additive contains less than 5% 10-24C stearic acid. The back surface material has 20-35 mass% organic media. The organic media comprises (mass%) alcohol ether organic solvent (60-90) or cellulosic resin (10-20); and smoothing agent, rheological assistant or thixotropic assistant (1-5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polymer composition contains 0.01-10 mass parts of compound (A) with respect to 100 mass parts of polymer (P). The curable composition contains polymer composition and curing catalyst. Preferred Property: The number average molecular weight per terminal group of polymer (P) is 5000 or more, preferably 7500 or more. EXAMPLE - Zinc hexa-cyano cobaltate tert-butyl alcohol catalyst and polyoxypropylene diol were polymerized, to obtain polymer (P-1). The obtained polymer and dibutylhydroxytoluene were heated at 110 degrees C for 3 hours. Then, di-n-octyl tin bis(mercaptoacetic-acid isoctyl ester) was added, and stirred. Then isocyanate compound of formula: Si(-OCH3)3-CH2CH2CH2NCO was added and reacted for 8 hours, to obtain polymer (P). The obtained polymer (100 mass parts) and ADEKA STAB CDA-10 (RTM: decamethylene carboxylic acid disalicyloyl hydazine) (0.2 mass parts) were mixed, to obtain polymer composition. The polymer composition had viscosifying rate of 16400 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inert gas is nitrogen gas, helium and/or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The hot treatment comprises first hot treatment step which is carried out for 5 minutes to 120 hours at 700-1000 degrees C, and second hot treatment step which is carried out for 5 minutes to 120 hours at 1000-2500 degrees C. A shrinkage amount of fiber in blended fiber during first hot treatment is controlled at 40% (preferably 25%). The blended fabric is prepared by mixing oxidized fiber with polyamide fiber to obtain a fabric mixture, weaving the fiber mixture to obtain a blended yarn, and weaving the blended yarn to obtain the blended fabric. Preferred Component: The polyamide fiber is present at 5-50 (preferably 10-40) wt.% of total fiber, and is an annular polyamide fiber. The oxidized fiber is made from polyacrylonitrile fiber in hot treatment.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroluminescent element comprises organic layer containing benzoquinoline compound (1) and organometallic compound. The metal in organometallic compound is d-transition metal, elements of group 1, 2, 4 or 5, or lanthanide series metal. The organic layer comprises light emitting layer and charge generation layer. The organic layer is provided between pair of electrodes. Preferred Properties: The benzoquinoline compound in organic layer radiates green or blue color. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 356 benzoquinoline compounds are disclosed such as 5,5'-dimethyl-3,3'-dioxa-14,1'4-diaza-2-zinca-2,2'-spirobi(tetracyclo(6.6.2.04,16.011,15)hexadecane)-1(15),1'(15'),4,4',6,6',8(16),8'(16'),9,9',11,11',13,13'-tetradecaene of formula (1a), 5,5'-diethenyl-3,3'-dioxa-14,1'4-diaza-2-zinca-2,2'-spirobi(tetracyclo(6.6.2. 04,16.011,15)hexadecane)-1(15),1'(15'),4,4',6,6',8(16),8'(16'),9,9',11,11',13,13'-tetradecaene, 5,5'-bis(prop-1-yn-1-yl)-3,3'-dioxa-14,1'4-diaza-2-zinca-2,2'-spirobi(tetracyclo(6.6.2. 04,16.011,15)hexadecane)-1(15),1'(15'),4,4',6,6',8(16),8'(16'),9,9',11,11',13,13'-tetradecaene, 5,5'-difluoro-3,3'-dioxa-14,1'4-diaza-2-zinca-2,2'-spirobi(tetracyclo(6.6.2. 04,16.011,15)hexadecane)-1(15),1'(15'),4,4',6,6',8(16),8'(16'),9,9',11,11',13,13'-tetradecaene and 5,5'-diphenyl-3,3'-dioxa-14,1'4-diaza-2-zinca-2,2'-spirobi(tetracyclo(6.6.2. 04,16.011,15)hexadecane)-1(15),1'(15'),4,4',6,6',8(16),8'(16'),9,9',11,11',13,13'-tetradecaene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The specific value is 1. The pH of the secondary phosphotungstic acid solution is more than 5. Preferred Process: Deionized water is further passed through secondary ion exchange resin, and diluted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The substrate is a low quality silicon substrate or glass substrate. The multi-layered structure is made of different semiconductor materials of IV group elements. The multi-layered structure comprises first silicon layer, hetero-structure layer (120) on the first silicon layer, and second silicon layer on the hetero-structure layer. The hetero-structure layer is germanium layer and silicon (Si)-germanium (Ge) layer. The multi-layered structure is Si/Ge/Si quantum well and Si/Ge/Si quantum dot, or Si/SiGe/Si quantum well and Si/SiGe/Si quantum dot. The insulation layer is made of dielectric material comprising silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, and hafnium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The sputtering multicomponent target further contains element chosen from aluminum, gallium, indium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, and rare earth element. The content of carbon-type component is 0.8-7.5 weight parts, oxide-type component is 100 weight parts, and element is 1-10 mass%. Preferred Component: The oxide film component is sintered compact. The carbon-type component is non-sintered compact. Preferred Process: The carbon-type component is laminated on a portion of surface(s) of oxide-type component, and formed into sputtering multicomponent target. A target (A) containing oxide-type component and target (B) containing carbon-type component are arranged in positions which differs from each other, targets (A and B) are sputtered, and transparent conductive film is formed on substrate. Preferred Property: The area ratio of oxide-type component and carbon-type component is 2-15% with respect to 100% of maximum surface area of target.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The silicon melt solution put into crucible is cooled with appropriate temperature distribution. The crystal ingot grown from upper portion to lower portion of melt solution is cut away in the middle of crystal growth process. The upper surface of silicon melt solution is cooled by providing a predetermined coolant close to melt solution or inserting coolant in melt solution, and nucleation is accelerated. The solution is then cooled with appropriate temperature distribution. Alternately, nucleation is accelerated by cooling upper surface of melt solution, and then coolant is inserted into melt solution. The coolant is coolant gas, single crystal and/or polycrystal of silicon, carbon rod, silicon carbide rod, silicon nitride rod or metal rod. The silicon crystal ingot is cut away by excluding silicon melt solution remained in crucible. The exclusion of melt solution is carried out by providing an incision in crucible. Force is applied to bottom face or side of crucible from exterior. The thickness of crucible is made thin, and hole is opened at bottom of crucible by arranging a wedge-shaped susceptor having protrusion in upward direction. The ingot is pulled up or crucible is drawn down to enable cutting of ingot.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The particles (a and b) are dispersed in the dispersion liquids, using a dispersing agent. The dispersibility of the particles (a and b) is controlled, by adjusting the quantity of the dispersing agent. Preferred Property: The zeta potential of two or more types of particles (a and b) in a repulsion state is positive, or negative, when the pH of dispersion liquid of two or more types of particles (a and b) is adjusted. Preferred Particles: At least one type of particles among the two or more types of particles (a and b), have an oxygen occlusion-discharging function and heat resistance, and contains noble metal (3). The particles having oxygen occlusion-discharging function are an oxide or a complex oxide of an element chosen from cerium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, silicon, magnesium, yttrium and lanthanum, preferably complex oxide of aluminum and/or lanthanum. Preferred Component: The catalyst material is coated on a surface layer or pores of a honeycomb-type support, to obtain catalyst component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The dispersing agent has a functional group chosen from an imino group, carboxy group, and hydroxy group. Preferred Agent: The dispersing agent is amine, or a compound having cationic property, non-ionic property or anionic property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal particles are composite metal particles. The 4th period transition metal element is titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel or copper. The 5th period transition metal element is zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or silver. The inorganic support substance contains silicon, aluminum, carbon, titanium, zirconium and/or cerium. The metal particles are palladium-copper composite particles or palladium particles. The amount of polyhedral metal particle in the inorganic support substance is 102-1017 piece/m2. The ratio of the metal particle in the metal-particle supported catalyst is 1-50 mass%. Preferred Parameter: The edge of the polyhedral metal particle is 10-100 nm in length. Preferred Method: The metal particle supported catalyst is manufactured by forming suspension liquid of the inorganic support substance which contains 0.5-100 mass parts of Pd ions with respect to 100 mass parts of inorganic support substances, mixing 1-180 mass parts of metal particles at 15-40 degrees C with respect to 100 mass parts of inorganic support substances and drying at 100-200 degrees C. The drying process is performed in air or inert atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general method for the preparation of the compound (I) is given. Preferred Definitions:    D1 and D2=group of formulae (i) or (ii);    R2-R4 and R8=H;    Z1 and Z'=S;    n=0;    R11 and R12=H or 1-6C alkyl;    R10, R15 and R18=H;    Y'=group of formulae (vii) or (x);and    R7=1-6C alkyl.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 4 Compounds are specifically claimed as the (I) i.e. (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid (Ia), (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid, (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthyl-amino)-9,9-diethyl-9-H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid, and (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-yl)acrylic acid.    EXAMPLE - 3,6-Dibromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole was reacted with 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole by Stille coupling reaction to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-bromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (A1). Then, in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide, palladium(0) bis(dibenzylideneacetone) (Pd(dba)2), and tri-tert-butyl phosphine and (A1) was reacted with diphenylamine to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (B1). n-Butyl lithium was reacted with (B1), and then tributylstannylchloride was added to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (C1). The (C1) was reacted with 5-bromo-2-thiophene-carboxaldehyde by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 5-(N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (D1). Then, (D1) was reacted with cyanoacetic acid in acetic acid by using ammonium acetate as a catalyst to obtain (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid (Ia).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The photovoltaic device further comprises a transparent substrate, where at least one of the anode and the cathode is transparent and in contact with the substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation of the structure is given in the specification. Preferred Components: The ratio of carboxylethyl substituted glucosidic units to unsubstituted glucosidic units in the carboxymethyl amylose is 0.05-2. The cyanine molecule is 5-chloro-2-(5-chloro-3-ethyl-2,3-dihydro-benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-3-ethyl-benzothiazol-3-ium; iodide. The chromophore is selected from 4-((E)-2-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-1-docosyl-pyridinium; bromide, (E)-1-(6-(4-(4-dimethylamino)styryl)pyridinium-1-yl)hexyl)-1'-dodecyl-4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium bromide, and compounds of formulae (i), (ii) or (iii).n=1-3;R=H or organic group. EXAMPLE - A small volume of a stock solution (10-3 M in DMSO) of Cyanine-1 and 4-((E)-2-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-vinyl)-1-docosyl-pyridinium; bromide (i.e. DASP-C22) or (E)-1-(6-(4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)pyridinium-1-yl)hexyl)-1'-dodecyl-4,4'-bipyridine-1,1'-diium bromide (i.e. DASP6V12) was mixed with a large quantity (x 100 times) of carboxymethylated amylose (CMA) solution (10-3 M in water) with stirring for a few minutes to form structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Ink: The ink comprises the frit in an amount of 1-5 wt.%; and further comprises at least one of bismuth tellurate and bismuth silicate, titania, zirconia and/or phosphorus compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Frit: The frit comprises the tellurium dioxide (TeO2) in an amount of 0.1-10 wt.%. The frit further comprises (wt.%): boron oxide (B2O3); at least one first oxide component selected from at least one of zinc oxide (ZnO) (0-15) and oxide (Al2O3) (0-3); at least one second oxide component selected from at least one of silver oxide (Ag2O) (0-8), antimony oxide (Sb2O3) (0-5), germanium oxide (GeO2) (0-10), indium oxide (In2O3) (0-5), phosphorus pentaoxide (P2O5) (0-8), vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) (0-8), niobium oxide (Nb2O5) (0-8) and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) (0-8); at least one alkali metal oxide component selected from at least one of sodium oxide (Na2O), lithium oxide (Li2O), and/or potassium oxide (K2O); or at least one alkaline earth metal oxide component selected from at least one of barium oxide (BaO), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and/or strontium oxide (SrO). Preferred Article: In the article an anti-reflective layer is disposed directly on the substrate and the conductive ink disposed on the anti-reflective layer. Preferred Components: The substrate comprises semiconductor. The anti-reflective layer further comprises titanium oxide (TiO2) and silicon nitrate (Si3N4). The substrate is a glass sheet (preferably enamel disposed on a glass Sheet). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first, second or third layer comprises amorphous materials, polycrystalline materials, or single crystalline materials, and is made from semiconductor or conductor materials. The first or second layer is made from doped semiconductor material comprising polycrystalline silicon, polycrystalline gallium phosphide, or polycrystalline aluminum phosphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The epoxy polymerizable composition has viscosity of 0.1-100 Pa.second at 25 degrees C, measured using E-type viscosity meter. The thiol compound has thiol equivalent of 80-100 g/eq, preferably 85-95 g/eq, and sulfur content rate of 50-80%, preferably 60-75%. The thiol compound has molecular weight of 140-500. The cured material has refractive index of 1.64 or more. The cured material has water-vapor transmission rate of 20 g/m2/24 hour or less at 60 degrees C and 90%RH, based on JIS Z0208 and thickness of 100 mu m. Preferred Component: The epoxy compound is bisphenol-type epoxy compound. The epoxy compound having 2 or more epoxy groups is fluorene-type epoxy compound. The organic electroluminescent element is a top emission structure organic electroluminescent element. Preferred Composition: The content of epoxy compound with 100 mass parts of fluorene compound is 20-70 mass parts. The molar ratio of epoxy group and thiol group is 1:0.9-1.1. The epoxy polymerizable composition alternately comprises (in mass parts) epoxy compound (100-300) having 2 or more epoxy groups, thiol compound (100) having 4 or more epoxy groups, and hardening accelerator (0.02-40). The epoxy polymerizable composition further comprises silane coupling agent (0.02-40). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The fluorene-type epoxy compound (1 or 2) is 2-(4-(9-(4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenoxymethyl)oxirane of formula (1a).    EXAMPLE - PG100 (RTM: 2-(4-(9-(4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl)-9H-fluoren-9-yl)phenoxymethyl)oxirane (1a)) (in mass parts) (50), YL-983U (RTM: bisphenol-type epoxy compound) (50), 2E4MZ (RTM: 2-ethyl-4-4-methyl imidazole) (2) and 2,3-bis((2-sulfanylethyl)sulfanyl)propane-1-thiol (44.3) were mixed and stirred at room temperature, to obtain epoxy polymerizable composition. The epoxy polymerizable composition had excellent workability, refractive index and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The compound is a quinone system with a quinone ring and 1-3 annealed aromatic rings, where the aromatic rings exhibit one or more heteroatoms. The molar ratio of the dopant to matrix molecule and/or monomer unit of the polymer matrix molecule is 1:5-1:1000. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The release layer comprises inorganic oxide, inorganic nitride, and/or inorganic carbide. The inorganic foil comprises elemental silicon. Preferred Methods: The combustion flame is generated from fuel delivered through inlet with combustible flow lacking coating material precursors so that the combustion flame does not result in the deposition of material, and igniting flame by light beam. The foil is deposited by chemical vapor deposition with reactant flow for chemical vapor deposition generated from inlet directed toward location on the substrate and moving substrate and inlet relative to each other to scan deposited material across the substrate. Preferred Properties: The decrease in average thickness of the porous layer from combustion flame is at least a factor of three. The silicon is doped. The foil is crystalline and curvatures of the receiving surface such that the foil is not significantly damaged.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The formation of the tunnel dielectric includes forming an oxide layer using a chemical oxidation or a thermal oxidation process. The formation of tunnel dielectric includes forming a nitride layer. Preferred Component: The positive-negative junction comprises a silicon substrate doped with impurities having first polarity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal includes nickel or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Monocrystalline wafer, polycrystalline wafer, or P-type doped silicon wafer with N-type doped coating is treated. Wafers having crack(s) and phosphorus-glass like coating are etched. Etching is assisted by remote plasma. Argon, nitrogen, or optionally oxygen may be used as etching gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The reaction system where zinc oxide precipitates is zinc nitrate solution or zinc acetate solution. The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), glass, silicon, metal, ceramics or polymer substrate. The seed layer is acetic anhydride zinc seed layer, ZnO nanoparticle seed layer or single crystal ZnO seed layer. Preferred Parameters: The form of substrate is flat form, particle, fiber or complicated shape. Layer of zinc acetate hydrate or zinc nitrate hydrate may be formed on substrate, and dry-processed to form zinc acetic anhydride or zinc nitric anhydride layer. The temperature of reaction system during preparation of ZnO whisker film is 0-99 degrees C. Preferred Process: The preparation method adjusts precise grade of ZnO whisker film or controls number density of whisker or seed layer in 1-1000 / mu m2 by adjusting densification grade of reaction system temperature, raw material concentration and/or pH condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The abrasives contains a material at least one sort or sorts among an alumina, silicon nitride, a silicon carbide, a mullite, a silica, and a zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ion conductor is water-based electrolyte solution, non-aqueous organic electrolyte solution, solid polymer electrolyte, gel-form electrolyte, or inorganic solid electrolyte, preferably non-aqueous organic electrolyte solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The binding material is fluorine-type binder such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and/or fluorocarbon rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic cation is onium cation. Preferred Definitions:    X1-X3=halo (preferably F), -CN, -NO or -NO2; and    n=0.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Solvent: The solvent having compatibility comprises addition component chosen from imidation agent (in mass parts) (10-80), release agent (10-80), dehydration agent (10-80) and a surfactant (10-80). Preferred Component: The polyimide precursor is obtained using 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid component as acid component, and p-phenylene diamine as a diamine component. Preferred Properties: The weight of the solvent having compatibility is 5-100 g/m2. The solvent solution of polyimide precursor has content of 5-50 mass% and viscosity of 500-5000 poise. The polyimide film has thickness of 5-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mixed gas stream is the waste gas from at least one cluster tool. The predetermined level is such that all of the mixed gas stream is treated in the rare gas separation and recovery process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The switch comprises a Y branch and two valves, or a three way valve. The substrate is a wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode may comprise metal and/or metal oxide, preferably indium tin oxide or fluorine-doped tin oxide. The hole-blocking layer comprises II/VI, III/V, and/or IV/IV group semiconductors; or preferably titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, silicon carbide, indium nitride, indium gallium nitride, gallium nitride, lead sulfide, bismuth sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, and/or copper indium gallium sulfide. The porous body comprises inorganic semiconductor and/or metal oxide, preferably titanium dioxide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, tin oxide, silicon carbide, indium nitride, indium gallium nitride, gallium nitride, lead sulfide, bismuth sulfide, copper indium gallium selenide, and/or copper indium gallium sulfide    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The cathode comprises polymer, oligomer, and/or organic small molecule, preferably polystyrenesulfonate:poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PSS:PEDOT) or PEDOT. The conjugated polymer filler comprises conjugated polymer, oligomer, macromolecule, or copolymer, preferably polyaniline and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivative, polythiophene and its derivative, poly-p-phenylene vinylene and its derivatives, poly-3-alkylthiophene, poly-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene, polydithiophene, poly-2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene, and/or PEDOT.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The phase change material is composed of sugar alcohol which is the mixture of maltitol, xylitol, erythrin, sorbierite, lactitol and mannite. The phase-change material is composed of polyalcohol which is the mixture of pentaerythritol, neopentylglycol, trimethylolethane, 2-amino 2-methyl 1.3 propanediol and trihydroxymethyl aminomethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fullerene derivative is obtained by reacting N-substituted glycine with fullerene, in toluene. The triarylamine derivative is bromotriarylamine, iodotriarylamine or chlorotriarylamine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of 2-polyphenol. The organic solvent is toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or dichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide nano-particle layer is selected from a group of titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, NB oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, gallium oxide and strontium titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic foil is selected from a group of stainless steel, aluminum, copper and copper alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The formation of (I) is at a two phase interface reached by heating the water phase and organic phase to the hydrothermal temperature. The hydrothermal temperature is selected to control the size of the metal oxide nanoparticles. Preferred Components: The metal oxide precursor is a group comprising a metal alkyl-oxides or metal alkyls. The metal in the metal oxide precursor is group two metal of the transition elements of the periodic table.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water phase and the organic phase are placed in a hydrothermal chamber. The ratio of organic phase and water phase is substantially 1:1 ratio. The organic phase is toluene, chloroform, isooctane or ethyl acetate. EXAMPLE - Water phase and organic phase of toluene which contained a metal oxide precursor (zirconium (IV) tert-butoxide) were placed in the hydrothermal chamber and the hydrothermal reaction temperature was set to 160 degrees C to give zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (99.9%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The amination fullerene is tetra-amino 60C monoepoxide having nitrogen-containing partial structure of formula (5).NR 2=optionally substituted cyclic secondary amino group (1). Preferred Definitions:    E=-O-C(=O)-R 1, -C(=O)-O-R 1or -O-C(=O)-O-R 1;    R 1=4-10C branched alkyl, preferably t-butyl and/or neopentyl;    n=2;and    m=1.    EXAMPLE - 60C fullerene (in g) (1), p-xylene (20 ml), dimethyl sulfoxide (5 ml), mixture of t-butoxy carbonyl methyl piperazine (2.3) and di(t-butoxy carbonyl methyl)piperazine (11.1 mmol), cumene hydroperoxide (880 mg), 0.5N hydrochloric acid (100 ml), acetonitrile (20 ml) and ion exchange water (100 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 47 hours, filtered and dried to form (tetra(t-butoxy carbonyl methyl)piperazino) 60C monoepoxide of formula (I) in yield of 95%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The passivation layer is a silicon containing layer, particularly a layer amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon carbide or silicon nitride or silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal substrate comprises a material from a metal operable to grow carbon nanotubes or a metal alloy operable to grow carbon nanotubes; or a nickel chromium with an root mean square surface roughness of less than approximately 5 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotubes comprise groupings of carbon nanotubes. Each grouping is physically separated from one another.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The inhibitor comprises a material from a non-metal, a polymer (preferably), or a metal operable to inhibit the growth of carbon nanotubes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The first and second seal members are made of fluorine rubber, preferably vinylidene fluoride-based rubber (FKM) or tetrafluoroethylene-perfluorovinyl ether-based rubber (FFKM). The second opposing surface is made of a material with high heat resistance, high dielectric strength, and high corrosion resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The two battery units are single crystal silicon solar battery, multi-crystal silicon solar battery, amorphous silicon solar battery, III-V family solar battery or II-VI family solar battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer comprises zinc oxide or zinc-aluminum oxide. The buffering layer is made from one of groups formed by materials such as transparent conductive oxide such as indium-tin oxide, zinc-aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflection layer and the two conductive layers are respectively selected from one of groups formed by materials such as aluminum, molybdenum, silver, aurum, chrome and nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The aluminum doping zinc oxide conductive ceramic can be replaced by dysprosium doping zinc oxide, gallium doping zinc oxide, or indium doping zinc oxide conductive ceramic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A thiophene-containing compound of formula (2) and thienyl benzene compound of formula (3), or aromatic ring-containing compound of formula (4) and phenylene thienyl benzene compound of formula (5) are reacted in presence of metal catalyst, to obtain thiophene-phenylene co-oligomer.Y1,X1,Y2=chlorine, bromine or iodine;andn,p=0 or 1.When m is 1, A is thienyl. When p is 0, A is thienyl. Preferred Compound: The metal catalyst is dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel (II). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 6 Thiophene-phenylene co-oligomer such as 2-(4-hexylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)thiophene of formula (6), 1-(5-(4-hexylphenyl)-2-thienyl)-4-(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)benzene, 2-(4-octylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)thiophene, 1-(5-(4-octylphenyl)-2-thienyl)-4-(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)benzene and 2-(4-hexadecylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)thiophene are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Magnesium (in g) (0.29), cyclopentyl methyl ether solution (15 ml), 2-bromo-5-(4-hexylphenyl)thiophene (3.6), dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel (II) (0.27) and hydrochloric acid were reacted, to obtain 2-(4-hexylphenyl)-5-(4-(2-thienyl)phenyl)thiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The styrene group block copolymer is mixed with magnesium chloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The styrene group block copolymer is a copolymer of styrene, acrylic acid and butadiene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The intermediate SiO2 layer is 10-80 nm thick. The intermediate Al2O3 layer is 30-100 nm thick. The ITO conducting layer is 10-100 nm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The flexible substrate layer is 25-1000 mu m thick. The hardened resin layer is 3-6 mu m thick. Preferred Method: The resin is spread on surfaces of flexible substrate layer through knifing or dip coating.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive material is made of indium tin oxide and indium zinc oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gate electrode is made of aluminum, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, silver and neodymium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The brazing filler material layer is comprised of an alloy that includes copper, aluminum, or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises: digesting the polyborazylene with an aromatic dithiol compound to produce a boro-disulfide compound and a byproduct; converting the byproduct to the boro-disulfide product by reaction with a trialkyl metal hydride; and converting the boro-disulfide compound to ammonia borane by reaction with a dialkyl-metal dihydride, where in at least 60% of the polyborazylene is converted to ammonia borane. The ammonia borane is produced by reaction of ammonia borane with a tin-based reducing agent. Preferred Components: The dithiol-containing agent comprises an aryl moiety, which is benzenedithiol (preferred) and/or toluene-3,4-dithiol. The byproduct comprises ammonia borane compound of formula ((NH4)(B(C6H4S2)2)). The first alkyl-tin hydride is tributyl-tin hydride. The second alkyl-tin hydride is dibutyl-tin dihydride. The trialkyl metal hydride is tributyl-tin hydride. The dialkyl metal hydride is dibutyl-tin dihydride. EXAMPLE - Polyborazylene (0.049 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and combined with 1,2-benzenedithiol (0.260 g). This obtained solution was heated overnight at 60 degrees C. Excess tributyl tin hydride (240 mu l) was added to reduce ammonia borane compound of formula ((NH4)(B(C6H4S2)2)) to 1,3,2-benzodithiaborole and convert unreacted benzenedithiol to dibutyl tin dihydride. Then the obtained solution was heated to 60 degrees C before the addition of dibutyl tin dihydride (1020 mu l) in four portions over 40 minutes. Then the 1,3,2-benzodithiaborole was reduced to give ammonia borane (0.038 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is glass with refractive index of at least 1.7. At least one of the first and second chromophores is an organometallic compound (preferably porphyrin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Process: An electroconductive polymer layer (A) as a precoat layer is formed on a valve action metal in which a dielectric material oxide layer is formed. Then, an electroconductive polymer layer (B) is formed on the layer (A) by electrolytic polymerization, to obtain solid electrolytic capacitor. The electrolytic polymerization is performed using an aqueous electrolyte solution containing anthraquinone-containing compound (1) with concentration of 0.005-0.09 mol/L.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electrolyte solution further contains a nitrophenol-containing compound of formula (2), a naphthol-containing compound of formula (3) and/or a nitroanthraquinone-containing compound of formula (4), as additive, and a pH adjuster. The conductive polymer monomer is pyrrole and/or its derivative. The compound (1) is chosen from alkali metal salt of anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, ammonium salt of anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, and quaternary ammonium salt of anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid.R'=H, phenyl, or linear or branched alkyl.Preferred Property: The electrolyte solution has pH of 8 or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The electrolyte solution is subjected to electrolytic oxidation reaction, to obtain conductive polymer. EXAMPLE - A substrate provided with a transparent conductive film consisting of tin-containing indium oxide and having size of 3 mmx 5mm was formed, washed with acetone and pure water, and dried at 105 degrees C for 10 minutes. The dried substrate was then immersed in electrolytic polymerization liquid containing sodium salt of anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid, to form an electroconductive polymer layer. The formed electroconductive polymer layer was then peeled from the substrate, to obtain electroconductive polymer film. The obtained polymer film had high electrical conductivity and excellent heat durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titanium dioxide containing inorganic material is potassium tetratitanate, sodium trititanate or titanium compound having composition according to general formula (I). CsxTi2-x/4O4 (I)    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The ammonium compound is selected from methyl ammonium, propylammonium or tetrabutylammonium. The ionic liquid includes imidazolium iodide selected from methylpropylimidazolium iodide, butylmethylimidazolium iodide or hexylmethylimidazolium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer is polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, polypropylene or polyethylene oxide. The oligomer is polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol diamine or polyethylene glycol bis(carboxymethyl)ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surface to which solvent and graphene sheets are applied is silicon or glass. It is a liquid interface or solid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The graphene sheets are pristine. The conductive material further includes trace amounts of a solvent comprising cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone and/or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The assemblage of graphene sheets is free from other carbon allotropes. The discrete transparent layer is adhered to a transparent substrate, which is glass. The assemblage of graphene sheets is a mirror reflective at normal angles of incidence to a human observer. Preferred Parameter: greater than or equal to 10% Of the graphene sheets are less than three atomic layers thick. The discrete transparent layer has a resistance of less than 20, preferably 5-35 Omega /square. The thickness of the discrete transparent layer is such as to provide a resistivity of less than 20 Omega /square. It is preferably less than 10 mu m. Preferred Method: The step of applying the solvent and graphene sheets to the surface includes separated multiple stages of solvent application and solvent removal to provide a layering of graphene sheets. The step of applying the solvent employs a laminar flow of the solvent over the surface or a spin coating process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The ( pi )-conjugated-type conductive polymer is polyalkyl dioxythiophene and whose acceptor is polystyrene sulfonate. The binder resin is polyester resin or polyurethane resin. The polymer having amino group is diallyl amine acetate, polyallylamine, sulfur dioxide copolymer and/or diaryl-dimethyl ammonium chloride copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Forming aluminum nanocluster array on Si (111)-7x7 surface is by cleaning Si (111) sample, placing in ultrahigh vacuum chamber, dearating at 600 degrees C, heating at 1150 degrees C, annealing at 800 degrees C to lower density defect and using an electron beam vapor deposition machine on Si (111)-7x7 surface at 250-500 degrees C to grow aluminum nanocluster array. The phthalocyanine or fullerene array is formed on Al nanocluster array of Si (111)-7x7 surface.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A precursor of silica gel carrying ionic liquid is tetra-alkyl orthosilicate. Preferred Composition: In ionic liquid(s), the mole ratio of two ionic liquids is 0.1-10, and the mole ratio among three ion liquids is (1-10):(1-10):(1-10). There are less than or equal to 3 ionic liquids.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A conductive material comprises a carbon-based material, a doped oxide and metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A conductive material comprises a conductive polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A gel type polymer coating layer (500) and nano oxide layer (130) containing dye are formed in a dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye is chosen from ruthenium complex, xanthene dye, cyanine based dye, basic dye, porphyrin based dye, azo based dye, phthalocyanine compound, anthraquinone dye and/or polycyclic quinone based dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photon crystal layers includes multiple spherical recess sections that are made of silicon oxide, and the nano-spheres of the photon crystal layers are made of silicon oxide and tin oxide. The transparent conducting sections are made of tin indium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The metal oxide powder has average particle diameter of 1-10 mu m and specific surface area of 10-30 m2/g. Preferred Condition: The metal hydroxide deposition water is heated at 10-80 degrees C for 10-40 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high molecular weight polymer component is formed of thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin, plastics, natural resin, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polystyrene, polyimide, poly lactic acid and silicone rubber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The alloy consists of chromium in 15 to 35 percentage weight, Ferro nickel in 60 percentage weight, and a tramp element consisting of manganese, molybdenum, copper and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The catalyst is heated at temperature more than predetermined temperature, to generate primary intermediate active substance, water vapor and hydrogen. The generated primary intermediate active substance, water vapor, and water supplied from outside are reacted, to generate metal oxide, secondary intermediate active substance and metal hydroxide. The secondary intermediate active substance and metal hydroxide are reacted, to generate primary intermediate active substance, water vapor and oxygen. Hydrogen is produced from the water by repeating the reactions. Preferred Compounds: The metal oxide is chromium oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide or molybdenum oxide. The metal hydroxide is potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. The primary and secondary intermediate active substances contain a compound formed by coupling metal in metal hydroxide and metal oxide. The valence of metal in metal oxide of primary and secondary intermediate active substances differs mutually.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The lithium salt is lithium chloride, lithium nitrate or lithium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The particulate layer is further exposed to the flux agent to form another flux coating, prior to the reflow process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The charging agent comprises a metal sulfonate compound of barium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, cesium and/or lithium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Particles: The metallic particles comprise copper, silver, gold, tin, cobalt, nickel, zinc, lead, palladium, platinum, aluminum, lead-tin, silver-tin, copper-tin, tin-silver-copper alloy, tin-silver-copper-bismuth alloy, or tin, and lead, copper, cobalt, silver, and/or their alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The flux agent comprises an abietic acid compound. The cholesteryl compound is a cholesteryl ester compound comprising stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, palmitate, palmitoleate, their derivatives, and/or their salts, preferably cholesteryl stearate having a melting point of 75-85 degrees C or cholesteryl oleate having a melting point of 40-50 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymeric membrane is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyimide polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The moisture barrier film alternately comprises component chosen from silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, transparent ceramics, and carbon doped oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The moisture barrier film comprises component chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, parylene, benzocyclobutene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gaseous composition comprises hydrogen gas and the odorant (0.01-1000, preferably 0.1-40 ppm). Preferred Components: The selenium compound is ethylselenol, methylselenol, isopropylselenol, propylselenol, dimethyl selenide, ethylmethyl selenide, isopropylmethyl selenide, tertbutylselenol or diethyl selenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The liquid fuel is volatile fuel consisting of methanol, ethanol, dimethylether, or its aqueous solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The laminate film has an adhesive layer with a thickness of 20-200 mu m, consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, and ionomer resin. The laminate film has a barrier layer with a thickness of 5-100 mu m, consisting of aluminum foil, polyvinylidene chloride, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, aluminum, or silica vapor-deposition film. The laminate film has a surface layer with a thickness of 10-1000 mu m, consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, cellophane, paper, cloth, and nonwoven fabric. The outer container consists of synthetic resin, glass, or metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The surface roughness of the electroconductive base material is measured according to the JISB0601 standard, and surface resistivity is measured according to the JISK6911 and ASTM D 257 standards. The temperature and humidity of the solar cell is measured according to the JISC8938 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The adsorption agent is metal oxide or silicon oxide, preferably alumina, silica gel or ion exchange resin. Preferred Composition: The composition further contains electron donor. EXAMPLE - 2-(7-(1,3,2-Dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (in g) (7.928) was added to a flask, and toluene (405 ml), methyltrioctyl ammonium chloride (4.979), dichlorobis(triphenyl phosphine)palladium (II) (0.02) and sodium carbonate aqueous solution (42.2 ml) were added. The mixture was reacted for 5 hours, and phenyl boronic acid (2.6) and toluene (1.8) were added. Sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate trihydrate (200 ml) and toluene (700 ml) were added and maintained at 85 degrees C for 3 hours. The reaction product was washed, concentrated and dried to produce copolymer having weight average molecular weight of 1.1x 105 and number average molecular weight of 5.4x 104. The obtained polymer (in wt.pts) (5), o-dichlorobenzene (1000) and electron donor were mixed. Silica gel (10) was added and stirred at 23 degrees C for 12 hours. A photoelectric transducer composition was obtained. The composition provided transducer having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front passivation layer formed on the front surface of semiconductor wafer is made of silicon nitride. The rear passivation layer formed on the rear surface of semiconductor wafer is made of rapid thermal oxide layer or amorphous silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The p-type do pant is selected from materials consisting of group III elements. The n-type do pant is selected from materials consisting of group V elements. The rear contact layer having p-type do pant is made of aluminum (Al) or boron (B).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The semiconductor layer further contains steroid-type compound(s). Preferred Compounds: The vitamin-E derivative is of formula (1). The steroid-type compound is of formula (4). The steroid-type compound optionally contains double bond in the steroid ring.R1,R2,R4=H or alkyl;R3=H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, heterocyclic alkyl group or optionally having substituent;R5=group of formula (2 or 3);R6=H, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heterocyclic group, acyl, acyloxy, oxycarbonyl, oxo, epoxy, acidic group or optionally having substituent;R7=alkyl, alkenyl having acidic group, substituent or coupling group;andn=0-13.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A photovoltaic element material comprises the electron donating organic material, and the electron accepting organic material such as a fullerene compound. Preferred Element: A photovoltaic element has the photovoltaic element material between a positive electrode (2) and a negative electrode (4). EXAMPLE - 4,7-Dibromo-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (45 mg) and 2-(4-hexyl-5-(5-(3-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-thieno(3,2-b)thiophen-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolane (0.2 g) were reacted in presence of potassium phosphate (0.19 g), dimethyl formamide (5 ml) and (1,1'-bis(diphenyl phosphino)ferrocene) dichloropalladium (II) (12 mg) were stirred at 80 degrees C for 3 hours, and water (100 ml) and dichloromethane (150 ml) were added to the solution. The organic layer was washed and dried to obtain 4,7-bis-(4-hexyl-5-(5-(3-hexyl-thiophen-2-yl)-thieno(3,2-b)thiophen-2-yl)-thiophen-2-yl)-benzo(1,2,5)thiadiazole (0.13 g). The obtained compound was used provide photovoltaic element having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, electric current voltage characteristics and current density.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gallium salt is gallium chloride, gallium sulfate, gallium acetate or gallium nitrate. The solution further comprises alkali metal salt of the complexing agent, preferably sodium salt of complexing agent, potassium salt of complexing agent or lithium salt of complexing agent, copper salt or indium salt, and pH adjustment agent chosen from sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The solution has pH of 9-14.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The complexing agent is chosen from citrate, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, tartrate, oxalate, ethylene diamine, nitrilotriacetic acid and amino acid. The solvent is water or mixture of water and organic solvent. The solution further comprises an organic additive EXAMPLE - An aqueous plating bath was prepared using 0.2-0.5 M gallium chloride and 0.5-0.8 M sodium citrate. The pH of the bath was adjusted to 10-13. Gallium was electrodeposited on a copper surface and gallium films with high adhesion and surface roughness of less than 10 nm were formed with high plating efficiency. The solution had favorable stability without oxide/hydroxide precipitation and enabled to repeat deposition with high efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic inert solvent is toluene or ethylbenzene. The alcohol solvent is methanol or ethanol. The iodoalkane is methyl iodide, iodoethane, n-propyl iodide, isopropyl iodide or n-butyl iodide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The soft magnetic material comprises iron, cobalt, nickel and/or their alloys and oxides. The magnetic film comprises samarium iron nitride, neodymium iron boride, samarium cobalt, barium ferrite, strontium ferrite, cobalt platinum alloy, and/or cobalt palladium alloy. Preferred Component: The photovoltaic element comprises polycrystalline silicon or a single crystal silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layers are made of stannum oxide, zinc oxide and indium tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anchor-coat layer contains mixture of composite material of acrylic polyol and/or polyester polyol, and isocyanate compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Film: A heat resistant film is laminated on surface(s) of laminate. The heat resistant film is polyester-type stretched film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of ruthenium in the alloy is 10-50 mass%. Preferred Condition: The alloy of ruthenium and nickel is heat-processed at 600-1400 degrees C under vacuum or inert atmosphere for 1-10 hours, before electrolysis. The nickel is electrolyzed at 50-60 degrees C under current density of 1-100 mA/cm2 of anode and oxidation-reduction potential of 600-1200 mV. Preferred Process: The recovered ruthenium oxide fine powder is pulverized and dispersed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The silane type surfactant is silane coupling agent or silicone oil. Preferred Properties: The content of carbon nanotube is 5-75 weight% and content of silane type surfactant is 0.5-25 weight% with respect to carbon nanotube.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The ambient temperature molten salt is imidazolium type ionic liquid, pyridinium type ionic liquid, ammonium type ionic liquid, phosphonium type ionic liquid and/or sulfonium type ionic liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A resin composition contains carbon nanotube dispersion (0.01-200 weight parts) with respect to thermoplastic resin (100 weight parts). EXAMPLE - 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (in weight parts) (56) and KBM-3103 (RTM: decyl trimethoxysilane) (4) were mixed to obtain electroconductive composition. Electroconductive composition and Lupilon S3000 (RTM: polycarbonate resin) (900) were mixed to obtain resin composition having excellent dispersibility and moldability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: The pressure difference during ejection of cellulose suspension is 50 MPa or more. Preferred Process: The cellulose suspension is ejected from pore of jet nozzle having pore diameter of 50 mu m or more. Preferred Component: The aqueous medium is aqueous solution of acid or base.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) or (II) comprises reacting an acetylenic (meth)acrylate of formulae (R2-C?=C-X-O-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) (III) or (R1-C(=CH2)-C(=O)-O-X-C?=C-X-O-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) (IV), or an acetylenic alcohol of formula (R2-C?=C-X-OH) (V) or (OH-X-X-OH) (VI) with azide of formula (R-(N3)p) to afford an alcohol compound of formula (VII) or (VIII), where (VII) or (VIII) is further reacted with a compound of formula (R7-C(=O)-C(=CH2)-R1) to give (I).R7 = halo, OH or OR8; andR8 = 1-4C alkyl.Preferred Components: The polymer is at least partially formed by a controlled polymerization method, where the controlled polymerization method is atom transfer radical polymerization, nitroxide-mediated polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization or group transfer polymerization. (III) is propargyl acrylate or propargyl methacrylate. (VI) is propargyl alcohol or 3-trimethylsilyl-2-propyn-1-ol. Preferred Definitions:    X = 2-6C alkylene, optionally interrupted by O;    R = a polymer or 2-30C alkylene; and    p = 2-4.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Compounds (I) are disclosed e.g. acrylic acid 1-dodecyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methyl ester of formula (Ia), acrylic acid 1-hexadecyl-1H-(1,2,3) triazol-4-yl-methyl ester, 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(1-hexyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methoxy)-1-methyl-ethyl ester, acrylic acid 1-phenyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methyl ester and 2-methyl-acrylic acid 2-(1-hexyl-1H-(1,2,3)triazol-4-yl-methoxy)-ethylester.    EXAMPLE - Propargyl acrylate (13 g), dodecylazide (22.3 g) and tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper (I) hexafluorophosphate (0.75 g) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (200 ml) and stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water to afford 1-dodecyl-4-acryloyloxymethyl-triazole precipitated as a white crystalline solid (33.5 g, 95%).
EXAMPLE - (Ruthenium chloride(p-cymene))2 (0.1 g) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (50 ml) and (dipyrido(3,2-a:2,3-c)phenazine-11-carboxylic acid) (0.2126 g) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed under argon for 8 hours with constant stirring. Finally excess of ammonium thiocyanate (0.988 g) was added to the reaction mixture and the reflux continued for another 4 hours. The mixture was worked up to give (Ie) (73%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water is deionized water or distilled water. Preferred Properties: The purity of zinc slab is greater than or equal to 99.9%. The particle diameter of zinc oxide is 10-50 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The flexible counter electrodes contains organic film material comprising transparent polyester, polyimide, polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyformaldehyde, polyvinyl chloride, polymethacrylic acid, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene adipate, polyfluorotetraethylene, and polysulfone.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (4) Compounds (1) are specifically claimed including compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III) and (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Arrangement: The heterogeneous region portion is set in position such that carbon nanotube is equally divided along length direction. The outer diameter of heterogeneous portion is less than diameter of side portions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The molecular weight of polymerization initiator is 170 or more. Preferred Composition: The content of polymerization initiator is 2 weight%. The polymerization initiator is keto group-containing compound of formula (1) or benzophenone-containing compound of formula (2). The organic layer is formed by flash vapor deposition process. The radical-polymerizing monomer of organic layer is double bond-containing compound formula (4) or carboxylic group-containing compound of formula (5).R1=optionally substituted 1-18C alkyl, optionally substituted 1-18C aryl, carbonyl, or substituent comprising any two or more such groups bonding to each other;R2-R4=optionally substituted 1-18C alkyl, optionally substituted 1-18C aryl, amino, alkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylthio, arylthio, hydroxy, halo or cyano;m,n,o=0-5, where both n and o are not 0 at the same time;R7,R9=H or methyl;R8,R10=H;L1,L2=optionally substituted 1-18C alkylene, optionally substituted 1-18C arylene, ether, imino, carbonyl or monovalent or polyvalent linking group comprising any of these groups bonding to each other;andp,q=1-6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Hydroxy compound of formula (4) and an acrylic acid chloride or methacrylic acid chloride are reacted to manufacture acrylic acid ester compound. Preferred Compound: The acrylic acid ester compound is of formulae (2,3).R8-R10=alkyl, alkoxy or halo;q,r,s=0-5;andt=1-18.Preferred Method: The hydroxy compound of formula (5) and acrylic acid chloride or methacrylic acid chloride are reacted to produce acrylic acid ester compound (2). The hydroxy compound of formula (6) and acrylic acid chloride or methacrylic acid chloride are reacted to produce acrylic acid ester compound (3). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Twenty-eight acrylic acid ester compounds, such as 4-((4-(4-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)aminophenyl prop-2-enoate of formula (A-1), 4-((4-(4-(4-(bis(3-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)amino)phenyl prop-2-enoate, 4-((4-(4-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)(naphthalen-1-yl)amino)phenyl prop-2-enoate, 4-(3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl(4-(4-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)amino)phenyl prop-2-enoate and 4-((4-(4-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)(4-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl prop-2-enoate are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - Triethyl amine (in g) (0.83), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (30 ml) and 2-(4-((4-(4-(4-(bis(3-methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)phenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)amino)phenoxy)ethan-1-ol (3.43) were mixed at room temperature under argon atmosphere. 3-Chloropropionyl chloride (0.86) and trimethyl amine (20.2) were added and heated at 60 degrees C. The mixture was reacted for 1 hour, and reaction product was poured into ion exchange water. Ethyl acetate (100 ml) was added and stirred. The organic layer was washed, dried, concentrated and purified to produce acrylic acid ester compound. A photoreceptor was produced using obtained compound. The photoreceptor had favorable charge transporting property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The biaxial stretching polyethylene terephthalate type resin film has acid value of 3-30 eq/t and intrinsic viscosities of 0.45-0.70 dl/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The polyester imide precursor has intrinsic viscosity of 0.1-10 dL/g. Preferred Method: The polyester imide having repeating unit of formula (3) is obtained by carrying out cyclodehydration reaction of polyester imide precursor using heating or dehydrating agent, or carrying out polycondensation of tetracarboxylic dianhydride and diamine in solvent at high temperature. The diamine is of formula: H2N-Y'-NH2. EXAMPLE - Methyl hydroquinone (10 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. Pyridine (40 mmol) was added to obtain a liquid (A). Terephthalic acid chloride (40 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to obtain a liquid (B). The liquid (B) was cooled in ice bath, and liquid (A) was added and stirred for 12 hours. The precipitate was separated by filtration, washed and removed. Toluene (150 ml) was added to crude product, heated and filtered. The filtered product was dried at room temperature for 12 hours to produce ester group-containing dicarboxylic acid dichloride. The obtained compound was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, and added to liquid obtained by dissolving 4-hydroxy phthalic acid anhydride in tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The deposit was washed and dried at 180 degrees C for 12 hours. A crude product of tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride was obtained. The resulting compound was purified to produce ester group-containing tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The carboxylic methyl ester is methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl butyrate or methyl isobutyrate, preferably methyl propionate. Preferred Solvent: The non-aqueous solvent is propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, acetonitrile or sulfolane, preferably propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. Preferred Ion: The anion is ion of compound chosen from boron tetrafluoride (BF4-), phosphorus hexafluoride (PF6-), arsenic hexafluoride (AsF6-), antimony hexafluoride (SbF6-), sulfonate compound of formula: N(RfSO2)2-, C(RfSO2)3-, RfSO3-, or N(FSO2)2-, fluoride F-, perchlorate (ClO4-), aluminum tetrafluoride (AlF4-), aluminum tetrachloride (AlCl4-), tantalum hexafluoride (TaF6-), niobium hexafluoride (NbF6-), silicon hexafluoride (SiF6-), cyano (CN-), trifluoromethyl (CH3BF3-), and hydrogen fluoride (F(HF)n-).Rf=1-12C fluoro alkyl;andn=1-4. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=1-5C monovalent hydrocarbyl optionally substituted by hydroxyl.    EXAMPLE - Electrolyte (in weight parts) (19) containing 2-methyl imidazole (82), tetrahydrofuran (144), potassium hydroxide (56), ethyl chloride (71), 1-ethyl-2-methyl imidazole (50), dimethyl carbonate (135), methanol (192) and fluoroboric acid (42 wt.%), methyl acetate (9) and propylene carbonate (72) were stirred at 25 degrees C for 60 hours to form electrolyte solution. The obtained solution was used to provide capacitor having excellent discharge characteristics and reliability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photovoltaic material comprises a compositionally graded Group III-nitride alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The fluid circuit comprises at least one of: a coolant system comprising a coolant circulating between a heat exchanger and the fuel cell; a humidifying system for returning at least a portion of water produced by the fuel cell back to the fuel cell; a fuel recycle system for recycling at least a portion of unreacted fuel to the fuel cell; and an oxidant recycle system for recycling at least a portion of unreacted oxidant to the fuel cell. The fuel recycle system comprises piping for transferring unreacted hydrogen exhaust gas from the fuel cell and returning at least a portion of the unreacted hydrogen to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method includes the step of passing at least a portion of fluid exiting the fuel cell through the ion exchange filter before returning at least a portion of the fluid to the fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The anion exchange resin comprises a vinyl aromatic polymer derived from monomers comprising styrene and divinylbenzene. The anion exchange resin is gellular and in bead form. The anion exchange resin is a strong base anion exchange resin. The filter further comprises a cation exchange resin disposed within the cartridge. The anion exchange resin comprises a polymer comprising a substituted benzene repeating unit of formula (a).L = a chemical bond between the nitrogen atom and an aromatic carbon atom, 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C alkoxy, preferably methyl, where L is located at the meta or para (preferred) position of the ring;R1-R3 = 1-4C alkyl or 1-4C hydroxy alkyl, preferably methyl; andX = bicarbonate anion (preferred) or carbonate anion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal (M1) is potassium or sodium. The metal (M2) is indium, zinc and/or tin. The metal (M2) ion aqueous solution contains ion of alkali metal and/or alkaline-earth metal. The metal (M2) ion is reduced using a compound (A) chosen from ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, sodium borohydride, dimethylamine borane, trimethylamine borane, citric acid, sodium citrate, tannic acid, diborane, hydrazine, formaldehyde and lithium-hydride aluminum, derivatives of compound (A), sulfite, hypophosphorous, ultraviolet ray, plasma and/or hydrogen. Alcohol and/or surfactant are used together with reducing agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition further contains an addition polymerizable compound having basic functional group chosen from amino, pyridyl, morpholino and anilino groups. The acidic group is chosen from carboxyl, sulfonic-acid, phenol, benzoic-acid, phthalate, salicylic-acid, acetylsalicylic-acid and benzenesulfonic-acid groups. The reactive group of addition polymerizable compound having three or more reactive groups is acryloyl group and/or methacryloyl group. The hydrophilic functional group includes ethylene oxide group and/or propylene-oxide group. The metal (M2) ion aqueous solution contains polyol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: Metal particles remaining on the substrate after etching are removed by using an aqueous solution obtained by mixing iodine with potassium iodide in case the metal particles are formed of gold; nitrate-based aqueous solution in case the metal particles are formed of silver; bromide-based, chloride-based, nitrate-based and/or sulfate-based aqueous solutions in case the metal particles are formed of copper; or chloride-based and/or nitrate-based aqueous solutions in case the metal particles are formed of platinum or palladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid treated oxide nanoparticles or nanorods are made of titania, silica and tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer consists of perfluorinated sulfonic acid group containing polymer, sulfonated polyether ether ketone, sulfonated polyimide, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated polysulfone, and sulfonated or phosphated hydrocarbon polymer. The polymer solvent consists of polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, and poly2-ethyloxazoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The adsorbent is silicon oxide material, aluminum oxide, and/or magnesium oxide. The silicon oxide material comprises silicon oxide ball, silicon oxide cumularspharolith, silicon oxide film, and/or silicon oxide porous material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture of adsorbent and dispersive medium is ultrasonically treated. The treatment of carbon nanotube further includes post-treatment step comprising regenerating the adsorbent absorbed with the carbon nanotube to separate the carbon nano tube; and regenerating the adsorbent. The post-treatment also includes ultrasonically processing the adsorbent, annealing, and treating with hydrofluoric acid or sodium hydroxide. Preferred Component: The carbon nanotube is single walled and/or multiwalled carbon nanotube, and is a metallic carbon nanotube or semiconductor type carbon nanotube. The chemical and physical modifying agent is bromine molecule having adsorptivity to the metallic carbon nanotube, amino-containing compound, large neutral aromatic molecule, charge transfer aromatic molecule, and/or diazonium; or porphyrin having adsorptivity to the semiconductor type carbon nanotube; poly-(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-difluoroalkyl); or single chain DNA molecule. The dispersive medium is water, alcohols, ethers, azulene ketones, amide and/or halogenated polar solvent, preferably surfactant or polar solvent. The surfactant comprises anionic surfactant, non-ionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, and/or zwitterionic surfactant, preferably sodium lauryl sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The buffer layer is selected from cadmium sulfide film, zinc sulfide film or indium tin oxide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol solvent is n-butanol, cyclohexanol or phenylcarbinol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic particles are barium sulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The particles in polyester layer (A) is rutile-type titanium dioxide particles as main constituent. The white laminated polyester film further has application layer having ultraviolet absorptivity provided on its surface(s). Preferred Process: The rutile-type titanium dioxide particles are prepared by chlorination. Preferred Composition: The polyester layers (A,B) further contains resin composition including polyethylene terephthalate. The resin incompatible with polyester resin in polyester layer (B) is polymethyl pentene. The polyester layer (A) further contains light-resistant agent (0.05-10 weight%). Preferred Properties: The polyester layer (A) has thickness of 5-10 mu m. The polyester layer (B) has thickness of 200-400 mu m. The polymethyl pentene has average particle size of 3 mu m or less along width direction and 2 mu m or less along thickness direction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fine metal oxide is selected from aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, tungsten oxide, lead oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, zirconium oxide, strontium oxide, molybdenum oxide, vanadium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, samarium oxide, iron titanium oxide, manganese titanium oxide, barium titanium oxide or strontium titanium oxide. Preparation (Claimed): The composite electrolyte is produced by absorbing fine metal oxides in core surface and forming metal oxide adsorbent. Core is removed from the metal oxide adsorbent to obtain hollow particle. The obtained hollow particle is mixed with electrolyte to obtain composite electrolyte. The metal oxide adsorbent is formed by e-beam evaporation, thermal evaporation, laser molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed laser deposition, metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, electrodeposition method, atomic layer deposition method, metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy, emulsion polymerization method, electrophoresis deposition or dip coating. The core is removed from the metal oxide adsorbent by thermal processing or solution process method. The solution process method utilizes solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The solvent is selected from water, alcohol, acetone, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, diethyl ether or hydrofluoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The core is polymer or its derivative, or silica or its derivative. The polymer is selected from polystyrene, polystyrene or divinylbenzene copolymer, polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinyltoluene, polystyrene or butadiene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The grafted nanoparticles have a respective inorganic core comprising silica. The self-assembled structure comprises inorganic core (1-10 wt.%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The brush structure comprises polystyrene having an Mg of 100-120 kDa, or comprises poly(methylmethacrylate) having an Mg of 85 kDa. 25-45 Grafted polymeric organic chains per nanoparticle are provided.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A methano fullerene C71 derivative of formula (3 or 4) has C60 fullerene skeleton of formula (1 or 2). Preferred Definitions:    R1=C8H17;    X=oxygen;    Ar1=mono-, di- or tri-substituted phenyl;    Y'=CO2CH3;and    n=1.    EXAMPLE - 4-Benzoylbutyric acid (in mg) (100) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) (3.0 ml). Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (107 mg) dissolved in DMF (1 ml) was added and stirred at room temperature. Dimethylaminopyridine (30.5), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (4) and didecyloxybenzyl alcohol (231) dissolved in DMF were added and stirred. The solvent was removed and 3,5-didecyloxybenzyl-4-benzoylbutyrate (173) was obtained. The obtained compound (50), p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (17) and methanol were heat-refluxed to obtain 3,5-didecyloxybenzyl-5-(2-tosylhydrazono)-5-phenyl pentanoate (59). The pentanoate (49), pyridine (1 ml), sodium methoxide (3.8) and C60 fullerene (39) dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene (2 ml) were reacted at 80 degrees C for 24 hours. The reaction liquid was purified and the obtained solid was dissolved in toluene, and isomerized to obtain 3,5-didecyloxybenzyl-4-(1-phenyl-C61)butyrate (26) with yield of 40%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The aromatic diamine compound is selected from bis(3-aminophenyl)sulfone (3-DDS), bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (4-DDS), 1,3-bis(3-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB-133), 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB-134), 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB-144) or 4,4-bis(3-aminophenoxy) diphenyl sulfone (DBSDA). The fluorine-containing diamine is selected from 2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diamino biphenyls (2,2'-TFDB), 3,3'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-diamino biphenyls (3,3'-TFDB), 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxy phenyl) hexafluoropropane (DBOH), 2,2'-bis(4(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane (4-BDAF), 2,2'-bis(3(3-aminophenoxy)phenyl)hexafluoropropane (3-BDAF), 2,2'-bis(3-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane (3,3'-6F) or 2,2'-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane (4,4'-6F).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The water vapor modification catalyst contains ruthenium, rhodium and/or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The content of 18C or more of linear aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon in fuel oil, is 0.01 mass% or less. The content of 2 or more aromatic ring is 0.7 volume% or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The semiconductor thin film consists of kesterite, copper-indium-gallium selenide, copper-indium-gallium sulfide or copper-indium-gallium selenium sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The he nano-sized scatters are nano-sized metal single particles and/or nano-sized metal clusters. The nano-sized metal single particles or the nano-sized metal clusters comprise gold, silver, aluminum, tin, nickel, platinum, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or indium. The transparent conductive layer comprises indium tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, and/or gallium doped zinc oxide. Preferred Property: The nano-sized scatters have a size of 10-50 nm. The nano-sized metal single particles or the nano-sized metal clusters have a refractive index difference of greater than or equal to 0.1 relative to the transparent conductive layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell has solar cell portion such as transparent silicon thin film solar cell, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) solar cell portion, copper diselinide solar cell portion, cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell portion and transparent solar cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The light-receiving surface-side conductive layer essentially contains a metallic oxide comprising tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, or titanium oxide. Preferred Condition: The metallic oxide is doped with fluorine, tin, aluminum, iron, gallium, and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first electrochemical bath comprises a nanoparticle. The porous substrate comprises carbon nanotubes. The porous substrate comprises metal oxide nanoparticles. The porous substrate comprises nano-structured elements comprising chemical groups.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first metallic ion comprises gold. The second metallic ion comprises platinum, ruthenium or nickel. The first electrochemical bath further comprises materials to codeposit with the reduction of the metallic ion. The second electrochemical bath further comprises salts to be codeposit with the second metallic ion. The second electrochemical bath further comprises nanoparticles to codeposit with the second metallic ion. The first metallic ion comprises platinum and the second metallic ion comprises ruthenium. The catalyst comprises nickel, platinum or ruthenium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The process (P1) further involves additional step of depositing a polymer coating over the nanoclusters; and depositing a metallic coating over the nanoclusters. The process (P1) further involves: depositing an activating layer on top of the porous structure to activate the porous structure for reduction of the first electrochemical bath. In process (P2), the porous substrate comprises a polymer. Preferred Components: The porous substrate comprises a polymer substrate. The porous substrate comprises a naturally occurring polymer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The control structure comprises aggregate molecule made of molybdenum trioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The primary electrode comprises gold, silver or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hole injection layer consists of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). The control structure comprises aggregate molecule made of fullerene (C60) and tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (Alq3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent particle is translucent silica, alumina or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The platinum precursor, cerium precursor and composite oxide carrier are added to a mixed solution of an acid (5-20 weight parts) and ethylene glycol (10-60 weight parts). The mixture is dried at 80-120 degrees C and sintered at 300-700 degrees C, preferably 400-700 degrees C. Preferred Oxide: The oxide carrier is yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide, cerium oxide-zirconium oxide, or cerium oxide-yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide, preferably cerium oxide-yttrium oxide-zirconium oxide. Preferred Properties: The content of zirconium oxide is 50-95 weight parts, preferably 70-95 weight parts, and cerium oxide is 5-30 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of oxide carrier. The amount of the cerium is 1-20 mole with respect to 1 mole of the platinum, the amount of the platinum is 0.5-5 weight parts with respect to 100 weight parts of the catalyst. The platinum has average particle diameter of 1-10 nm, degree of dispersion of 70-99%. The amount of the zirconium oxide in the precursor of the zirconium oxide is 50-95 weight parts based on 100 weight parts of the total weight of the oxide in the precursor of the oxide carrier. The amount of the precursor of the oxide carrier is 1 weight parts. EXAMPLE - Tetra-ammine platinum(II) nitrate (in g) (0.22) and cerium nitrate hexahydrate (2.42) were added to water (50 ml), and stirred with yttrium zirconate (10) at 60 degrees C for 6 hours. The mixture was dried at 110 degrees C for 12 hours and sintered at 500 degrees C for 1 hour under air atmosphere to form platinum-cerium/yttrium zirconate having excellent catalytic activity and stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The basic catalyst is ammonia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or their mixture. The metal compound is citrate, chloride, hydroxide, oxyhydroxide, nitrate, carbonate, acetate or oxalate of metal element selected from silver, gold, platinum, iron, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium or their mixture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The solvent is selected from water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol or their mixture. The silane precursor is 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrichlorosilane or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide is transparent conductive oxide such as zinc oxide and zinc oxide doped with aluminum, lithium or other dopants. The supporting component is formed using transparent material or non-transparent material, preferably solid inorganic material such as glass, quartz, cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, metal and inorganic semiconductor. The working gas is chosen from oxygen, argon, nitrogen, borane, diborane, ammonia, mixtures of methane and argon, and mixture of hydrogen and argon. The metal oxide is p-type zinc oxide and the doping agent is lithium-containing compound such as lithium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Alternately, the supporting component is formed using polymer such as polyester, polyolefin, polyimide, phenolic resin, polyanhydride, conducting polymer, conjugated polymer, fluoropolymer, silicone rubber, silicone polymer, biopolymer, copolymer, block copolymers such as polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, p-nitrotoluene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polyfluorene, and molecular solids such as molecular semiconductor, molecular crystal, molecular thin film, molecular dye such as tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (A1Q3), thiophene oligomer, poly-paraphenylene vinylene (PPV) oligomer, pentacene, tetracene, rubrene, 4,4'-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl (NPB), fullerene, carbon nanotube and fulleride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The organic compound is of formula: R1-Cn(R3)2n-R2, preferably aromatic compound of formulae (2 or 3), and more preferably naphthyl compound of formula (4) or isoquinoline compound of formulae (5 or 6).R1-R3=H, hydroxyl, amino, aminoalkyl, cyano, halo, sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid, at least one of R1-R3 is sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid;andR4-R36=H, hydroxyl, amino, aminoalkyl, cyano, halo, alkyl, alkoxy, sulfonic acid or methyl phosphonic acid, at least one of R4-R36 is sulfonic acid or methyl phosphonic acid.Preferred Electrode: A fuel cell (110) has a fuel electrode (10) and an oxygen electrode (20) arranged in an electrolyte containing the ion conductor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The polyacene is condensed-ring-aromatic hydrocarbon compound having 3-7 rings. Preferred Process: An aromatic aldehyde compound having aldehyde group in a molecule and cyclic ketone compound having keto group(s) are reacted and subjected to crossed-aldol condensation, to obtain polyacene. Preferred Condition: The reaction is carried at 150 degrees C or more under pressure of 0.4 MPa or more. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The aldehyde compound is ortho-phthalaldehyde. The cyclic ketone compound is 1,4-cyclohexane dione.    EXAMPLE - Ultra-pure water (in g) (3.5743), 2,3-naphthalene dicarbaldehyde (0.0457), ortho-phthalaldehyde (0.0333) and 1,4-cyclohexane dione (0.0556) were reacted at 250 degrees C and a pressure of 4 MPa for 20 minutes, to obtain hexacene-7,14-quinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A honeycomb structure (1) formed using the binding material has honey-comb portion material, and bonding material layer (5) which is provided between the honey-comb portion materials, and joins the honeycomb portion material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electroconductive porous body is a foam metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal electrode contains silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium, and nickel. The transparent electrode thin film is formed from a metal oxide such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide-antimony oxide and/or zinc oxide-aluminum oxide. The photoelectric transducer contains crystalline-silicon layer or amorphous-silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat or photocurable transparent adhesive contains 5-50 mass parts of polymerizable monomer such as (meth)acrylate compound with respect to 100 mass parts of a polyester unsaturated compound such as unsaturated polyester resin or saturated-polyester resin with a (meth)acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon material is preferably carbon nanotube with diameter of less than or equal to 20 nm. The composition also contains surface activity component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenylene derivative is preferably N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder polymer is polyimide with sulfonic acid group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal back electrode layer is made of molybdenum or platinum material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer comprises a metal is selected from cobalt, nickel, titanium, platinum, molybdenum, zirconium, chromium, palladium, aluminum, silver, gold, iridium, erbium, dysprosium, copper, tantalum, hafnium and tungsten. The metal silicide layer comprises nickel silicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The monomer (A) or polymer (D) is of formula: S1-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf4-S2. The monomer (B) or polymer (E) is of formula: S3-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf3-S4. The monomer (C) is of formula: X-(Rf1-E1)m-Rf5-X. The polymer (F) is of formula: X-(Rf2-Ar)n-Rf6-X.S1-S4=(-NZ1Z2), -SO2NZ1Z2, -SO2X, -CONZ1Z2 or -COX;Z1,Z2=H, M or trimethyl silyl;M=metallic element;andX=halogen or OH, preferably halogen, boronic acid, boronic acid cyclic ester. Preferred Definitions:    E1,E2=(-(SO2NM)i3SO2-);    i3=1 or more;and    Ar=benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, naphthacene, pentacene, phenanthrene, pyrene, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, carbazole, oxazole, oxathiazole, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, tetraphenyl, terphenyl, biphenyl, fluorene, stilbene or their derivative.    EXAMPLE - A perfluoro sulfonamide was obtained using 4,4'-Diiodo biphenyl, copper bronze, dimethylsulfoxide, sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate. Then, the obtained perfluoro sulfonamide and perfluorosulfonyl fluoride were polymerized, to obtain electrolyte. The obtained electrolyte had excellent proton conductivity and heat resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal fiber contains gold, platinum, silver, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, iron, cobalt, copper and/or tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The electroconductive material further contains binder. An inkjet ink contains electroconductive material. A transparent conductive film has electroconductive metal pattern formed on transparent film base material. Preferred Process: The electroconductive metal pattern is formed using the inkjet ink. Preferred Composition: The mass ratio of metal fiber and binder is 7:1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - A non-woven film is formed with the polypropylene, and the polyethylene terephthalate or the polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The noble metal layer is made of material selected from rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, iridium, platinum and gold. The adhesion layer is made of material selected from a group consisting of aluminum, titanium, vanadium, chrome, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, niobium, ruthenium, hafnium, tantalum and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flame retardant is non-halogen type flame-retardant compound, inorganic metal and/or inorganic metallic compound containing phosphorus and nitrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic resin film base material is white film, and contains inorganic particles (2 mass% or more). EXAMPLE - UV-G13 (RTM: acrylic-type copolymer containing benzotriazole) (in g) (10), toluene (27.51), aluminum phosphinate (4.302) and X-24-8300 (RTM: polyester modified polydimethylsiloxane) (1.208) were mixed, stirred at 25 degrees C for 30 minutes, to obtain coating liquid. The coating liquid was coated on polyethylene terephthalate film and heat-dried at 120 degrees C for 1 minute, to obtain layered film. The obtained layered film had excellent flame retardance, light resistance, adhesiveness and heat shrinkage resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The material of transparent low- or high-resistance composite thin film is indium oxide (In2O3):tin (Sn), zinc oxide (ZnO):aluminum (Al), SnO2:fluoride (F), SnO2:antimony (Sb), cadmium oxide (CdO), CdIn2O4, Cd2SnO4, or Zn2SnO4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The supporting electrolyte is lithium perchlorate, sodium sulfate or para-toluene sulfonic acid sodium salt. The reference electrode in three-electrode is saturated calomel electrode. The platinum sheet is counter electrode. The working electrode is stainless steel sheet, platinum sheet or gold sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic dye is methylene blue or indigo carmine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic particle powder includes IB-VIIA group element, IIIA-VIIA group element or IB-IIIA-VIIA group element. The IB-VIIA group element is copper selenide and the IIIA-VIIA group element is indium selenide or gallium selenide. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- Preferred Compounds: The mixed solvent is selected from ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanediol, alpha -terpineol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, tert.-butanol, glycerol or polyethylene glycol. The binder is a mixed binder of alcohol, where the alcohol is glycerol. The dispersing medium is selected from Disperbyk(RTM: Solution of an alkylolammonium salt of a polyfunctional polymer) 181, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, TEGO(RTM: Wetting and dispersing additive for waterborne formulations) 735W, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene oxide modified phenol or TEGO(RTM: Wetting and dispersing additive) 715W.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is also a mixed binder of glycol polymer, where the glycol polymer is polyethylene glycol. The dispersing medium optionally selected from cellulose, ethylene oxide or propylene oxide polymer or low-molecular-weight polycarboxylic acid polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell unit is made of non-crystalline silicon thin film, copper-indium-gallium-selenium thin film or cadmium telluride cell. The thin film is deposited on the polyester film substrate or metal foil substrate. The bus bar contains material chosen from copper foil, silver foil, modified copper foil or modified silver foil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polyester film substrate contains polyimide film or polyurethane film. The metal foil substrate contains stainless steel foil or aluminum foil. The cover film contains polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or fluoroethylene polymer on polymer film. The adhesive layer contains thermosetting material chosen from ethylene vinyl acetate film and transparent silicon resin. The substrate film contains material chosen from polyimide, fluoroethylene polymer, polyethylene naphthalate polymer film and foam polyester film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluoropolymer is chosen from polyfluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer and/or polytrifluorochloroethylene. The polytrimethylene terephthalate intermediated layer comprises polytrimethylene terephthalate and 0-30 weight% of polyethylene terephthalate. A solar cell plate is formed using the laminated film comprising front plate including fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer and liquid crystal polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The caustic corrosion solution comprises (wt.%) aqueous alkali (1-3.5), isopropanol (5-7) and Na2SiO3 (0.2-2). Preferred Components: The aqueous alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide solution. Preferred Parameters: The surface of monocrystalline silicon plate after corroded by caustic corrosion solution is formed into matte with size of 0.5-1.5 mu m. The thickness of corroded monocrystalline silicon plate is 5-20 mu m. Preferred Method: The preparation of monocrystalline silicon matte is completed after cleaning damaged layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by mixing (mole) dibromide containing monomer (1), salt monomer of N-alkyl substituted dithieno(3,2-b:2','- d)thiophene (1.02), tris(dibenzalacetone)dipalladium (0.02) and ligand triphenyl phosphorus (0.16); introducing 99.999% nitrogen; adding toluene as solvent; controlling concentration of dibromide containing monomer at 0.005-0.4 mol/l in the presence of argon; heating the obtained mixture at 120?oC for 48 hours; adding 4-bromotoluene (0.2 mole); stirring continuously for 12 hours; adding methanol; filtering; extracting collected polymers in a Soxhlet extractor employing an acetone, n - hexane and chloroform; adding methanol; and filtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solution: The acid solution consists of an inorganic acid solution. Preferred Method: The solid content obtained by separating (HH) the washing liquid after acid cleaning, is washed with pure water, non-oxidizing inorganic acid solution, or organic solvent (JJ). The washing liquid is neutralized (FF) or diluted such that the pH of washing liquid is 2-4, after acid cleaning. The solid content is dissolved after baking, and purified (NN). Preferred Conditions: The baking temperature is 300-800 degrees C, and the baking atmosphere is inert-gas atmosphere under reduced pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The compound semiconductor layer is made of material selected from group of aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium gallium phosphide (InGaP), indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP), aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlInGaP) and aluminum indium gallium arsenide phosphide (AlInGaAsP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Transparent heat dissipation substrate is a translucent protection material arranged in the light receiving surface side of the photovoltaic cell. Antireflection coating layer is formed on the surface of transparent heat dissipation substrate and has greater than or equal to 1 metal oxide and/or metal fluoride layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The acid solution contains one or multiple acids selected from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid or perchloric acid. The hydrogen mixed gas is a mixture of hydrogen and a gas selected from nitrogen, helium or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The alcohol of the alcohol fuel cell is selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propanol or butanol. The acid solution contains one or multiple acids selected from acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid or oxalic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide nano-particle is selected from zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, fluorine tin oxide, gallium zinc oxide, antinomy tin oxide, aluminum zinc oxide or zinc oxide. The buffer layer is made of cadmium sulfide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal oxide nano-particle is made of tin, gallium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten, molybdenum or antimony. The p-type absorber is a copper, indium, gallium or selenium film absorber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The photoelectric transducer comprises semiconductor layer (preferably titanium oxide or stannic oxide) and electrolyte layer between counter electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porphyrin derivative contains acidic group. Preferred Definitions:R1-R8=compound with bulky structure substituent; andM=Cu, Ni, Zn, Pd, VO, Co, Mg or H2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The solubility of fullerene cluster at normal temperature with respect to 1-chloronaphthalene and carbon disulfide is 1 mg/mL or more and less than 1 mg/mL, respectively. The solubility of fullerene base material derivative at normal temperature with respect to hexane and carbon disulfide is less than 0.1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL or more, respectively. Preferred Process: The alkali-metal containing fullerene base material derivative is obtained from composition containing alkali-metal endohedral fullerene formed by irradiating plasma containing alkali metal ion-coupled with alkylidene to fullerene, extracted using chloronaphthalene and reprecipitated. Preferred Definitions:    R=bridge head of crosslinking ring system which is formed by bonding carbon which is adjacent to the carbon of AF.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The buffer layer is made of material selected from titanium dioxide, silicon nitride and silicon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The transparent conductive layer comprises metal oxide electrically conductive material containing metal oxide selected from indium, zinc and tin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Cell: When the cell comprises hyperpolarizable molecule layer, then the hyperpolarizable molecule layer comprises several hyperpolarizable molecules that are either covalently bonded to the n-type electrode layer and ionically bonded to the p-type electrode layer; or each include an acid group that protonates the p-type electrode layer; or that each comprise an electron donor group and an electron acceptor group joined by a conjugated moiety; or each comprise a chromophoric group; or comprises 3-hydroxy-((2-hydroxy-4-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)-diazenyl)-2-naphthoic acid or 4-((2,4-dihydoxyphenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, or at least some of the hyperpolarizable molecules comprise diaryl azo compound of formula (I), diaryl azo compound of formula (II) or diaryl ethene compound of formula (III). When the cell comprises hyperpolarizable molecules disposed between the p-type electrode and n-type electrode, then at least some of the hyperpolarizable molecules each comprising an electron donating group that is linked to the n-type electrode and an electron accepting group that is linked to the p-type electrode. When the cell comprises hyperpolarizable molecule layer, then the p-type electrode layer comprises doped emeraldine base, the n-type electrode comprises a polymer that accepts an electron from the electron donating group, and the p-type electrode comprises a polymer that can provide an electron to the electron accepting group. When the cell comprises transparent base layer, then at least some of the hyperpolarizable molecules comprise either the compound (I), 3-hydroxy-((2-hydroxy-4-sulfonaphthalen-1-yl)-diazenyl)-2-naphthoic acid or 4-((2,4-dihydoxyphenyl)diazenyl)-3-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid.R1 and R2=carboxyl or hydroxyl;R3=absent or conjugated ring structure;R4=acidic group;R5=absent or hydroxyl;R6=CN, COOH, COOR, CONR2 or CONHR2;R7=OH, OR, OCOR, NH2, NHR or NR2;R=alkyl;n=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of annular sultone to oxalyl lithium difluoroborate is 1:0.1-12 (preferably 1:1-3). The non-aqueous electrolytic solution comprises (pts.wt.) non-aqueous solvent (1), lithium salt (0.068-0.2, preferably 0.123-0.164), and additive (0.005-0.2, preferably 0.06-0.08). Preferred Components: The lithium salt is lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluorophosphate, diacetyl lithium borate or arsenic lithium hexafluoride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The annular sultone is 1,3-propane sultone, 1,4-butane sultone, 1,3-butane sultone and 1,3-propylene sultone. The non-aqueous solvent is ester carbonate, propene carbonate, methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate or gamma -butyrolactone. Preferred Properties: The water content of ester carbonate is less than 0.0005%; and purity is more than 99.98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal is selected from scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tellurium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, osmium or iridium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The black coloring agent is carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A photosensitive resin composition contains light-shielding-property dispersion liquid (A), alkali-soluble resin (B), photopolymerizable monomer (C) having ethylenically unsaturated bond(s), and photoinitiator (D). Preferred Process: The photosensitive resin composition is coated on a transparent substrate, and dried by subjecting to exposure process using ultraviolet-ray exposure apparatus. An image is developed using aqueous-alkali solution, and heat-burnt, to form a light-shielding film. EXAMPLE - Carbon black (in weight%) (20.2), propylene-glycol-monomethyl-ether acetate (69.8) and Disperbyk-142 (RTM: dispersing agent) were added into glass container, stirred, zirconia bead having diameter of 0.5 mm was added, processed at 25-45 degrees C for 6 hours, and filtered, to obtain light-shielding-property dispersion liquid. The obtained dispersion liquid had viscosity of 8 mPa.second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent contains alcohol having cyclic structure, preferably cyclohexanol. The solvent has at least one hydroxyl group in a molecule. Preferred Property: The solvent has boiling point of 100 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The method further involves adding acid anhydride unit (C) of formula (1) and heat-processing at 180-300 degrees C and 200 Torr or less for 1-240 minutes, and co-polymerizing aromatic group-containing vinylic monomer.R1,R2=H or 1-6C alkyl.Preferred Composition: The content of aromatic group-containing vinylic monomer with respect to mass of whole monomers is 1-50 mass%. The content of solvent is 5-60 mass% with respect to 100 mass% of sum total of monomers and solvent. Preferred Condition: The polymerization temperature is 50-200 degrees C. EXAMPLE - Liquid mixture of methyl-methacrylate (in mass parts) (53), styrene (5), methacrylic acid (12), cyclohexanol (30), 1,1-di(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane (50 ppm) and n-octyl mercaptan (1400 ppm) was polymerized at 135 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain a copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photoelectric transducer comprises several layers made of germanium and silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The silicon bed is a granular metallurgical silicon bed maintained at a silicon bed temperature of 200-500 degrees C and an absolute pressure of less than 1.5 bar. The silicon bed is positioned in a cylindrical vessel with a distributor. The heat involves indirect heating, electrical resistance heating, combustion heating, or direct contact heating. The concentration device comprises a pressure swing adsorption system, a membrane separation system, or a cryogenic fluid cooling system. The purification device is a distillation system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The removed gas species are hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, and/or argon. The removing gas species comprises pressure swing absorption or a membrane separation process. The removing gas species involves cooling with a cryogenic fluid (preferably liquid nitrogen). The purifying involves distillation. The SixH2x+2 are silane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The moisture barrier film comprises silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon oxy-nitride, aluminum oxy-nitride, amorphous or polycrystalline silicon carbide, transparent ceramics, and carbon doped oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The moisture barrier film comprises polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyimide, parylene, benzocyclobutene, and polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The first anchor group comprises thiol moiety or amine moiety. The second anchor group comprises carboxylic acid moiety or phosphonic acid moiety. The rigid bridge molecule comprises a conjugated molecule that is functionalized by the first and second anchor groups. Some of the rigid bridge molecules of the bridge molecule layer are bicyclic molecules comprising from one or more of 5 compounds, e.g. a group of Formula (I)-(III). Some of the rigid bridge molecules comprise 3-mercaptoacrylic acid and 2-mercapto-2-propenoic acid. Some of the rigid bridge molecules are cyclic molecules comprising 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine, isonicotinic acid, 3-mercaptobenzoic acid, isonicotinic acid, 4,5-disulfanylanthracene-1,8-dicarboxylic acid, 2-benzothiazole, catechol, methyl catechol, and alizarin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The electron conductor layer comprises a n-type semiconductor. The hole conductor layer comprises a conductive polymer, an electrolyte, and a p-type conductor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In (I), at least some of: the quantum dot anchor comprises a primary, secondary or tertiary amine compound of formula (R3-N(R1)-R2), a nitrogen containing cyclic compound of formula (R11=N-R22), or a diazo compound of formula (R-N=NH2+); and the electron conductor anchor groups comprise a carboxylic acid moiety or a phosphonic acid moiety. The electron rich quantum dot anchors are preferably butylamine, dibutylamine, tributylamine, decylamine, 1-methylbutylamine, cyclohexylamine, pyridine, pyrrole, indole, carbazole or triphenylamine.Either R1-R3 = H, alkyl or cycloalkyl; orR1R2 = ring, when R3 is H, and N has a p orbital that is perpendicular to a Sp2 plane;R11R22 = ring; andR = aliphatic or aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The glass composition of glass substrate contains (in mass%, based on oxide conversion) ferric oxide (0.001-0.03), silica (50-80), boric acid (0-20, preferably 3-20), magnesium oxide (0-15), calcium oxide (0-15), strontium oxide (0-15) and chromium oxide (0.0001-0.002), and free from alkali metal oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation component of anionic surfactant is alkali-metal cation, monovalent cation in which proton is added to 1-15C fatty amine, monovalent cation in which proton is added to 4-10C amidine compound, or cation in which the proton is added to 1-15C alkanolamine. The cleaning agent further contains an alkaline component having pH of 25 degrees C in active ingredient concentration of 0.1-15%, polymer dispersing agent, and chelating agent. The alkaline component is chosen from 1-36C fatty amine, inorganic alkali, 1-23C alkanolamine, and 4-10C amidine compound. Preferred Composition: The cleaning agent comprises anionic surfactant containing (1-95 wt.%), organic solvent (A1 and A2) (2-95), and alkaline component (1-55 wt.%). Preferred Properties: The contact angle of cleaning agent with respect to glass (0.1-15 wt.%) is 10 degrees or less. The contact angle of the water with respect to the glass cleaned using the cleaning agent is 20 degrees or less. Preferred Process: The cleaning method of the electronic material is chosen from ultrasonic cleaning, shower cleaning, spray cleaning, brush washing, immersion cleaning, immersion rocking cleaning and single-wafer cleaning. Preferred Definitions:    R1=aliphatic group of formula: R5-CH(-R4)-(CH2)e-, or aromatic group of formula (4);    R4 and R5=1-6C alkyl, sum total of carbon number of R4 and R5 is 3-8;    e=0-2;    R6=H or 1-4C alkyl, sum total of carbon number of (R6)f is 4 or less;    f=1-4;    a=0;and    b=1.    When e is 0 or 1, sum total of carbon number of R4 and R5 is 8.    EXAMPLE - Ultrapure water (in weight parts) (99.35), hexyl carbitol (0.3), and anionic surfactant (0.35) obtained using 2-ethyl hexanol (256), chlorosulfonic acid (229), potassium hydroxide (252) and ion exchange water (583), were stirred to obtain cleaning agent having excellent dispersion stability, low foaming property and aging stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photosensitization solar cell comprises metal oxides such as tin oxide, zinc oxide and indium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The photosensitizer contains cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), indium (In), gallium (Ga), selenium (Se), arsenic (As), titanium, nickel and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The film formed on the diffusion layer has a laminated structure of boron silicide layer and boron silicate glass layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metallic compound is iron compound and contains halogen atom(s). Preferred Composition: The amount of metallic compound is 0.01-1000 molar. The amount of halogen-containing compound is 0.01-1000 molar. Preferred Process: The fullerene compound is dissolved in a solvent and then reacts with metallic compound and halogen-containing compound at -30 to 200 degrees C, to obtain fullerene derivative. EXAMPLE - Fullerene having 60 carbon atoms (501 mg) was dissolved in chlorobenzene (25 ml), iron(III)chloride (1.3 g) was added, stirred at 25 degrees C for 2 hours, the insoluble material formed during the reaction was removed, acetone (300 ml) was dripped and crystallized, to obtain fullerene derivative (803 mg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed solvent contains dimethyl carbonate and carbonate other than dimethyl carbonate, or contains propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and non-aqueous solvent other than propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, or contains propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethylene carbonate. Preferred Definitions:    X-=BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, N(RfSO3)2-, C(RfSO3)3- or RfSO3-;and    Rf=1-12C fluoroalkyl.    EXAMPLE - 1-Azabicyclo(2,2,2)octane (in weight parts) (113) was dissolved in acetone (339). Methyl iodide (156) was added and the solution was stirred at 30 degrees C for 3 hours. The deposited solid was filtered and dried to obtain an iodide salt. Silver tetrafluoroborate solution (745) was added to mixture of the iodide salt (253) and methanol (253), and a tetrafluoroborate salt (147) was precipitated as electrolyte. The electrolyte (20) was mixed with dimethyl carbonate (4) and propylene carbonate (76) to obtain electrolyte solution with water content of 17 ppm. An electrical double layer capacitor was produced using the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution had high electroconductivity and favorable stability. The capacitor had favorable charging/discharging cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric material is chosen from nitrides, oxides or oxynitrides of silicon, or nitrides, oxides or oxynitrides of aluminum, or titanium nitride or zirconium and silicon nitride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is made of conductive material selected from silver, molybdenum, copper, aluminum, nickel, chromium, nickel-chromium or tantalum or made of nitride of conductive materials selected from molybdenum, titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (4) Compounds (1) are specifically claimed including compounds of formulae (I), (II), (III) and (IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer is made of tin dioxide or zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The functional layer is made of silicon dioxide, aluminum dioxide, or silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): Compound (I) is prepared by preparing carbazole monomer and subjecting it to Suzuki and Yamamoto condensation reaction. Suzuki condensation reaction is performed in Ph(PPh3)4/potassium carbonate/toluene or phenyl tris(dibenzylideneacetone) (Ph(dba)2)/cesium fluoride/triphenyl phosphide/1,2-dimethoxyethane. Yamamoto condensation reaction is conducted in nickel bis(cyclooctadiene) (Ni(COD)2)/2,2'-bipyridine (bpy)/1,5-cyclooctadiene/dimethyl formamide. The carbazole monomer is prepared by subjecting carbazole to alkylation in potassium hydroxide/dimethyl sulfoxide/ethyl bromide, tert-butylation in t-butyl chloride/zinc chloride/methyl nitrate, bromination in acetyl hydroxide/bromide, and boriding reaction with n-butyl lithium/organic boric ester. Compound (I) may be prepared by reacting brominated carbazole of formula (III) with organic boric ester of formula (IV), and subjecting to Suzuki condensation reaction. Preferred Polymer: When b is 0, the polymer is of formula (II). Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=H, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, or n-octyloxy; and    Ar1=one or more of 18 aryl groups, e.g. groups of formulae (i)-(v).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Aluminum which is not oxidized, is removed using copper chloride solution or tin chloride. The alkali solution is sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution. The preparation of nano-pipe heterogeneous junction structured by zinc oxide and carbon, is carried out in atmosphere of acetylene and argon. The acid is oxalic acid, phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar battery is comprised of phosphorus, gallium and indium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The inorganic layer (A) contains silicon oxide. The inorganic layer (B) comprises oxide, nitride or oxynitride of silicon or aluminum. The inorganic layer (A) is formed by applying and hardening polysilazane. The ratio of number of silicon-oxygen bond and number of silicon-nitrogen bond in the inorganic layer (A) is 2 or more. The density of inorganic layer (B) is preferably 4 or less.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The organic layer is formed by curing acrylate and/or methacrylate having phosphoric acid group, phosphate ester group and/or silane-coupling property functional group. Preferred Structure: The barrier layer has a multi-layered structure comprising organic layer and inorganic layers (A,B) sequentially formed on plastic film. The barrier layer is provided on both surfaces of plastic film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The gas barrier layer is chosen form metal, metal oxide, metal nitride, silicon dioxide (SiO2) or silicon-oxy nitride (SiON)    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The gas barrier layer is chosen form silicon type resin, fluorine resin, melamine type-resin, acrylic resin, epoxy resin and phosphazene type-resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The microporous heat insulating material layer contains (mass%) of silicon dioxide (30-95), infrared reflective agent (5-45), reinforcing material (0-30) and sintering auxiliary agent (0-10). The inorganic fiber heat insulating material layer contains (mass%) of aluminum oxide (40-95) and silicon dioxide (5-95).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silicon nitride film is formed using a source gas which consists of nitrogen gas and/or ammonia gas and hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nano-particles comprise one selected from a group consisting of titanium dioxide, tin dioxide, zinc oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, titanium strontium oxide, and a corresponding combination.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The absorber layer comprises pin structure comprising amorphous hydrogenated silicon. The resistive TCO layer comprises undoped zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrodes have catalyzer that is comprised in an element or combination of two group elements that comprises platinum group including platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium, platinum alloy such as platinum- ruthenium, platinum-tin and platinum- molybdenum, and non- platinum metals e.g. iron, nickel and cobalt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor raw material is solid, lumpy silicon, in particular pourable or freeflowing polycrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The organic semiconductor(s) is held at annealing temperature of 40-250 degrees C. The preparation of electronic device utilizes a single organic semiconductor compound, which preferably makes up greater than or equal to 90 wt.% of the particle material, where organic semiconductor is a low molecular weight compound of 180-2000 g/mol and/or a polymer having molecular weight of 1000-300000 g/mol. The semiconducting material is applied as a powder or a particle dispersion in a volatile liquid, preferably an organic liquid boiling at normal pressure and 30-200 degrees C, or water and/or organic liquid, where average particle size of semiconducting material is 5-5000 nm. Preferred Components: The dispersion liquid comprises a component in dispersed or preferably dissolved form including surfactant or dispersing agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The zinc precursor is diethyl-zinc. The dopant is aluminum (Al), lithium (Li), hydrogen (H), titanium (Ti), and/or gallium (Ga). The dopant precursor is trimethyl-aluminum. The obtained ZnO film is highly doped. Preferred Methods: The method further comprises heating surface of substrate at less than 300 (preferably 150-200) degrees C. The precursor vapor mixture is formed by premixing zinc precursor and dopant precursor; or evaporating technical grade zinc precursor with purity of 90-99.8 at.%. The thin film is doped with Al equally distributed on atomic level.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, part of the inorganic crystalline particles are dispersed in non-monocrystalline film. Preferred Components: The oriented inorganic crystalline film is composed of oxide and inevitable impurities. The oxide is a composite oxide expressed by a compositional formula of N'xM'yRzO(x+3y/2+3z/2-d). The oriented inorganic crystalline film is (00n) orientated (where n is positive integer). The inorganic crystalline particles in part have an average diameter of greater than or equal to 2 nm and smaller than a thickness of non-monocrystalline film. The inorganic crystalline particles are produced by a sol-gel process using a raw-material solution which contains an organic precursor material and an organic solvent, and the organic precursor material contains all constituent elements of oriented inorganic crystalline film. The substrate is an amorphous substrate (preferably resin substrate or glass substrate). The non-monocrystalline film is crystallized by heating the non-monocrystalline film with thermic rays (preferably pulsed laser rays).R=In;M'=In, Fe, Ga, and Al;N'=Zn and Mg;x, y, and z=greater than zero;d=O deficiency.The x, y, z, and d satisfy the relationship of d=0-(x+3y/2+3z/2)/10. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electron donor material comprises (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, and the electron acceptor material comprises poly-3-hexylthiophene. The solvent includes chloroform, chlorobenzene, benzene or dichlorobenzene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photoelectric conversion material comprises photosensitization layer having photosensitizer formed on electron donor layer, and electric charge layer which is formed on photosensitization layer. The electron donor layer and electric charge carrying layer contain spherical-shell-formed carbon. The spherical-shell-formed carbon is chosen from modified form of fullerene and metal content of fullerene. The photosensitizer is ( pi )-electron-type compound chosen from porphyrin, metal chelate compound, polyaniline, aromatic compound and compound having polyacene-type structure. Preferred Property: The density of spherical-shell-formed carbon in electron donor layer is smaller than electric charge carrying layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fusion mixing liquor comprises (wt.%) potassium nitrate (100); potassium nitrate (8-99.8), and sodium nitrate (0.2-2); or potassium nitrate (98.1-98.9), sodium hydroxide (0.1-1.9), and aluminum powder (0.2-1 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The photon cascade launch material has chemical composition formula of m(SiO2-Al2O3-AlF3-NaNO3-RF3) and n(xY2O3-yYb2O3-zRE2O3) where m is yttrium or lanthanum, RE is praseodymium, erbium and neodymium, x is 0.5-0.99, y+z is 0.01-0.5, m is 1 and n is 99. The content of silicon is 60-85 wt.parts. The content of alumina is 1-10 wt.parts. The content of aluminum fluoride is 1-5 wt.parts. The content of sodium nitrate is 1-3 wt.parts. The content of alkyl fluoride is 1-3 wt.parts.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The polishing composition for polishing interconnection chip contains alumina (Al2O3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The capillary metal pipe contains heat transfer medium preferably methane, freon and alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode is formed of material such as graphite, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and stainless steel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron-conducting carbon particles are selected from carbon black, and/or graphite particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is a thermoplastic binder, dry resin, or resin solution (preferably thermoplastic binder). The thermoplastic binder(s) consists of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (5-40, preferably 10-25 wt.% of compression pad), or a combination of a PVDF and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of zirconium oxide and sum of zirconium oxide and cerium oxide is 3-97% or 1-99%. The molar ratio of oxide of element (R) and sum of oxide of element (R) and boron oxide is 10-70%. The element (R) is preferably calcium. The molar ratio of oxide of element (R) and sum of oxide of element (R), zirconium oxide and cerium oxide is 0.01-20%. Preferred Properties: The amorphous substance has flake shape or fiber shape. The ceria-zirconia group solid solution crystal has cubic crystal structure. The microparticles have average primary particle diameter of 5-200 nm and specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more. Preferred Method: The components other than crystal are separated from precipitated product using an acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molar ratio of titanium alkoxide (n), diethanolamine (m) and water (l) satisfies the relation: l less than n less than or equal to m. Preferred Composition: The highly refractive resin composition contains solvent before distilling-off the alcohol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The ethylene-unsaturated ester copolymer is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The 15 mass% of carbon black-water dispersion has surface tension of 65-73 mN/m. Preferred Composition: The content of carbon black is 1-100 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of composite complex. EXAMPLE - Methyl triethoxysilane (in mass parts) (6.5), dimethyl diethoxysilane (10), X40-9220 (RTM: methyl trimethoxysilane) (23.9), methyl methacrylate (27.5), n-butyl acrylate (14.5), diacetone acrylamide (4), 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate (10), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2.4), dimethylacrylamide (0.5), methacrylate (0.6), KH-10 (RTM: sodium dodecyl benzoyl hydroperoxide) (6), calcium persulfate (11), acrylic acid (2) and water (224) were stirred and emulsified. Then, aqueous acrylic acid solution was added and hydrolysis and condensation reaction was performed, to obtain emulsion. The obtained emulsion was injected to flask, potassium persulfate was added and polymerization reaction was performed, to obtain composite complex. The obtained composite complex and carbon black having average particle diameter of 100 nm were mixed, to obtain aqueous coating material. The obtained aqueous coating material had excellent adhesiveness, moisture resistance, weather resistance, light-shielding property and bending tolerance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method comprises taking gold or platinum as sputtered material to sputter for 20, preferably 15 or 10 minutes at 40 mA to obtain a layer of gold or platinum granules with thickness of 1, preferably 3 or 5 mu m and diameter of 0.1, preferably 1 or 10 mu m uniformly distributed on a conductive glass surface, respectively; completely dissolving 1 g chloroplatinic acid in 1, preferably 50 or 100 mmol/L isopropanol solution (100 ml) to obtain uniformly stirred 0.01 g/ml chloroplatinic acid solution, respectively; spin coating the solution on the conductive glass surface with gold or platinum granule layer; and putting the conductive glass coated with chloroplatinic acid solution and gold or platinum granule layer in a sintering furnace to sinter for 30 minutes at 500, preferably 400 or 300 degrees C, respectively, where metal granules with grain diameter of 50, preferably 80 nm adhere on surfaces of large metal granules to form gold or platinum metal electrode with greater surface area, respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive carrier is conductive ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metals: The transition metal is selected from iron, cobalt, zirconium, titanium, manganese, cesium, tin, nickel, chromium or silver. The solvent is water. The soluble precursors are soluble platinum salts, soluble gold salts or soluble salts of transition metals. The conductive carrier is active carbon, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, carbosphere or carbon aerogels. The conductive ceramic is titanium carbide, silicon carbide, titanium diboride or titanium dioxide. The acid solution is selected from hydrochloric acid or nitric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is selected from 2-4C monohydric alcohol, 2-4C dibasic alcohol or 2-4C polyhydric alcohol. The monohydric alcohol is ethanol or isopropyl alcohol. The dibasic alcohol or polyhydric alcohol is ethylene glycol, propanetriol or butylene glycol. The low molecular alcohols are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and n-propyl alcohol. The acid solution is selected from oxalic acid or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the lead-free glass binder, one or more than one of the alkali metal oxide Na2O, Li2O, the total content of the alkali metal oxide is 1-20%. The transition metal oxide ZrO2, TiO2, V2O5, the total content of the transition metal oxide is 1-10%. The binder is added with Al2O3, ZnO, the content is respectively 1-10% and 1-20%. The trivalent metal organic compound, e.g. boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In) organic compound, its content is 0.05-5%. The organic resin used by the lead-free paste is colophony, ethyl cellulose, pyroxylin, polyvinyl butyral, and propenol and its content is 2-15%. The organic addition agent used by the lead-free paste comprises thixotropic agent, flatting agent, surfactant, and foam killer, the content of the organic addition agent is 2-10%. The organic solvent used by the lead-free paste is turpentine oil, terpilenol, cyclohexanone, castor oil, dibutyl phthalate, and ethers and its content is 10-25%. Preparation: Manufacturing the environment-friendly aluminum paste comprises: (a) preparing the organic carrier, weighting the organic macromolecule resin, its weight is 2-15% of the raw material weight, weighting the solvent and its weight is 10-25% of the raw material weight, heating the macromolecule resin to 80-100 degrees C until the resin is dissolved to obtain the organic carrier; (b) preparing the paste, mixing the aluminum conductive powder according to the 50-80% of the raw material weight with the organic carrier obtained in (a), 2-10% of organic addition agent, 0.05-5% of transition metal oxide and 1-10% lead-free glass binder; (c) processing the environment-friendly aluminum electrode silver paste, milling the mixed raw material obtained in (b) on the three-roller grinding mill to obtain the even dispersive paste, the paste granularity is less than 15 mu m, the viscosity coefficient is 25000-45000 mPa.s (25 degrees C).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The base layer is made of photovoltaically active material such as group IV semiconductor, group III/IV semiconductor, group II/VI semiconductor, silicon, gallium arsenide and cadmium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell includes semiconductor layer comprising polythiophene and fullerene derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The carrier substrate is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PVC or polyethylene naphthalate (PEN).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode layer is formed of one selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and magnesium fluoride (MgF2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Transition metals formed on the back contact layer is made of iron (Fe) or nickel (Ni).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive layer of secondary electrode layer is made of tin oxide (SnO2), indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO), indium doped zinc oxide (IZO), and aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal layer of secondary electrode layer is made of silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni) or gold (Au).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The glass plate is a silicate glass plate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic phosphor comprises a composition of Y3-x-y-z-pGdxCeyLupNd5Al5O12, where the active ion Ce3+ is within the local radiation lambda =510-720 nm and the active ion Nd3+ is within the local radiation lambda =920-1100 nm. The inorganic phosphor of the spectrum converter has the volume of 0.005-0.025, and the light quantum efficiency of the inorganic phosphor is 0.8-0.95 when activated by a short-wave.x=0.001-0.30;y=0.001-0.1;z=0.0005-0.05; andp=0.0005-0.1.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The spectrum converter comprises an ethyl acetoacetate polymer film. A polymer film is sandwiched between the single crystal silicon chip and the spectrum converter.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The transparent light conversion layer is an oxygen-containing polymer layer with polycarbonate, and/or polysiloxane, and acrylate polymer as its substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Diluted alkaline solution comprises potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The cell density of honeycomb structure is 400-600 cpsi. Preferred Components: The material which comprises partition is cordierite, silicon-silicon carbide, recrystallization silicon carbide, alumina titanate, mullite, silicon nitride, sialon, and/or alumina. The honeycomb catalyst contains catalyst which is platinum, rhodium and/or palladium, and catalyst which is alumina, ceria and/or zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydroxyl radical is obtained by decomposing hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution in presence of low-valence ion as catalyst. The process is performed at room temperature to 100 degrees C. The additional amount of hydrogen peroxide is added to the aqueous solution in a predetermined interval during the process. Preferred Component: The low-valence ion contains divalent ion of iron, cobalt or nickel. Preferred Composition: The content of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution is 1-30 weight%. The content of low-valence ion in the aqueous solution is 0.0001-0.01. Preferred Property: The pH of the aqueous solution is less than 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solid electrical storage layer is made of tin oxide, iron oxide, tungsten oxide, copper oxide, niobium oxide, cadmium oxide, vanadium oxide, cadmium oxide, nickel oxide or molybdenum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalyst layer is made of palladium, rhodium and carbon. The translucent conductive layer consists of indium oxide layer, oxidation tin layer and indium-tin-oxide layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The thermoplastic polyether elastomer is block copolymer of hard and soft segment. The hard segment is polybutylene-terephthalate type polyester and/or polyethylene-terephthalate-type polyester. The soft segment is polyethylene oxide type glycol and/or polyteramethylene oxide type glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The metal-containing high refractive intermediate (a) is obtained by mixing titanium alkoxide, polyhydric alcohol, water and amino alcohol, heating and distilling the monohydric alcohol of the by-product by hydrolysis.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyhydric alcohol is of formula: R(OH)n, preferably R(OH)2, more preferably 1,4-butane diol. The amino alcohol is of formula: (R1)3-m-N-(R2OH)m, preferably diethanol amine .R=2-20C hydrocarbon;m=1-3;n=2-10;R1=H or 1-20C alkyl;andR2=1-20C alkylene.Preferred Property: The film-form optical component has film thickness of 1-1000 mu m. EXAMPLE - 1,4-Butanediol (in g) (15.77), N-methyl pyrrolidone (17.17) and titanium tetraisopropoxide (35.3) were mixed, volatile components were distilled at 80 degrees C and mixed with diethanol amine solution, to obtain titanium-containing intermediate component. Then, the obtained titanium-containing intermediate component (95 weight parts) was added to SR-16HL (RTM: epoxy resin) (5), stirred and coated on the silicon wafer and solvent was removed by heating at 150 degrees C for 10 minutes, to obtain film. The obtained film had refractive index of 1.67 and thickness of 1 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The polymer(s) is chosen from poly(3,4-methylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene), poly(3,4-butylenedioxythiophene), and their copolymers and derivatives. The polyanion is poly(styrene sulfonate). The polyhydroxy group-containing aromatic compound(s) exclusive of sulfo groups is chosen from pyrogallol, gallate and polyhydroxy-benzoic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent conductive material layer is formed by coating at least one material selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide-gallium oxide (ZnO-Ga2O3), zinc oxide-alumina (ZnO-Al2O3), and tin oxide-antimony oxide (SnO2-Sb2O3) on at least one material selected from quartz, glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and polypropylene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The common anode layer is a conductive material that comprises at least one selected from copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), and stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye is selected from ruthenium complex; a xanthine based dye of rhodamine B, Rose Bengal, eosin, and erythrosine; a cyanine based dye of quinocyanine and cryptocyanine; a basic dye of phenosafranine, capri blue, thiosine, and methylene blue; a porphyrin based compound of chlorophyll, zinc porphyrin, and magnesium porphyrin; an azo dye; a phthalocyanine compound; ruthenium tris-bipyridyl based complex compound; an anthraquinone based dye; and a polycyclic quinone based dye on at least one metal oxide selected from titanium oxide (TiO2), tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), tungsten oxide (WO3), niobium oxide (Nb2O5), and titanium strontium oxide (TiSrO3).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is selected from glass, molybdenum-coated glass, silicon/silicon dioxide, metal foil, molybdenum foil, Kapton (RTM: polyimide sheet) and molybdenum-coated polyimide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solvent is a non-hydrazine solvent including preferably ethanolamine and/or dimethylsulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Photocurable resin composition contains greater than or equal to 3 mass % photocurable silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The photopolymerizable composition contains polyfunctional (meth)acrylate type compound and photoinitiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The synthesis aid comprises water. The first material is carbon, metal oxide, boehmite, metal titanate, and sodium titanate. The second material is metal oxide, semiconductor material, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The synthesis aid comprises liquid solvent for the precursor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The long afterglow luminescent material contains molecules of calcium or strontium, neodymium or ytterbium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The conducting wire protective sheaths are made of rubber, and the conductive core bases are made of plastic or nylon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acids: The acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric Acid or hydrofluoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor comprises titania, doped titania of the formula nTixOy, or metal titanate. The aqueous medium comprises at least one acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide methanol, sea water, or surfactant. The housing comprises borosilicate glass, quartz or fused silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The housing comprises ultra violet transmitting acrylic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate is fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, glass, silicon, metal, ceramic, polymer, paper, rubber or low-thermal heat resistance base material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The zinc oxide rod has diameter of 100-120 nm, length of 300-400 nm, and space of 100-1000 nm exits between rods. The substrate is in flat form, fiber, particles or complicated shape.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The zinc oxide rod structure manufacturing method further involves adding ethylenediamine or ammonia to reaction system, changing temperature, raw material concentration and/or pH of reaction system, and depositing zinc oxide crystal grain. The surface of the substrate is modified by ultraviolet irradiation processing to the super hydrophilicity of 1-0 degrees contact angle with respect to water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The anion is tetrafluoroborate ion, tetrafluoro phosphate ion, chloride ion or bromide ion. The azo-initiator is azodiisobutyronitrile or azodiisoheptonitrile, and the peroxide initiator is ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionic liquid is formed by cations and anions, where the cation is alkyl imidazole ion or 1-8C alkyl substituted group. The peroxide initiator is dibenzoyl peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate or N-isopropylacrylamide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The dopant of PV film is selected from group consisting of copper, silver, indium, thallium, gallium, potassium, and cesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive particle is a metal particle selected from the group consisting of silver, nickel, zinc, tin, chromium, cobalt, titanium, and tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The absorber constituent comprises VIA group material and/or IA group material. The VIA group material is selenium. The precursor layer comprises IB group element(s) and IIIA group element(s), and VIA group material(s). The precursor layer comprises copper, indium, gallium and selenium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The carrier layer consists of selenium, sodium and sulfur. The precursor layer consists of selenium, copper, indium, and gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer consists of atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) oxide, pyrolithic oxide, spin-on oxide, spray-on oxide, dip oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, titanium oxide deposited by solgel or aluminum oxide/titanium oxide pseudobinary alloys. The passivation layer arranged over the dielectric layer consists of hydrogenated silicon nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The etching liquid further contains silicon of 0.05 mass% in saturated state. Preferred Components: The silicon is metallic silicon, silica, silicic acid and silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carboxylic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, acrylic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid or cyclopentane dicarboxylic acid. Preferred Properties: The carboxylic acid has carbon number is 2-8. The concentration of carboxylic acid in etching liquid is 0.2-80 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The probe pin or pressurizing plate of the solar cell module manufacturing apparatus is made of laser permeable ceramic comprising zirconia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The upper cell is composed of gallium-indium- phosphide (GaxIn1-xP), where x is chosen such that layers of the upper cell are substantially lattice matched to the middle cell. The middle cell is composed of gallium-indium-arsenide (GaxIn1-xAs) or gallium-indium-arsenide-phosphide (GaxIn1-xAsyP1-x), where x and y are selected such that a band gap of the middle cell is 1.3-1.8 eV. The lower cell is composed of one of gallium-indium-arsenide-nitride (GalnAsN), gallium-indium-arsenide (GalnAs) gallium-indium-arsenide-nitride-phosphide (GaInAsNP) or boron-gallium-indium-arsenide (BgalnAs).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal material of metal casing is chosen from iron, aluminum, titanium, copper and their alloys, stainless steel, iron-plated nickel, iron-plated tin and iron-plated zinc. A barrier layer contains aluminum, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide and carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The heat resistant resin contained in the outermost layer is chosen from extended polyethylene, extended polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate and group containing polyamide as main component. The heat-fusible resin contained in the innermost layer of exterior component contains polyethylene and/or polypropylene as main component. A resin layer contains resin chosen from a group containing aluminum foil, polyvinylidene chloride, polychlorotrifluoroethylene resin and polyphenylene ether. A colored coating or printing layer is provided in the outer surface of metal casing, and contains colored resin chosen from polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene and polyamide. The colored coating contains epoxy resin and/or acrylic resin having thermosetting property and ultraviolet curing property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Atom: The binder comprises fluorine or silicon. Preferred Process: The metal layer is formed by physical vapor growth or chemical vapor deposition method. Preferred Properties: The metal layer has thickness of 5-1000 nm. The mixed layer has thickness of 30 nm to 10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier film further has an over coat layer formed using metal alkoxide of formula: R1(M-OR2), and a resin having bifunctional (meth)acryl group.R1,R2=1-8C organic group;andM=metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: Functional layer is conductive thin film and/or coloring layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Process: Atomic layer deposition comprises an adsorption pulse, a flushing or evacuation pulse, an oxidation pulse, a flushing or evacuation pulse, and optionally a reduction pulse followed by a flushing or evacuation pulse. The oxidation pulse is effected with oxygen, water, hydrogen peroxide, ozone or nitrous oxide. The reduction pulse is effected with isopropanol, formaldehyde or formic acid. The adsorption pulse is effected at 115-135 degrees C for 3-6 seconds. The substrate is precoated with a substoichiometric nitride of tantalum, titanium, tungsten or niobium. Preferred Definitions:    X-X = R-CX-CR8-CY-R1, R3-CX'-Y'or R5O-CO-Z-CO-O;    X, Y, Y'= O or NR2;    X'= O, S or NR2;    R, R1, R2, R3, R5, R8 = 1-4C alkyl or phenyl;    Z = (CH2)n or (CH=CH)n;    n = 0-2.    EXAMPLE - A coating of copper and copper oxide was formed on a silicon wafer using bis(tributylphosphine copper acetoacetonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteropolyacid family comprises a family of 12-silicotungstic acid (SiW12), 12-tungsto(VI) phosphoric acid (PW12), 12-molybdenum-phosphoric acid (PMo12) and 18-metallo-2 phosphate anion (P2W12), and a base of platinum, palladium and iridium. The metal-oxime family comprises cobalt dimethyl glyoxime expressed as Co(dmgBF2)2+ and cobalt diphenyl glyoxime expressed as Co(dpgBF2)2+. Preferred Catalysts: The second catalyst comprises a compound containing a family of heteropolyacid with a base of platinum, palladium and iridium, a molecular compound of ruthenium, which is stable in aqueous medium, ruthenium oxide nanoparticles and a molecular compound of manganese.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Substrate: The substrate comprises a transparent substrate or a glass substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: The micro- or nanoparticles are manufactured by sol-gel, emulsion polymerization, non-emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, reverse micelle or hot soap. Preferred Parameters: The parameters in forming the micro- or nanoparticles on the substrate comprise a pulled rate of the substrate, diameters of the micro- or nanoparticles, a concentration of the micro- or nanoparticles, a material of the micro- or nanoparticles, a setting temperature of the solution or an added solvent. Preferred Condition: The pulled rate of the substrate is 0.5-5 mm/second.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The micro- or nano-structure comprises micro- or nanoparticles (50-1000 nm in size) comprising silicon oxide, titanium oxide, or zinc oxide. The silicon film layer (75-2500 nm thick) comprises an amorphous silicon, micro-silicon, or amorphous silicon/microsilicon stacked material. The compound semiconductor layer comprises copper indium gallium selenium or tellurium cadmium. The transparent conductive layer comprises a transparent conductive oxide or indium tin oxide. The micro- or nano-roughing structure comprises silicon-based semiconductor, silicon carbide, silicon nitride or silicon germanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The micro- or nanoparticles may also comprise polystyrene or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The high-effective dust filter screen is made of polypropylene, polyfluorotetraethylene, poly-cyclic olefin copolymer -cyclenes, hexafluoropropene-polyfluorotetraethylene polymer, polytrifluorochloroethylene, polypropylene, or electret material of polyester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The borohydride compound comprises sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium borohydride, beryllium borohydride, calcium borohydride, magnesium borohydride, zinc borohydride, aluminum hydroborate, polyborohydride, trimethyl borate, and sodium cyanoborohydride. The liquid electrolyte in third chamber comprises an alkali metal hydroxide, an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Light diffusion material is a polyethylene terephthalate or polystyrene resin whose refractive index of organic polymer is at least 1.55.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reactive index matching liquid is chosen from xylene, glycerin, fluorocarbon, deuterated decalin, Cargill oil and silicone oil. The metal electrode contains metal chosen form silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium alkyl and nickel. The transparent electrode thin film is chosen from metal oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin-antimony oxide and zirconium-aluminum oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The sulfonated phenyl phosphate is sulfonated phenyl phosphate of vanadium, cerium, preferably iron, aluminum, calcium, or lanthanum. The organic solvent is dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N-dimethyl pyrrolidone, or dimethyl sulfoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The fuel cell proton exchange membrane having porous supporting material is formed by dipping porous supporting material into the membrane-making solution, where porous supporting material has a thickness of 10-70 mu m, voidage of 30-90%, and aperture of 0.01-0.2 mm, and the quantity of porous supporting material is 1-40% of the total quantity of the material for preparing the membrane. Preferred Component: The material for preparing the fuel cell proton exchange membrane comprises holes filled with the porous supporting material, where external surface of the porous supporting material is formed with a film. The sulfonated macromolecular material is sulfonated phenodiazine polyether ketone, sulfonated phenodiazine polysulfone, sulfonated polyether-ether-ketone, sulfonated polyethersulfone, or sulfonated phenodiazine polyether-sulfone-ketone. The porous supporting material is porous macromolecular material, porous fabric, molecular sieve, porous metal plate, porous ceramics, or porous asbestos plate. It is PTFE net, porous ceramics (sheet), or porous metal net. Preferred Parameter: The fuel cell proton exchange membrane has a thickness of 30-200 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The porous supporting material includes porous ceramic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous supporting material includes polyfluortetraethylene or porous metal. The membrane making material is used for filling hole of porous supporting material and forming a layer of thin membrane on the outer surface of porous supporting material. Preparation (Claimed): The proton exchange membrane is prepared by dissolving sulfonated polymer material in certain amount of organic solvent to obtain a mixture. The sulfonated zirconium phenyl phosphonate is added to the mixture and uniformly mixed to obtain a liquid. The liquid is filtered, and foam is removed to obtain a membrane making solution. The porous supporting material is immersed into the membrane making solution to form the proton exchange membrane.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfonated polymer material includes sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone), sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone), sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) or sulfonated poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone). The organic solvent includes dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methyl pyrrolidine or dimethyl sulfoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal frame may comprise stainless steel, aluminum, or aluminum alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer-metal complex comprises thermoplastic polymer selected from polyamide, polyphenylenesulfide, polyimide, polyether imide, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyether ketone, polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEKK), polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic catalyst is selected from ruthenium, osmium, platinum-osmium alloy, platinum-palladium alloy or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A mixed solution containing indium chloride and tin chloride, and alkaline aqueous solution are mixed to obtain tin-containing indium hydroxide slurry. The slurry is filtered and washed with water to obtain tin-containing indium hydroxide cake. The cake is baked under reduced atmosphere at 400-800 degrees C to form baked product. The product is processed at temperature below the baking temperature under inert gas and reducing gas to obtain coating liquid. Preferred Property: The indium-tin oxide fine particles have Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more, and chemical adsorption moisture content of 0.01% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent contains alcohol chosen from methanol, ethanol and propanol. Preferred Component: The coating liquid further contains binder. EXAMPLE - Indium-tin oxide powder (10 mass%) having Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 30 m2/g, was dispersed in ethylene glycol (54 g) under argon atmosphere, and stirred at 2000 rpm for 40 minutes to form coating liquid having excellent dispersibility.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer formed in the P-type silicon layer, comprises atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) oxide, pyrolithic oxide, spin-on oxide, spray-on oxide, dip oxide, silicon oxide, titania, titania deposited by solgel, alumina/titania pseudobinary alloys (PBAs). The back side passivation layer formed over dielectric layer, comprises hydrogenated silicon nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The propylene-type resin composition is polymerized with metallocene catalyst. EXAMPLE - HPP-1 (RTM: propylene homopolymer) (100), Millad NX8000 (RTM: 1-(8-propyl-2,6-bis-(4-propyl-phenyl)-tetrahydro-9(1,3)dioxino(5,4-d)(1,3)dioxin-4-yl)-ethane-1,2-diol)) (0.1), IR1010 (RTM: tetrakis(methylene-3-3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxy phenyl) (0.05), IF168 (RTM: tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenol)phosphite) (0.05) and calcium stearate (0.05) were mixed, to obtain propylene-type resin composition. The propylene-type resin composition had excellent odor and moldability. The molded article formed using the propylene-type resin composition had excellent transparency, rigidity, heat resistance and impact resistance and haze value of 27%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The print-patterned mask structure formed of a phase change material comprising a stearyl erucamide wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: The light-emitting element comprises a light-emitting layer; and a layer including compound (I) between an anode and a cathode, where the layer including derivative (I) is provided between the light-emitting layer and the cathode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of compound (I) involves coupling boronic acid of quinoxaline derivative of formula (III) and 2-arylbenzoxazole derivative of formula (IV) by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling using a palladium catalyst.X1=halo or triflate. Preferred Definitions:    a'and b'=phenylene;    R11-R14=H;    R1=phenyl or biphenyl.    The para position of a'is bonded to a para position of b'.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 91 Compounds are disclosed as the compound (I) e.g. 3-phenyl-2-(4'-(benzoxazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)quinoxaline (I'); 2-(4'-benzoxazol-2-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-3,5,8-triphenyl-quinoxaline; and 2-(4'-benzoxazol-2-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-5,8-di-naphthalen-1-yl-3-phenyl-quinoxaline. 68 Compounds are disclosed as the compound (II) e.g. 2,3-bis(4'-(benzoxazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)quinoxaline; and 2,3-bis-(4'-benzoxazol-2-yl-biphenyl-4-yl)-5,8-diphenyl-quinoxaline.    EXAMPLE - 2-(4-Bromophenyl)benzoxazole (0.69 g), 4-(3-phenylquinoxalin-2-yl)phenylboronic acid (0.82 g) and tri(ortho-tolyl)phosphine (0.18 g) were placed in nitrogen atmosphere, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (30 ml)) and 2 M aqueous potassium carbonate solution (2.5 ml) were added. The mixture was degassed by being stirred under reduced pressure. Palladium(II) acetate (10 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred under nitrogen stream for 5 hours. After work-up 3-phenyl-2-(4'-(benzoxazol-2-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)quinoxaline (0.68 g) was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The elevated temperature is 385-475 (preferably 400-450) degrees C. The treating is performed for 10 minutes to 2 hours (preferably 30 minutes to 1 hour). The method further involves annealing the CNTs that have been treated with the SO3 gas. The annealing is performed at an anneal temperature ranging from 800-1000 degrees C for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. Preferred Components: The CNTs are single-walled carbon nanotubes or double-walled carbon nanotubes. The gas is sulfur trioxide gas. An inert gas is used as a carrier gas for supplying the SO3 gas. A partial pressure of the SO3 gas is 8-30% during the treating. EXAMPLE - High pressure carbon monoxide single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) sample was treated with SO3 gas at 400-425 degrees C. One milligram of the sample was dispersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (1 wt.%) aqueous solution (50 ml) for 20 minutes. The solution was centrifuged and a carbon nanotubes (CNT) film was formed. Sheet resistance and transparency of the CNT film were measured. The CNT film showed relatively higher sheet resistance. After the SO3 treatment, SWNTs were covered with SO3 molecules and thus the contact resistance between SWNTs was increased due to the absorbed SO3 molecules, resulting in the increase of the sheet resistance. After the anneal treatment at 900 degrees C, sheet resistance decreased, and the metallic SWNTs were enriched in the treated sample.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The intervening layer contains crystalline silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon carbide. The photoelectric conversion apparatus includes further an amorphous photoelectric conversion unit with an amorphous silicon type photoelectric converting layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The incompatible component (B) further contains a polyolefin resin (b1) which is not subjected to acid-modification process. The content of incompatible component (B) contained with respect to the polyester layer 2-35 weight%. The content of polyolefin resin (b2) contained with respect to 100 weight parts of polyolefin resin (b1) is 2-45 weight parts. The polyester layer further contains inorganic particles (5 weight% or more). Preferred Process: The polyester layer is biaxially oriented, and the biaxially oriented polyester layer is laminated on at least one side of the polyester layer. Preferred Properties: The incompatible component (B) has an acid value of 0.001-20 mg potassium hydroxide/g. The ratio of in-plane short-axis length of the vertical direction with respect to the in-plane long-axis length of the major axis direction, of the dispersion is 2 or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred features: The metals are Cu, Co, Mn, Fe, Ni or Zn. The substrate is sheet material, especially deep-drawn sheet material with a complex shape or in pipe form, when the coating is applied to its inner surface. The coating has a minimum average thickness of 2 mu m, especially 7 mu m. The outer surface of the coating is smoother than the surface of the substrate. The substrate surface is inoculated with a catalyst, especially one containing Pd and/or Pt. The substrate is an ODS alloy or a high temperature- and corrosion-resistant ferritic steel, especially Crofer 22APU, F17TNb, F18MT or ITM-11, or an austenitic steel. An oxide coating, especially MnOx, CuOx, NiOx or FeOx, is applied to the coated substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The poisoning-suppression catalytic component includes at least one of ruthenium, tin, osmium, rhodium, palladium, nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, iridium, and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The polyaniline complex dissolved in an organic solvent and a compound having phenolic hydroxyl group are contained in an electroconductive polyaniline composition. The compound having phenolic hydroxyl group is a compound containing 2 or more aromatic rings. EXAMPLE - Sodium salt of 3,4-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxycarbonyl)cyclohexane sulfonic acid (in g) (8) was dissolved in toluene (200 ml) and aniline (7.2 ml) was further added and dissolved. 1N hydrochloric acid (600 ml) and solution containing ammonium persulfate (14.6) dissolved in 1N hydrochloric acid were further added and stirred. Toluene (200 ml) was added and the mixture was liquid separated to obtain crude polyaniline complex toluene solution. Ion exchange water (200 ml) was added and the complex was washed to obtain toluene solution of polyaniline complex. Toluene was removed and polyaniline complex (10.5) having weight average molecular weight of 112000 g/mol was obtained. The polyaniline complex was dissolved in toluene and m-cresol was added. The obtained mixture was used for forming a coating film. The coating film had electroconductivity of 149 S/cm and thermal decomposition temperature of 268 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Shale with high calcium carbonate content is used to provide calcium fluoride (usable in fluorine production); carbon dioxide formed is scavenged with the obtained calcium oxide. The crystalline Si product is converted conventionally into photosilicon; converted into silicon nitride (with energy recovery) by introduction of nitrogen; reacted with pure carbon (obtained in the pyrolysis stage) to give silicon carbide; and/or (after recovery using a vibrating sieve and activation by cauterization) catalytically hydrogenated under pressure to synthesis monosilane (SiH-4), to be extracted from the reaction chamber and converted into longer chain silanes. EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polyimide oligomer has (1R, 2R)-(+)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine or (1S,2S)-(-)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine which is optically active in aliphatic diamine composition of polyimide oligomer. The both terminal is 4-phenyl ethinyl phthalic acid anhydrous compound or 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid anhydrous compound. Preferred Parameter: The number of polymerization of both chains of polyimide oligomer with number average molecular weight of less than or equal to 8000 is less than or equal to 5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Conditions: The weathering and vapor barrier layer is polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) layer; the thickness is 10-40 mu m. The UV radiation barrier layer is white polyethylene (PET) layer; the thickness is 15-100 mu m. The enhancement layer is PET bi-directional extension thin film layer; the thickness is 125-250 mu m. The reflecting and felting layer is white PET layer; the thickness is 20-100 mu m. The first felting layer, the second felting layer or the third felting layer is polyurethane or acrylic acid adhesive layer; the thickness is 2-15 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: An organic light-emitting diode consists of primary and secondary electrodes (12,16), and organic compound layers containing the naphthalene derivative, provided between the primary and secondary electrodes. The organic compound layers includes a light-emitting layer (14), a hole-injection layer (21) and a hole-transport layer (22).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=benzene, naphthalene, 9H-fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, di(9H-fluorene), 9H-carbazole, 9-ethyl-9H-carbazole, biphenyl, ((E)-2-phenylvinyl)benzene, or trimethylphenylsilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: An organic photoelectric device consists of an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer including light-emitting layer, hole-transport layer, hole-injection layer, electron-transport layer and/or electron-injection layer, provided between the anode and cathode, in which the organic layer contains boron-containing aromatic compound (1).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Definitions:    Ar1,Ar2=benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 4H-(1,2,4)triazole, 1H-pyrazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, phenanthrene, (4,7)phenanthroline, (1,10)phenanthroline, anthracene, or pyrido(2,3-g)quinoline;    R1-R4=70 groups are claimed, such as group of formula (a-e);    R1-R4=1-30C alkyl, 1-30C alkoxy, 1-30C alkenyl, halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I), aryl (phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, stilbene naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyrenyl or perylenyl), heteroarylamine (diphenylamine, dinaphthylamine, dibutylphenylamine, phenylnaphthylamine, phenyldiethylamine, ditolylamine, phneyltolylamine, carbazole, or triphenylamine), heterocyclic group (thiophene, furan, pyrrole, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, bipyridinyl, pyridazine, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acrydinyl imidazopyridinyl, or imidazopyrimidinyl), -CN, nitro, carbonyl, amide, arylamine, aliphatic group, -BRR', or -SiRR'R";and    R,R',R"=1-20C alkyl, 6-20C aryl optionally substituted by 1-20C alkyl, or 6-20C arylamine.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 106 Specific boron-containing aromatic compounds such as 10-anthracen-9-yl-4,9-diaza-10-bora-phenanthrene of formula (I), 9-anthracen-9-yl-3-pyridin-2-yl-1,5,10-triaza-9-bora-phenanthrene, 9-anthracen-9-yl-1,8,10-triaza-9-bora-benzo(g)chrysene, 9-anthracen-9-yl-1,8,10-triaza-9-bora-benzo(g)chrysene and 5-(3,5-bis-carbazol-9-yl-phenyl)-2-methyl-1,4,9b-triaza-5-bora-cyclopenta(a)naphthalene, are claimed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nano-material is silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and/or zinc oxide (ZnO). The iodized salt is lithium iodide (LiI), potassium iodide (KI), and/or sodium iodide (NaI). Preferred Parameters: The particle diameter of the nano-material is 7-60 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is acetonitrile, methanol, and/or tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Preparing polyester-type polyurethane or polyether-type polyurethane comprises (1) placing the polyether polyol having a molecular weight of 200-800 or polyester polyol having a molecular weight of 600-1200 in a vacuum oven to dry by heating to remove moisture within the reaction material; (b) gradually adding diisocyanate, which is 1.2-fold of molar weight of the polyether polyol or polyester polyol obtained in step (a), under the protection of inert gases then reacting for 1-3 hours while stirring; (c) adding anhydrous alcohol solvent to the products after reacting in step (b), stirring and placing for a night; drying the anhydrous alcohol solvent by spinning; and then placing in a vacuum oven to dry to remove the anhydrous alcohol solvent completely to obtain the polyester type polyurethane or polyether type polyurethane, respectively. Preferred Components: The polyurethane is polyester-type polyurethane or polyether-type polyurethane. Preferred Parameters: The average molecular weight of polyethylene oxide is 20000-4000000, preferably 4000000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The single layer active material layer further contains solid electrolyte. The active substance material and solid electrolyte contains phosphoric acid compound having Nasicon structure or olivine structure. The precursor of single layer active material layer containing solid electrolyte comprising amorphous phosphoric acid compound is heat-burnt, to form single layer active material layer. Preferred Compounds: The solid electrolyte contains phosphoric acid compound of formula: Li(1+y)AlyGe(2-y)(PO4)3 (I). The active substance material contains phosphoric acid compound of formula: LixV2(PO4)3 (II).y=0-1;andx=1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Substance with alkoxy silyl group as main component is Si(OA)4 or (AO)3Si(OSi(OA)2)mOSi(OA)3.m=0-2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A substance with alkoxy silyl group as main component is further added to the composition. Preferred Parameters: The pH of processing liquid is 5-11. Preferred Components: Alcohol is ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol or ethylene glycol and surfactant is tetraalkylammonium salt of formula R1-N+(R2)(R3)-R4 X- (1). Substance with fluorocarbon, hydrocarbon and alkoxy silyl group as main component is CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2-Si(OA)3, Or (CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2)2-Si(OA)2, (CF 3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2)3-SiOA or CF3-(CF2)n-(CH2)2-SiA(OA)2.X=halogen;R1=10-20C alkyl; andR2-R4=1-2C alkyl;n=0-16; andA=alkyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Method: In the method, annealing involves heating the metal alloy at 200-600 degrees C or diffusing lower melting metals in the metal alloy to the surface of the metal alloy resulting in an increase in an atomic percent of the lower melting metals in the surface of the metal alloy. The preparing selenized or sulfurized metal alloy involves providing metal alloy having a uniform first bulk composition and first surface composition; annealing the metal alloy to alter the first bulk composition and the first surface composition to provide an annealed metal alloy having a non uniform second bulk composition and a second surface composition; and contacting the annealed metal alloy with vapors of selenium, and/or sulfur to produce selenized or sulfurized metal alloy. Preferred Components: The metal alloy comprises copper, indium, gallium, and/or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Acid: The acid is hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, nitrous acid or phosphoric acid. Preferred Composition: The metal-oxide-film formation solution further contains doping metal source including metallic elements such as magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, silver, indium, tin, cerium, samarium, lead, lanthanum, hafnium, scandium, gadolinium, calcium, chromium, gallium, strontium, niobium, molybdenum, palladium, antimony, tellurium, barium, tungsten or tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The secondary purification is carried out after primary purification. The primary and secondary purification processes are repeated with predetermined time interval. Preferred Flux: The secondary flux contains carbonate of alkali metal or carbonate hydrate of alkali metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst is subjected to reduction processing before using for modification of oxygen-containing hydrocarbon. The catalyst contains copper-iron type spinel, copper-manganese type spinel or copper-manganese iron type spinel, and further contains a solid acid. The solid acid is alumina. Preferred Process: The baking is performed at 400-900 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particle diameter of platinum microparticles and ruthenium microparticles is 2-8 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic platinum complex and organic ruthenium complex are supplied simultaneously in presence of hydrogen source such as hydrogen gas, oxygen source such as oxygen gas, or inert gas. A solution of platinum and ruthenium source is obtained by dissolving organic platinum complex and organic ruthenium complex in organic solvent. Preferred Composition: The organic solvent is chose from aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon and ether. Preferred Components: The organic platinum complex is of formula (1) and organic ruthenium complex is of formula (2).X1,Y1,X2,Y2= 2-10C linear or branched alkyl optionally substituted by alkoxy;Z1,Z2=H or 1-4C linear or branched alkyl;L1=alkoxy alkenyl;andL2=unsaturated hydrocarbon compound having at least two double bonds such as 1,5-hexadiene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2,4-hexadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,4-pentadiene, 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexane or 1,3-pentadiene. EXAMPLE - (2(acetylacetonato)-ethoxy-5-hexenyl)platinum (II) and bis(acetylacetonato)(1,5-hexadiene)ruthenium (II) were mixed and coated, to obtain, platinum and ruthenium-containing mixed microparticle thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate is added to alkali metal hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal film consists of osmium or silver. The metal oxide film consists of titania, zirconia, zinc oxide, silica, or alumina. The photoelectric converting layer consists of amorphous silicon or fine crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The compounds which have carbonyl group are aliphatic saturation mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid and acyl halides which may be substituted by halogen atom, alkyl group, aryl group, nitro group, amino group, or carbamoyl group. The compound which has carbonyl group is trifluoroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, tribromo acetic acid, triiodo acetic acid, nitro acetic acid, alpha -(aminocarbonyl)- alpha -ethyl benzene acetic acid, 3-amino-3-oxy propionic acid, 3-amino-2-chloro-3-oxo propanoic acid, 2-(aminocarbonyl)-2-butyric acid or 2-carbamoyl 2-isopropyl 3-methyl butanoic acid as aliphatic saturation monocarboxylic acids; 4-amino-4-oxobutanoic acid (succinic amid acid), N-methyl succinic amid acid, or N,N-dimethyl succinic amid acid as aliphatic saturation dicarboxylic acid; citric acid as aliphatic saturation tricarboxylic acid; and acetyl chloride as acyl halides.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The temperature of refined naphtha and ammonia is raised by exhaust heat of an engine intercode-1 turbo charger exit and bypass line of a heat exchanger. The turbo charger of the engine is 1.5 times or more from normal turbo charger. A double pipe is inserted in the exhaust heat line of the engine, and exhaust heat temperature is made into high temperature state. The fuel cell works from the generated hydrogen. The engine is worked using and unrefined gasoline. The required electric power of system is supplied by electric power produced in the fuel cell. The fuel cell is worked effectively by using air pressure of the turbo charger. Air is purified using an accurate filter (P).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A catalyst used for decomposition of refined naphtha and ammonia comprises nickel-type catalyst, and silica, alumina and zeolite as support.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The molar ratio of refined naphtha and ammonia in the mixture is 1-4. The refined naphtha and ammonia are decomposed using 1/3-2/3 of exhaust heat of the engine. Preferred Components: The ammonia contains hydrocarbon and hydrite. A slow hydrogen substance and partial hydrogen of ammonia are included in the unrefined gasoline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Each of the oxygen and nitrogen concentration in one of noble gas and hydrogen is less than or equal to 30 pts. wt. The source gas includes silane gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The bag comprises polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, polyvinyl chloride resin, polyvinylidene chloride resin, cellulose acetate resin, fluorine-containing resin, or polyamide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The cross-linked functional group is chosen from vinyl group, methacryl group, acryl group, glycidyl group and allyl group. Preferred Composition: The block copolymer contains cross-linked functional group (0.1-5 mmol/g). Preferred Component: The block copolymer shows liquid crystallinity in solution and/or molten state. Preferred Process: The sealed film is subjected to hardening, to obtain cured material. The component having a structure in which a portion or all is blocked by cured material of sealed film. EXAMPLE - Methacrylic acid (in g) (35), 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate (10), 2'-azobis(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide) (2.5) and dithioethanol (50) were mixed and heated at 110-120 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain viscous polymer fluid. The obtained polymer fluid was casted on glass plate and dried at 100 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain polymer (77.5 mass%) with molecular weight of 11000. The obtained polymer (10) was dissolved in pyridine (40 ml) and t-butyl peroxy isopropyl monocarbonate (0.5). The solution was coated on a polyethylene terephthalate film and dried at 40 degrees C for 2-12 hours. The obtained thin film was peeled off and four sheets were accumulated and pressed at 80 degrees C in 0.5 MPa for 1 minute, to obtain sealed film with a thickness of 200 mu m. The obtained film was heat processed at 120 degrees C for 2 hours in presence of nitrogen, to obtain cured material. The obtained film had excellent adhesiveness. The obtained cured material had excellent hardenability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Property: The electric current variation point measured with the device is 1050 kV/cm or more. Preferred Component: The organic electroluminescent element (10) has anode (12), cathode and charge transport film which is a hole transport layer between the anode and cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the aqueous solution containing group II metal compound, sulfurizing agent and compound containing copper, silver, manganese, gold or rare earth element are mixed and the organic solvent is added to the mixture to obtain the reaction mixture. Alternately, the aqueous solution containing group II metal compound and compound containing copper, silver, manganese, gold or rare earth element are added to sulfurizing agent dissolved in organic solvent, to obtain reaction mixture. The pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to less than 3 by adding an acid to the aqueous solution and an acidic solution is produced. The acidic solution is added to the sulfurizing agent containing solution. Preferred Compound: The group II metal compound is zinc compound, organic acid salt or mineral acid salt. The acid added to the aqueous solution is mineral acid. EXAMPLE - Zinc acetate dihydrate (in g) (65.9), silver nitrate (0.032), gallium nitrate octahydrate (0.008), thioacetamide (45) and acetic acid (5) were dissolved in ion exchange water (500). Ortho xylene (800 ml) was added and the contents were heated to 130 degrees C. Water produced was removed and the deposited sulfide was precipitated after cooling to room temperature, to obtain metal sulfide (28.9) with yield of 98%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The meta-aluminate is sodium meta-aluminate or potassium meta-aluminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: None given. Preferred Group: The hyperbranched polymer further has olefinic structure of formula (4).R1=H or methyl;A1=phenyl-containing group of formula (5) or carboxylate-containing group of formula: -C(=O)-O-A2-, preferably benzyl group of formula (12) or alkyl carboxyl group of formula: -C(=O)-O-(CH2)l-;A2=1-30C linear, branched or cyclic alkylene having ether bond or ester bond;X1-X4=H, 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxy, halo, nitro, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl or cyano;E=H, halo, -N+(-R2)(-R4)-R3.X-, imidazole-containing group of formula (8), or pyridine-containing group of formula (9), preferably H, bromo, -N+(-R2)(-R4)-R3.X- or imidazole-containing group, more preferably nitroxy-containing group of formulae (14-17);X-=chloro, bromo, iodo, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate or perfluoroalkane sulfonate;R2-R7,R9-R11=H, 1-5C alkyl, 1-5C hydroxyalkyl, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1-3), preferably R2-R6 is H, methyl, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R8=1-5C alkyl, 1-5C hydroxyalkyl, 7-12C arylalkyl, or carbonyl-containing group of formulae (10 or 11), preferably R8 is methyl, benzyl, or carbonyl-containing group (10 or 11);R12=nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R13=H, or nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);R14=nitroxyl group-containing radical (1 or 2);l=2-10;andm=1-5. EXAMPLE - Chloromethyl styrene (in g) (120), sodium N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (181) and acetone (1400) were reacted at 40 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamyl methyl styrene. The obtained compound (108) and toluene (72) were polymerized for 12 hours by internal irradiation to obtain white powder of styrene hyperbranched polymer having weight average molecular weight of 19000 and dispersion degree of 3.5.
Preferred Definitions:    R0=compound of formula (II)-(III);    R1, R2=R0 or compound of formula (IV);    A=O, S, Se or N-R12;    R12=H, alkyl, naphthenic group or aralkyl;    R4, R11=H, OH, alkyl, naphthenic group, aryloxy, alkylthio, alkylhalide group or halo;and    n=1-10.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 13 Organic dyes are specifically claimed, e.g. compounds of formulae (II), (III), (VIII), (X) or (XIII).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode thin film is formed from metal oxide such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin antimony oxide and zinc oxide-aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal electrode is made of metal selected from silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium and nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The photocurable transparent adhesive comprises polyester or (meth)acryloyl unsaturated compound. The plastic film is made of polyethylene terephthalate. The transparent board is made of glass plate of polyimide film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antifog composition further comprises siloxane and hydrofluoroether corresponding to formula (Rf(ORh)n).Rf=2-8C linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl;Rh=alkyl; andn=1-3.Provided that number of carbon atoms contained in Rf is greater than total number of carbon atoms contained in Rh groups.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etchant material comprises ammonium fluoride. The dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide or silicon nitride and amorphous silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The etchant material comprises doping material that contains phosphorus, boron, arsenic, antimony, indium, and gallium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The etchant material comprises surfactant selected from polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol-polypropylene glycol-block-copolymer and glycerin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A conductive layer formed on p-n junction diode comprises fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO). The p-n junction diode has structure in which a p-type copper-indium-diselenide (CIS) compound semiconductor layer, n type cadmium sulfide (CdS) layer, and n type zinc oxide (ZnO)-aluminum (Al) layer are stacked, and structure in which p type silicon (Si) layer, intrinsic type Si layer, and n type Si layer are stacked.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The III-V substrate comprises gallium antimonide. The II-VI substrate comprises cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride or zinc telluride. Each III-V alloy layer independently comprises gallium antimonide, indium arsenide antimonide, gallium indium arsenide antimonide, aluminum gallium arsenide antimonide, or indium gallium aluminum arsenide antimonide phosphide. Each II-VI alloy layer independently comprises zinc telluride, cadmium selenium telluride, magnesium selenium telluride, zinc cadmium selenium telluride, or cadmium mercury selenium telluride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The connecting port is made of nickel, iron, gold, silver, titanium, copper, palladium or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first or the second flow field plate is made of a moldable material from impregnated graphite or impregnated expanded graphite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first or the second flow field plate is made of metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal particles of metal electrode is chosen from silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium and nickel. A metal oxide chosen from titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, indium-tin-oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, antimony-tin oxide and zinc-aluminum oxide is used during manufacture of solar cell. The photoelectric transducer contains crystalline-silicon layer or an amorphous-silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metal electrode contains metal particles and binder resin. The thermosetting-type transparent adhesive contains an unsaturated polyester compound and 0.1-15 volume% of electroconductive fine particles. The unsaturated polyester compound is an unsaturated polyester or saturated polyester containing (meth)acryloyl group. The underfill agent used during manufacture of solar cell is a curing-type epoxy resin or urethane resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The transparent electrode thin film is formed from metal oxide chosen form titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, indium-tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide and zirconium-doped aluminum oxide. A photoelectric transducer in the solar cell has crystalline silicon layer or amorphous-silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metal electrode contains silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium and/or nickel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The metal electrode has metal print film containing metal particles and binder resin. The solar cell is manufactured using photocurable transparent adhesive containing polyester unsaturated compound and electroconductive fine particles (0.1-15 volume%). The polyester unsaturated compound is unsaturated polyester or saturated polyester having (meth)acryloyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): The hydroxy compound (3 or 4) is reacted with acrylic acid chloride, to obtain acrylate compound (1 or 2). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 specific acrylate compounds such as trimethylol-propane triacrylate, trimethylol-propane trimethacrylate, trimethylol-propane ethylene oxy modified triacrylate, trimethylol-propane propylene oxy modified triacrylate, and trimethylol-propane caprolactone modified triacrylate, are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - N-(4-(2,2-diphenyl styryl)benzene)-N-(4-hydroxy 4'-stilbene)-amine (in g) (3.6), triethylamine (1.113), and spin-dehydration tetrahydrofuran (100 ml) were mixed, and acryloyl chloride (0.9051) was dripped into the resultant mixture. The methyl chloride was extracted from the reaction liquid. The organic layer was separated and concentrated under reduced pressure, and acrylate (1) was obtained. The acrylate had excellent charge transportability, chain polymerizable property and film formability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A buffer layer with larger forbidden band width than the optical absorption layer is formed in the p-n interface. The optical absorption layer is of formula ZnTe1-xOx and the n-type semiconductor is zinc oxide. The buffer layer is zinc sulfide. The optical absorption layer is doped with nitrogen as an acceptor. The n-type semiconductor is doped with gallium, aluminum and/or indium as donor. The solar cell contains aluminum n-type ohmic electrode and gold p-type ohmic electrode.x=0-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): A 70C or more fullerene, glycine derivative of formula (2) and aldehyde compound of formula: R2-CHO are reacted, and purified using aromatic hydrocarbon and acetate ester as developing solvent with silica gel column chromatography, to obtain a fullerene derivative. Preferred Composition: A composition formed using the fullerene derivative contains high molecular compound as electron donor. Preferred Definitions:    R1=-((CH2)m-O-)n-(CH2)p-X;    R2=optionally substituted aryl;and    R3=H.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 24 Specific fullerene derivatives such as compound of formulae (I-V), are disclosed.    EXAMPLE - (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethylamino)acetic acid (in mg) (32), 70C fullerene (100), 1-naphthaldehyde (37) and chlorobenzene (30 ml) were mixed and heat-refluxed at 150 degrees C for 1 hour under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solvent was distilled off. The resulting solid product was separated and purified using carbon disulfide/ethyl acetate with silica gel flash column chromatography, to obtain a fullerene derivative (68) of formula (IA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Disclosed): Preparation of (I) comprises Suzuki coupling of 9H-fluoren-2-ylboronic acid of formula (a1) with 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine to give ruthenium ligand of formula (a2), reacting of (a2) with bis(dichloro para-cymene ruthenium) ((RuCl2(p-cymene))2) and subsequently adding 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine and ammonium thiocyanate to give ruthenium complex of formula (I-1) (representative of (I)).R = C2H5 or C6H13. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed i.e. ruthenium complex of formulae (Ia-Ib).    EXAMPLE - 9,9-Dihexyl-9H-fluoren-2-ylboronic acid (1.42 parts), 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine (0.42 parts) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.09 parts) were added into toluene (50 parts) under stirring to obtain a mixture. Then, 2M sodium carbonate aqueous solution (5.64 parts) was added into the mixture by means of a syringe and heated to 100 degrees C for twelve hours. The mixture was worked up to give ruthenium ligand of formula (bb). Under nitrogen atmosphere, bis(dichloro para-cymene ruthenium) ((RuCl2(p-cymene))2) (0.10 parts) and (bb) (0.28 parts) were dissolved into 30 parts of dehydrated dimethyl formamide and heated to 80 degrees C four hours. Subsequently, 4,4'-dicarboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine (0.08 parts) was added thereto and heated to 160 degrees C for another four hours. The mixture was worked up to give compound (Ib).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film solar battery is selected from the group consisting of copper indium-selenium thin film solar battery, copper indium gallium selenide thin film solar battery and cadmium telluride thin film solar battery.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film solar battery is selected from the group consisting of polycrystalline silicon thin film solar battery and amorphous silicon thin film solar battery.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The laminated film comprises two layers of layer (A)/layer (B), or three layers of layer (B)/layer (A)/layer (B). Preferred Property: The barium sulfate particles have cumulative 90% volume particle diameter of 5 ~mm or less. EXAMPLE - Dimethyl terephthalate (in weight parts) (132), dimethyl isophthalate (7), ethylene glycol (98) and diethylene glycol (1) were trans-esterified, and stirred with manganese acetate (0.05) and lithium acetate (0.012). Trimethyl phosphate (0.03) and germanium dioxide (0.04) were added and polycondensed at 290?oC to obtain copolyester. The obtained copolyester, and barium sulfate (45 weight%) having average particle diameter of 1 ~mm and volume particle diameter of 1.7 ~mm were heated to obtain the layer (A). The obtained copolyester, and barium sulfate (1 weight%) having average particle diameter of 1 ~mm were heated to obtain the layer (B). The layer (A) and layer (B) were extruded, stretched and laminated to obtain laminated film high white reflectance, and excellent handling property, stability, ductility and light resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The metal catalyst is dichloro (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel (II).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (claimed): A halogenated compound (a) of formula (2) is reacted with halogenated compound (b) of formula (3) in presence of a metal catalyst, to obtain thiophene/phenylene cooligomer (4), or a halogenated compound (c) of formula (5) is reacted with halogenated compound (d) of formula (6) in presence of the metal catalyst, to obtain thiophene/phenylene cooligomer (7).Y1,Y2,X1,X2=Cl, Br, or I;andn-m=0 or more. EXAMPLE - (In g) 5-bromo-3,4'-dihexyl-5"'-phenyl-2,2':5',2":5",2"'-quater thiophene (3.3), dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel (II) (0.14) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (20 ml) were stir-mixed in a flask (200 ml), under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, 0.5M cyclopentyl methyl-ether solution (12 ml) of 5-phenyl-2-thienyl magnesium bromide was dripped for 1 hour and stirred for 2 hours. Subsequently, 2.5% hydrochloric acid (10 ml) was add-mixed for 30 minutes. To the obtained organic layer, water (20 ml) was add-mixed for 30 minutes, concentrated, and purified using silica gel column chromatography, to obtain 4',4"-dihexyl-5,5""-diphenyl-2,2':5',2":5",2"':5"',2""-quinquethiophene with yield of 82%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The concentration of iron in the metallic silicon obtained by reduction process of silicon oxide is 300-800 ppm. The concentration of boron in the metallic silicon obtained by reduction process of silicon oxide is 10 ppm or less and preferably 5 ppm or less. The blow scouring gas used in gas blow scouring process contains gaseous chlorine and/or water vapor. Preferred Process: The metal salt chosen from calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium difluoride, alumina, sodium oxide and magnesium oxide is added to the metallic silicon, to form fused flux in the gas blow scouring process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anticorrosion metal layer contains titanium oxide and tungsten oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The anticorrosion metal layer is made up of titanium or tungsten.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent comprises a polar organic solvent and optionally a salt, and non-solvent comprises water or mixtures of water and alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The carrier is made of a material comprising a polymer, which is polyolefins, halogenated vinyl polymers, polyacrylonitriles, polysulfones (PS), polyimides (PI), polycarbonates (PC), cellulose and/or their derivatives or blend, and/or polymer, which is a soluble polymer comprising polydiether ketone, polyimides, PS, PC, polybenzimidazoles, polyesters, PI, thermoplastic elastomers, polyurea, polyurethanes and/or natural polymers or their blend. The membrane carrier material consists of a hydrophobic material, preferably a polyolefin and/or a halogenated vinyl polymer, and the micro-porous membrane is a hydrophilic membrane, and the polymer is a polyamide or cellulose. The carrier has pores with an average pore size of 0.01-10 mu m and a porosity of at least 80 volume%, and the micro-porous membrane has an average pore size of 1 nm-1 mu m, preferably 0.01-1 mu m and a porosity of at least 60 volume%, where the average pore size is obtained from the calculation, where the number 1.77 is divided by the Gurley number measured according to International organization for standardization (ISO-5636-5) and expressed in second/50 ml. The micro-porous membrane has a pure water flux of a least 3000 l/m2.h.bar, measured at 0.5 bar based on dead-end measurements. The polymeric material comprises an additive comprising whiskers, nano-size active carbon, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, ion exchange resins, pigments, antibacterial, and/or stabilizers such as thermal and oxidation stabilizers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The further layers comprises at least one layer of at least one material selected from carbon, diamond like carbon, nitrides, carbonitrides and carbides of zirconium, titanium, chromium and/or aluminum as any known decorative or colored coatings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The crystal grain contains fine indium gallium nitride (InGaN) mixed crystal in the structure.
Preferred Definitions:    D=aromatic tert. amine structure including quinoid ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst comprises palladium or a compound having palladium. The coating further comprises a chemical that produces a detectable color change as a result of an acid-base reaction or a redox reaction after the coating is exposed to the fluid. The chemical that produces a detectable color change comprises an acid-base indicator.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fluid comprises hydrogen gas or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The polymer and catalyst are chemically bonded to each other before allowing the coating to become exposed to the fluid. Preferred Components: The polymer comprises a polymer backbone and a side chain attached to the polymer backbone, where at least a part of the side chain detaches from the polymer and the odorant forms from the detached portion of the side chain. The polymer is: a substituted benzene compound of formula (I); or substituted ruthenium complex of formula (II).P1 = polymer backbone, which comprises a polymer backbone and a side chain attached to the polymer backbone (where the odorant forms from the polymer backbone) or olefins, where the side chain reacts with fluid and detaches from the polymer and forms a catalyst that reacts with polymer backbone and fluid to depolymerize the polymer backbone and form odorant molecules or odorant molecule precursors from the polymer backbone;X = isobutyrate, (S)-2-((1S,2R)-2-methoxy-4-methyl-cyclohex-3-enyl)-propionic acid moiety, -NH(CH2)4NH2 or -NH(CH2)5NH2;n = greater than 2; andR = aryl or 1-20C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The high-amylopectin-containing starch contains waxy corn starch or glutinous rice starch. Preferred Process: The high-amylopectin-containing starch is micro-dispersion starch obtained by irradiating a gelatinized material of waxy corn starch or glutinous rice starch using ultrasonic wave. The fiber formation process of gel material is carried out using monofilament.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alcohol is monohydric alcohol. EXAMPLE - Water was added to waxy-corn starch, gelatinized, ultrasonic irradiation was carried out at 50 degrees C using ultrasonic disperser, dried and pulverized, to obtain micro-dispersion starch. The obtained micro-dispersion starch was dissolved in water at room temperature, to obtain aqueous starch dispersion. The liquid temperature of the obtained aqueous starch dispersion was adjusted to 60 degrees C, alcohol was dripped, stirred and phase-separation process was carried out, to obtain gel material. The obtained gel material was extruded, fiber formation process was carried out using ethanol tub and dried, to obtain starch fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation is hydrogen ion (H+), lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), ferrous ion (Fe2+), ferric ion (Fe3+), zinc ion (Zn2+), cuprous ion (Cu+), cupric ion (Cu2+), manganese (II) ion (Mn2+), manganese (III) ion (Mn3+), manganese (IV) ion (Mn4+), manganese (VI) ion (Mn6+) or chromium ion (Cr3+). The anion is chlorine ion (Cl-) or hydroxide ion (OH-).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substance is monomer, oligomer or polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive particles comprise reducing metals such as aluminum, magnesium and manganese, which enhance gasification by redox reactions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and the second comprise yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and the third ceramic layer comprises scandia-stabilized zirconia (SSZ).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The damp-proof layer consists of an inorganic oxide film adhered on metal film, inorganic oxide film, damp-proof resin film or base film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The three-layer composite film is formed by co-extrusion. The composite film is laminated on both surfaces of the damp-proof layer. Preferred Properties: The thickness of polycarbonate core layer with respect to thickness of polybutylene-terephthalate outer layers is 5-30%. The composite film has total thickness of 40-90%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating resin of the protective layer is selected from polyimide derivative, silicone compound, fluorine elastomer and fluororesin.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The use of 153 compounds (A) is disclosed e.g. 1-amino-2-hydroxy-anthraquinone of formula (A1), 1,5-diamino-2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone, 1,2-dihydroxy-anthraquinone, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydroxy-anthraquinone and 1,2,6-trihydroxy-anthraquinone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode is formed of metal selected from titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, chromium and nickel. The conductive clusters are formed of titanium, chromium, cobalt, nickel or molybdenum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The mounting rail is made of aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of amine group-containing compound is 1-10 mass%. Preferred Component: A dye-sensitized solar cell has metal oxide semiconductor electrode containing pigment (3), semiconductor film, charge transfer layer (4) and counter electrode (5) formed sequentially on electroconductive base material (1). EXAMPLE - Nitric acid (in mass parts) (15), Aerosil P25 (RTM: crystalline titanium oxide powder) (60) and water (1200) were mixed, heated at 80 degrees C for 8 hours, cooled, distilled and pulverized, to obtain titanium oxide fine particles having average particle diameter of 30 nm. Then, the obtained titanium oxide fine particles (20) were dispersed into tert-butanol (80), to obtain coating liquid. The dye-sensitized solar cell formed using the coating liquid had excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Layer: An organic light emitting diode device formed using the polymer precursor transparent substrate, hole injection layer, optional interlayer, emitting layer, optional electron transport layer, and cathode. Preferred Composition: The emitting layer contains small molecule electroluminescent molecule, small molecule electrophosphorescent molecule, quantum dot, light emitting polymer, and optionally hole transport or electron transport molecule or polymer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymerizable compound is amide-containing compound of formula (1, 2 or 3). Preferred Group: The polymerizable compound contains acryl group and carbazole group linked together with methylene group(s). Preferred Composition: The polymerizable compound contains thiophene-containing group of formula (a, b or c), and further contains polymerizable or cross-linkable group such as oxygen-containing group of formula (d or e) excluding acryl group. The cross-linkable group is oxetane or trifluorovinyloxy group. The additive group contains acryl group, phenyl group and 2-10C alkyl or methyl-containing group of formula: -(O-(CH2CH2))n.n=1-10. EXAMPLE - Methacrylic acid (0.608 ml) was added to a solution of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (in g) (1.48) and dichloromethane (30 ml), and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 seconds. 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)aniline (1.68) and N,N-dimethylamino pyridine (0.088) were added to the resultant mixture, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered, and N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)methacrylamide) was obtained. A solution of N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)methacrylamide) (46.7) and 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexane carbonitride) (17.5) were dissolved in toluene (3 ml), and the reaction mixture was heated for 48 hours. The resultant polymer was precipitated in methanol, and poly-N-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl) methacrylamide was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The nanoparticle semiconductor oxide layer is made of titanium oxide, zinc oxide and niobium oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The electrode includes a conductive substrate made of iron, aluminum, titanium, nickel, copper and tin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye molecules includes an organic material containing thiopene, phthalocyanine, porphyrin, indoline and quinoline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The electrode is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyethylene and polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat transport device is formed by aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper and a copper alloy. The thermal interface layer is composed of a multiphase material, a silver alloy, a liquid metal, a liquid metal alloy, a tin-indium alloy, a tin-bismuth alloy, and a lead-free solder. The electrical contact area comprises gold. The electrical insulator layer comprises aluminum nitride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: A photoelectric transducer has a p layer containing material. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R14=optionally substituted 6-40C arylamino.    At least one of R3, R4, R9 and R10 is optionally substituted 6-40C arylamino.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The stiffening member comprises aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), and/or zinc (Zn).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The stiffening member may comprise alloy of Al, Cu, Fe, Ti and/or Zn. The first stiffening member is made of steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The stiffening member can be made of wood.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ketopyrrole compound or corresponding oligomer or polymer is of formula (IIa)-(IIf) or (IIIa)-(IIIb). Preferred Definitions:    Ar1, Ar2, Ar2', Ar3, Ar3', Ar4, Ar4', Ar5=one or more of 16 compounds, e.g. -CH=CH-, -CC- or compound of formula (z);    aryl=Ph or thiophenyl;    A, A'=H, 1-25C alkyl or 2-25C alkenyl (each optionally substituted by E and/or in C,C-single bond, if present, interrupted by D); or Ar10 or -CR5R6-(CH2)g-Ar10;    Ar10=Ph or thiophenyl;    D=-S, -O-, -OR23=OR24-;    E=-OR29, -SR29, -NR25R26, CN or halo;    G, G'=E, 1-18C alkyl optionally interrupted by D; 1-18C alkoxy substituted by E and/or interrupted by D if containing greater than or equal to 2C;    R23, R24, R25, R26=H, R29; Ph or thiophenyl (both optionally substituted by 1-18C alkyl); or 1-18C alkoxy or 1-18C alkyl;and    R'29=R29 except H.    EXAMPLE - A 5,5'-bromobiindolyliden-2,2'-dione (3 g), 1-bromo-2-ethylhexane (3.4 g) and potassium carbonate (6 g) were stirred in dimethylformamide (100 mL) under nitrogen overnight at 100 degrees C. The mixture was poured in water, and the solid was filtered and washed with water and ethanol. The solid was dissolved in chloroform and precipitated in ethanol to yield pure ketopyrrole compound (3.05 g) of formula (3) as red-violet powder. Yield was 67%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon carrier is carbon powder, carbon nanotube, carbon fiber or carbon nanometer molecular sieve. The other metal compound is ruthenium, molybdenum or tungsten. The platinum and the other metal have a mixing ratio of 1-2:1. The reducing agent is sodium borohydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reducing agent is formaldehyde.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The macromolecular solution contains polymer as solute. The polymer is polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(phenylene vinylene), polyfluorene, poly(para-phenylene), polyalkylthiophene, or polypyridine. The substrate is glass, paper, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), polyether sulfone (PES), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), or polyarylate (PAR) substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The organic compound layer (A) and organic compound layer (B) are deposition on fluorine resin film in vacuum atmosphere, aggregated, irradiated active energy ray or plasma and hardened. The organic compound layer is formed using flash vapor deposition method. The inorganic compound layer is formed using chemical vacuum deposition (CVD) method. The laminate is formed without exposing the organic compound layer and inorganic compound layer to atmosphere in the same vacuum. The fluorine resin film is bonded through an adhesive agent on both surfaces of the laminate, to obtain a back surface protection sheet. Preferred Group: The addition polymerization functional group is acryl group or methacryl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Materials: The conductive fibers have light transmittivity and electrical conductivity, and include a conductive glass fiber containing tin (Sn). A surface of the conductive glass fiber containing Sn is coated with fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO). The conductive fiber comprises carbon fiber. The structure formed of conductive fibers is a stack structure of conductive fibers, or a textile structure knitted with conductive fibers. The second electrode is bendable and comprises a conductive substrate coated with a platinum layer. It has carbon content of 95-100%. The dye-sensitized solar cell further comprises an insulating thin layer or a semiconductor thin film in the electrolyte layer between the first and second electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The nanoparticle semiconductor oxide layer comprises titanium oxide, zinc oxide, or niobium pentoxide. The dye molecule comprises ruthenium (Ru) complex compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye molecule comprises thiophene, phthalocyanine, porphyrin, indoline, or quinoline, or an organic material including their derivative.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: The conductive fiber comprises conductive polymer fiber. The second electrode comprises a polymer material coated or deposited with a conductive material. Preferred Compounds: The polymer material is polyethyleneterephthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethersulfone, polyethylene, or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The photovoltaic device further comprises a primary layer, a secondary layer and a tertiary layer containing zinc oxide and/or zinc aluminum oxide. The primary layer contains silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride and/or tin oxide. The secondary layer contains titanium oxide and/or niobium oxide. The primary conductive layer is transparent conductive oxide comprising zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, tin oxide, indium-tin-oxide, indium zinc oxide, tin antimony oxide and/or zinc gallium aluminum oxide, or silver. The semiconductor film contains amorphous silicon, primary layer containing cadmium sulfide and secondary layer containing cadmium telluride.
Preferred Definitions:    R2,R4,R5=H;    X=B, C or N;and    b=0.    EXAMPLE - Ionic compound was formed using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium dicyano nitroso methanide and dicyano nitroso methanide silver.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The front electrode layer is made of transparent indium tin oxide or silicon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The back electrode layer is made of aluminum, nickel or aluminum-nickel alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: A membrane electrode assembly comprises proton-conductive composite electrolyte film arranged between oxygen electrode containing catalyst layer which reduces oxygen, and fuel electrode containing catalyst layer which oxidizes fuel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The metal oxide hydrate particles occupy 90% or more of area in proton-conductive composite electrolyte film with respect to total cross section of proton-conductive composite electrolyte film. The proton-conductive composite electrolyte film has total light transmittance in thickness of 25 mu m of 80% or more and haze value of 50% or less. The metal oxide hydrate particles has average particle diameter of 1-10 nm. Preferred Component: The metal oxide hydrate particles is zirconium oxide hydrate particles of formula: ZrO2.nH2O.n=2.5 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Metal in 1st intermediate layer is titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum and/or vanadium and metal in 2nd intermediate layer is iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and/or their oxides. Metal substrate is titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium and/or their alloys. Plating layer is platinum plating layer. Preferred Process: The intermediate layers are formed by heat processing through thermal decomposition method where a coating liquid which contains metallic compound and organic solvent is applied to a substrate and dried by baking. Preferred Parameters: The 1st intermediate layer is 50-70 nm thick and 2nd intermediate layer is 10-300 nm thick. Platinum plating layer is 0.2-8 mu m thick. Preferred Conditions: Calcination temperature in forming platinum group metal and/or its oxide content layer is 350-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The molybdenum carbide has specific surface area of 1-7 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Film: An organic electron device is provided with an organic-semiconductor film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The method further involves performing film-forming process in which a solution formed by dissolving the precursor compound (1) in an organic solvent is formed into a film, before conversion process. The reverse Diels-Alder reaction is advanced by heating. EXAMPLE - Dried butanol (8 ml) was added to flask provided with metallic lithium (0.056 g) and heat-refluxed. Then, cyano group-containing compound (500 mg) of formula (A) was added, heat-refluxed, and solution (10 ml) of water and methanol in molar ratio of 1:1 was added, and extracted using chloroform. The extracted substance was washed using water and saturated salt solution, dried by anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified using silica gel column chromatography, to obtain isoindoline-containing precursor compound (238 mg) of formula (2) with yield of 47.3%. The obtained precursor compound (0.8 mg) was dissolved in chloroform (1.25 g), to obtain precursor solution. The obtained precursor solution was spin-coated on a substrate, and heated at 300 degrees C for 20 minutes, to obtain film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The additional metal layers consists of nickel, copper, tin, silver, indium, gallium, selenide and their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing material is made of ethylene vinyl acetate resin, epoxy resin, acrylic resin, urethane resin, olefin resin, polyester resin, silicon resin, polystyrene resin, polycarbonate resin and rubber-type resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: In the method of preparing the photovoltaic device or phase-change memory device, the annealing is carried out at 100-500 degrees C (preferably 150-350 degrees C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The elemental metal, elemental chalcogen and hydrazine compound are stirred at 5-95 degrees C. Preferred Components: The concentration of the metal chalcogenide precursor in the hydrazine compound is not more than 10 molar (preferably 0.05-1 molar). The metal chalcogenide comprises a member consisting of a combination of potassium, antimony and sulfur (KSb5S8), tin sulfide (SnS2) or gallium(III)selenide (Ga2Se3).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrazine compound has a structure of formula (R1R2N-NR3R4) (I). The hydrazine compound comprises hydrazine and is anhydrous.R1-R4 = H, aryl, 1-6C alkyl or 3-6C cyclic alkyl. EXAMPLE - Elemental tin (237.4 mg) was combined with elemental sulfur (256.5 mg) and anhydrous distilled hydrazine (4 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature in a nitrogen-filled glove box for 4 days to give a clear very pale yellow solution. The solution was evaporated under flowing nitrogen gas for 18 hours and dried under vacuum to give white or pale yellow powder (591 mg). Upon thermal deposition, tin sulfide (SnS2) was recovered. The prepared tin sulfide film was used as the channel layer in a thin-film transistor (TFT). The TFT comprised a heavily n-doped silicon wafer as the substrate/gate, 40-nm thick thermally grown silicon dioxide gate dielectric, the spin coated tin sulfide channel layer and patterned electron-beam-evaporated gold source and drain electrodes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The tin oxide is niobium-doped tin oxide, and is produced by ammonia co-precipitation method. The noble metal is an alloy containing platinum, or platinum. The load of noble metal is 10-30 weight%. The reducing gas is hydrogen. The hydrogen is diluted with inert gas to 0.1-50%, and contains 0.5-50% of water vapor. Preferred Arrangement: A fuel cell consists of a cathode formed using the electrode material and electrolytic membrane formed using a material having proton electroconductivity. EXAMPLE - Tin-chloride hydrate (2.98 g) was dissolved in pure water (4.5 ml), and dripped into the aqueous ammonia, and stirred. The produced tin oxide particles were filtered, washed, dried and heat-processed at 600 degrees C for 2 hours, to obtain tin oxide particles having average particle diameter of 1 mu m. Chloroplatinic acid (1 g) was dissolved in distilled water (100 ml). Tin oxide particles (1.484 g) were further added, and reduction process was carried out by adding sodium sulfite (2 g). Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was dripped and pH was adjusted to 5. Then, hydrogen peroxide (45 ml) was dripped, to obtain colloid-like platinum oxide deposited on tin oxide particles. The obtained tin oxide particles loaded with colloid-like platinum oxide were separated from the solution, dried and reduced at 100 degrees C for 2 hours in an atmosphere containing hydrogen, nitrogen and water vapor, to obtain electrode material excellent in catalytic activity and durability. The effective surface area of supported platinum microparticles in the obtained electrode material was 14.5 m2/g. A fuel cell comprising the cathode containing electrode material had excellent output characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A lower trialkyl aluminum and cycloalkyl-1-alkene are reacted to obtain the organometallic compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The organometallic compound is tri(3-cyclododecyl propyl)aluminum of formula (III) (claimed).    EXAMPLE - 3-Cyclododecyl-1-propene was synthesized using flaky magnesium, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, bromo cyclododecane and 3-bromo-1-propene. Triisobutyl aluminum (in g) (10), 3-cyclododecyl-1-propene (31.9) and heptane (50 ml) were refluxed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 55 degrees C and the solvent was distilled off to obtain colorless transparent starchy syrup-like oily substance. The obtained substance was allowed to stand in a glove box and tri(3-cyclododecyl propyl)aluminum (33) was obtained. The obtained compound was mixed in toluene solution of Dynaron (RTM: styrene type elastomer) and the solution was coated on a substrate and dried at 100 degrees C for 20 minutes. The formed film had favorable transparency, quality and hygroscopic property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The anti-reflective coating is made of glass, transparent flexible substrate, polymer substrate, soda lime glass, solar glass, tempered solar glass, tempered glass, untempered glass, glass-foil solar module, glass-glass solar module, transparent rigid substrate, transparent flexible substrate, and/or flexible module.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: One of the top and the bottom nanostructured porous layers is made of silica, and the other is made of titania. Each nanostructured porous layer is made of titania, silica, alumina, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, niobium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide, strontium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, and/or calcium/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nanoparticles comprises zinc oxide, cupric oxide (CuO2), germanium, silicon, tin, silicon carbide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphide, aluminum antimonide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium antimonide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, indium antimonide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, zinc sulfide, lead sulfide, lead telluride, aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlxGa1-xAs), indium-gallium-arsenide (InxGa1-xAs), indium-aluminum- arsenide (InxAl1-xAs), cadmium-zinc-telluride (CdxZn1-xTe), cadmium-manganese-telluride (CdxMn1-xTe) and tin oxide (SnO2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The polymer precursor is produced by mixing polyamic acid in form of biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride-p-phenylenediamine (BPDA-PDA) and poly N-vinylcarbozole (PVK) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP). A hole transport layer (HTL) (30) containing poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) is formed between anode and photoelectro-motive force layer. An electron transport layer (ETL) (70) containing carbon material is formed between photoelectro-motive force layer and cathode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The particles are selected from a group consisting of silicon, nickel, tin, lead, gallium, carbon, germanium, ytterbium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, palladium, platinum, and aluminum. The region is made of a material selected from Group IV elements consisting of boron, gallium, indium, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The charged particles includes the set of species chosen from group consisting of Boron, Gallium, Indium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth, Ytterbium, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, Palladium, Platinum, and Aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dielectric layer has a material that is selected from the group of silicon nitride, silicon oxide and silicon carbide. The silicon substrate is washed with an aluminum containing compound for precipitation of the former dielectric layer, which has a component selected from aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum chloride, and aluminum propoxide or dimethylethylamine alane. The aluminum containing layer is deposited on the surface of the silicon substrate, where the aluminum-containing layer is oxidized in oxygen contained atmosphere.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: An electrolyte solution contains the ammonium salt (I), as an electrolyte and additive. Preferred Definitions:    Y-=(N(SO2F)2)-, (N(SO2CF3)2)-, (N(SO2C2F5)2)-, BF4-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, or CF3CO2-;and    R1-R4=linear alkyl.    EXAMPLE - 1-Methylimidazole (0.12 mol) and (5-bromopentyl)trimethyl-ammonium bromide (0.04 mol) were dissolved in ethanol (200 ml), stirred at 50 degrees C and reacted for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the obtained crystals were washed, vacuum-dried at 60 degrees C for 2 days, and dissolved in ion-exchange water (40 ml). Then, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (8 mmol) was add-mixed for 10 hours. Methylene chloride (50 ml) was added, and an organic phase was then extracted and washed using purified water (80 ml). The organic phase was concentrated, and dried at 80 degrees C for 2 days, to obtain ammonium salt of formula (II) having melting point of -60 degrees C. The obtained ammonium salt (2.5 weight parts) was added to a solution (100 weight parts) of lithium hexafluorophosphate/ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in volume ratio of 1:1, and mixed, to obtain electrolyte solution. A lithium secondary battery formed using the obtained electrolyte solution had excellent capacitance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Preparation of (I) involves reacting iridium compound of formula (V) with quinoline derivative of formula (VI) to give (I). Preferred Device: The organic layer comprises compound(s) selected from arylamine compounds and styrylarylamine compounds, or metal(s) selected from organic metals of group 1, 2, 4th and 5th period transition metals, lanthanide metals and d-transition elements. The organic display comprises an organic electroluminescent compound having the electroluminescent peak with wavelength of blue and green at the same time. The organic layer comprises an electroluminescent layer and a charge generating layer. In the device, a mixed region of reductive dopant and organic substance, or a mixed region of oxidative dopant and organic substance is placed on the inner surface of one or both electrode(s) among the pair of electrodes. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R4=phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl (all optionally substituted by methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, phenyl or naphthyl), methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoro, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy or butoxy.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 40 Compounds are disclosed as (I) e.g. compounds of formula (Ia)-(Ie).    EXAMPLE - Iridium compound of formula (VII) (9.1 g), 2,4-pentanedione (1 g) and sodium carbonate (2.6 g) were dissolved in 2-ethoxyethanol (240 ml), and the solution was heated for 4 hours. When the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid precipitate produced was filtered. Purification via silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization gave compound (Ie) (5.7 g, Yield 16%) as red crystal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The cyclic unsaturated compound contains a carbon-carbon double bond in a side chain of the exo of a ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The 4-10C fluorine-containing diene is of formula: CF2=CX-(Y)n-CZ=CF2 (1). The fluoro olefin is of formula: CF2=CXY (2).X,Z=H or fluorine atom;n=0 or 1;Y=oxygen, 1-6C difluoro methylene, 4-6C perfluoro cycloalkylene or -O-(CF2O)x-(CF2CF2O)y-(CF2CF(CF3)O)z;x,y,z=0-2;x+y+z=0-2 excluding 0;m=0-3;andM=H. 1-4C alkyl, sodium or potassium.The fluoro olefin is vinylidene fluoride. Preferred Process: The fuel cell seal having fuel cell gasket is formed by crosslinking fluorine rubber composition. EXAMPLE - A vinylidene fluoride (in wt.parts) (57), tetrafluoroethylene (23), hexafluoro propylene (20), fluorinated diene (CF2=CF-CF=CF2) (1) and 1-bromo-2-iodo perfluoro ethane (0.5 mol%) were mixed, to obtain fluorine-containing rubber. The obtained fluorine-containing rubber (100), carbon black (N990) (2), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexane (0.5) and triaryl isocyanate (2) were mixed, to obtain fluororubber composition. A resin film integral molded product was obtained using fluororubber composition. The obtained molded product had excellent acid resistance and moldability, hardness of 55 based on JIS K-6253, tensile strength of 16.8 MPa based on JIS K-6251 and elongation of 360% based on JIS K-6251.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The radiation transmissive first electrode comprises a radiation transmissive conducting oxide. The radiation transmissive conducting oxide is indium tin oxide, gallium indium tin oxide, or zinc indium tin oxide. The nanoparticle phase comprises fullerenes and/or carbon nanotubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The non-radiation transmissive second electrode comprises a metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The fiber comprises a glass optical fiber, quartz optical fiber, or a plastic optical fiber. The photosensitive organic layer comprises a photoactive region comprising bulk heterojunction(s) between a donor material and an acceptor material. The donor material comprises a polymeric phase. The acceptor material comprises a nanoparticle phase. The polymeric phase comprises a conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene) and/or poly(3-octylthiophene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The nickel-doped titania powder is formed by mixing 1-8 wt.% of nickel with titanium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The metallic electric heating elements include nickel chrome, aludirome, molybdenum, tungsten and tantalum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The oxide semiconductor particles comprise titanium dioxide. Preferred Property: The oxide semiconductor particles have an average diameter of 1-500 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Preparation of (I) comprises reacting Ar1H'1 with n-butyl lithium, and reacting with thiophene compound of formula (III).H'=halo;andAr1=compound of formula (a) or (b). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 141 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. compounds of formulae (1)-(5).    EXAMPLE - A mixture of triethylphosphite (25 g) and 1-bromo-4-bromomethylbenzene (5 g) was agitated for 2 hours at 120 degrees C to synthesize triethyl 4-bromobenzylphosphite. The synthesized triethyl 4-bromobenzylphosphite (6.74 g), benzophenone (5.13g) and potassium tert-butoxide (3.27g) were placed in a reactor, and melted with 50 mL tetrahydrofuran to react for 4 hours at 120 degrees C to synthesize 1-bromo-4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)benzene. 1-Bromo-4-(2,2-diphenylvinyl)benzene (6.03 g) was gradually added with manganese butyl lithiate (10 mL) at - 78 degrees C, and agitated for 1 hour at low temperatures. The mixture was gradually added with (Z)-3-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-2-cyanoacrylic acid (5.16 g) at - 78 degrees C, agitated for 1 hour at low temperatures, and additionally agitated for 30 minutes at 0 degrees C. After extracting an organic layer from the mixture with dichloromethane and distilled water, the solvent was removed. The organic layer was recrystallized by n-hexane, dried, and purified after filtering sediment at a yield of 52%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The protective atmosphere is in vacuum or formed by protective gas including hydrogen, nitrogen or argon, where pressure of protective gas is one normal atmosphere and pressure of vacuum is less than 20 Pa. The purities of Cu2Se, In2Se3, Ga2Se3 and Al2Se3 are greater than or equal to 99.99%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The CIGS or CIAS film absorption layer is formed by directly sputtering the target through magnetron sputtering. The materials used in preparing the absorption layer target are Cu2Se, In2Se3, Ga2Se3 or Al2Se3 powders, where weight ratio of Cu2Se, In2Se3 and Ga2Se3 is 1:2.27(1-x):1.83x or weight ratio of Cu2Se, In2Se3 and Al2Se3 is 1:2.27(1-x):1.41x.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An organic semiconductor material is formed by using a solution process from a screen printing, ink-jet printing, micro-contact printing, spin coating, dip coating, self-assembled monolayer process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The signal light includes light-diffusion panel made of acryl resin or polycarbonate resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The insulating layer is a silicon oxide layer, silicon oxynitride layer, silicon nitride oxide layer or silicon nitride layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent in the first desulfurizer is activated carbon, synthesized zeolite or iron oxide. The desulfurizing catalyst is zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: In the structure, the catalyst has an overall composition of A2O3, MOx, NOy, and cobalt (Co) metal where A is a lanthanide, M is a cation of valence +1 or +2, N is a transition metal with mixed valence (iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), etc) and delta is 0-0.6. The cobaltite is deposited on a substrate or support before heat treatment in reducing atmosphere and in the presence of hydrocarbons and/or alcohol. Preferred Method: In the production of hydrogen from mixtures of hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, the composition of the mixture of oil and/or alcohol and air is below the combustion between the fuel (oil and/or alcohol) and the air. The temperature that is used is 200-1000 degrees C. The method uses a mixture of methane and air; air and propane or butane; methanol and air; or ethanol and air. The hydrogen fuel cell is polymeric or ceramic, where the ceramic form is reformed within the anode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The phosphorus sedimentation and diffusion is implemented using liquid made to dissolve phosphorus diffusion source in single unit with water, alcohol or liquid mixture. The tetravalent tin is added to silicon and phosphorus diffusion source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The layers are made of silver, aluminium, titanium, palladium, nickel, or copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The cross-sectional area of the holes which meet the sheet surface towards the other surface from one surface of the metal sheet, reduces gradually. The hole area ratio of the metal sheet is 40% or more. The average hole diameter of the holes is 60 mu m or less. The porous carrier is arranged also on the surface of metal sheet which becomes upstream in the permeation path of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carrier contains mutually joined carrier particles (16). The particulate catalyst is supported by the carrier particles. The carrier particles contain alumina, silica, zirconia, and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The particulate catalyst consists of palladium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The evaporating step is performed by pre-heating the platinum solution at 120-130 degrees C followed by a heating step at 340-360 degrees C. Preferred Component: The dissolved platinum solution comprises platinum powder dissolved in aqua regia. The base is ammonium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrophilic layer is metal oxide selected from group consisting of silicon dioxide, hafnium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide, tantalum pent-oxide, niobium pent-oxide, molybdenum dioxide, iridium dioxide and ruthenium dioxide. The dopant metal oxide is selected from group consisting of niobium and tantalum doped titanium oxide and fluorine doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The plastic front sheet and back sheet are a laminated plastic material containing perfluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene copolymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkoxy vinyl ether copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride terpolymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride), ethylene-chloro-trifluoro ethylene copolymer, poly(chloro-trifluoro ethylene), liquid crystal polymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(methyl methacrylate), ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer, polycarbonate or polyurethane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Forming of the burn through layer further comprises heating the deposited metal oxide precursor to greater than or equal to 200 degrees C to form a metal oxide. Depositing of the metal oxide precursor comprises non-contact printing of a volume of the solution at ambient pressure upon the surface over the antireflective coating. Printing comprises using an inkjet printer and applying the volume of the solution to the surface as a pattern of spaced apart islands. The metal oxide precursor is deposited in a liquid ink that includes silver precursors or silver nanoparticles. Performing the burn through process comprises raising substrate temperature to 600-800 degrees C. The burn through layer is deposited as a continuous layer at a thickness of less than 0.5 mu m. It is deposited as spaced apart islands on the antireflective coating; and the contact layer is deposited over the islands, where the burn through contacts extend from interfaces between the contact layer and the islands. Preferred Component: The metal oxide comprises lead oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, gallium oxide (Ga2O3), indium oxide (In2O3), boron oxide (B2O3), antimony oxide (Sb2O3), and/or bismuth oxide (Bi2O3). The metal oxide precursor comprises a solution at ambient temperature including a metal-organic precursor to a metal oxide. It comprises dissolved chemical precursors of a metal oxide and nanoparticle suspension of the metal oxide. The burn through layer further comprises silver. The burn through contacts provide an electrical connection between the silicon substrate and the contact layer, where contact resistivity of the contact layer is less than 7 milliohms-cm2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises injecting oxygen into the electrolyte to react the oxygen with electrons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon nanobud molecules form a network or parallel array of electrically conductive paths and are functionalized via fullerene group(s) to provide a way of exciting an electron by electromagnetic radiation. Preferred Properties: The semiconductivity of deposit is controllable by its density, thickness, length in conductive pathway direction, or width in direction perpendicular to the conductive pathway; by concentration of fullerene or fullerene-like appendages; and/or by relative amount of conductive and semiconductive molecules.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The etchant used for wet-etching of the substrate consists of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or concentrated sulfuric acid. The solid layer is chosen from strontium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, magnesium fluoride, barium fluoride, and calcium fluoride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The organic electrolyte material is an organic conjugate conformation and a salt containing segment. The salt containing segment has a property of carrying negative charged ions. The organic conjugate conformation comprises polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyfluorene, polycarbazole, polythiophene, and poly(fluorene-triphenylamine). The organic conjugate conformation is small molecular conformation, oligomer conformation, or polymer material conformation. The molecular chain conformation of the organic conjugate conformation is main chain conformation, side chain conformation, star shape chain conformation, or branched chain conformation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Particles: The organic polymer particles contain polystyrene and/or polymethylmethacrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A base layer having titanium oxide-type thin film of anatase crystal phase is formed on the transparent base material. The base layer is formed by volatizing a dispersion medium containing anatase-type oxidation titanium-type microparticles. The reaction product (A) is obtained by reacting 0.8-1.2 mol of hydrogen peroxide with respect to 1 mol of titanium compound. Preferred Condition: The volatization of the dispersion medium is carried out at 200 degrees C or less. The annealing treatment is carried out at 450-550 degrees C, preferably 550 degrees C. Preferred Properties: The anatase-type oxidation titanium-type microparticles have average particle diameter 20 nm or less, preferably 1-20 nm. The weight ratio of total of reaction product (A) and reaction product (B) with respect to anatase-type oxidation titanium-type microparticles is 100:0.1-10, by solid content conversion. The content of niobium or tantalum in the transparent conductive film is 10 mol% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The precursor liquid contains solvent which is hydroxyl-containing compound of formula (1), and ketone-containing compound of formulae (2-5), and further contains nitric acid and/or hydrochloric acid.R1-R7=H or alkyl;X=-OH or -OR;R=alkyl;andY'=optionally substituted 3-6C alkylene.Preferred Solvent: The solvent is 3-methoxy-1-butanol, 3-methoxy-3-methyl 1-butanol, diacetone alcohol, 4-hydroxy 2-butanone, 5-hydroxyl 2-pentanone, tetrahydrofuran 2-carboxylic acid, 2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, ( gamma )-butyrolactone, ( delta )-valerolactone and/or ( epsilon )-caprolactone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer is made of copper indium diselenide, copper indium disulphide or mixture of copper indium diselenide and copper indium disulphide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The dye is preferably of formulae (19) and (21). Preferred Component: An electronic device comprising the dye may further comprise a red-dye and/or black-dye. EXAMPLE - Under inert atmosphere, a mixture of a halogenated chromophore was added with 1 mole% tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium catalyst, 1 equivalent cesium fluoride in toluene, and 1.2 equivalent tributylstannyl-thiophene. The reaction mixture was stirred at 120 degrees C for 12 hours. After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added. Work up gave a thiophene-derived squarylium dye. Under inert atmosphere, the dye was dissolved in anhydrous dimethylformamide and added with 1 equivalent phosphoryl chloride. The mixture was stirred at 70 degrees C for 4 hours. The reaction product was mixed with acrylic acid in acetonitrile and the mixture was heated in the presence of piperidine to 80 degrees C for 12 hours. Work up gave a bluish green powder dye having acrylic acid moiety attached to squarylium dye via a thiophene as conjugated system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal of the transition metal complex is iridium, platinum or osmium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Components: The light emitting layer further comprises a guest emitting material, which comprises a transition metal complex. The guest emitting material is blue-, green- or red-phosphorescent. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 7 Compounds (I) are specifically claimed e.g. (4-(1,1-dimseityboryl)phenyl)(triphenyl)silane of formula (Ia), di(4-(1,1-dimseityboryl)phenyl)(diphenyl)silane, 9-(4-(1-(4-(1,1-dimseityboryl)phenyl)-1,1-diphenylsilyl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole, N-(4-(1-(4-(1,1-dimseityboryl)phenyl)-1,1-diphenylsilyl)phenyl)-N,N-diphenylamine and (4-(diphenyl-phosphinoyl)-phenyl)-triphenyl-silane.    EXAMPLE - (4-Bromo-phenyl)-triphenyl-silane (0.831 g) was placed in a flask. Under the environment of filling with nitrogen, tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30 ml) was added and then the temperature of the solution was dropped to -78 degrees C. Then, n-butyl lithium (0.9 ml) was added and at -78 degrees C, the solution was stirred for 40 minutes to form a lithium reagent. A solution (10 ml) of dimesitylboron fluoride (0.595 g) in THF was added to the lithium reagent and stirred until the temperature of the solution becomes room temperature. Then the mixture was heated to 50 degrees C, maintained for 2 hours and worked up to give (4-(1,1-dimseityboryl)phenyl)(triphenyl)silane (70%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass frit composition comprises silicon dioxide (18-26 wt.%). It includes lead oxide (PbO) (20-52), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (0-1), titanium dioxide (2-7), and boric oxide (0-8). It may include 0-1 wt.% barium oxide. The thick film conductive composition comprises 1-3 wt.% glass frit. The glass frit composition, in the electrode, comprises (wt.%) silicon dioxide (SiO2) (5-36), bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) (6-52), and lead fluoride (PbF2) (5-29). It may comprise (wt.%) SiO2 (5-15), PbF2 (20-29), and ZnO (15-25); PbO (17-64), Al2O3 (0-9), and zirconium oxide (0.1-2.5); SiO2 (5-36) and fluorine (0.50-5.3); or SiO2 (4-26), BaO (0-1), and PbF2 (5-29).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The thick film conductive composition includes zinc-containing additive(s). The zinc-containing additive comprises zinc oxide (ZnO). Preferred Composition: The thick film conductive composition comprises 2-8 wt.% zinc-containing additive. EXAMPLE - Glass composition containing (wt.%) silicon dioxide (22.08), aluminum oxide (0.38), lead oxide (46.68), boron oxide(7.49), bismuth oxide (6.79), titanium dioxide (5.86), and lead fluoride (10.72) was prepared. The composition had a density of 4.83 g/cc. The frit (1.4%), zinc oxide (6.5%), silver (80%), and organic vehicle (12.1%) were mixed for 15 minutes. The paste was repeatedly passed through a 3-roll mill at 0-400 psi. The gap of the rolls was adjusted to 1 mil. The degree of dispersion was measured by fineness of grind (FOG). The conductor paste was screen printed to form electrode patterns on the front side of a device wafer. The glass was tested for glass frit component of thick film silver paste and result showed that the glass had mean efficiency of 14.1-15.2%. The front side silver paste showed improved electrical performance based on evaluation on multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon wafer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The average primary particle diameter of the metal oxide particle is 5-400 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The amide derivative is urea (derivative). Preferred Composition: The ratio (U/B) of the urea (derivative) (U) and binder (B) is 0.03-0.5. The ratio (F/B) of the metal oxide particle (F) and binder (B) is 5-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The metal electrode contains metal chosen from silver, copper, gold, platinum, palladium and nickel. The transparent electrode thin film is formed from metal oxide such as titanium oxide, tin oxide, aluminum oxide, indium oxide, indium-tin oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, tin-antimony oxide and/or zinc-aluminum oxide. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric transducer has crystalline silicon layer or amorphous silicon layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The heat or photocurable transparent adhesive contains polyester unsaturated compound such as unsaturated polyester or saturated polyester having (meth)acryloyl group, and 0.1-15 volume% of electroconductive fine particles with respect to polyester unsaturated compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The ratio of metal oxide contained in first layer is 5-95 vol.% when all metals derived from first metal alkoxide are converted into metal oxide. The ratio of first inorganic laminar compound contained in first layer is 5-95 vol.%. The ratio of second inorganic laminar compound contained in second layer is 5-50 vol.% Preferred Components: The metals of first metal alkoxide are silicon and/or aluminum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The second resin is a resin which has hydroxyl group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A waste gas protective film such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) film is formed in the inner surface of a processing container of the plasma processing apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal layer comprises nickel, aluminum, titanium, silver, gold, cobalt, antimony, palladium and/or copper. The crystallization-annealing temperature is lower than a solid phase crystallization temperature of an amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The glass composition includes 64-72 mol.% of silicon oxide (SiO2), 9-16.5 mol.% of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 0-5 mol.% of boron oxide (B2O3), 0.5-7.5 mol.% of magnesium oxide (MgO), 1-10 mol.% of calcium oxide (CaO), 0.4-5 mol.% of strontium oxide (SrO), 0-7 mol.% of barium oxide (BaO), 0-9wt.% of a mixture of lanthanum oxide (La2O3), yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and rhenium oxide (Re2O3) and less than 20 mol.% of tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), titanium oxide (TiO2), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), hafnium oxide (HfO2), tin oxide (SnO2), phosphorus oxide (P2O5), zinc oxide (ZnO), antimony oxide (Sb2O3) and arsenic oxide (As2O3). A sum of MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and 3La2O3 divided by Al2O3 in mole percentage is greater than or equal to 1.10. A ratio of RO+1. 5x RE2O3/Al2O3 is 0.85-1.2, where RE is a rare earth element including scandium, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium and/or lutetium. The single crystal semiconductor layer is silicon (Si), germanium-doped silicon (SiGe), silicon carbide (SiC), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium phosphide (GaP) and indium phosphide (InP).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises exposing intrinsic amorphous silicon layer to plasma treatment process before depositing intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, where plasma treatment process comprises exposing intrinsic amorphous silicon layer to plasma comprising hydrogen , helium, argon or carbon dioxide. The intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is deposited on intrinsic amorphous silicon layer by providing hydrogen gas and silane gas at ratio of greater than 200:1; and deposited with another intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer by providing hydrogen gas and silane gas at ratio of less than 200:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The water catching layer is not outermost layer. The water catching layer contains a hygroscopic polymer. Surface(s) of the water catching layer adjoins the organic layer. Both surfaces of the water catching layer adjoin the organic layer. The gas barrier film comprises a structure in which inorganic layer, organic layer, water catching layer and organic layer are sequentially laminated. Preferred Compound: The resin is a polymeric binder resin, an electron-beam cured resin or ultraviolet-ray cured resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The conductive polymer is modified with base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first layer is an indium tin oxide coating or an indium zinc oxide layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or polyaniline (PANI).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The composition contains a curing catalyst (B) and silicon, titanium, zirconium or aluminum alkoxide compound (C). An undercoat layer is contained between the hydrophilic film and substrate. Undercoat composition contains non-volatile catalyst then formed by heating and drying. Substrate is glass, plastic, metal or tile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): Pinacol borane is reacted with alkyne such as di(tert-butyl)(2-biphenyl)phosphine in presence of palladium catalyst such as palladium bis(dibenzylidene acetone) to obtain 2,4-disubstituted silole. Preferred Definitions:    R1-R3=at least one of R1-R3 is substituent having electron withdrawing group, preferably R3 is reactive substituent.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 16 Specific 2,4-disubstituted or 2,3,5-trisubstituted metallole compounds are disclosed. E.g. 2,4-dihexyl-1,1-dimethylsilole of formula (A), 1,1-dimethyl-2,4-dioctylsilole, 2,4-bis(3-chloropropyl)-1,1-dimethylsilole, 2-bromo-1,1-dimethyl-3,5-diphenylsilole and 1,1-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-(phenylethynyl)silole.    EXAMPLE - Di(tert-butyl)(2-biphenyl)phosphine (in mg) (1.4) and palladium bis(dibenzylidene acetone) (2.3) were dissolved in toluene and stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Then, pinacol(diethylamino dimethylsilyl)borane (102) and 1-octyne (108) were added to resulting mixture and reacted at room temperature for 20 hours. Then, volatile substance was distilled, and purified to obtain 2,4-dihexyl-1,1-dimethylsilole having yield of 82 mg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - An anti-reflection film and anti-reflection protective film are formed on the thin film by supplying magnesium fluoride inside a working chamber. The plating of the transparent conductive electrode or comb-shaped electrode is performed by mixing and sintering zinc oxide and aluminum oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The polycrystalline silicon thin film is made of czochralski silicon, polycrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The raw material film is a polyimide film or carbonized film obtained by heat processing polymer film at 600-1800 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The thin film non-oxidizing type electro-conductive material is utilized to oxidize silicon layer added with niobium, gallium, titanium, hafnium, zirconium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The layer (A) consists of a resin containing infrared-permeable coloring agent. The layer (C) consists of a resin containing white pigment. The layer (B) consists of thermoplastic resin (I) with a glass transition temperature of 120 degrees C or more, and layers (A,C) consists of thermoplastic resin (II) with a glass transition temperature lower that that of resin (I). The resin (II) is rubber-reinforced styrene resin formed by polymerizing vinylic monomer including aromatic vinyl compound and other copolymerizable monomer in presence of rubbery polymer, and/or styrene resin containing (co)polymer of vinylic monomer. The rubbery polymer is chosen from ethylene- alpha -olefin type rubber, hydrogenated conjugated diene type rubber, acrylic type rubber, silicone type rubber, and/or silicone acryl composite rubber. The resin (I) is rubber reinforced vinyl type resin formed by polymerizing vinylic monomer in presence of rubbery polymer, and vinyl type resin containing (co)polymer of vinylic monomer. The styrene resin contains maleimide type unit (1-30 mass%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The pyrrole compound of formula (1) is a carbazole compound. The reaction solvent is chosen from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and dimethylsulfoxide. The alkylene oxide is ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. EXAMPLE - Carbazole, N,N-dimethylformamide, ethylene oxide and tri-n-butylamine were mixed and heated at 80 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain N-(2-hydroxyethyl)carbazole having yield of 98.7%. The molar ratio of ethylene oxide and carbazole was 1.4, tri-n-butylamine and carbazole was 0.2, and N,N-dimethylformamide and carbazole was 4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The semiconductor is metal oxide or metal sulfide semiconductor. A photoelectric transducer comprises semiconductor on an electroconductive support. A solar cell has photoelectric transducer, a charge transferring layer and a counter electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The cyclopentane-containing compound is of formula (II). The semiconductor spectrally sensitizes with the cyclopentane-containing compound.R3,R4=H, aliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic;R5=substitutent;p=0-4;andL=bivalent coupling group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) is 0-80%. The weight ratio of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is 30-80%. The weight ratio of ethylene carbonate to propylene carbonate is 0-5. The weight ratio of ethylene carbonate to lithium iodide is 0.1-2. The weight ratio of ethylene carbonate to iodine is 0.01-0.2. The weight ratio of ethylene carbonate to 4-t-butylpyridine is 0.1-1. EXAMPLE - Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (2 g) and ethylene carbonate (6.16 g) were dissolved in acetone (6 ml) and stirred at 60 degrees C to obtain polymer membrane support having weight ratio of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, lithium iodide, iodine and 4-t-butylpyridine of 1:2:0.17:0.033:0.17. The obtained support as quasi-solid electrolyte prevented solar cell from leaking and lowering light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive layer is made of platinum and silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conductive layer is made nanometer carbon black.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sensitizing agent is polymethyl dye or phthalocyanine dye.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The moisture repellent is polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyether sulfone, fluorinated ethylene propylene or copolymer of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene. The porous conductive base layer-forming material is carbon fiber paper, carbon fiber woven cloth, non-woven fabric, carbon black paper or foam metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film layer is made of metal or metal alloy such as silver, gold, copper, aluminum or tin. The metal layer is made of copper, chrome, gold, silver, nickel or zinc.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The plastic foil is made of polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, biaxially oriented polypropylene, polyethylene naphthalate, PVC, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styreneor polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine polymer is methylfluoroalkoxy fluorinated ethylene polymer (MFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) polymer and/or amorphous fluoropolymers (AF).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal deposited in the holes is aluminum. The substrate is a gallium and boron co-doped substrate having a resistivity of 0.1-10 omega -cm. Preferred Method: The alpha -silicon layer, oxide layer, and metal back contact are provided by covering the back surface of the substrate with alpha -silicon to form the alpha -silicon layer comprising using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition at approximately 1000 C and annealing the alpha -silicon layer at 200-300 degrees C, forming a shadow mask with finger-like patterns over the alpha -silicon layer, growing oxide over the alpha -silicon layer in areas not covered by the shadow mask to form the oxide layer, and covering the back of the solar cell with a layer of metal to form the metal back contact; or with hydrogenated amorphous silicon ( alpha -silicon:hydrogen), covering the alpha -silicon layer with a layer of positive-type microcrystalline silicon ( mu c-silicon), covering the mu c-Si layer with an aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer using physical vapor deposition corresponding to the oxide layer, and covering the aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer with aluminum or aluminum alloy to form the metal back contact.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal deposited in the holes is an aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal alkoxide contains metal chosen from silicon, titanium, zirconium and aluminum. A hydrophilic component comprises undercoat and application layer, laminated on base material. The undercoat is formed using hydrophilic undercoat agent composition. The application layer is formed using composition containing polar solvent and pigment. The polar solvent is water. Preferred Composition: The content of pigment is 40-100 weight%. Preferred Property: The water contact angle on surface of undercoat is 25 degrees or less. EXAMPLE - Distilled water (in mass parts) (400), ethanol (70), tetraethyl o-titanate (10), sulfur-containing hydrophilic polymer (50) of formula: (MeO)3Si-CH2-CH2-CH2-(S-CH2-CH(-CONH2))n- having mass mean molecular weight of 23500 and tetramethoxy silane (50) were mixed and stirred at 25 degrees C for 2 hours to obtain hydrophilic undercoat agent composition. Then, obtained composition was coated on polyethylene terephthalate film and dried to obtain undercoat layer of hydrophilic component. The hydrophilic component had excellent fog prevention effect.    n=not defined.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel storage container consists of a fuel storage bag having an adhesive layer, a barrier layer, and a surface layer. The adhesive layer consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, or ionomer resin. The barrier layer consists of aluminum foil, polyvinylidene chloride, ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, aluminum, or silica vapor-deposited film. The surface layer consists of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, cellophane, cloth, paper, or nonwoven fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye is a compound comprising a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, amino group, aryl group, or heterocyclic group, an alkylene group, alkenylene group, arylene group, or heterocyclic group, and an acidic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The catalyst is formed by heat-processing in an oxidizing atmosphere or sputtering platinum and the metal (in oxygenated environment). Anode oxidation reaction of acetic acid is performed at 80-250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The transparent resin (a) is non-silane modified transparent resin. The silane-modified transparent resin is silane-modified copolymer of ethylenic unsaturated silane compound and polyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - Flexible or rigid sheet metals according to European union-10327(EN-10327) standard with a quality of Deep galvanized-51D (DX51D) standard with a coating of Aluminum zinc-185 (AZ185) standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is polyurethane adhesive glue or a reactive polyolefin adhesive. Four layers are provided, where the fourth layer, made of polymer-modified bitumen, is coated. The latter and the fourth layer is produced by self-adhesive bitumen layers from polymer modified bitumen based on styrene-butadiene-styrene, styrene-isoprene-styrene or atactic polypropylene and sticky resin. A separation layer is provided, which is a film, particularly polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester or polyurethane film. An upper layer is provided as a patterned or non-patterned thermoplastic elastomer layer, where another layer is provided as an ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer layer with integrated glass fabric and a third layer is provided as a thermoplastic elastomer layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalyst contains 1-25 mass% of nickel and/or nickel compound. Preferred Property: The concentration of hydrogen is 30 volume% or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The methanation process is performed at 300-700 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixture contains 40 wt.% or less of ketal and 30-35 wt.% of ketone. Preferred Compounds: The ketal is acetone dimethyl acetal, the alcohol is methanol. The ketone is acetone. The carbonate is dimethyl carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The wax has 13-500C hydrocarbon group.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The content of wax contained in the fluorine-containing elastomer composition is 5-30 volume%. The wax has melting point of 50-130 degrees C. Preferred Method: The fluorine-containing elastomer in the fluorine-containing elastomer composition is crosslinked, and heat-processed such that 20-100% of wax remained in the composition is removed, to obtain molded article. Preferred Conditions: The crosslinking process is performed at 130-200 degrees C. The heat-processing is performed at 180-300 degrees C. EXAMPLE - G-702 (RTM: binary-type fluororubber containing polyol crosslinking agent) (in mass parts) (100), MA-150 (RTM: magnesium oxide) (3), CALDIC#2000 (RTM: calcium hydroxide) (6), N990 (RTM: carbon black) (3) and ACP#617A (RTM: low molecular polyethylene wax having number average molecular weight of 2000 and specific gravity of 0.9) were mixed, to obtain crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer composition. A molded article formed using the obtained crosslinked fluorine-containing elastomer composition, had excellent durability, workability and low surface sticking tendency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesive is made from moisture-cured or two-part reactive mixed urethane system, an epoxy, or silicone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises flux materials (0.5-13, preferably 1.5-5 wt.%). The composition further comprises zinc-containing additive, glass frits (0-1 wt.%). Preferred Components: The flux material comprises component selected from ZnF2, AgBi(PO3)4, AgZnF3-AgF, LiZn(PO3)3 and Cu3B2O6. Preferred Structure: The insulating films are penetrated by components of the composition. The structure further comprises semiconductor substrates. The insulating film comprises component selected from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide. EXAMPLE - A conductive composition was prepared comprising ASF1100 (RTM: glass frits) (1.8%), zinc oxide (6%) and solid Ag, it was added incrementally to ensure better wetting. When well mixed, the paste was repeatedly passed through a 3-roll mill for at progressively increasing pressures from 0 to 400 psi. The gap of the rolls was adjusted to 1 mil to prepared solar cells. The solar cells were tested for efficiency and adhesion. Both fill factor (FF) and efficiency (Eff) were calculated, which was found to be 73.6% and 13.3% respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The structure further comprises one or more semiconductor substrates. Preferred Method: The insulating film is penetrated by the components of the composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises 0.5-13 (preferably 1.5-5) wt.% of flux materials. The composition further comprises one or more zinc-containing additives and glass frits. Preferred Components: The flux materials comprise lead(II) orthosilicate. The glass frits are present at 0-1 wt.%. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (wt.%): paste A comprising glass frit (3.4), silver (80) and organic vehicle (16.6); and paste B comprising flux material (2.4), silver (80) and organic vehicle (17.6).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Arrangement: A gate insulating layer (220) is provided on a gate (210). A source (232a) and a drain (234a) are disposed on the gate insulating layer. An active layer (240a) is provided on insulating layer, and disposed between the source and the drain. The active layer comprises soluble organic semiconductor material. A protective layer (250a) containing photosensitive material is disposed on surface of the active layer, and thin film transistor (300) is formed.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The soluble small molecular semiconductor material comprises a pentacene derivative of formulae (a-c). The water soluble photosensitive material comprises dichromated polyvinyl alcohol or a waterborne photoresist. The semiconductor material and photosensitive material have same pattern. Preferred Etchant: The etchant of the wet etching process is a polar solvent or a nonpolar solvent, preferably chosen from isopropyl alcohol, n-hexane, n-octane, decane, dodecane, water, ethanol, butyl ether, toluene, xylene, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate, acetone and/or dimethylacetamide. Preferred Property: The etching rate of the wet etching process is 1-1000 Angstrom /second. Preferred Method: The organic semiconductor material is formed by spin coating, blade coating or dip coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The soluble organic semiconductor material comprises a soluble polymer semiconductor material or a soluble small molecular semiconductor material. The polymer semiconductor material is chosen from polythiophene, polyhexylthiophene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(p-phenylene vinylene), poly(dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole), polyacetylene, polyprrole, polyaniline or their derivatives.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises additional metal and/or metal oxide additives. Preferred Components: The glass frit comprises silicon dioxide (1-36 wt.%), aluminum trioxide (0-9 wt.%), boric oxide (1.5-19 wt.%), lead oxide (20-84 wt.%), copper oxide (0-4 wt.%), zinc oxide (0-22 wt.%), bismuth trioxide (0-52 wt.%), zirconium dioxide (0-8 wt.%), titanium dioxide (0-8 wt.%) and lead fluoride (3-34 wt.%). The additional metal/metal oxide additive is: a metal, which is zinc, bismuth, lead, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper or chromium; a metal oxide of one or more of the metals are zinc, bismuth, lead, gadolinium, cerium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and/or chromium; and/or any the compounds that can generate its metal oxides upon firing. The zinc-containing additive is zinc oxide. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised: glass frit (comprised silicon dioxide (22.08 wt.%), aluminum trioxide (0.38 wt.%), lead oxide (46.68 wt.%), boric acid (7.49 wt.%), bismuth trioxide (6.79 wt.%), titanium dioxide (5.86 wt.%) and lead fluoride (10.72 wt.%)) (1.4%); zinc oxide (6.5%); silver (80%) and organic medium (12.1%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, gallium oxide, aluminum oxide, indium tin oxide, lead oxide, cupric oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide and ferric oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflective back plate is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of gold with respect to platinum is 0.013-0.4. Preferred Support: The electroconductive support contains carbonaceous material. EXAMPLE - Carbon black powder (in g) (5.48) was dispersed in pure water. Hexahydroxy platinum nitric acid solution containing platinum (4.48) was added. Gold chloride aqueous solution containing gold (0.05) was further added. Ammonia aqueous solution (5 ml) was added and pH was adjusted to 9. Hydroxide of platinum and gold was deposited on carbon black powder. The dispersion liquid was filtered, washed and dried to produce powder. The powder was heated at 500 degrees C for 2 hours under hydrogen atmosphere, and platinum and gold were reduced. The powder was further heated at 1000 degrees C for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere to produce alloy. Thus, supported catalyst was produced.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catholyte wicking member comprises a hydrophilic conductive carbon-based material (preferably carbon cloth). The catalyst comprises a metallo-organic compound. The conductive substrate is activated carbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The hydrolysis-resistant polyimide resin is chosen from polyimide resin having fluorenylidene group of formula (1), polyimide resin having hydrophobic group in side chain, polyimide resin having crosslinked structure and polyimide resin obtained from naphthalene tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride and/or biphenyl tetracarboxylic-acid dianhydride. The anion exchange resin is crosslinked hydrocarbon type-anion exchange resin having quaternary ammonium group. The resin having water-retention property is partial hydrolyzate of polyimide resin other than the partial hydrolyzate of hydrolysis-resistant polyimide resin. The electrode catalyst contains transition metals. The electrolytic membrane-electrode assembly has electrode containing electrode catalyst provided on both surfaces of the diaphragm. Preferred Property: At least one portion of the surface layer of the porous membrane comprising resin has water retention property. The thickness of the porous membrane is 3-50 mu m. The electrode catalyst in the electrode coupled with surface (A) of the diaphragm is active with respect to fuel. The activity of electrode catalyst coupled with surface (B) is less than the activity of the electrode catalyst coupled with surface (A) respect to the Preferred Apparatus: The direct liquid fuel-type fuel cell has fuel chamber and oxidizing agent chamber which are separated using electrolytic membrane-electrode assembly. The fuel and hydroxide ion from the fuel chamber are reacted with the electrode. The water and oxidizing agent from the oxidizing chamber is reacted with the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material based on silicon dioxide is quartz, quartz glass or doped quartz glass. In the process, the reducing agent based on carbon is used. The reducing agent is carbon powder and/or graphite powder. Preferred Process: The obtained silicon in the microwave oven is additionally subjected to a zone melting process. The reaction mixture made of raw material and reducing agent is preheated before the thermal reduction. The thermal reduction is carried out under simultaneous additional heating of the reaction mixture. The obtained reaction product is heated after the thermal reduction and held respectively in a warm state. The heating process takes place inductively.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The container consists of a material, which is non-transparent for operating frequency of the deployed microwave source and is heated by the microwaves. The appliance is provided for the vertical or horizontal guiding of the radiation front. The appliance is at least a movably arranged microwave source and/or at least a movably arranged container for the production of a movable radiation front. The container is movable in a vertical and horizontal direction. In the device, additionally heating device different from the microwave source is provided. The heating device is an induction heating device. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass frit comprises aluminum oxide, cerium oxide, tin oxide, and calcium oxide whose amount is less than 6 based on weight percent total glass composition. Preferably, the glass frit comprises bismuth fluoride and bismuth oxide whose amount is less than 83 based on weight percent total glass composition. Preferably, the glass frit comprises sodium oxide, lithium oxide and silver oxide whose amount is less than 5 based on weight percent total glass composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The Mg-containing additive is magnesium oxide (MgO). The structure further comprises at least one insulating film. Upon firing, the insulating film is penetrated by components of the thick film composition. The metal is selected from zinc, gadolinium, cesium, zirconium, titanium, manganese, tin, ruthenium, cobalt, iron, copper and chromium. Preferred Composition: The thick film composition comprises Mg-containing additive (0.1-10 wt.%). The thick film composition further comprises an additional additive selected from metal or its oxide, and/or any compound that can generate the metal oxides of upon firing. The glass frit comprises bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) (8-25 wt.%), boric oxide (B2O3) (8-25 wt.%), and further comprises at least one component selected from silicon oxide (SiO2), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), germenia (GeO2), and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). The insulating film comprises at least one component selected from titanium oxide, silicon nitride, SiNx:H, silicon oxide, and silicon oxide/titanium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first silicon containing layer comprises amorphous silicon and second silicon containing layer comprise microcrystalline silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organo-metallic compound is titanium (IV) ethoxide, titanium (IV) 2-ethylhexoxide, titanium (IV) isobutoxide, titanium (IV) isopropoxide, titanium (IV) methoxide, titanium (IV) n-butoxide and/or titanium (IV) n-propoxide. The alkoxylated alcohol and/or phenol are ethoxylated oleyl alcohol or ethoxylated phenol consisting of ethoxylated oleyl alcohol, ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated dinonylphenol and/or ethoxylated didecylphenol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inter-metallic material is a binary or ternary material, and comprises a composition in delta phase of copper-indium (Cu1In2) and a phase defined by Cu16In9, an intermediate solid-solution of Cu1Ga2, Cu75Ga25, a copper-gallium composition in gamma 1 phase (31.8-39.8 wt.%), a copper-gallium composition in gamma 2 phase (36-39.9 wt.%), a copper-gallium composition in gamma 3 phase (39.7-44.9 wt.%), and a copper-gallium composition in theta phase (66.7-68.7 wt.%). The suitable atmosphere contains selenium, sulfur, tellurium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen sulfide, argon and/or nitrogen. The inorganic materials are aluminum, sulfur, sodium, potassium or lithium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Rhodium porphyrin is supported in an electroconductive support. The catalyst contains a proton conductive resin. Mixed gas is anode gas for fuel cells. Preferred Definitions:    R2, R3, R5, R6, R8, R9, R11, R12=alkyl; and    R1, R4, R7, R10=H.    EXAMPLE - Rhodium octaethyl porphyrin was dissolved in 0.7 mM dichloromethane then 100 mg Vulcan XC 72R(RTM: carbon black) was added to 50 ml porphyrin solution. The mixture was sealed and ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 1 minute in an ultrasonic cleaner to increase dispersibility. The solvent was removed by filtering using a No.5 quantitative filter paper after stirring the solution for 3 hours in a magnetic stirrer to acquire the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The calcium compound is chosen from calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. EXAMPLE - Mixed powder containing silica powder, metal-like aluminum and calcium oxide as calcium compound were loaded into a heat insulation container. The content of boron and phosphorus in silica powder was reduced to 10-20 ppm. The theoretical amount of calcium oxide with respect to boron and phosphorus was 1. Then, the powder was subjected to self-combustion reaction at 2000 degrees C or more, to obtain silicon with high purity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The heterocyclic structure containing oxygen of compound (B) is chosen from 1,3-dioxolane ring, 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane ring and tetrahydrofuran ring. The compound (B) having (meth)acryloyl group and heterocyclic structure containing oxygen is chosen from dioxolane compound of formula (1), methyl-(2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane-4-yl) (meth)acrylate, and tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate. The polyvinyl acetal compound (A) having ethylenic double bond has alcohol group-containing repeating unit of formula (2).R1,R2=H or 1-10C alkyl;R6=H or methyl;X=substituted having ethylenic double bond;R4=H, 1-10C alkyl or 1-10C alkenyl;andk-n=1 or more.R1 and R2 are optionally united to form ring. Preferred Composition: The curable composition further contains polymerization initiator (C). The curable composition is hardened, to obtain a cured material. Preferred Definitions:    k+m+n=100;    k/m/n=20-86.5:5-30:1-50;and    X=substituent having ( alpha )( beta )-unsaturated carboxylate group of formula (3)    R5-R7=H or organic group.    EXAMPLE - S-Lec BL-1 (RTM: polyvinyl-butyral-resin) (321 g), 2-(vinyloxy ethoxy) ethylacrylate (186 g), 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-N-oxyl (0.17 g) and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether) were mixed, aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether was dripped slowly into mixture, heated and filtered, to obtain polyvinyl acetal compound. Polyvinyl acetal compound (in weight parts) (20), tetrahydrofurfuryl (meth)acrylate (80), and Darocur 1173 (RTM: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-propane-1-one) (1) were mixed, to obtain curable composition. The curable composition had excellent glass adhesiveness, water-absorption property, and light resistance.
EXAMPLE - Butyl 065 (RTM: butyl rubber) (in weight parts) (25), SEPTON 2063 (RTM: styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene block copolymer) (5), Escorez ECR-235E (RTM: alicyclic tackifying resin) (45), HV-300 (RTM: liquid polybutene) (13), Biscole 550P (RTM: paraffin wax) (10), 1,3-bis(aminopropyl)tetramethyl disiloxane (1), Sumilizer GA-80 (RTM: phenolic antioxidant) (0.5) and Irganox 1200 (RTM: phosphorous group antioxidant) (0.5) were mixed to obtain hot-melt composition. The obtained composition was applied on groove portion of aluminum frame, and left at 20 degrees C and 50% relative humidity for 1 day. The aluminum frame was further left for 10 minutes at 40 degrees C. A glass panel was immediately inserted into the groove portion of aluminum frame, to form a component having seal structure. The obtained component was subjected to tension test. The result showed that the strength and adhesiveness of the component were favorable.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The apparatus also has modifier that generates reformed gas and where raw materials and mineral fuel containing hydrogen atom in composition are supplied, and carbon monoxide removal device that selectively oxidizes and removes carbon monoxide contained in reformed gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first dielectric material membrane consists of silicon oxides, and second dielectric material membrane consists of silicon nitrides. The etching liquid contains hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorption group in Cp is carboxy group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The antioxidant contains phenolic antioxidant and hindered amine antioxidant.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of hydrogenated paraffin-type process oil is 40-80 weight%, high-molecular-weight styrene-type block copolymer is 5-30 weight% and polyphenylene-ether resin or modified polyphenylene ether resin is 0.5-10 weight%. EXAMPLE - PW-90 (RTM: hydrogenated paraffin-type process oil) (in weight parts) (40), Septon 4055 (RTM: high-molecular-weight styrene-type block copolymer) (13.5), Xyron 500H (RTM: modified polyphenylene ether resin) (6), Escorez ECR-235E (RTM: alicyclic tackifying resin) (18), Glass bubble K-37 (RTM: hollow filler) (18), Irganox 168 (RTM: phosphorus-type antioxidant) (1.5), LA-63 (RTM: hindered amine-type antioxidant) (1.5) and Irganox 1010 (RTM: phenolic-type antioxidant) (1.5) were heat-mixed to obtain hot-melt composition. The obtained composition was coated on aluminum frame, and hot-melt composition was reheated and fused to obtain solar cell panel. The solar cell panel was easily dissected after use, and had favorable cooling-heat cycle characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The titania barrier layer is prepared from the material of titanium propoxide, titanium butoxide and/or titanium pentoxide through a sol-gel reaction. The titania contained in the porous titania film is anatase.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Element: A polymeric luminescent element consists of a layer formed using a composition containing the high molecular compound, provided between an anode and a cathode. Preferred Film: A thin film of an organic transistor and a solar cell, is formed using a liquid composition containing the high molecular compound and a solvent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Units: The alkyl group-containing repeating unit (1) is of formula (4). The aromatic hydrocarbon ring-containing repeating unit (2) is of formulae (5-8). The aromatic hydrocarbon ring-containing repeating unit (5) is of formula (9). The aromatic ring-containing repeating unit (3) is of formulae (10-12). The aromatic ring-containing repeating unit (10) is of formula (13).a,b=0;Z=O;R5-R7=R1;c,e=0-3;d,f=0-5;Rw,Rx=alkyl;andX=O or S.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The high molecular compound has number average molecular weight of 103-108, based on polystyrene conversion. EXAMPLE - 5,9-Dibromo-7,7-dioctyl-7H-benzo(c)fluorene (in g) (10.84), 3,7-dibromo-N-octyl phenoxazine (0.51) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (0.63) were mixed in a reaction container, under nitrogen atmosphere, and deaerated tetrahydrofuran (50) was add-mixed. Then, bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (1.15) was added, reacted at 60 degrees C for 3 hours, and cooled. A mixture of methanol (50 ml) and ion-exchange water (50 ml) was add-stirred for 1 hour, and the obtained deposited substance was filter-separated, dried under reduced pressure, dissolved in toluene and filtered. The resulting toluene solution was washed, and added to methanol. The deposited substance was filter-separated and dried under reduced pressure, to obtain polymer (high molecular compound) having weight average molecular weight of 2.1x 105 and number average molecular weight of 6.9x 104, both based on polystyrene conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The luminescent material is a compound of formula (AaBbXx), preferably indium phosphide, zinc phosphide, cuprous oxide, cupric oxide, copper indium gallium sulfide, and copper indium gallium selenide.A=elements of Group IA;B=elements of Group IVB;X=elements of Group VIIB;a=1-9;b=1-5;andx=1-9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Monomers: The monomer (c) is alkyl (meth)acrylate having 2C or less alkyl group. The monomer (b) is 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and/or 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate. The monomer (a) is benzotriazole-type ultraviolet-ray absorptive monomer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The ultraviolet-ray absorptive monomer has glass transition temperature of 50-100 degrees C. Preferred Material: An ultraviolet-ray absorptive laminated material consists of an ultraviolet-ray absorption layer formed using the one-component ultraviolet-ray absorptive polymer composition, on a surface of resin molded product. EXAMPLE - 2-(2'-Hydroxy-5'-(methacryloyl oxyethyl)phenyl)-2H-benzotriazole (in mass parts) (20), 2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate (30), methylmethacrylate (50), ethyl acetate (30) and methyl ethyl ketone (50) were stir-mixed, under nitrogen atmosphere, and heated at 80 degrees C. Then, a mixture of ethyl acetate (20) and 2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile) (1) was dripped for 2 hours, refluxed, and cooled. The obtained product was diluted with methyl ethyl ketone, to obtain ultraviolet-ray absorptive polymer having non-volatile content rate of 40%, weight average molecular weight of 72000 and glass transition temperature of 79 degrees C. The obtained ultraviolet-ray absorptive polymer was diluted using methyl ethyl ketone, to obtain ultraviolet-ray absorptive polymer composition having having non-volatile content rate of 30%. An ultraviolet-ray absorption layer of laminated material formed using the obtained polymer composition, had excellent plasticizer resistance, fingerprint-proof property and blocking resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The adsorption agent manufacturing process further involves impregnating binder containing saccharide into molded activation treated material to obtain secondary molded activation treatment material, and performing carbonization process at 200-600 degrees C for 0.01-2 hours. Preferred Condition: The impregnation carbonization process and charcoal-formation process are carried out at 200-900 degrees C for 0.1-2 hours under inert atmosphere. The activation treatment process and secondary activation treatment process are carried out 800-900 degrees C for 0.1-4 hours under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Preferred Substance: The saccharide is chosen from beet sugar, brown sugar and sugarcane sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: Polymer is obtained by copolymerizing hydrophilic compound (A) and compound (B) consist of (meth)acryloyl group. Preferred Parameters: Water contact angle is less than or equal to 30 degrees . Preparation: (Disclosed) Dimethyloyl fatty acid is reacted with (meth)acrylic acid halide to acrylize and hydroxyl alkylsulfonate alkali metal salt to alkyl-sulfonize. EXAMPLE - In a reaction flask (g), 77% 2,2,-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)propionic acid (15.7), 4-methoxy phenol (0.16) as stabilizer, propane sultone (6.1) and methanol (50) are mixed and potassium carbonate (6.9) was added dividedly at 50 degrees C and stirred for 10 hours. The reaction liquid was evaporated under reduced pressure in a state where it does not precipitate then dripped in isopropyl alcohol (200) to precipitate. The crystals was separated by filtration then dissolved in distilled water (200). Chloroform (200) was added then stirred and the chloroform layer is discarded. The remaining water layer was evaporated under reduced pressure at 40 degrees C in the state where it does not precipitate then precipitated again in isopropyl alcohol in the same manner and filtered. The obtained crystals were dried under reduced pressure at 40 degrees C for 24 hours to obtain 85% 2,2-bis(acryloyloxymethyl)propionicacid-3-sulfopropyl ester potassium salt (16.8) at 71 % yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The aromatic polyamide has amine group-containing compound of formula (I-IV) as structural unit.R1=group having ring;R2,R15-R17=aromatic group;R3,R4,R7,R8,R11, R12=arbitrary group;R5,R6=electron withdrawing group;R10=silicon-containing group, phosphorus-containing group, halogenated hydrocarbon or group containing ether bond;R13,R14=6-12C arbitrary group having phenyl;l+m+n=50-100;l-n=0-100;ando=0-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foil is made of polyvinyl acetal, which comprises polyvinyl alcohol content of less than 20 wt.% and polyvinyl acetal content of less than 5 wt.%. The plasticizer is di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate, dihexyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, di-2-butoxyethyl sebacate and triethylenglycol-bis-2-ethylhexanoate. Polyvinyl butyral is used as polyvinyl acetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binding material layer comprises polydimethylsiloxane and insulating polymer material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pump in the electrochemical plating cell has fluid source that supplies electrolyte containing copper salt selected from copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper acetate, copper pyrophosphate and copper fluoroborate, to the metallized surface and the electrode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The pump in the electrochemical plating cell has fluid source that supplies electrolyte containing metal ion consisting of silver, nickel, zinc or tin, to the metallized surface and the electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon source is carbon and/or metal carbide. The carbon is graphite and/or coke. The metal carbide is silicon carbide. EXAMPLE - Silica powder with purity of 95% and average particle diameter of 90 mu m, metal-like aluminum having average particle diameter of 600 mu m and metal-like aluminum having average particle diameter of 90 mu m and carbon having average particle diameter of 80 mu m were mixed in reaction container and subjected to self-combustion reductive reaction at 2000 degrees C or more, to obtain metal-like silicon. The obtained silicon had high strength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Unit: The silicon regeneration apparatus further comprises a classification unit (5), a molding unit and a baking unit between the washing unit (I) and melting unit, a waste-metal removal unit, and a purification unit. The solid-liquid separation unit and the washing unit (I) are comprised, such that the solid content for silicon recovery does not contact the solution comprising water and/or acid aqueous solution as main component. The classification unit reduces content rate of abrasive grains, and increases content rate of silicon. The slurry-waste contains waste metal mixed during cutting or grinding process. The classification unit removes metal containing fine particles to which metal content rate is increased rather than before classification. The slurry waste contains waste metal of ferromagnetic material mixed during cutting or grinding process. The waste-metal removal unit removes the waste metal of ferromagnetic material using magnetic field. The molding unit pressurizes and granulates the solid content for silicon recovery. The baking unit bakes the solid content for silicon recovery at temperature lower than melting point of silicon. The purification unit reduces amount of impurities in the silicon-containing lump. Preferred Properties: The silicon-containing crushed component has particles size of 5 mm or less and more than 10 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The barrier layer is formed as innermost layer in intermediate position of cross-section. The hose transports coolant, preferably carbon dioxide coolant as internal fluid. The layer inside barrier layer in molded to outer peripheral surface of mandrel. The resin film is wound around outer peripheral surface of layer of inner side, and barrier layer is formed. The solvent is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrically insulating units comprise materials used as rear sheets for solar modules including polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride and polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The solar cell is manufactured using the iron silicide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The solar cell is also manufactured using the stainless steel and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The electroconductive high molecular compound is an electroconductive high molecular compound of polyethylene dioxythiophene type or polyaniline type.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The adhesive layer has polymer of polymerizable (meth)acrylate monomer as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: No preparation method is given. Preferred Component: The polymer is prepared by using 3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene molecule and conjugated azole molecule as monomer. EXAMPLE - Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel (0.553 g) and 2,2'-bipyridene (0.33 g) were reacted in nitrogen-free and moisture-free atmosphere, added with ,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bithiazole (1.003 g), and reacted for 20 minutes in vacuum. Anhydrous toluene (15 ml) containing catalyst was added, activated at 60 degrees C for 30 minutes, then further added with toluene containing the monomer (20 mL), and melted under nitrogen atmosphere at 80 degrees C for 16 hours. 1-Bromo-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene (0.006 mL) was added, extracted for 2 hours, refluxed, and toluene was removed. The obtained product was then dissolved in chloroform, recrystallized in methanol, filtered, and oven dried to obtain poly(4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bithiazole).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The joint presents the water permeability in the form of vapor lower to 0.26 grams per square meter per twenty four hours according to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) E 9663 T standard.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The joint is made of thermofusible polymer such as etylene-vinylacetate, polyisobutylene, butyl or polyamide. The two joints can be polyurethane based joint, polysulfide based joint or silicone based joint.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Property: The norbornene type ring-opened polymer hydride has a polymerization mean molecular weight of 50000-200000 by polystyrene conversion as measured by gel permeation chromatography, and a molecular weight distribution of 1.5-7. EXAMPLE - (In weight parts) 1-hexene (0.55), diisopropylether (0.3), triisobutylaluminum (0.2), and isobutyl alcohol (0.075), and cyclohexane (500) were mixed in nitrogen atmosphere. 2-Norbornene (250) and tungsten hexachloride (15) were added over 2 hours, and polymerized at 55 degrees C. Thus, a ring-opened polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 83000 and a molecular weight distribution of 1.8, was obtained. Diatomaceous earth-supporting nickel catalyst (0.5) was used and the ring-opened polymer was hydrogenated for 6 hours at a hydrogen pressure of 4.5 MPa. The reaction solution was filtered, to obtain a colorless and transparent solution of ring-opened polymer hydride. The polymer hydride had a weight average molecular weight of 82200, a molecular weight distribution of 2.9, and a melting point of 140 degrees C. A sealing agent was prepared by mixing the polymer hydride (100) and tetrakis(methylene-3-(3',5'-di-t-butyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl)propionate)methane (0.1). The sealing agent had excellent damp-proof property, mechanical characteristics, workability and solvent resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal oxide is zinc oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, tungstic trioxide, strontium titanate and/or iron oxide. EXAMPLE - Pellets of polyethylene-2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate having intrinsic viscosity of 0.63 were melt-kneaded at 305 degrees C. The kneaded product was extruded in die having surface temperature of 60 degrees C, and cooled to obtain unstretched film. The film was pre-heated at 120 degrees C, and then heated at 850 degrees C. A coating agent was applied on surface of film, and dried. The coating film was stretched and heated to produce a resin film. 2,2-Dihydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (in wt.pts) (40), Desmodur N320 (RTM: acrylic resin) (54) and isocyanate group curing agent (6) were mixed to obtain a coating liquid. The coating liquid was applied on resin film and dried to form a light resistant layer having thickness of 2 mu m. A dispersion liquid of zinc oxide microparticles having average particle diameter of 34 nm was applied on heat-resistant layer and dried to form light resistant layer having thickness of 0.1 mu m. A light-resistant film was produced. The film had light transmittance of 39.4% and excellent light resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The composition further contains inorganic filler.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The melamine derivative is melamine. EXAMPLE - EST-280 (RTM: modified-silicone resin) (in wt.parts) (30), Nonnen R064-3 (RTM: ammonium polyphosphate type flame retardant) (22.5), M-300J (RTM: surface-treated calcium carbonate) (30), melamine (30), diisodecyl phthalate (10) as diluent and dibutyl tin diacetyl acetonate (0.34) as tin-type catalyst were mixed at 100 degrees C under reduced pressure, to obtain flame-retardant composition. The sheet-like hardened film formed using the composition had excellent flame retardance. The adhesive agent and filler for junction box comprising the flame-retardant composition, were excellent in flame retardance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The usage amount of aqueous sulfuric acid solution is 5-10 volume times than the usage amount of methyl sulfonic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is chosen from N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The ether ether ketone has weight average molecular weight of 70000-100000. The amount of poly ether ether ketone dissolved in methyl sulfonic acid solution is 15-25 weight%. Preferred Methods: The precipitation is performed using water, at 0 degrees C. The method further involves drying the washed material at room temperature, grinding the dried material, and maintaining the obtained ground particles at 60-100 degrees C for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The counter electrode comprises an upper transparent substrate (140) comprising glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The metal oxide layer comprises magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, strontium oxide, niobium oxide, or strontium titanate. The electrolyte comprises a solution comprising iodine, or lithium iodide dissolved in 3-methoxyacetonitrile to provide an electron to a dye by an oxidation-reduction reaction.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The dye comprises ruthenium series dye which can absorb solar light and emit an electron. The electrolyte comprises a solution comprising 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium iodide, or 4-tert-butylpyridine dissolved in 3-methoxyacetonitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The upper transparent substrate comprises plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The etch stop layer comprises aluminum arsenide. The window layer comprises AlxGa1-xAs, where x is 0.85. The n-type layer, p-type layer and the window protection layer are gallium arsenide based material. The etchant is citric acid:hydrogen peroxide solution, citric acid:potassium citrate:hydrogen peroxide solution, citric acid:ammonium hydroxide:hydrogen peroxide solution, succinic acid:hydrogen peroxide based solution, which is optionally pH-adjusted, tartaric acid solution, oxalic acid solution, ammonium hydroxide:hydrogen peroxide pH-adjusted solution, and hydrogen fluoride-, hydrochloric acid-, sulfuric acid-, phosphoric acid-, nitric acid-, hydrogen iodide-, hypophosphorous acid- or ammonium hydroxide-based solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The desulfurization container has double-pipe structure at liquid fuel exit. The liquid fuel inlet port of heat exchanger has helical pipe structure. The heat exchanger is double-pipe structure adjacent to the desulfurization apparatus. Preferred Arrangement: The heat exchanger is attached in the inner side of the desulfurization container. The heating container is attached to the outer periphery of the desulfurization container. Preferred Process: The fluid flown through the heating container is reformed gas of carbon monoxide-modifying device exit which is one structure of fuel cell electric power generation system.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The metal complex dye is of formula: RuLL'(NSC)2 (1).L=bipyridine derivative of formula (a);L'=bipyridine derivative of formula (b);R1,R2=carboxyl, sulfonic acid or phosphoric acid group;andR3,R4=3C or more alkyl, ether, or aromatic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solution (S2) is added dropwise at intervals of 60-600 seconds. The solution (S2) is added dropwise to the central portion of the substrate; and has a concentration of 0.001-0.1 M. The hydrothermal growth is used to prepare zinc oxide nanostructures. The solution (S1) is heated in a bath at atmospheric pressure and 90-150 degrees C for 120-600 minutes. The zinc seed layer is oxidized to form a zinc oxide film. Preferred Components: The aqueous solution (S2) has pH of 4.5-6. The substrate is selected from alumina substrates, wafer substrates, indium tin oxide-coated substrates, quartz glass substrates, plastic substrates and silicon substrates.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hexamethyleneamine is selected from hexamethylenediamine, hexamethylenetriamine and/or hexamethylenetetramine. The solution (S1) has a concentration of 0.001-0.1 M and pH of 7-9. EXAMPLE - A zinc (Zn) target was sputtered under an oxygen atmosphere to form 20 nm-thick Zn seed layer on a silicon wafer substrate. The resulting substrate was dipped in 0.01 M aqueous solution (pH 7.8) of hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4) and heated in a bath at 90 degrees C for 10 minutes. Then 0.01 M aqueous solution (200 ml; pH 5.1) of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) was added dropwise to the central portion of the substrate using a pipette at intervals of 600 seconds over 120 minutes to prepare zinc oxide nanostructures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is aluminum (preferred), magnesium, tantalum, titanium, beryllium, niobium, and their alloys. The sol-gel precursor is tetraethoxysilane. Preferred Process: The thickness of the layer is 1-50 mu m, preferably 3-10 mu m. The mixture of the sol-gel precursor of the XO2 network, the alcohol and the acidified H2O has a pH of -1 to 4, preferably 1-3. The metal surface has been subjected to an acid etching pre-treatment for removing a thin naturally occurring oxide layer normally present on a metal surface. The metal is electrochemically oxidized at 10-50 degrees C, preferably at 20-40 degrees C. The metal is electrochemically oxidized with an anodic current density of 0.1-10 A/dm2, preferably 0.5-5 A/dm2. The metal is electrochemically oxidized with an anodizing voltage of 5-100 V, preferably 10-50 V. The metal is electrochemically oxidized for 3-30 minutes, preferably 5-15 minutes. The electrochemically oxidized metal is subsequently dried. The sol-gel precursor is partially or fully halogenated, such as fluorinated. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-rich fuel consists of methanol, ethanol and boron hydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Leaving group is unevenly distributed in the surface of transluscent joining films. Metal atom is a transition metal element e.g. indium, tin, zinc, titanium, aluminum, copper, iron or antimony. Base material is flexible and plate shaped and contains silicon, metal or glass as main material. A middle layer consist of oxide material is provided between the base material and joining film. Joining film is indium-tin oxide (ITO), indium-zinc oxide (IZO), antimony tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-containing indium-tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2). Preferred Parameters: Abundance ratio of metal atom to oxygen atom in joining film is 3:7-7:3. Joining film is electroconductive and solid without fluidity. Average thickness of joining film is 0.2-1000 nm. Preferred Process: Joining film is formed by organometallic chemical vapor deposition in low reducing atmosphere. An active part, which is a dangling bond or hydroxyl group is produced after the leaving group detaches from the surface of joining film. Surface treatment is performed on the surface of joining film to improve adhesiveness which is plasma processing or UV irradiation processing. Energy is provided by irradiation of energy beam e.g. UV ray with 126-300 nm wavelength, heating at 25-100 degrees C and providing 0.2-10 MPa compressive force.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Leaving group is an organic atom group consists of hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and/or halogen atoms with carbon as essential component e.g. alkyl group. Joining film contains organometallic material e.g. metal complex as raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal atom is transition metal element chosen from indium, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, copper, aluminum or iron. The leaving group is atom groups chosen from hydrogen atom, carbon atom, nitrogen atom, phosphorus atom, sulfur atom, halogen atoms or preferably alkyl group. The joining film is indium-tin oxide (ITO) or indium-zinc oxide (IZO), and hydrogen atom is introduced into antimony tin oxide (ATO), fluorine-containing indium-tin oxide (FTO), zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) as leaving group. The active hand is dangling bond or hydroxyl group. The base material contains silicon material, metal material or glass material as main material. The middle layer contains oxide type material as main material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The raw material of joining film is organometallic material (preferably metal complex).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitroxy radical compound can be one or more of 4 compounds, e.g. group of formulae (1)-(4).R1=organic group;R2=H;R3=1-8C alkyl;R4=1-4C alkyl; andn=1-100.Provided that when R2 coupled with R1, an oxirane ring may form.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic-solvent dispersion liquid of micro-capsulation phase change material is obtained by dispersing water-soluble phase-transition agent particles in organic solvent containing micro-capsulation agent through dispersion film (4). The organic-solvent dispersion liquid of micro-capsulation phase change material excludes surfactant. Preferred Compound: The micro-capsulation agent is monomer of hydraulic urethane or prepolymer of urethane. The phase-change material is chosen from mineral salt hydrate, saccharide, alcohol, urea and thiourea.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foils are made of materials such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, perfluoroalkoxy polymer, polyfluorethylene-propylene and polyethylenterephthalat .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organosilane gas is a gas selected from ethyl silicate, trimethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, triethoxysilane, and trisdimethylaminosilane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The foil is made of polyvinyl acetal, which comprises polyvinyl alcohol content of less than 21 wt.% and polyvinyl acetal content of less than 5 wt.%. The plasticizer is di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, di-2-ethylhexylphthalate, dihexyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, di-2-butoxyethyl sebacate and triethylenglycol-bis-2-ethylhexanoate. Polyvinyl butyral is used as polyvinyl acetal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inert gas is selected from nitrogen, argon or helium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Material: The support is a rigid support comprising glass, or quartz.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Method: The deposition of the cadmium sulfide layer is performed at 200-550 (preferably 300) degrees C, in the presence of a deposition gas comprising 0.1-30 (preferably 2) vol.% sulfur hexafluoride and 70-99.9 (preferably 98) vol.% argon at 1x 10-3-1x 10-2 (4x 10-3-5x 10-3) mbar and 6-18 (preferably 8) kV.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The rigid support comprises an inorganic transparent and heat-resistant material. The support is a flexible support comprising a metal sheet. The buffer material is antimony telluride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The support is a solid organic material comprising polycarbonate, PTFE, or polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkaline barrier is optionally constituted of nitrides, oxides or oxynitrides of silicon, aluminum, titanium and/or zirconium. The molybdenum oxide is constituted of molybdenum oxide, molybdenum dioxide and/or molybdenum trioxide over or under stoichiometry depending on the oxygen content.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: The oxidizer is pure oxygen or oxygen. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- Preferred Compounds: The fuel is pure methanol, methanol aqueous solution, ethanol or formic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The discoloration agent used for performing discoloration reaction is nitrogen dioxide, orthotolidine, sulfur dioxide and barium chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The surfactant is nonionic surfactant such as polyoxyethylene-para-isooctyl phenol. Preferred Composition: The concentration of surfactant in raw material solution is 1-3 mol%. Preferred Process: Area consisting particles of different average crystal grain type is mixed, and transparent conductive layer is distributed on surface (11a) of a transparent base material (11), to obtain transparent electrode base material (10). EXAMPLE - A raw material solution was prepared by dispersing dibutyltin diacetate (6.95 ml) in ethanol (15 ml), mixing polyoxyethylene-para-isooctyl phenol (0.5 ml), and dispersing ammonium fluoride (2.22 g) in water (35 ml). The obtained raw material solution was heated at 450 degrees C, sprayed on a glass substrate under 0.1 MPa, and dried at 350 degrees C, to obtain fluoride-doped tin oxide film. The obtained fluorine doped stannic oxide film had surface resistance of 6 ohm/unit, transmittance of 77%, haze rate of 2.1%, three-dimensional surface roughness of 28, and excellent concentration management of raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantum dot consists of silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium nitride (GaN), gallium phosphide (GaP), indium nitride (InN), indium phosphide (InP), gallium (III) oxide (Ga2O3), digallium trisulfide (Ga2S3), indium (III) oxide (In2O3), indium (III) sulfide (In2S3), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium oxide (CdO) and/or cadmium sulfide (CdS). Preferred Process: The quantum dot is coated with film containing coating layer or organic ligand of inactive inorganic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: One protective material is comprised with metal. The photovoltaic cell is comprised with amorphous silicon or fine crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thermal insulation material is a metal complex type material, perylene black pigment, aniline type material, diallyl methane series material, triaryl methane series material, vinylon type material, rhodamine type material, acridine type material, safranine type material, oxazine system material, quinoline type material, thiazole type material, azo material, azomethine type material, polymethine type material, azo polymethine type material, anthraquinone type material, quinophthalone type material or phthalocyanine type material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The dopant of the shell layer (b) contains alkaline-earth metal atom, group-2 metal atom, group-4 metal atom or group-5 metal atom, preferably magnesium, zirconium or niobium. The core contains zirconyl oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The conduction band level of the shell layer (b) is higher than the conduction band level of the shell layer (a). Preferred compound: The pigment contains indole-containing compound of formula (1 or 2).R11,R21=substituent, preferably electron-attracting group;X11-X14,X21-X26=oxygen, sulfur or selenium, preferably sulfur or oxygen;R12,R13,R22,R23=H or substituent;R14=-COOH or -PO3H2;R24,R26=H, -COOH or -PO3H2;L11,L21,L22=bivalent coupling group;R15,R25=(un)substituted alkyl;andn=0-4, preferably 1-4.At least one of R24 or R26 is -COOH or -PO3H2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide is aluminum oxide and/or silicon oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The water-soluble polymer is polyvinyl alcohol. Preferred Arrangement: An adhesive layer and weather-resistant base material are sequentially laminated on both surfaces of transfer layer. Preferred Process: The weather-resistant base material is adhered on the transfer-layer side of transfer sheet through adhesive layer. The transfer base material is then peeled from transfer layer. The weather-resistant base material is further adhered on the side which peeled the transfer base material through the adhesive layer. Thus, back surface protection sheet for solar cell is manufactured. EXAMPLE - Polyvinyl butyral resin was coated on single surface of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate film as transfer base material, to form a peeling layer. A solution containing hydrochloric acid (89.6 g), tetraethoxysilane (10.4) and water/isopropyl alcohol solution, was mixed with solution containing polyvinyl alcohol, and the resultant solution (A) was applied on the peeling layer to form a water-soluble polymeric layer. A silicon oxide film was formed on the polymeric layer. Subsequently, the solution (A) was further applied on the silicon oxide film to form another water-soluble polymeric layer. Thus, transfer sheet was produced. The back surface protection sheet for solar cell was formed using the obtained transfer sheet. The back surface protection sheet had water vapor permeation rate of 0.1 g/m2.day, and peeling strength of 8.1 N/15 mm, and 6.9 N/15 mm after leaving at 85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity for 1500 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The small particles are made of metal e.g. gold, silver, platinum, copper, Indium, tin, palladium and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dopant carrier comprises tetraethoxysilane or silicate. The dopant source comprises boric oxide or phosphorus oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The primary carrier comprises a fatty acid, stearic acid or a thixotrophic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The CeO2 mingled with rare earth oxide comprises one or more of LaxCe1-xO2, SmxCe1-xO2, GdxCe1-xO2 and YxCe1-xO2. The perovskite compound oxide is La1-x'Srx'MnO3, or Lax'Sr1-x'CoyFe1-yO3. The MEA anode base is made from metal compound ceramic, where the metal catalyst comprises nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), rhodium (Rh), iron (Fe), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), molybdenum (Mo) and/or titanium (Ti), and the oxide comprises 5-20 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 and/or 5-20 mol% stabilized ZrO2, LaxCe1-xO2, SmxCe1-xO2, GdxCe1-xO2, YxCe1-xO2 of Sc2O3. The content of the metal catalyst is 10-60%. The electrolyte film is made from 5-20 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 and/or 5-20 mol% stabilized ZrO2, LaxCe1-xO2, SmxCe1-xO2, GdxCe1-xO2, YxCe1-xO2 of Sc2O3. The synthesis of the mingled CeO2 material adopts citric acid method, hydro-thermal synthesis method, glycine method, co-precipitation or combustion method; and comprises introducing the perovskite compound oxide of electrolyte material of the cathode with nitrate immersion method, mechanical mixing, steam precipitation or high-temperature solid-phase diffusion method before sintering the solid oxide fuel cell cathode. The cathode is prepared on the electrolyte film with casting method, silk screen printing method, coating method, gas-solid precipitation method or plasma spraying method.x=0.1-0.5; andx', y=greater than 0 to less than 1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components:R1=H, substituted or non-substituted 1-20C alkyl, 1-20C alkoxyl, 2-40C dialkyl amino, or 12-60C diaryl amino;R2=H, substituted or non-substituted 1-20C alkyl, substituted or non-substituted aromatic ring, or substituted or non-substituted hetero aromatic ring;R3=H, CN, COOH, COOCH3 or COOC2H5;n=1, 2 or 3;Q=group of formulae (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6);andY=Cl, Br or I when Y is substituted or non-substituted 1-20C alkyl.Provided that: Y does not selected any substitutional group or ion when Y is CH2CH2COO or CH2COO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polymeric layer contains polyethylene dioxythiophene and/or polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electron-donating material is polythiophene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is platinum, tin, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhodium, copper, zinc, chrome and/or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel resistant plastic is sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor substrate includes gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer and zinc phosphide (ZnP) wafer. The electrochemical etching (ECE) process is performed using the hydrogen fluoride (HF) and dimethylformamide (DMF). The anisotropic etching process is performed using the potassium hydroxide (KOH).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron-withdrawing group comprises fluoro group or trifluoromethyl group. The iridium complex comprises three of five compounds, e.g. group of formulae (II) or (III). Preferred Definitions:    R',R"=compound of formulae (Ic) or (Id).    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Properties: The particle size distribution of the dispersion of polythiophene has peak (D1) with minimum particle diameter in 1-30 nm, and peak (D2-Dn, where n is 3 when the distribution has 3 peaks) in 150-100 nm after secondary peak from peak (D1). The volume ratio of solid content of particle size distribution region which has peak (D1) and particle size distribution region which has peak (D2-Dn) is 50:50-10:90.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The CdTe membrane sample is glass substrate/transparent conducting film/n-cadmium sulfide/p-CdTe that experienced cadmium chloride annealing treatment. The back contact layer is copper-zinc telluride, copper-mercury telluride, antimony telluride or nickel telluride of 30-200 nm thick. The back contact is nickel, nickel-aluminum alloy or gold of 100 nm-3 mu m thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of 65% nitric acid, 99.5% glacial acetic acid and deionized water is 1-5:60-100:10-60. The concentration of NaAc is 1-3 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The solid high purity silica is heated to 1600 degrees C for 9 hours to fuse into liquid. The temperature is reduced, and a water tray is mounted at a bottom of a crucible.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The bismuthiol is bismuthiol (A) and/or bismuthiol (B). The inert medium is ethyl ether, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, preferably ethyl alcohol. The oxidant is anhydrous trivalent iron salt, acid chlorates, chlorates, ammonium sulfate salt and/or benzoyl hydroperoxide, preferably anhydrous trivalent iron salt, acid chlorates or chlorates, more preferably anhydrous trivalent iron salt. The acid is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid and/or alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, preferably sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid, more preferably sulfuric acid. The detergent is methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or ethyl ether, preferably methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol, more preferably ethyl alcohol. The substituted acrylate (1) is methyl methacrylate. Preferred Composition: The amount of substituted acrylate (1) and bismuthiol is 7-10 mol%, preferably 8-9 mol%. The amount of the oxidant is 4-8 mol%, preferably 5-7 mol%. The amount of the catalyst is 2-4%, preferably 3-4 mol%. Preferred Condition: The reaction is performed at 0-40?oC, preferably 15-25?oC, and pH of 0-2, preferably 0-1. Preferred Definitions:    R1,R2=H or 1-8C alkyl, preferably H or 1-4C alkyl .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hole blocking layer is n-type oxide semiconductor containing titanium oxide, zinc oxide, stannic acid, indium oxide or niobium oxide, preferably titanium oxide or zinc oxide. The photoelectric converting layer contains metallic compound, basic compound and ionic liquid. The metallic compound is halogenated metal, thiocyanated metal, or amidation metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The basic compound is compound containing pyridine ring. The ionic liquid is imidazolinium compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The polymeric material (A-1) is of formula (A-9 or A-10). The polymeric material (A-2) is of formula (A-11 or A-12).R21-R23=H, halogen, (un)substituted alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryl, or heterocyclic ring;Ar4=(un)substituted alkylene, arylene, or heterocyclic ring;andu,x-z=1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Active calcium carbonate is calcium carbonate treated by resin acid. Preferred Catalysts: Catalyst is dibutyl tin dilaurate, dibutyl tin diacetate, dibutyl tin dicaprilate, or stannous octoate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Crosslinking agent is methyl triisobutyl ketoximino silicane or vinyl triisobutyl ketoximino silicane. Silicane coupling is gamma -(2,3-epoxylpropoxyl) propyl trimethoxyl silicane and gamma -aminopropyl triethoxyl to obtain base material; silicane, and 1,3,5-tri(trimethoxyl propyl-silicane) isocyanate. Silicone oil plasticizer is dimethyl silicone polymer whose tail end is methyl; and its viscosity is 0.5-20 Pa.second at 25 degrees C. Sealant is taken as an adhesive of solar battery modules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Petroleum resin is petroleum resin of 5-8C, and its softening point is 40-110 degrees C, acid number is less than or equal to 0.1, and ash content is less than or equal to 0.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The method for preparing the silicon oxide-bearing nano-paint comprises: (a) uniformly dividing the solvent into two parts, mixing and stirring one part with the basic catalyst for 2-4 hours to get the solvent A; (b) mixing and stirring another part of solvent with the silanol salt for 2-4 hours to get the solvent B; (c) adding the solvent A into the solvent B, mixing and stirring the mixture for 4-6 hours to get the solvent C; (d) adding the additive into the solvent C; mixing and stirring for 2-4 hours to get the solvent D; (e) stewing and conditioning the solvent D for 3-5 days; (f) placing the seasoned solvent D into the reaction kettle; adding it into the molecular sieve; heating and reflowing the seasoned solvent D; (g) stopping the heating process and naturally cooling as the solvent D is reduced to 60-70 wt.% according to 100 wt.% of the mixed solvent D before the reflowing process. Preferred Components: The silanol salt is ethylate, propylate, or butanol salt of silicon, preferably propylate of silicon. The solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or butanol. The basic catalyst is ammonia water, sodium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide, preferably ammonia water. The additive is polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, methyl methacrylate, or polymethacrylic acid. Preferred Conditions: In (e), conditioning is carried out at 20 degrees C and the relative humidity is 20%. In (f), the sanitary zeolite molecular sieve is heated at 80-85 degrees C. The ferroan glass is immersed for 0.5-2 minutes. The speed for getting the ferroan glass out of the liquid surface from the membrane plating groove is 70-1000 mm/minute, preferably 100-400 mm/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic carrier uses high viscosity and low viscosity composite ethyl cellulose as the thickener. The organic carrier comprises solvent, thickener, plasticizer, surface active agent, and other auxiliary agents. The solvent is terpineol. The thickener is celluloses. The plasticizer is phthalate. The surface active agent is lecithin or Span 85(RTM: sorbitan trioleate). Preferred Composition: The ratio of the high viscosity/low viscosity composite ethyl cellulose is 2:8-4:6 (wt./wt.), which makes the slurry to have a good rheological characteristic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The layered double hydride is of formula: (M2+1-xM2+x(OH)2)2+A(power(n-)).M2+=calcium ion (Ca2+), magnesium ion (Mg2+), zinc ion (Zn2+), cobalt ion (Co2+), nickel ion (Ni2+), copper ion (Cu2+) or manganese ion (Mn2+);M3+=aluminum ion (Al3+), chromium ion (Cr3+), ferric ion (Fe3+), cobalt ion (Co3+) or manganese ion (Mn3+);A(power(n-))=Cl-, NO3-, ClO4- or SO42-;n=negative ion;x=0 or more;andy=10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The content of nanocomposite of layered double hydride contain with respect to 100 weight parts of polyethylene glycolarylate is 5-10 weight parts. Preferred Property: The polyethylene glycolarylate has weight average molecular weight of 300-1000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The conductive metal net is made of stainless steel or aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: None given. Preferred Component: An organic electronic device contains fullerene compound. Preferred Definitions:    R 1,R 2=H, 1-30C (un)saturated alkyl, 6-30C alkyl, and substituent such as benzene ring-containing compound of formula (a-f), or sulfur-containing compound of formula (g).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 49 specific fullerene compounds substituted with 1,3-diketone derivative of formulae (I-V) are claimed.    EXAMPLE - Fullerene compound (1 mmol) and 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (30 mL) were added and heated. Then, 1,3-bis(2'-hexylthio phenyl) propane-1,3-dione (in equivalent) (1.3), carbon tetrabromide (1.5) and 1,8-diazabicyclo(5,4,0)undec-7-ene (3.9) were added heated for 2 hours to obtain substituted fullerene compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot particle is compound chosen from cadmium sulfide, magnesium selenide, magnesium oxide, cadmium oxide, cadmium selenide, cadmium telluride, indium phosphide, indium arsenide, zinc sulfide, zinc selenide, zinc telluride, mercury telluride, gallium nitride, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium antimonide, indium antimonide, silicon, germanium, aluminum arsenide, aluminum antimonide, lead selenide, lead sulfide, and lead telluride. The metal oxide is chosen from titanium dioxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, tungsten trioxide, niobium oxide and strontium titanate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The quantum dot particle comprises a functional group chosen from hydroxyl, oxygen (=O or -O-), dithio, silane, phosphoryl, phosphine and phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The organic solvent is benzene, toluene, xylene, and/or 1,2-dichlorobenzene. The alcohol solution comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, benzene, toluene, or xylene. The basic solution comprises sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, pyridine, triethylamine, or diisopropylethylamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation (Claimed): The fullerene derivative (I) is prepared by reacting alkyl ester of oxothiophenyl alkyl acid (100-300 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. resin) and para-tosyl hydrazide at 50-200 degrees C in alcohol solution to obtain basic solution containing tosyl hydrazone compound derivative; reacting tosyl hydrazone (100-300 pts. wt. per 100 pts. wt. resin) with solution containing fullerene at 50-200 degrees C for 5-40 hours to prepare thienyl C61 alkyl acid alkyl ester; dissolving in organic solvent and refluxing; and concentrating and purifying. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Two fullerene derivatives (I) are claimed, i.e., (6,6)-thienyl C61-propionic acid methyl ester of formula (A) and (6,6)-thienyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester.    EXAMPLE - Tosyl hydrazone (0.9 g) was dissolved in pyridine. Sodium methoxide (0.14 g) was added and stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature. A solution containing fullerene (0.89 g) in 1,2-dichlorobenzene was added, stirred and refluxed at 70 degrees C. The intermediate was separated by column chromatography, dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene and stirred for 5 hours and refluxed. After the final reaction concentration was concentrated, it was washed with methanol after separating the solid by centrifugation. The solid was vacuum dried at 80 degrees C to obtain (6,6)-thienyl C61-propionic acid methyl ester (TCPM; 0.45 g; 36% yield) as a brown solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: None given. Preferred Definitions:    R 1=benzene ring-containing compounds of formulae (a-f) and sulfur-containing compound of formula (9);    X,Y',Z=H, (un)saturated optionally branched 1-30C alkyl, 6-30C arylene, or 6-30C aryl;    m=1-5;    n,q,s=1-3;    p=1-4;    r=1 or 2;and    R 2=(un)saturated 1-30C alkyl or 6-30C aryl optionally substituted by fluorine atoms.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 60 Specific methanofullerene compounds such as fullerene-containing compounds of formulae (I-V) are claimed.    EXAMPLE - 1-(3-(3',3',4',4',5',5',6',6',7',7',-Dodecylfluorolheptyl oxycarbonyl)phenyl)-(5)-1-phenyl(5,6)-61C (250 mg), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (50 ml) and methanol (15 ml) were added and reacted under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain methanofullerene compound. The methanofullerene compound had excellent stability and photoluminescence efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: An organic electro-optical device consists of an anode, a cathode, and organic thin film layer(s) provided between the anode and cathode. At least one of the organic thin film layers, contains the material (A). The organic thin film layer is chosen from light-emitting layer, hole-transport layer, hole injection layer, electron-transport layer and electron injection layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Dopant: The material (A) further contains dopant (a) such as red, green, blue or white fluorescence/phosphorescence dopant. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 23 Specific symmetrical or asymmetrical cyclohexanes are claimed, such as compounds of formula (I-V).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - IMAGING AND COMMUNICATION - Preferred Components: The transfer medium is a conductive ink or conductive paste. Preferred Process: The method further comprises: repeating step (iii) one or more times after repeating step (ii). The method-2 further comprises: (a) contacting the silicone mold with a transfer medium, and (b) forming the transfer medium into a patterned feature on a surface of a substrate; and repeating step (b) one or more times after repeating step (a). The pattern formation technique is imprint molding, step and flash imprint molding, solvent assisted micromolding, microtransfer molding, and micromolding in capillaries, microcontact printing, or roll printing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The substrate is a component of a flat panel display, solar cell, printed circuit board, plasma display panel, or radio frequency identification (RFID).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The silicone cure package is hydro silylation curable composition, a condensation curable composition, a radical curable composition, a ring opening polymerizable composition and/or an addition curable composition. The polar additive is a poly(ethylene oxide/propylene oxide) copolymer. The polar additive is a polyalkylene oxide-functional siloxane, where the polyalkylene oxide having reactive end groups. The polar additive is dimethyl, methyl(propylglycidoxy), methyl(propyl(poly(propylene oxide))methyl) cyclosiloxanes; and/or dimethyl, methyl(glycidoxypropyl), methyl(propyl(poly(propylene oxide))methyl) siloxane. The polar additive has ethylene-propylene oxide structure of formula (R(E)-CH2-O-(CH2-CH2-O)a-(CH2-CH(CH3)-O)b-CH2-R(E)).R(E) = a reactive end group;a = 1-20; andb = 0-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic oxide is SiOx.x=1.3-1.9.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The base membrane further comprises a binding layer having a thickness of 0.01-1 mu m, and made of acrylic resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, urethane resin, polyamide resin, or acrylic polyurethane resin.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The weather-resistant membrane is made of polyvinylidene fluoride or tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer. The intermediate moisture-resistant membrane is made of polyethylene terephthalate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A low glass powder slurry is used in packing and is obtained by mixing ethyl cellulose or terpinol and low glass powder. Preferred Properties: The low glass powder has 300-500 degrees C softening temperature, 10-20 mu m particle diameter, and has thermal expansion coefficient that matches with that of the transparent conduction glass board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The fill orifice packing is carried out by putting low glass powder on fill orifice, and sintering at 450 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor nanocrystal porous film is titanium dioxide film or zinc oxide film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The pouring channel has ethanol solution. The lithium iodide/iodine liquid electrolyte is carbonic acid acrylic ester of lithium iodide. The low melting point glass powder slurry is made by mixing the organic solvent ethyl cellulose or terpineol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The conjugated polymer is poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylethoxy)-1,4-p-phenylacetylene) or poly(2-methoxy-5(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-p-phenylacetylene). The solution of the conjugated polymer is o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, or tetrahydrofuran. The solution of (6.6)-60C-phenyl methyl butyrate is chlorobenzene, chloroform, or tetrahydrofuran. Preferred Method: The solution of (6.6)-60C-phenyl methyl butyrate is mixed solution of chlorobenzene, chloroform, or tetrahydrofuran. The electrode evaporated on (6.6)-60C-phenyl methyl butyrate is magnesium/silver, calcium/aluminum, or lithium fluoride/aluminum electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The width L of the base plate (2) is 5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The clay is montmorillonite, bentonite, hectorite, fluorohectorite, saponite, beidelite, nontronite, stevensite, vermiculite, volkonskoite, magadite, kenyalite, or their derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The diisocyanate compound is toluene diisocyanate. The clay is acidified or is processed with alkylammonium ion or alkylphosphonium ion. The hardener is 4,4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline), 1,4-butanediol, trimethylol propane, m-phenylenediamine, diethyl toluene diamine, and/or hexamethylenediamine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Condition: Step (B) is carried out at 50-70 degrees C for 10-90 minutes with agitation. Step (C) is carried out for 30-90 minutes with the ultrasonic wave at an intensity of 500-600 W and at a frequency of 10-20 kHz. Preferred Method: The method comprises adding a hardener after step (D) while agitating at 50-70 degrees C for 40-60 minutes; then further adding a silicone antifoaming agent. EXAMPLE - A mixture of polyols comprising polytetramethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 250 g/mol and polytetramethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol at 0.6:0.4 mole ratio was prepared. Clay was added into the polyol mixture. Ultrasonic wave was applied to the resulting mixture, which was agitated and reacted with toluene diisocyanate. The dosage ratio of toluene diisocyanate to polyol is 100:60. The dosage of the clay was such that it was 0.5 wt.% of the resulting polyurethane. The resulting prepolymer was added with 4,4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline), put into mold, ossified in an oven at 100 degrees C for 1.5 hours, ossified further in the oven at 110 degrees C for 15 hours, demolded, and cooled to room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxygen is introduced into solution for 10-15 minutes before pulsed electro-deposition, during process of pulsed electro-deposition, and introducing oxygen into solution all the time.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The acetone solution of 11,11,12,12-tetracyano-p-anthraquinone-dipivaloylmethane is present at 0.1-5 (preferably 1) mg/ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The oxidation-reduction pair is iodine-iodide, where the iodide is selected from lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, copper iodide, silicon iodide, manganese iodide, barium iodide, molybdenum iodide, calcium iodide, iron iodide, cesium iodine, zinc iodide, mercury iodide, ammonium iodide, methyl iodide, methylene iodide, ethyl iodide, ethylene iodide, isopropyl iodide, isobutyl iodide, benzyl iodide, benzoyl iodide, allyl iodide or imidazolium iodide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The organic solvent is acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, butanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopentyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyl ether, propyl ether, isopropyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone, isobutyl ketone, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, polypropylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, N-methylpyrrolidone or 3-methoxypropionitrile.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nitrogen additive having general formula (I), is new.R1=substituted or unsubstituted amine radical or 2-6C hetero-aromatic group having nitrogen atom, preferably amine radical, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazol, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyazine or triazine group;X1, X2, X3 and X4=H or methyl group;A=substituted or unsubstituted 6-30C arylene, cycloalkyl or arylalkylene group;B=substituted or unsubstituted 1-20C alkyl, alkynyl or alkenyl group;m=1-20; andn=0 or 1. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 3 Nitrogen additives are specifically claimed, e.g. group of formulae (II)-(IV).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The substrate may be provided with a rigid structure or flexible structure, and may be made of metallic material or plastic laminate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is a cationic surfactant. The organic crystal is modified with alkyl, acyl, acylamino, cyano, alkoxy, aryl, amino, aryloxy and/or silyl. The organic crystal is an organic polymer crystal. The organic crystal does not contain a sulfate group. The organic crystal is crystalline cellulose. The matrix material is a resin. The resin is thermoplastic resin, solvent-soluble resin or hardening resin. The resin is a cellulose based resin or aliphatic polyester resin. EXAMPLE - Tributylstearylphosphonium bromide (1.07 g) was added to dispersion containing crystalline cellulose and sulfuric acid, and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and then precipitate was separated by centrifugation, and water-washed and dried to obtain surfactant-adsorbed cellulose crystal. Then, obtained surfactant-adsorbed cellulose crystal (2 g) was added to N,N-dimethyl acetamide, and trifluoromethyl-containing polymer of formula (P-1) having weight average molecular weight of 83000 was added to the resulting mixture, and stirred to obtain composition. A film was formed using the obtained composition. The obtained film had excellent transparency and high elastic modulus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Group: The organometallic compound has an acidic group. Preferred Layer: The photoelectric converting layers are electrically connected in series or parallel. Preferred Layers: The photoelectric converting layer is n-type semiconductor layer or p-type semiconductor layer, preferably n-type semiconductor layer. The photoelectric transducer further contains an electrolyte layer which supports the organometallic compound. Preferred Definitions:    M=H, copper, nickel, zinc, palladium, cobalt, magnesium or vanadium oxide.    EXAMPLE - (Z)-3-(4-((4-(2-Carboxy-2-cyano-vinyl)-phenyl)-(4-dodecyl-phenyl)-amino)-phenyl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid was dissolved in ethanol, and fluorine doped stannic oxide glass substrate was immersed in the solution and sintered to form photoelectric conversion electrode (a1). Stannous oxide fine particles having particle size of 20 nm were coated on the obtained electrode and baked at 500 degrees C for 30 minutes to form stannous oxide photoelectric converting layer. A pigment was dissolved in ethanol, and the substrate was immersed in the solution for 16 hours to obtain photoelectric conversion electrode (a2). The obtained electrode (a1 and a2) were placed in 3-methyl propionitrile solution containing lithium iodide, iodine and 4-(t-butyl) pyridine to obtain photoelectric conversion cell having excellent durability and conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Components: The electroluminescent element contains organic layer comprising organometallic compound of formula (1) interposed between electrodes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic layer contains arylamine compounds or stearyl arylamine compounds and light emitting region comprising organometallic compound(s) and light emitting dopant, and further comprises organo metallic compound (j) containing transition metal, lanthanum group metals and metals of group 1, group 2, group 4 and/or group 5. The electroluminescent element further contains metal halide layer, chalcogenide layer and/or metal oxide layer provided on the inner surface of the electrode. The light emitting dopant is of formula: M1L2L3L4 (2), preferably of formula (2a-2e).M1=metals of group 7-11, group 13, group 14 or group 15;L1-L4=group of formula (a1-a20);R61,R62=H, 1-60C alkyl, phenyl or halogen;R63-R79=H, 1-60C alkyl, phenyl, 1-30C trialkylsilyl or halogen;R80-R83=1-60C alkyl or phenyl;andR84=1-60C alkyl, phenyl or halogen.Preferred Layer: The organic layer includes charge generation layer and light emitting layer. Preferred Property: The organic compound has emission peak of less than 560 nm. Preferred Definitions:    M=beryllium, zinc, manganese, copper, nickel, aluminum, gallium, indium or boron;and    Q=group of formula (b1-b21).    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 100 Specific organometallic compounds are claimed e.g. organometallic compounds of formula (1a-1e).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The functional coordination molecule is 5-amino phenanthroline, 5-nitro phenanthroline, 5-sulfonyl phenanthroline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-sulfonyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-nitro-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-chlorobenzyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, 5-methacryloyl ethoxy methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, dipyridyl, terpyridyl, diphenylpyridine, 10-hydroxybenzoquinoline and its derivative, or Schiff base and its derivative; the coordination functional macromolecule is homopolymer or copolymer having micro molecular ligands, homopolymer of 5-methacryloyl ethoxy methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline or copolymer of methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylamide, isopropyl acrylamide, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate; and the semiconductor nanometer granules is zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc telluride (ZnTe), zinc oxide (ZnO), CdS/ZnS, CdSe/CdS, CdS/mercury sulfide (HgS)/CdS or nanometer granules with ions, e.g. ZnS: manganese (Mn), ZnS: copper (Cu), CdS:Mn, ZnTe:Mn, cadmium-zinc sulfide (CdZnS) or cesium-zinc selenide (CsZnSe) alloy. Preferred Method: The preparation comprises preparing compound fluorescent nanometer granule with functionalized surface; selecting organic polymer monomer of acrylic ester monomer, acrylamide monomer and/or styrene; preparing nanometer granule/polymer complex-phase composition, with initiator of benzoyl peroxide (BPO), AIBN or oil soluble initiator at 0.2-1 wt.%; carrying out polymerization process at 40-60 degrees C for 5-12 hours, and heating; using light initiator (0.5-5 wt.%), solidifying for 1-20 minutes, processing at 120-150 degrees C for 1-5 hours, remolding to obtain transparent polymer nanometer composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The soluble cadmium salt is cadmium chloride, cadmium nitrate or cadmium acetate. The sulfur powder is sublimed sulfur or deposited sulfur. The electrolyte is lithium perchlorate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The conductive high molecular compound is pyrrole, thiofuran, aniline or p-phenylene vinylene. The electrolyte is tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, and the solvent in the organic solution is acetonitrile and/or toluene. The dimethyl sulfoxide solution of soluble cadmium salt is 0.055 mol/L. The dimethyl sulfoxide solution of sulfur powder is 0.19 mol/L. The conductive high molecular compound in electrolyte solution is 0.1-0.5 mol/L. The electrolyte is 0.1-0.3 mol/L. Preferred Condition: In the first step, the electrochemical deposition is carried out at 110-130 degrees C for 3-30 minutes and the current density is 2.5-5 mA/cm2. In the second step, the electrochemical deposition is carried out at 20-40 degrees C for 10-120 minutes and 0.85 V.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The conductive substrate is tin oxide glass doped with fluorine, or conductive indium oxide glass doped with mono-crystal silicon sheet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acetylacetone can be substituted by hydrogen peroxide. The precursor solution of titanium is tetrabutyl titanate, tetraisopropyl titanate, or titanium ethoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The block polymer is tri-block copolymer polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene or di-block copolymer polystyrene-polyoxyethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The electroconductive substrate is electroconductive sheet metal, indium tin oxide glass or polyester chip coated with electroconductive medium, or drum-shaped or strip-shaped electroconductive metal and electroconductive alloy.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkyl-substituted thiophene is tributyl-substituted thiophene, triisoamyl-substituted thiophene, tri-n-amyl-substituted thiophene, trihexyl-substituted thiophene, trioctyl-substituted thiophene, triisooctyl-substituted thiophene, tri-(di-methyl)-hexyl-substituted thiophene, tridodecyl-substituted thiophene, 3,4-di-(isoamyl)-substituted thiophene, or 3, 4-di(dodecyl)-substituted thiophene. The organic amine is ethylamine, n-propylamine, iso-propylamine, n-butyl amine, iso-butyl amine, sec-butyl amine, n-octylamine, iso-octylamine, N, N-diisopropylethylamine, lauryl amine, or octa-amine. The organic alcohol is ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, n-pentanol, neopentyl alcohol, octanol, decatyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, or octodecyl alcohol. The organic solvent is chloroform, methylene dichloride, acetylene tetrachloride, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethyl formamide, N, N-dimethyl acetamide, N-methylketopyrrolidine, glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diether, ethylene glycol phenylate, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diglycol dimethyl ether, diglycol diethyl ether or diglycol ether, and/or diglycol monobutyl ether.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The alkoxyl-substituted thiophene is tri pentyloxy-substituted thiophene, tripentyloxy-substituted thiophene, trioctanoxy-substituted thiophene, 3-(dodecyl)-thiophene-3-(pentyloxy) thiophene copolymer, or 3-(dodecyl)-thiophene-3-(octanoxy) thiophene copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The carbon nanotubes are cup stack carbon nanotubes. The dispersant is carboxymethylcellulose sodium. The heat transport medium contains 0.1-15 wt.% of the carbon nanotubes, and 0.1-10 wt.% of the carboxymethylcellulose sodium. EXAMPLE - Ultrapure water was weighed and filled as a base liquid in a vial container. Carboxymethylcellulose sodium was weighed to give 10 wt.% and was added to the vial container. The resulting fluid was stirred for 60-120 minutes by a magnetic stirrer. Cup stack carbon nanotubes were weighed to give 15 wt.% and were added to the fluid in the vial. The cup stack carbon nanotubes had a number average length (Ln) of 8.20 ~m m, a weight average length (Lw) of 14.31 ~mm, and a length distribution (Lw/Ln) of 1.75. As pre-stirring, the resulting fluid composition was stirred around room temperature (\~ 25?oC) at 1200 rpm for 1-2 hours by the magnetic stirrer. The vial container containing the fluid composition was next connected to a circulation-type processing system and equipped with an ultrasonic processing system. While continuing stirring of the fluid composition at 1200 rpm by the magnetic stirrer and also circulating the fluid composition at a rate of 300 mL/minute by a tubing pump, the fluid composition was exposed to ultrasonic waves. The circulation time and ultrasonic-sound exposure time were both set at 3-5 hours/1000 mL. Subsequently, centrifugal separation was applied under relative centrifugal force of 700 G for 30 minutes to the resulting fluid composition by a centrifugal separator. The fluid composition subjected to the centrifugal separation was collected by a dropping pipette, and any remaining aggregates of carbon nanotubes were removed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) Compound (1) is obtained by making benzene derivative of formula (10) and a diamine derivative of formula (12) react in solvent in presence of catalyst.X4=halo. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Compounds (1) are specifically disclosed, e.g. formulae (1-1) and (1-2).    EXAMPLE - An N1,N3-bis(4-((E)-4-(E)-styrylstyryl)phenyl)benzene-1,3-diamine (7 g), (2-biphenyl) dicyclohexyl phosphine (0.018 g), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.024 g), sodium t-butoxide (1.5 g), and (E)-1-bromo-4-styrylbenzene (5.6 g) were placed in a 300 mL 2-neck flask; added with distilled ortho xylene (500 mL); carried out with argon gas substitution; stirred for 5 hours; and heated at 120 degrees C. The organic layer of reaction liquid was washed with ion-exchange water 3 times, activated using anhydrous sodium sulfate, cooled to room temperature, dried, carried out with adsorption treatment, filtered, and xylene was depressurizingly distilled. The residue was purified in column chromatography, and yellow crystal form of compound (1-1) (8 g) was obtained with 75% yield.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): A diol or benzene ring-containing compound of formula (a) and nuclear hydrogenated trimellitic acid anhydride are added and reacted to obtain ester group-containing tetracarboxylic acid anhydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The polyimide precursor has hydroxyl group-containing repeating unit of formula (3 or 4). The polyimide has nitrogen-containing repeating unit of formula (5 or 6).A=bivalent aliphatic group or aromatic.Preferred Properties: The polyimide has light transmittance of 70% or more at 400 nm, glass transition temperature of 200 degrees C or more, and toughness of 50% or more in aprotic organic solvent (5 wt.% or more). EXAMPLE - Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (97.4 mL), nuclear hydrogenated trimellitic acid anhydride fluoride (in g) (21.7), 4,4'-biphenol (9.31) and pyridine (16.2 mL) were added and reacted to obtain a reaction mixture. Then, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (42 mL) was added and heated at 0 degrees C for 24 hours, precipitated, filtered, washed using hydrochloride and dried at 180 degrees C for 12 hours to obtain crude product. The crude product was recrystallized to obtain ester group-containing alicyclic tetracarboxylic acid anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The top thermally conductive surface is made of aluminum or another thermally conductive material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The gasket includes epoxy material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The absorber layer of semiconductor junction comprises group I-III-VI group material, preferably copper-indium-gallium selenide (Cu(InGa)Se2). The semiconductor junction comprises III-IV group material or II-VI group material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductors are made of aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs), indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) and gallium phosphide (GaP). The insulating material consists of silicon dioxide (SiO2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The photovoltaic conversion layer is formed of an organic semiconductor having photosensitivity for light of 300-1000 nm in wavelength.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electrocatalyst is platinum optionally alloyed with another precious metal or a base metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The each divalent ion is calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) or zinc (Zn) (all preferred), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), tin (Sn) and other suitable ions from the 2 and 3 transition series and/or from the lanthanides. The polyoxometallate and associated counterion is of formula (Xa(Z1bMcOd)). (I) comprises 2-4 vanadium centers in the polyoxometallate. The polyoxometallate comprises compound of formula (H3Na2PMo10V2O40), (H3Na2PMo9V3O40) or (H3Na4PMo8V4O40), where the protons and/or sodium ions are at least partially replaced by one or more divalent ions. The catholyte solution comprises at least one ancillary redox species. The ancillary redox species is ligated transition metal complexes and/or further polyoxometallate species. The transition metals in the transition metal complexes are Mn in oxidation states II-V, Fe I-IV, Cu I-III, Co I-III, Ni I-III, Cr II-VII, Ti II-IV, tungsten IV-VI, vanadium II-V or molybdenum II-VI. The catholyte solution is substantially free from any ancillary redox species. The concentration of the polyoxometallate in the catholyte solution is over 0.075M. The solution comprises a polyoxometallate and a counterion comprising one or more divalent ions.X = H, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or ammonium (all preferred) and/or transition metal ions, where at least one X is one or more divalent ions;Z1 = P (preferred), B, S, As, Si, Ge, Ni, Rh, Sn, Al, Cu, I, Br, F, Fe, Co, Cr, Zn, H2, Te, Mn and/or Se;M = Mo or V (both preferred), W, Nb, Ta, Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Rh, Ru, Tl, Al, Ga, In and other metals comprising 1, 2 or 3 transition metal series and/or the lanthanide series;a = number of X necessary to charge balance the (McOd) anion;b = 0-20, preferably 0-2;c = 1-40, preferably 5-20; andd = 1-180, preferably 30-70.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The pyrrolidone compound is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Preferred Process: The coating process is performed by printing method, preferably screen-printing method. Preferred Component: A dye-sensitized solar cell (10) contains a semiconductor electrode having photoelectric converting layer, and the electroconductive polymer electrode as the counter electrode. Preferred Property: The conductive polymer thin film (6) of the dye-sensitized solar cell has sheet resistance of 60 ohm per square.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aluminum-substituted mesoporous silica is baked before immersing in a molecule. Preferred Component: The aluminum-substituted mesoporous silica is MCM-41 (mobile crystalline material), MCM-48, MCM-50, SBA-15 or FSM-16, and is inserted into the pore of aluminum-substituted mesoporous silica.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The electron donating portion is electron donating substituent, and electron accepting portion is aromatic cation. The aromatic cation is ring substituted with hetero atom such as pyrrolinium ring, pyridinium ring, quinolinium ring, isoquinolinium ring, acridinium ring, 3,4-benzo quinolinium ring, 5,6-benzo quinolinium ring, 6,7-benzo quinolinium ring, 7,8-benzo quinolinium ring, 3,4-benzo isoquinolinium ring, 5,6-benzo isoquinolinium ring, 6,7-benzo isoquinolinium ring or 7,8-benzo isoquinolinium ring. The electron donor-acceptor linked molecule is of formulae (1-8), 9-substituted acridinium ion of formula (9), 9-mesityl-10-methyl acridinium ion of formula (10), its stereoisomer or tautomer.R=H or substituent, preferably alkyl, benzyl, carboxyalkyl, aminoalkyl or polyether group;andAr'=electron donating substituent such as phenyl, o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethylphenyl, 3,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,3,4-trimethyl phenyl, 2,3,5-trimethyl phenyl, 2,3,6-trimethyl phenyl, mesityl(2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl) or 3,4,5-trimethyl phenyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The electrode (1) comprises organic material conductive polymeric material and carbon-based material such as graphite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The anodic oxide material is selected from aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, silicon, or dielectric material. The etching involves vertically etching aluminum layer to create aluminum regions of defined dimensions between exposed portions of aluminum layer; and vertically etching the passivation layer to expose portions of the passivation layer overlying the exposed portions of the aluminum layer. The first and second materials are deposited by atomic layer deposition process, chemical vapor deposition process, an electrochemical deposition process, or a sol-gel process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Each first and second conductive layer comprise a material selected metal, such as aluminum, copper, titanium, or a conducting compound, such as indium-tin-oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur tolerant anode comprises a composition of nickel, copper, and ceria. The catalyst of the anode comprises praseodymium or cobalt. The composition of the sulfur tolerant anode comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia in combination with the ceria. The ceramic oxide comprises a thorium oxide, a zirconium oxide, a magnesium oxide, a titanium oxide, a potassium oxide or tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The UV absorber compound (1) can be one or more of 3 compounds, e.g. group of formulae (2), (3) or (X)R21, R31, R32, R41, R42 = H, alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group;R23, R24, R33, R34, R43, R44 = -CN, -COOR25, -CONR26R27, -COR28 or -SO2R29;R25-R29, R35-R39, R45 = R21;R2b-R4b, R2c = H or monovalent substituent;Z21, Z31, Z41=atomic group required in order to form 4-8 membered ring grouping with C and N; andR46 = alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group.When R26 and R27, R31 and R32, R36 and R37 or R41 and R42 combine with each other, a ring containing nitrogen atom may form. When R2b and R2c combine with each other, a ring may form. Preferred Definitions:    R33, R34 = -CN, -COOR35 or -SO2R39; and    R31, R32 = allyl, hydroxymethyl or benzyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel used in liquid type fuel cell is a mixed fuel comprising of one or two fuels selected in the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, formic acid, isopropanol, propanol, ethylene glycol, butanol and dimethyl ether (DME).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The mold precipitated in the mixture of phosphoric acid of 1-5M and chromic trioxide of 20-50 ml, is removed. The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the reaction solution is 0.09-0.1M.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The material for solar cell is selected from a group consisting of indium tin oxide, tin-based oxide, silver oxide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, aluminum oxide and fluorine-doped tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further involves doping a metal to zinc hydroxide nitrate, and using stabilizer, modifier and polar solvent. Preferred Metal: The metal is chosen from aluminum, tin, indium, gallium, iron, antimony and lithium. Preferred Salt: The zinc salt is chosen from zinc chloride, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, zinc oxide, zinc phosphate, zinc fluoride, zinc bromide, and zinc iodide. Preferred Film: A zinc oxide thin film formed using zinc oxide precursor has substrate such as wafer substrate, indium-tin-oxide substrate, quartz glass substrate and plastic substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is alcohol-based solvent. The polar solvent is chosen from 2-methoxyethanol(2-methoxyethanol), ethanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile and distilled water. Preferred Component: The stabilizer is chosen from monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine, preferably monoethanolamine. The modifier is chosen from acetoin, dimethylamineborane, glycine and acetol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activated charcoal precursor is bituminous coal, lignite, anthracite coal, oak, wood, walnut shell, pine-nuts shell, pistachio shell, coconut shell, hazelnut shell, cashew nut shell, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, rayon resin and/or Prunus amygdalus. Preferred Properties: The particle size of pulverized activated charcoal precursor and potassium hydroxide is 44-420 mu m. The moisture content of potassium hydroxide is 2-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal has total surface area of 2000-3500 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.8-2.5 cc/g and methane sorption capacity of 10-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal adsorbs methane under atmospheric pressure of 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The fuel oil is heavier than dibenzothiophene and diphenyl sulfide measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. The sulfur content of fuel oil more nearly light than 4-methyldibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less. The sulfur content of fuel oil more nearly light than dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is mass ppm or less.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electroconductive metal powder is a metal powder containing silver and/or copper.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrically conductive paste further includes fatty acid amide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur content of fuel oil is heavier than dibenzothiophene and nearly lighter than 4-methyldibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound ( less than or equal to 1 mass ppm) or heavier than diphenyl sulfide and nearly lighter than dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound ( less than or equal to 3 mass ppm).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The content of sulfur derived from sulfur compound is 1 mass ppm or less, which is more than dibenzo thiophene and less than 4-methyl dibenzo thiophene, measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. The sulfur derived from sulfur compound is 3 mass ppm or less, which is more than diphenyl sulfide and less than dibenzo thiophene measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector. EXAMPLE - Straight-paraffin having sulfur content of 0.21 mass% was subjected to hydrogenation process using KF757 (RTM: cobalt-molybdenum-type desulfurization catalyst) at 335 degrees C under hydrogen partial pressure of 5 MPa, to obtain fuel oil. The fuel cell containing the obtained fuel oil had excellent durability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur content heavier than dibenzothiophene or diphenyl sulfide measured by gas chromatography with chemiluminescent sulfur detector (GC-SCD) and nearly lighter than 4-methyldibenzothiophene or dibenzothiophene derived from sulfur compound is less than or equal to 1 mass ppm or less than or equal to 3 mass ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The titanium dioxide integrated nanocrystal has open pores and corrugated surface. Preferred Process: The manufacture of titanium dioxide integrated nanocrystal involves adjusting temperature, concentration, additive and/or pH of the reaction solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction solution is selected from titanium-ammonium fluoride, sodium hexafluorotitanate (Na2TiF6), potassium hexafluoro titanate (K2(TiF6)), sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7), titanyl acetylacetonate (TiO(CH3COCHCOCH3)2), hydrated ammonium-titanium oxalate ((NH4)2(TiO(C2O4)2).nH2O), dihydrated potassium-titanium oxalate (K2(TiO(C2O4)2).2H2O), hydrated titanium sulfate (Ti2(SO4)3.nH2O) or hydrated titanium sulfate (Ti(SO4)2.nH2O). The reaction solution is an aqueous solution, non-aqueous solution are hydrothermal solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The substrate is selected from glass, silicon, metal, ceramic or polymer. Preferred Property: The substrate exists in flat form, exists in the form of particles, fiber or in complicated shape.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic pigment component is titanium dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The adhesive layer contains blended material of resin component (20-99 weight%) and inorganic pigment component (1-80 weight%), and further contains ultraviolet absorber. The organic film (A) is a fluorine containing-resin film. Preferred Components: The resin component contains diamine component (A) having siloxane bond and vinyl copolymer (B). The vinyl copolymer (B) is obtained by reacting ethylene and unsaturated-carboxylic-acid derivative having functional group, and further contains glycidyl group. The diamine component (A) is siloxane compound having amino group in both terminals is of formula (1 or 2).R1=1-10C alkylene;andm,n=0-10.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polyimide is obtained from acid component which has 3,3',4,4'-biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid as main component, and diamine component which has p-phenylenediamine as main component. Preferred Composition: The self-supportive film has 25-45% solvent content, and imidation ratio of 5-40%. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method of polyimide film is by heat imidation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heterocyclic structure(s) containing oxygen is 1,3-dioxolane ring and/or 2-oxo-1,3-dioxolane ring. The compound which has (meth)acryloyl group(s) and heterocyclic structure(s) containing oxygen is of formula (2) and/or formula (3).R3,R4=H or 1-10C alkyl;R3R4=may form a ring; andR5=H or Me.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The (co)polymer has radical polymerizable double bond or acidic radical. The curable composition also contains polymerization initiator.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Parameters: The aromatic polyamide may be melted in 5 mass% N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution containing 5 mass% of lithium bromide. The aromatic polyamide has intrinsic viscosity of not less than 2 dl/g. The aromatic polyamide film has tension elasticity modulus of greater than or equal to 6 GPa at greater than or equal to 1 direction, breaking point ductility of greater than or equal to 10%, and moisture absorption of less than or equal to 4 mass%. Preferred Definitions:    a,b=10 to less than 70; and    a+b=50-99.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal nanoparticles are gold, platinum, silver, copper, zinc, palladium, rhodium, iridium or ruthenium. The base metal is aluminum, iron, titanium, indium, cadmium, manganese, copper, tin, lead or antimony. The metal complex is chloroauric acid, chloroplatinic acid, palladium chloride, rhodium chloride or hexachloro iridium salt. EXAMPLE - Gold particles (30 mass%) having average particle diameter of 20 nm were dispersed to the solution of iodine doped polypyrrole, to obtain conductive polymer solution containing gold nanoparticles. The obtained conductive polymer solution containing gold nanoparticles was coated on the polyethylene terephthalate film and dried, to obtain copolymer film having thickness of 1 mu m. Then, aluminum film was formed on the copolymer film and maintained for 24 hours, to obtain conductive polymeric-material film. The obtain film had surface resistivity of 233 Omega /square based on JIS K 7194, excellent transparency based on JIS K 7361 and electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - The glass filler comprises at least one selected from glass fiber, glass flake, and a milled fiber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The glass filler in the glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product has a glass composition comprising (mass%): silicon oxide (SiO2) (68-74, preferably 50-60), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (9-15, preferably 10-15), boron oxide (B2O3) (2-5), calcium oxide (CaO) (15-25, preferably 2-10), zinc oxide (ZnO) (0-5), strontium oxide (SrO) (0-5), barium oxide (BaO) (0-15, preferably 0-1), magnesium oxide (MgO) (0-5), lithium oxide (Li2O) (0-5, preferably 0-2), sodium oxide (Na2O) (5-12, preferably 0-2), potassium oxide (K2O) (0-10, preferably 0-2), and optionally titanium oxide (0-5), where total content of the CaO, ZnO, SrO, and BaO is 4-10%; and a total content of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O is 8-12 (preferably 0-2)% .    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The front surface cover member comprises a glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product including an amorphous polyamide resin and a glass filler, and having a difference in refractive indices between the amorphous polyamide resin and the glass filler of less than or equal to 0.002 with respect to light having a wavelength of 589 nm. The rear surface cover member also comprises a glass filler-containing amorphous polyamide resin molded product including an amorphous polyamide resin and a glass filler. The front surface cover member comprises a glass filler-containing polycarbonate resin molded product including a polycarbonate resin and a glass filler, and having a difference in refractive indices between the polycarbonate resin and the glass filler of less than or equal to 0.001 with respect to light having a wavelength of 589 nm. The rear surface cover member also comprises a glass filler-containing polycarbonate resin molded product including a polycarbonate resin and a glass filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Phosphorus and/or boron are used as doping agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organo-molybdenum compound is propyl molybdate, pentyl molybdate, heptyl molybdate, undecyl molybdate or pentadecyl molybdate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The target material is copper, indium, selenium, or gallium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The method for preparing high-active methanol-tolerant cathode catalyst of direct methanol fuel cell comprises (a) ultrasonic-dispersing carbon nanotube, compound of metal M and platonic chloride solution into glycol, where mass ratio of platinum, M, carbon nanotube and glycol is 1:0.1-1.0:8.4:2800-4500; ultrasonic time is 1-3 hours; adjusting pH value to be alkaline, reflowing in 125-145 degrees C, next filtering, washing, vacuum drying; obtaining platinum base catalyst loaded on carbon nanotube (PtM/CNT); (b) ultrasonic-dispersing the PtM/CNT into glycol; adding copper sulfate; where mass ratio of platinum, copper and glycol is 1:0.1-1.0:2800-4500; adjusting pH value to be alkaline, reflowing in 125-145 degrees C, next filtering, washing, drying; obtaining carbon nanotube covered with Cu and loading platinum base cathode catalyst of direct methanol fuel cell (Cu/PtM/CNT). Preferred Components: M comprises Fe, Co or Ni. Preferred Condition: In (a), pH value is adjusted in 7-8; reflowing time is 2-3 hours; washing is executed for 3-5 times; temperature of vacuum drying is 65-75 degrees C. In (b), pH value is adjusted in 7-8; reflowing time is 2-3 hours; washing is executed for 3-5 times; temperature of vacuum drying is 65-75 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Glycol is glycol analytical reagent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst of proton exchange membrane fuel cell is noble metal or noble metal compound. The noble metal is platinum, palladium, gold, iridium or ruthenium. The noble metal compound is hexachloroplatinic acid, potassium platinum(IV) hexachloride, palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) nitrate, chloroauric acid, iridium chloride or ruthenium chloride. The titanium nitride carrier of proton exchange membrane fuel cell catalyst or mixed carrier of titanium nitride and carbon carrier further contain a reducing agent solution such as sodium borohydride, paraformaldehyde, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium formate or sodium thiosulfate solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: Preparing the oligomer blue light-emitting material comprises: obtaining conjugate segment with active end group bromine, obtaining end capping group S with active end group bromine; transferring the active end group bromine of end capping group S to boric acid group by butyl lithium; making the active end group bromine on two ends of the conjugate segment and boric acidification intermediate pass through Suzuki coupling reaction, and obtaining the oligomer blue light-emitting material. Preferred Components: Capping group S is fluorene and its derivative, pyridine, 2,4-difluorobenzene, or combination of the aromatic rings. Conjugate segment and end capping group S contain long-chain butane substituent of active hydrogen at the 9 site of carbon of substituted fluorene which can improve material solubility. Preferred Parameters: Number of repeated unit in conjugate segment is 1-3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In step (C), the selenylation reaction source and/or the sulfidization reaction source are gasifiable organic metal selenium and/or organic metal sulfur in low temperature. The gasified organic metal selenium and/or organic metal sulfur are decomposed to carbon oxide, selenium mole and/or sulfur mole in high temperature and plasma gas atmosphere. The carbon oxide is extracted out from the reaction container. In step (C), the selenylation reaction source and/or the sulfidization reaction source are evaporation source(s) with selenium and/or sulfur. In step (C), the protective gas, the selenylation reaction source and/or the sulfidization reaction source are sent in the reaction container until the vacuum degree is from 10-3 Pa to atmospheric pressure, then heating and carrying out plasma discharge. Preferred Component: The protective gas is nitrogen gas, hydrogen gas or inert gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic nano-particles are silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano-particles, titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) nano-particles, or zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nano-particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is dimethyl sulfoxide or N,N-dimethyl acetamide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preparation: The preparation method of the composite proton exchange membrane comprises: (a) dissolving the polyphenol fluorenyl ether ketone in solvent to make sol, adding and fully dispersing inorganic nano-particles and methylcellulose in the sol; (b) pouring the sol on a glass sheet, laying the glass sheet at 80 degrees C to form a membrane, cooling the membrane at room temperature, and depriving the membrane; and (c) using dilute sulfuric acid to acidify and sulfonate the polymer membrane to obtain the composite proton exchange membrane. Preferred Process: Fully dispersing is premixing with a magnetic stirrer and dispersing with ultrasonic for 10-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The back electrode layer is made of aluminum (Al) or gold (Ag) or aluminum doped zinc oxide (ZAO).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The dye is a cis-bis (isothiocyanato)bis (2,2'-bipyridye-4,4'-dicarboxylato)-ruthenium (II).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The laminating machine rubber sheet comprises (wt.%) high-tearing-resistant silicone rubber (25, preferably 27), ethylene propylene terpolymer rubber (55, preferably 53), soot carbon (17.1, preferably 17.2), interface compatibilizer (1.9, preferably 2), and benzoyl peroxide vulcanizing agent (1, preferably 0.8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The substrate is made of glass, polycarbonate, polyacryl, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, cyclic olefin copolymer, polyset epoxy siloxane, polysulfone, metal, epoxide and/or acrylate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first cell comprises P-type polycrystalline silicon layer (110) and N-type polycrystalline silicon layer (120). The solar cell comprises P+-type polycrystalline silicon layer (130) on the P-type polycrystalline silicon layer. The second cell comprises a P-type amorphous silicon layer (210), I-type amorphous silicon layer (220), and N-type amorphous silicon layer (230).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The insulating resin film contains polyethylene terephthalate. The watertight adhesive layers (I and II) contains butyl rubber. The elastic layer is formed using ethylene-propylene diene rubber foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The access disconnect detector conforms to ZigBee and IEEE 805.15.4 standards.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The barrier layer and grading interlayer, are made of arsenic, phosphorus, nitrogen or antimony based III-V compound semiconductors. The substrate is selected from germanium or gallium arsenide. The first solar subcell includes emitter region of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) or indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP), and base region of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) or indium gallium aluminum phosphide (InGaAlP). The second solar subcell includes emitter region made of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb) or gallium indium arsenic nitride (GaInAsN), and base region made of gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb), gallium indium arsenic nitride (GaInAsN) or gallium arsenide (GaAs). The grading interlayer is composed of indium gallium aluminum arsenide (InGaAlAs).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The surfactant is isoelectronic surfactant including bismuth (Bi) or antimony. The barrier layer comprises arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), Bi or antimony (Sb) based III-V compound semiconductors having bandgap energy greater than or equal to that of grading interlayer. The second solar cell comprises gallium indium phosphide, gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs), gallium arsenide antimonide (GaAsSb) or gallium indium arsenic nitride (GaInAsN) emitter region (106, 111, 119) and GaInAs, GaAsSb or GaInAsN base region. The grading interlayer comprises As, P, N, Sb based III-V compound semiconductors, preferably InGaAlAs. A surrogate substrate (125) comprising sapphire, germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs) or silicon is further attached over third solar cell. The substrate comprises Ge or GaAs. The first solar subcell comprises indium gallium aluminum phosphide. The third solar subcell comprises GaInAs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first reactive gaseous material comprising a metal or metalloid atom from aluminum, zinc, titanium or silicon is bonded to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal or metalloid atom is in association with a beta -diketonate compound. The second reactive gaseous material comprises functional group from hydroxyl, thiol and/or amine group; or from diols, dithiols, diamines and/or quinolinates. The organic thin film is an inorganic-organic hybrid thin film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first substrate is composed of gallium arsenide. The first solar subcell is composed of an indium gallium (aluminum) phosphide emitter region and an indium gallium (aluminum) phosphide base region. The second solar subcell is composed of an indium gallium phosphide emitter region and a gallium arsenide base region. The third solar subcell is composed of indium gallium arsenide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The conducting material comprises: aluminum, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, rhodium, niobium, chromium, tantalum, titanium, steel, nickel, platinum, silver, gold or an alloy of it; and indium tin oxide, titanium nitride, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide, boron doped zinc oxide indium-zinc oxide, a metal-carbon black-filled oxide, a graphite-carbon black filled oxide, a carbon black carbon black-filled oxide, a superconductive carbon blackfilled oxide, an epoxy, a conductive glass or a conductive plastic. The transparent conductive layer comprises carbon nanotubes, tin oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, indium-tin oxide (ITO), doped zinc oxide, aluminum doped zinc oxide, gallium doped zinc oxide and/or boron doped zinc oxide indium-zinc oxide. The absorber layer comprises copper-indium-gallium-diselenide and the junction partner layer comprises cadmium sulfide.
EXAMPLE - Tetrafluorophthalonitrile (3 g), toluene (75 ml) and toluene solution (61 ml) of diisobutylaluminum hydride were added and stirred. Then, hydrochloric acid (45 ml) was added to the resulting mixture, quenched, extracted using ethylacetate, neutralized using sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and washed using saturated salt solution. The resulting mixture was concentrated and purified using dichloromethane, to obtain 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-2H-isoindole (0.64 g). The obtained 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro-2H-isoindole (in mg) (1.9), tripyrane (4.8) of formula (3a) and trifluoroacetic acid (2.3) were added and stirred for 30 minutes. Further, methylene chloride (0.6 ml) was added to the resulting mixture and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Subsequently, the reaction solution was extracted using chloroform, and the extract phase was washed using sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution and salt water, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was purified using chloroform with silica gel chromatography, to obtain porphyrin (0.19) of formula (41).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The gas barrier layer contains unsaturated carboxylic acid metal salt crosslinked with coating liquid containing metal alkoxide and/or hydroxyl-containing polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The germanium mesa structure is formed with gallium arsenide, indium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium nitride, and aluminum arsenide layers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The substrate is heated at 100-500 degrees C, preferably 200-400 degrees C, irradiated with light having wavelength of 200-450 nm, 200-320 nm or 320-450 nm, and pressurized at 0.20-20.27 MPa (2-200 atmosphere). Heating and pressurizing processes are performed simultaneously. The substrate is pressurized in inert gas atmosphere containing argon, helium, nitrogen and/or reduced gas containing hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The silane compound is chosen from silicon compounds of formula SipR12p, SiqR22q+2, SirR32r-2 and SisR4s.R1-R4=H or halogen;p=4-10;q,r=3-10;ands=6-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) uses hydrogen gas and silane gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The thin film solar cell comprises amorphous silicon and fine crystal silicon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The silver electrode film is coated with polyimide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The pigment dissolved in ethanol has absorption spectrum with absorption maximum in 350-450 nm and 450-900 nm. Preferred Definitions:    A1,A2=carboxyl group; and    D=aromatic tert. amine structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron transport material is formed from crystal grains, titanium oxide nanoparticle and titanium nanotube.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Component: The methano fullerene derivative contains substituent other than thiophene-type heterocyclic ring. A photoelectric transducer comprises methano fullerene derivative and conjugated polymer compound containing thiophene ring as hole transport material. Preferred Definitions:    Tp=thiophene-type heterocyclic ring of formulae (a-e).    EXAMPLE - Fullerene (C60) (in mg) (50), was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene (1.5 ml). Then, tosyl hydrazone (56.7) of formula (1a), and sodium methoxide (8) were mixed and added to resulting solution and heated at more than 100 degrees C for 1.5 hours, filtered and dried to obtain methano fullerene derivative of formula (1b) having 5-ethylthio phen-2-yl and 3-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl. The obtained methano fullerene derivative had yield of 52.2%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: None given Preferred Compounds: The photosensitizer has quinoxaline-containing compound of formula (3) and benzene ring-containing compound of formula (4).R17=R1.Preferred Layer: A photovoltaic element has a semiconductor which adsorbs the photosensitizer. EXAMPLE - Dichloro(p-cymene) ruthenium dimer (in g) (1.22) and 2,2-bipyridine-4,4-dicarboxylic acid (0.49) were dissolved in ethanol, heated, refluxed for 3 hours and distilled to obtain compound (a). Phenanthroline diamine (0.21), salicyl aldehyde (0.24) and orthoformic acid (0.1 ml) were added and dissolved in ethanol, heated-refluxed for 3 hours, and filtered to obtain compound (b). The obtained compound (a) and compound (b) were dissolved in dimethyl formamide and heat-stirred at 135 degrees C for 4 hours. Then, ammonium thiocyanate (0.4) was added, heat-refluxed, and purified to obtain photosensitizer. The photosensitizer had excellent electroconductivity. The photovoltaic element containing photosensitizer had excellent conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The insulating resin is selected from fluororesin, methacryl resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin or epoxy resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The reaction liquid comprises (mass%): sodium hydroxide (1.5), ethanol (10), and sodium silicate (0.2). Hydrofluoric acid is at 1.5 mass%. Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the reaction liquid is 85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The power collecting electrode comprises thermosetting paste with conductive particles as filler.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The volatile organic precursor compound contains phosphorus, arsenic, sodium, lithium, potassium, silver and copper.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacteriophage is used as a template to form the structure. The bacteriophage comprises M13 and/or E4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The structure is a microstructure or a nanostructure. The structure is formed using biomineralization or crystallization. The structure comprises nanowires, conductive or semiconductive nanowires, titanium oxide nanowires, cobalt oxide nanowires, and catalytic nanowires.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Microgel: The microgel has a diameter of 100-200 microns, 50-100 microns, 20-50 microns, 10-20 microns, 5-10 microns, 2-5 microns, or 1-2 microns. The structures are asymmetrically or non-uniformly distributed within the microgel. The structure is formed within the microgel in a liquid incubation environment. Preferred Method: The method further involves diffusing inorganic precursor salts into the microgels; and incubating the microgels in a solution fostering nucleation and growth of inorganic structures. The viruses, peptides, or biomineralizing molecules provide a template for nucleation and growth of inorganic structures. EXAMPLE - Microgel droplets were formed by loading M 13 bacteriophages (expressed on M13 viruses), poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate as the monomer, and Darocur 1173 (RTM: 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanone) (2.5 wt./vol.%) as the photoinitiater, and solidifying the droplets into pre-microgel by exposure to UV irradiation. The loaded microgels were immersed in a solution of aqueous cobalt chloride for 80 minutes, and the solution was stirred using mild magnetic stirring at 100 revolutions per minute and maintained at 20 degrees C, to obtain cobalt oxide nanowires encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate microgel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The volatile acceptor dopant precursor comprises an element selected from N, P, As, Li, Na and/or K. The volatile acceptor dopant precursor is NO, NO2 or ammonia. The substrate or a support for the substrate comprises a moving web.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The volatile indium-containing compound is a trialkyl indium compound or cyclopentadienyl-indium(I), where the alkyl is 1-4C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The substrate is comprised of gallium nitride, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, sapphire, silicon, indium phosphide, quartz, silicon oxide, glass or plastic.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reflector is comprised of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, copper, titanium, tungsten, nichrome, molybdenum, palladium, steel or brass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The ink further contains In2(Se1-zSz)3 nanoparticles.z=0-1.Preferred Method: The method further comprises coating or printing an ink that contains (In, Ga)2(Se1-wSw)3 nanoparticles on the light absorption layer formed by heating; and again heating the ink.w=0-1.Preferred Condition: The heating is performed at 500-800 degrees C under selenium or sulfur atmosphere.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic solvent is toluene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, pyridine, alcohol, or hydrocarbons. A dispersant comprising alkaneselenol, alkanethiol, alcohol, aromatic selenol, aromatic thiol or aromatic alcohol is included.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layer: The conductive polymer layer (8) contains polyaniline.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The semiconductor layer of the die solar cell consist of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, tin dioxide, niobium oxide, alkaline-earth oxide, rare earth oxide, metal oxide and semiconducting polymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The pulverization is performed using high-speed-rotation grinder or jet mill. The stirring is performed using stirrer provided with cone container with narrow portion facing downward direction, and screw of which auto-rotation and revolution are done within the corn container.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The raw material titanium oxide powder is titanium oxide powder obtained by vapor-phase oxidizing titanium halide such as titanium tetrachloride. Preferred Property: The powdered titanium-oxide microparticles has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area of 10-200 m2/g, preferably 20-200 m2/g and tap density of 0.4 g/cm3 or more, preferably 0.5 g/cm3 or more. EXAMPLE - Raw material titanium oxide powder (300 kg) was pulverized using pin mill at a speed of 100 kg/hour and circumferential speed of 150 m/seconds, to obtain pulverized powder. The pulverized powder was stirred using Nauta mixer at revolution rotation amount of 1 rpm and autorotation rotation amount of 80 rpm, to obtain powdered titanium-oxide microparticles (300 kg).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first electrode is transparent and formed from a layer of a transparent conductive oxide (preferably indium tin oxide) and a layer of a transparent conductive organic material (preferably poly-3,4-alkenedioxythiophene:poly(styrene-sulfonic acid)). The metal comprises aluminum or silver. The layers are calcium and aluminum, silver, lithium fluoride and aluminum or silver. The substrate is glass (preferably borosilicate or sodalime glass    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The polymer comprises material selected from poly(3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), poly(2,7-(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene)-alt-(1,4-phenylene-((4-secbutylphenyl)imino)-1,4-phenylene)) (TFB) and poly (9,9-diocytlfluorene-co-(bis-N,N'-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-bis-N,N'- phenylbenzidine)) (BFE). The substrate is plastic (preferably polyethylene terephthalate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass, preferably borosilicate or soda-lime glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The transparent conductive oxide comprises indium tin oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The second electrode is formed from a metal(s), which comprises aluminum or silver. It is formed from greater than or equal to 2 layers, which are calcium or lithium fluoride and aluminum or silver.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The electron accepting material comprises fullerene.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The interlayer comprises polymethyl methacrylate, silicon oxide, or calcium oxide. The photovoltaic device comprises a first interlayer between the first electrode and the active layer and a second interlayer between the active layer and second electrode. The active layer comprises a mixture of greater than or equal to 2 active materials. It comprises a mixture of an electron accepting material and an electron donating material. The electron donating material comprises a conjugated polymer, preferably polythiophene. The active layer comprises a mixture of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonylpropyl)-1-phenyl-(6.6)C61 (PCBM). The first electrode is transparent and formed from a layer of a transparent conductive oxide and a layer of a transparent conductive organic material. The conductive organic material comprises poly(styrenesulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The substrate is plastic, preferably polyethylene terephthalate. Preferred Parameter: The thickness of the interlayer(s) is not greater than 20, preferably not greater than 10 nm. The ratio of P3HT to PCBM in the active layer is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate comprises titanium, steel, coated steel, aluminum or its alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The electroconductive polyaniline composition further contains phenol resin (10-300 mass parts), and phenolic hydroxyl group-containing compound (e) (10-20000 mass parts). Preferred Group: The phenolic hydroxyl group in compound (e) is phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol or benzyl alcohol. Preferred Compound: The compound (e) is 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, m-phenoxyphenol or p-phenoxyphenol. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is toluene, xylene, chloroform, trichloroethane, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl isobutyl ketone and ethyl acetate. Preferred Property: The content of phenol derivative is 10-300 mass parts and organic solvent is 500-200000 mass parts with respect to 100 mass parts of protonated optionally substituted polyaniline complex. EXAMPLE - Aerosol OT (RTM: diisooctyl sodium sulfosuccinate having purity of more than 75%) (144 g), toluene (4 l) 1N hydrochloric acid, aniline (150 g) and ammonium persulfate (214 g) were stirred to obtain polyaniline complex. The obtained complex (200 mg), toluene (20 g), m-cresol and 2,2'-methylene bis(4-methylphenol) (201 mg) were mixed to obtain electroconductive composition. The obtained composition provided thin film having excellent electrical property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The coating method is carries out by spin-casting method or chemical vapor deposition method. The anti-reflective structure formation process further involves selecting porosity and thickness of the nano-porous etch mask to control index of refraction in the substrate, treating the substrate surface, and dry-etching the substrate. The structures form periodic structure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Device: The gas-barrier film is used for sealing organic device. The organic device comprises organic device material on the surface of the gas-barrier film as substrate. The organic device material is laminated on the side of inorganic layer formed on flexible supporting substrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layers: The silicon hydronitride layer and silicon nitride layer are adjacent to each other. The silicon hydronitride layer and the silicon nitride layer have no definite boundary and composition continuously changes from silicon hydronitride layer to silicon nitride layer. The silicon nitride layer contains silicon oxynitride. Silicon hydronitride layer contains silicon hydroxynitride, 45 mol% of nitrogen and 30 mol% hydrogen. Preferred Properties: The thickness of silicon hydronitride layer is 50-300 nm and silicon nitride layer is 10-300 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The gas-barrier film further comprises organic layer(s) (2) formed by curing a composition comprising bifunctional methacrylate and/or trifunctional methacrylate. The organic layer contains bifunctional acrylate and/or trifunctional acrylate, and bisphenol-based (meth)acrylate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Substrate: The flexible supporting substrate is polyester. EXAMPLE - An organic layer coating liquid containing 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol diacrylate (in g) (20), Irgacure 907 (RTM: polymerization initiator) (0.6) and 2-butanone (190) was coated on Neotex Q65FA (RTM: polyethylene naphthalate as support). Inorganic layers such as silicon nitride layer, silicon hydronitride layer and silicon nitride layer were sequentially formed on organic layer, to obtain gas-barrier film. The inorganic layer had total thickness of 200 plus minus 10 nm. The gas-barrier film had excellent water vapor-barrier property and folding resistance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The flexible solar cell comprises flexible substrate, first electrode layer, semiconductor layer, and second electrode layer in order. The solar cell module includes an optical detector (41) and a close-loop control circuit (42). The optical detector detects an intensity of light incident on the flexible solar cell. The optical detector is attached to the first surface. The close-loop control circuit has in-put and out-put ends. The in-put and out-put ends are electrically connected with optical detector and SMA layer, respectively. The optical detector is a photo-thermal detector, a photoelectric detector, or a light pressure detector. The close-loop control circuit comprises a comparing unit (421) and a control unit. A predetermined reference value of light intensity is stored in the comparing unit. The comparing unit compares a value of the light intensity detected by the optical detector with the reference value and generates a control signal to the control unit. The control unit supplies a current to the SMA layer based on the control signal to change the shape of the SMA layer. The SMA layer has a multilayer structure having a SMA laminated thin film layers. The SMA is single layer structure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The flexible substrate is made of aluminum-magnesium (Al-Mg) alloy, Al, Mg, stainless steel, or polymer. The SMA layer is single-crystal or two-way SMA. The SMA layer is made of titanium nitride alloy, copper based SMA, or iron based SMA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electron injection layer comprises a material selected from calcium and/or lithium derivatives.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The short-wavelength absorption compound comprises a hydrophilic conductive compound selected from polyphenylenevinylene-based polymer and/or pentacene compound. The long-wavelength absorption compound comprises a non-hydrophilic conjugated polymer selected from thiophene-based polymer and/or dithiophene-based polymer. The electron accepting material is selected from fullerene, fullerene derivatives, perylene, carbon nanotubes and/or semiconductor nanoparticles. The material in the buffer layer is selected from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and/or poly(styrene-sulfonate).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The silica precursor further contains radiation curable composition comprising radiation curable monomer and photoinitiator. Preferred Process: The curing process involves exposing the coating layer to ultraviolet radiation for curing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The depositing process is carried out by spin coating, roller coating or spray coating.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic material contains octadecyl trichlorosilane, octadecyl triethoxy silane, methyl trichlorosilane, dipodal silane having dual reactive sites, bis(triethoxysilyl)decane, tridecafluoro tetrahydrooctyl trichlorosilane, tridecafluoro tetrahydrooctyl triethoxy silane, octadecyl phosphonic acid, methyl phosphonic acid, fluorinated polyether material, perfluoropolyether containing reactive silane group, perfluoropolyether-based polyurethane dispersion, diphosphate derivative of perfluoropolyether, and/or micro-emulsion of hydroalcoholic perfluoropolyether. The surface treatment composition comprises octadecyl phosphonic acid, solvent having molarity of 0.0001-0.01M, and solvent having molarity of 0.002-0.008M. Preferred Property: The low-index coated material has a percent transmission and/or percent reflection which are not substantially affected by the overcoat layer comprising the organic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The substrate contains rigid transparent material such as glass, glass fiber or glass fiber resin, or transparent polymer material comprising polyolefin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly-methylmethacrylate, polycarbonate and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The chip comprises N- and P-type layers (211, 212), and top and bottom electrodes (213, 214) on top and bottom surfaces of the chip, respectively. The device includes moisture-protection layer (23) for packaging the chip and nano or micro particles on the surface of the chip. The chip comprises a solar cell. Preferred Methods: The nano or micro particles are formed by sol-gel, reversed micelle, or hot soap. The method includes moving the chip up and down, or rotating the chip clockwise or counterclockwise in the solution during uniform coating of the nano or micro particles on the surface of the chip. An optoelectronic energy transformation efficiency of the chip is controlled by a raising speed of the solar chip, diameters of nano or micro particles, average thickness of antireflective layer, concentration of nano or micro particles of solution, and temperature of solution. The step of moving the chip up and down, or rotating the chip clockwise or counterclockwise in the solution is carried out by using machine arm. The uniformly coating of nano or micro particles on the surface of the chip is carried out using stirring apparatus. Preferred Parameters: The raising speed of solar chip is 0.5-5 mm/second. The concentration of the nano or micro particles of the solution is 0.1-90 pts. wt. The temperature of the solution is 10-150 degrees C. The diameters of nano or micro particles are 90-750 nm. The thickness of anti-reflective layer is 90-2250 nm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The nano or micro particles comprise silicon oxide, polystyrene, or polymethylmethacrylate. The moisture-protection layer comprises transparent glue, or a polymer with good light transmittance and water-proof function.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The organic-semiconductor element consists of polyamine compound as hole-injection material. The polyamine compound is of formula: -((Ar1-N(-R))m-(Ar2)n)-.Ar1,Ar2=phenyl substituted by 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy group(s), naphthylene, biphenylene, thienylene or fluorene-2,7-diyl group;R=t-butoxycarbonyl, benzoyl, benzyl carbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl or methoxymethyl;m=1 or 2;andn=0 or 1.Preferred Property: The polyamine compound has number average molecular weight of 1000-500000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given for the the dyestuff (D1).Preferred Components: The dyestuff solution contains the base (0.001-20 mmol/l). Preferred Definitions:    M'= ruthenium.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Six compounds are disclosed as the dyestuff (D1), e.g. compounds of formulae (I).    EXAMPLE - A dyestuff was prepared as follows: Ruthenium trichloride (520 mg) and 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine (950 mg), which were dried under reduced pressure, were added to anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml), which were deaerated under reduced pressure and placed in a nitrogen atmosphere in advance. The solution was allowed to stand in a nitrogen gas stream for 10 minutes. The solution was reacted at 200 degrees C under a nitrogen atmosphere for five hours to obtain compound of formula (16) (500 mg). A dye-sensitized solar cell was prepared with the dyestuff (16), which showed conversion efficiency of 10.08% where as the dye-sensitized solar cell having conventional dyestuff showed only 8.01% conversion efficiency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The anionic surfactant has a sulfonic acid group. Preferred Compound: The anionic surfactant is a sulfonic group-containing compound of formula: R1-O2C-(CH2)m-CH(-SO3A)-(CH2)m-CO2-R2 (1).R1,R2=H or alkyl, alkenyl, alkylthio alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aryloxyalkyl having 5-15C atoms;A=H or sodium;andm,m=0-5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: An electroconductive composition further contains a resin component. An electroconductive component is obtained by coating electroconductive on base material. EXAMPLE - Toluene (in ml) (125), bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate salt (5.67 g), water (33.8) and ammonium persulfate (0.285) were added and stirred at 25?o C to obtain emulsification liquid. Then, pyrrole (3.46) and obtained emulsification liquid were added, polymerized for 6 hours, filtered and dried to obtain electroconductive pyrrole type polymer. The electroconductive pyrrole type polymer had excellent electroconductivity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Component: An organic-semiconductor structure has organic-semiconductor layer comprising liquid crystalline organic compound having nematic liquid crystal phase state at temperature below thermal decomposition temperature. The organic-semiconductor structure has electron conductivity more than electron transport mobility of 1x 10-4 cm2 or hole transport mobility of 1x 10-4 cm2. An organic-semiconductor apparatus (10) has substrate (11), gate electrode (12), gate insulating layer (13), organic-semiconductor layer (14) containing the liquid crystalline organic compound, drain electrode (15) and source electrode (16).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic compound has nematic liquid crystal phase state(s) at the temperature below thermal decomposition temperature. Preferred Process: Low molecular nematic-liquid-crystal substance filled with organic-semiconductor compound is kept in liquid crystal cell and made into sample. Transient photocurrent of the sample is measured by time-of-flight method. The result shows that organic-semiconductor compound has mobility of 10-4 cm2/V.second or more when sample is not diluted with hydrocarbon compound, and 10-4 cm2/V.second or less when sample is diluted with hydrocarbon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The functional organic molecule is porphyrin derivative of formula (IA) or oligo-polyphenylenevinylene derivative of formula (IB). The porphyrin derivative (IA) is 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin or 5,10,15,20-tetra(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin. The oligo-polyphenylenevinylene derivative (IB) is 1-(4-formyl carbomethoxy styryl)-4-(4-carboxylated styrene)-2,5-biisooctane alkoxybenzene or 1,4-bi(4-carboxylated styrene)-2,5-bioctyl alkoxybenzene.R1=H, or carboxyl;R2=carboxyl, hydroxyl or hydrosulfonyl;R=3-18C alkyl;R3=H, carboxyl or ester;andR4=carboxyl.Preferred Solution: The organic solution contains solvent such as methanol, ethanol and/or tetrahydrofuran, preferably methanol. A leaching solution used for leaching is methanol, ethanol and/or tetrahydrofuran, preferably methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A conjugated monomer containing active terminal group bromine, ester of boric acid, stannic acid, butyl lithium, anhydride and an amine derivative are used during manufacture of polymer donor material. 3-methyl-oxacyclobutane compound and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-benzene are further used during manufacture of polymer donor material. Preferred Process: Monobromobenzene or monoborate is used for improving the photo-thermal stability of the polymer donor material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The complexing agent used in chemical plated copper and chemical plated indium is EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt, potassium sodium tartrate, sodium citrate, trolamine, ammonium salt, glycerine, and/or malic acid. The reducing agent used in chemical plated copper and chemical plated indium is formaldehyde, sodium dihydric hypophosphite, or sodium borohydride. The cupric salt is copper chloride, cupric nitrate, or copper sulfate. The indium salt is indium chloride, indium nitrate, or indium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cation species is calcium ion. The composite material contains calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. The composite material is a colloid. Preferred Process: The composite material is formed by mixing solution (A) containing calcium ion and organic polymer, and solution (B) containing carbonate ion or phosphate ion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymer: The organic polymer is polyacrylic acid. Preferred Property: The concentration of polyacrylic acid in solution (A) is 40 mM or more, preferably 60 mm or more. The concentration of calcium ion in solution (A) is 80 mM or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate is glass, quartz crystal, sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyether sulfone, polyimide, cycloolefin system polymer and/or polycarbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The metal surface is a coating comprising a metal/metal oxide/binder resin structure, which comprises zinc/zinc oxide/aluminum silicate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal surface comprises metal, metal alloy, and/or metal mixture. It is formed on an underlying substrate, which is conductive or non-conductive substrate. The metal surface comprises metal(s) including zinc, titanium, aluminum, gallium, cerium, magnesium, barium, copper, cesium, and/or their alloys (preferably zinc and/or its alloys).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The bipolar organic compound (I) is selected from 2 asymmetric organic compounds as given in the specification e.g. compound of formula (II). Preferred Components: The organic thin layer is an emission layer. The bipolar organic compound (I) is present as a phosphorescent or fluorescent host of the emission layer. The emission layer comprises a phosphorescent or fluorescent host, and a phosphorescent or fluorescent dopant selected from a red, green, blue, and white emitting dopant. The bipolar organic compound (I) is a fluorescent blue dopant in the emission layer. The organic thin layer is selected from an electron transport layer (ETL), an electron injection layer (EIL). The organic thin layer is selected from emission layer, a hole transport layer (HTL), a hole injection layer (HIL), an electron transport layer (ETL) and/or an electron injection layer (EIL). SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 34 Compounds are specified as compound (I) e.g. 9,9'-(5-(pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole) (Ia), 9,9'-(5-(4-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole), 9,9'-(5-(4-(naphthalen-1-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole), 9,9'-(5-(4-(anthracen-9-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(9H-carbazole), 9-(3-(4-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole.    EXAMPLE - A mixture of 9-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-(1,3,2)dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl)-9H-carbazole intermediate (11.5g), 2,4-dichloropyrimidine (2.1g) and tetrakis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.81 g) were suspended in tetrahydrofuran (63 ml) and toluene (42 ml), then added with a solution of sodium carbonate (7.8g) dissolved in water (42 ml). The obtained mixture was heated and refluxed for 12 hours. After workup, 9-(3-(4-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (IB) (yield 69.3%) was obtained. The mixture comprising 9-(3-(4-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (IB) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Method: The deposition is conducted on a glass substrate coated with an insulating layer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The substrate can be a metal foil coated with the insulating layer. The group III chalcogenide thin film contains indium (In) and/or gallium (Ga). The device comprises the substrate coated with a film of molybdenum (2), a chalcopyrite layer (5) coated by a cadmium sulfide film, a layer of intrinsic zinc oxide, and a layer of aluminum (Al) doped zinc oxide. Preferred Method: Copper (Cu) is incorporated into the chalcogenide film by exchange of group III ions in the film by Cu atoms in a liquid and diffusion of the copper atoms throughout the chalcogenide film. The method may involve depositing In-Ga-selenide (Se) compound layer or alloy onto the substrate; placing the chalcogenide layer into a media containing copper ions for their incorporation into the layer; and heat treating the resulting mixed layer to convert the mixed into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 phase. The incorporation of Cu into the chalcogenide film occurs by exchange of group III ions in the film by Cu ions in an aqueous solution containing a Cu salt. An additional source of metal ions of group IB other than Cu is added to the solution. The method includes exchanging In atoms in the layer with Ga or Al atoms.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solution is a non-aqueous solution, preferably organic solution, containing a Cu salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The substrate can be polymer foil coated with the insulating layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas-barrier layer comprises organic layer(s) and inorganic layer(s).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The resin is a polyvinyl alcohol or polyfunctional acrylate. The organic layer is formed by curing a composition comprising (meth)acrylate(s) having a bisphenol skeleton. The main ingredient of layer comprising a resin is the same as the main ingredient of organic layer. Both main ingredient of organic layer and layer comprising a resin are derived from (meth)acrylate. Preferred Parameter: The layer comprising a resin has thickness of 0.5-30 mu m. The gas barrier film has thickness of 10-300 mu m. The gas barrier film is provided where the layer including a resin is on the outer side of a device. EXAMPLE - Photopolymerizing acrylate (9 g), tripropylene glycol diacrylate and photopolymerization initiator (0.1 g) were dissolved in methyl ethyl ketone (190 g) to prepare a coating solution. The coating solution was applied onto polyethylene naphthalate film with wire bar, and irradiated with UV rays at illuminance of 350 mW/cm2 and at radiation dose of 500 mJ/cm2 using an air-cooling metal halide lamp of 160 W/cm with nitrogen purging to an oxygen concentration of not greater than 0.1% to form an organic layer, where film thickness was 500 nm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Thickness of silicon-titanium formation film layer is 0.01-5 (0.01-2) microns. Preferred Method: Silicon-titanium formation film layer is formed on the surfaces of basal layer and fluorine-based film layer via plasma silicon-titanium processing.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluorine-based film layer is tetrafluoroethylene based film layer or chlorotrifluoroethylene based film layer. Preferred Parameters: Thickness of fluorine-based film layer is 5-200 microns.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Basal layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) basal layer or polyethylene (PE) superfine closed cell foaming layer. Preferred Parameters: Thickness of basal layer is 0.1-10 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Layers: The basic layer is polyethylene terephthalate basic layer or polyethylene ultra-fine unicellular foaming layer. The fluorine-based layer is tetrafluoroethylene-based layer or trifluorochloroethylene-based layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Fluorosilicone film forming layer is 0.001-5 (0.001-2) mm thick. Preferred Components: Surface of base layer and/or fluoro-film layer is formed into fluorosilicone film forming layer via plasma fluorosilicone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fluoro-film layer is tetrafluoroethylene film layer or chlorotrifluoroethylene film layer. Preferred Parameters: Fluoro-film layer is 5-200 mm thick.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Base layer is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) base layer or polyethylene (PE) ultra-fine foam layer. Preferred Parameters: Base layer is 0.1-10 mm thick.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Process: The surface of substrate and/or fluorine-type film is treated with plasma silicon titanizing process, to form silicon-titanium formation film. Preferred Components: The substrate is polyethylene terephthalate or polyethylene ultra-fine closed foaming layer. The fluorine-type film is tetrafluoroethylene-type film or trifluorochloroethene-type film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The viscosity of composition at 25 degrees C is 200 mPa.seconds or less. Preferred Component: The composition further comprises halogen-type oxidation-reduction compound having halide ion and polyhalide ion, 4-tert-butyl pyridine and water. Preferred Definitions:    R1=ethyl;and    X=N(CN)2.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No general preparation is given. Preferred Composition: An ink composition contains near-infrared-ray absorber containing poly-crosslinking type phthalocyanine compound. Preferred Definitions:    M1,M2=nickel, tin, aluminum, magnesium, cesium, gadolinium or dysprosium, preferably dysprosium, gadolinium or tin;and    R=H or carboxylic acid.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 2 Specific poly-crosslinking type phthalocyanine compound such as dysprosium-containing phthalocyanine compound of formula (3) and gadolinium-containing phthalocyanine compound of formula (4) are disclosed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Composition: The glass flakes are a mixture (a) of unmilled glass flakes (in weight%) (80) having particle size of 150-1700 mu m and unmilled glass flakes (20) having particle size of 50-150 mu m, mixture (b) of milled glass flakes (10) having particle size of 300-1000 mu m, milled glass flakes (65) having particle size of 50-300 mu m and milled glass flakes (25) having particle size of 50 mu m or less, or a mixture (c) of micronized glass flakes (2) having particle size of 150 mu m or more, micronized glass flakes (10) having particle size of 50-150 mu m and micronized glass flakes (88) having particle size of 50 mu m or less. Preferred Property: The glass flakes have refractive index of 1.5-1.6.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic nanoparticles are nanoclay particles and/or glass nanofibers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Salt: The photoinitiator is chosen from sulfonium salt, and ferrocenium salt. Preferred Fiber: The glass nanofiber is chosen from GF10 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.1 mu m), GF35 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.35 mu m), GF50 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 0.7 mu m), GF100 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 1 mu m), GF300 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 3 mu m), GF500 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 5 mu m), and GF750 (RTM: glass nanofiber having particle diameter of 7 mu m).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The epoxy resin is chosen from cycloaliphatic-type epoxy resin, modified-cycloaliphatic type epoxy resin, and hybrid-type epoxy resin. The epoxy resin contains 1-50 weight% of vinyl ether. Preferred Substrate: A plastic substrate (110a) has a hardcoat layer formed using the encapsulating composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fiber component is a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric. The fiber component includes polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyester fiber, polyamide fiber, polyethylene fiber, aramid fiber, polyparaphenylene benzobisoxazole fiber, glass fiber, and/or carbon fiber. The organic resin includes thermosetting resin, thermoplastic resin, and/or UV-curable resin. The thermosetting resin is epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyimide resin, bismaleimide-triazine resin, and/or cyanate resin. The thermoplastic resin is polyphenylene oxide resin, polyetherimide resin, or fluorine resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The III-V semiconductor of blocker layer consists of nitrogen, carbon, silicon and boron. The III-V-N-semiconductor compound is selected from gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride, gallium arsenide nitride (GaAsN), gallium phosphide nitride (GaPN), gallium indium nitride (GaInN), aluminum indium nitride (AlInN), gallium indium arsenide nitride (GaInAsN), gallium arsenide nitride phosphide (GaAsNP) or gallium indium arsenide nitride phosphide (GaInAsNP). The III-V semiconductor of the layer structure is selected from gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium phosphide, aluminum arsenide, aluminum phosphide, gallium antimonide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride and combination of these binary semiconductors. The substrate is selected from silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, gallium antimonide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic filler is titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, tin oxide or silicon oxide. Preferred Film: The separation film is aluminum-coated film or metal aluminum film.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is toluene, butanone, ethyl acetate and/or butyl acetate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fluorine resin is homopolymer or copolymer of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropene. The modified resin is polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropene resin modified by active methylene group, carboxyl group, aziridine group, sulfonic group, isocyanate group, epoxy group, amine group or hydroxyl group. Preferred Arrangement: An adhesive layer is provided on one side of backboard. The adhesive layer is polyvinyl acetate layer, polyvinyl butyral layer or polyolefin layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The di-alkylphosphine has the formula (R1)2X-R2.X=P or P(O);R1=bulky alkyl (preferably tert-butyl, adamantyl or neopentyl);andR2=H, alkyl (optionally substituted) (preferably mono substituted methylene), arylalkyl (preferably benzyl, 2,2-dimethyl-propyl, -(CH3)3Si-CH2- or pyren-1-yl) or a fused polyaromatic group.Preferred Components: The heteroaryl moiety is a pyridine (preferably ortho-substituted pyridine). The heteroaryl halide is an aryl pyridine. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Use of 5 compounds are specified as (I) i.e. 2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-pyridine (Ia); 1-(4-trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-isoquinoline; 2-benzofuran-2-yl-4-methyl-pyridine; 2-(3-chloro-phenyl)-4-methyl-pyridine; and 5-methyl-2-(4-trimethylsilanyl-phenyl)-pyridine. Use of 7 compounds are specified as (II) e.g. benzyl-di-tert-butyl-phosphine (IIa); di-tert-butyl-(2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-phosphine; di-tert-butyl-trimethyl silanylmethyl-phosphine; di-1-adamantylphosphine oxide; di-1-adamantylmethylphosphine.    EXAMPLE - 3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenylboronic acid (15 g), 2-chloro-4-methyl-pyridine (7.42 g), cesium fluoride (17.43 g), tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0) (0.53 g), di-tert-butyl-trimethylsilylmethyl-phosphine (0.33 g) and dioxane (100 ml) were stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting mixture was purified to obtain 2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-4-methyl-pyridine (16.18 g, 91%) as colorless liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The interfacial layer comprises a hole-transporting polymer. The hole-transporting polymer comprises poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-(3-methyl propyl))diphenylamine) and 4,4'-bis((p-trichloro silyl propyl phenyl) phenyl amino) biphenyl. The electron-donating organic material comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy))-p-phenylene vinylene, poly(2,7-(9-(2'-ethylhexyl)-9-hexyl-fluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)), poly(2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta(2,1-b,3,4-6')dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)), or poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (disclosed): 3,6-bis-thio aryl phthalonitrile compound and dialkyl-(3,4-dicyano phenyl) phosponate is reacted in presence of catalyst and cyclized, to obtain phthalocyanine compound. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - Specific phthalocyanine compounds disclosed are 1,4,8,11,15,18-hexa-thiophenyl methyl-phosphate ester phthalocyanate lead of formula (1a), 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octa-thiophenyl methyl phthalocyanate lead, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octa-thiophenyl methyl phthalocyanate ruthenium, 1,4,8,11,15,18-hexa-thiophenyl methyl-phosphate ester phthalocyanate ruthenium and tetrathio phenylmethyl phosphate ester phthalocyanate lead.    EXAMPLE - 3,6-Bis(thiophenyl methyl) phthalonitrile (in g) (0.0698), diethyl-(3,4-dicyano phenyl)phosphonate (0.0165), lead (II) chloride (0.0174), 1-pentanol (10 mL) and 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (0.2 mL) were refluxed at 160 degrees C for 7 hours, reacted, cooled to room temperature, poured into methanol (200 mL), washed using pure water (100 mL) and methanol (100 mL) and purified, to obtain 1,4,8,11,15,18-hexa-thiophenyl methyl-phosphate ester phthalocyanate lead (1a).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic base is potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or cesium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): (I) is prepared by reacting an aromatic dihalide monomer of formula (VI), phenyl derivative of formula (VII) and aromatic diborate copolymer of formula (VIII) or (IX) in the presence of an inorganic solvent, organic base and organic palladium as catalyst at 60-150?oC for 48-100 minutes. Preferred Components: The organic solvent is tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene, or chlorobenzene. The (VI), (VII) and (VIII) or (IX) has a mole ratio of 1:2-20:3.5-21.5. The organic palladium catalyst is palladium carbonate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and/or tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The film coating is carried out through spinning, spraying or dipping. The film coating colloid is obtained at 95-130 degrees C, and has concentration of 0.2-0.5 M. The spin coating has spinning speed of 3000-35000 rev/sec. The heating is carried out at a rate of 3-5 degrees C/minute when heating reaches 600 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substrate is monocrystalline silicon, quartz, glass, alumina, ceramic, mica or metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic solvent is glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, glycol dimethyl ether or 2-ethoxy ethanol. The complexing agent is citric acid, EDTA and/or acetyl acetone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Polymers: The polymer is polyurethane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane copolymer, celluloseacetate, celluloseacetatebutyrate, celluloseacetatepropionate, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethylacrylate, polyacrylic copolymer, polyvinylacetate, polyvinylacetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol, polyfurfuryl alcohol, polystyrene, polystyrene copolymer, polyethyleneoxide, polypropyleneoxide, polyethyleneoxide copolymer, polypropyleneoxide copolymer, polycarbonate, polyvinylchloride, polycaprolactone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer, polyamide, and/or their copolymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The top subshell is made of indium-gallium-aluminum phosphide. The middle cell is made of gallium indium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium indium arsenide, gallium indium antimonide or gallium indium arsenide nitride base and emitter region. The bottom subshell is made of indium gallium arsenide base and emitter regions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises (in %): silicon dioxide (6-75, preferably 0.015-0.01); aluminum trioxide (0-10); boric oxide (0-5, preferably 0); calcium oxide (5-15); magnesium oxide (0-10); sodium oxide (5-20); potassium oxide (0-10); and barium oxide (0-5, preferably 0). The redox of (I) is less than or equal to 0.1, preferably 0.07. Preferred Components: The content of molybdenum trioxide is 0 and the tungsten oxide is 0.2-1%, preferably 0.3-0.7%. The content of tungsten oxide is 0 and the molybdenum trioxide is 0.2-1%, preferably 0.3-0.7%. The content of potassium oxide is greater than or equal to 1.5%, preferably 2% or 3%. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): silicon dioxide (71); aluminum trioxide (0.8); calcium oxide (9.5); magnesium oxide (4); and sodium oxide (13.75).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) comprises (in %): silicon dioxide (60-75, preferably 0.015-0.01); aluminum trioxide (0-10); boric oxide (0-5, preferably 0); calcium oxide (5-15); magnesium oxide (0-10); sodium oxide (5-20); and barium oxide (0-5, preferably 0). The redox of (I) is less than or equal to 0.1, preferably 0.07. Preferred Components: The content of ferric oxide is less than or equal to 0.015% preferably 0.01%. The total content of molybdenum trioxide and/or tungsten oxide is 0.1-2%. The content of potassium oxide is greater than or equal to 2%, preferably 3%. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %): silicon dioxide (71); aluminum trioxide (0.8); calcium oxide (9.5); magnesium oxide (4); and sodium oxide (13.75).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process gas is injected into the silicon molten metal with process-gas blow-in pipe (22) with respect to Lorentz force. Preferred Component: The process gas is inert gas which removes oxygen and non-metallic inclusion in the silicon molten metal. The process gas is hydrogen gas containing water vapor which removes boron and carbon in the molten metal. The obstacle plate is positioned in the processing tank. Preferred Condition: The silicon metal is in the negative pressure atmosphere with respect to air.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The laser source consists of krypton fluoride, xenon chloride, argon fluoride and krypton chloride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The sealing unit is made of one among polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, epoxy resin, fluororesin and silicone resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The organic-semiconductor compound is a phthalocyanine compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: A semiconductor electrode has a semiconductor layer covered on an electroconductive substrate, and the photoelectric conversion material which adsorbed to the surface of the semiconductor layer. Preferred Element: The semiconductor in the semiconductor electrode is metal chalcogenide chosen from titanium, tin, zinc, iron, copper, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, strontium, indium, cerium, yttrium, lanthanum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, cadmium, lead, silver, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, aluminum, gallium, chromium, cobalt and nickel. EXAMPLE - Titanium oxide (in g) (2), acetyl acetone (0.2) and Triton-X-100 (RTM: surfactant) (0.3) were dispersed in water (6.5) and paint conditioner (0.3), and the mixture was stirred for 6 hours. Further, concentrated nitric acid (0.2 ml), ethanol (0.4 ml) and polyethylene glycol (1.2) were added to form paste. The obtained paste was coated on fluorine-stannic oxide glass substrate to thickness of 12 mu m, and baked at 550 degrees C for 1 hour to form semiconductor electrode. The electrode provided transducer having excellent photoelectric transfer characteristics and adsorption stability of pigment with respect to electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The low-temperature solidification material is polydimethylsiloxane or epoxide resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The total content of organic indium compound and organometallic compound is 5-20 weight%. The molar ratio of organic indium compound and organometallic compound is 100/0.1-100/50. The organometallic compound is a metal acetylacetone complex and/or a metal alkoxide. The metal acetylacetone complex and/or metal alkoxide contain metallic elements in organometallic compound. The organic indium compound is an acetylacetone indium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cellulose derivative is ethyl cellulose and/or a hydroxypropylcellulose. The solvent is alkylphenol and/or alkenyl phenol, dibasic acid ester, and/or benzylacetate. Preferred Process: The coating liquid is coated on a substrate, dried and baked at 300 degrees C or more. Preferred Method: The coating liquid is coated by inkjet printing method, screen-printing method, gravure method, offset printing method, flexographic-printing method, dispenser printing method, slit coat method, diecoat method, doctor blade coat method, wire bar-coat method, spin coat method, dip-coat method or spray-coating method.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The coating liquid further contains a binder (5 weight% or less). The binder is a cellulose derivative and/or an acrylic resin. EXAMPLE - Acetylacetone indium (in g) (39.34), acetylacetone titanium (0.66), p-tert-butylphenol (28), dibasic acid ester (28) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (4) were added and heated at 130 degrees C for 90 minutes to obtain reaction solution. The obtained reaction solution (2.5), cyclohexanone (3.5) and methyl ethyl ketone (4) were added and mixed to obtain coating liquid. The coating liquid had excellent electroconductive property, stability, coating property and transparency.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Layer: The solar cell component further has a compound film layer (5) on the inorganic oxide barrier layer, and a primer layer (3) formed on lower surface of the inorganic oxide barrier layer. The primer layer consists of composite of silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate, polyol, and isocyanate compound. The silane coupling agent or its hydrolyzate has hydroxyl group of polyol, or isocyanate group of isocyanate compound, and reactive functional group. Preferred Component: The composite further contains metal alkoxide of formula: M(OR)n or its hydrolyzate.M=metallic element;R=alkyl;andn=oxidation number of metallic element.Preferred Metal: The metal in metal alkoxide or its hydrolyzate is silicon, aluminum, titanium, or zirconium. The metal alkoxide in the compound film layer is silane alkoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The plastic base material is chosen from polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyimide, polyester, polycarbonate, polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, cellulose, triacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and polyurethane. Preferred Component: The compound film layer contains component chosen from hydrolyzate of water-soluble high molecular compound, metal alkoxide, and metal alkoxide and polymer of metal alkoxide. The water-soluble high molecular compound is chosen from polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose and starch. Preferred Property: The resin layer (A) has thickness of 0.1-50 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The anti-reflecting layer is made from silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium fluoride, or their salt.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The anti-reflecting layer is made from fluoride bearing alkyl polyether compound or over fluorine alkyl ether or their salt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Resin: The polyester resin is cycloolefin copolymer resin. Preferred Components: The polyester layer (A) further contains polyalkylene glycol copolyester, and cyclohexadimethanol copolyester. The polyester layer (B) contains barium sulfate particles and/or calcium carbonate particles (5-25 weight%), and optical stabilizer (0.1-5) such as triazine derivative. The polyester film further has layer (C) containing antistatic agent. Preferred Properties: The layer (C) has specific resistance value of less than 1x 1013 ohm/square. The content of cycloolefin copolymer resin is 5-40 weight%. EXAMPLE - A polyethylene terephthalate and cyclohexadimethanol copolymer, polybutylene terephthalate, polytetramethylene glycol and poly(5-methyl)norbornene were extruded at 180 degrees C for 3 hours to obtain polyester layer (A) having glass transition temperature of 190 degrees C and melt volume flow rate of 23.5 cm3/10 minutes. Polyethylene terephthalate (in mass parts) (86.32), silica particles (0.08) and titanium dioxide particles (0.6) were extruded at 280 degrees C to obtain polyester layer (B). The obtained layer (B, A and B) were sequentially laminated on sheet to thickness ratio of 1:23:1. The coating liquid containing acrylic acid-type polyester resin emulsion, lithium salt of polyester sulfonic acid and water were coated on the resulting component at 190 degrees C and wound up to form polyester film having average reflectance of 101%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: (Disclosed) The anthracene compound is obtained by refluxing triphenylamine derivative with aromatic and halo substituted anthracene in the presence of toluene, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, tribasic potassium phosphate and water. Preferred Composition: The amino group in the molecule is -G1N(Ar3)(Ar4). Charge transport material contains 10-90 weight parts anthracene compounds, 1-50 weight parts luminescent material, solvent and 10-90 weight parts compound of formula (II). Preferred Parameters: Charge transport material has glass transition point of greater than or equal to 120 degrees C and solubility to toluene is greater than or equal to 5 wt.%.Ar31=6-30C optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon; andAr32, Ar33=aromatic hydrocarbon with H or substituent. Preferred Definitions:    G1=optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon or bond.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 of 78 Compound (I) are specifically disclosed e.g. group of formula (I-1)-(I-5).    EXAMPLE - In nitrogen stream, 3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzenamine (1.426 g), 9-bromo-10-(2-naphthyl) anthracene (1.154 g), toluene (20 mL) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (20 ml) were mixed. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0.265 g) and a mixture of tribasic potassium phosphate (2.433 g) and water (40 mL) were added. The solution was stirred and refluxed for 11 hours. The solution was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated after washing in salt solution and aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. Silica gel column chromatography was performed using n-hexane/methylene chloride 3/1 mixed solvent. The solution was recrystallized and purified by sublimation at 350 degrees C using methylene chloride/ethyl acetate/ethanol mixed solvent to yield 3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-5-(10-(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracen-9-yl)-N,N-diphenylbenzenamine (1.08g).