TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The gasification reactor is a fixed bed, bubbling bed, fluidized bed, or entrained flow gasifier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: At least a portion of the heat is supplied to a biomass liquefaction process comprising enzymatic and/or bacterial decomposition of biomass; to a fermentation product distillation process comprising distillation of a fermentate to separate an alcohol; to a fermentation process comprising enzymatic, bacterial, and/or yeast-mediated production of an alcohol; to a dehydrating agent regeneration process comprising regeneration of a spent solid dehydrating agent; to a fermentate separation residue concentrating process comprising reducing volume of a fermentate separation residue; or to a fermentate separation residue drying process comprising removing at least some moisture from a fermentate separation residue; or to greater than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 4 of the thermal processes. The feed is provided by, performing treatment(s) comprising pyrolysis, catalytic conversion, drying, concentrating, or charring upon a biomass fermentate separation residue; or mixing biomass fermentate separation residue with supplemental feed(s) comprising low rank coal, liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, coke, oil shale, tar sands, asphalt, pitch, and/or another biomass-based material. The method further comprises adjusting the carbon monoxide/hydrogen ratio in the mixture by selective removal of carbon monoxide, selective removal of hydrogen, water-gas shift, or reverse-water-gas-shift; at least partially removing at least one impurity comprising carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocyanic acid, hydrochloric acid, carbonyl sulfide, nitrogen, or mercury from the mixture prior to contacting the mixture with the hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst; treating at least of portion of the effluent comprising a liquid transportation fuel component by a hydroprocessing step comprising hydrocracking, hydrotreating, and/or isomerization. Preferred Source: The biomass fermentate separation residue is derived from fermentation of plant biomass(es) comprising woody materials, forest residues, agricultural residues, or crops (particularly corn-based material(s) comprising distiller's wet grains, distiller's dry grains, dried distiller's grains with solubles, or corn-based grain stillage syrup). Preferred Component: The liquid transportation fuel component is a hydrocarbonaceous fuel having a boiling point of gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, or diesel fuel; or an aviation turbine fuel (preferably turbine fuel) having a hydrogen/carbon ratio of greater than 1.85, flash point of greater than or equal to 38 degrees C, and average freeze point of less than - 40 degrees C.