TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises recovering glycerol produced free of metal containing salts; adding a cosolvent to the mixture; and reacting the ketone cosolvent or ketal cosolvent with glycerol using an acid catalyst. The removal of volatile components from the mixture is accomplished via continuous distillation. The evaporation is accomplished by distillation of the volatile components under reduced pressure. Preferred Components: The alcohol is primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol from methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or butanol. The amount of catalyst used causes visible separation of alkyl ester and triol. The catalyst further comprises an anion exchange resin containing quat. ammonium hydroxide functionality. The cosolvent is a mono-ether cosolvent, preferably tetrahydrofuran-methanol-water cosolvent mixture derived from the production of poly(butylene terepthalate); a ketone cosolvent; or a ketal cosolvent. EXAMPLE - A mixture (g) of canola oil (50.1), tetrahydrofuran (49) and anhydrous methanol (47.5) was added with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (4.2) to obtain cloudy solution, stirred for 1 minute to obtain clear and slightly more yellow solution, stirred further at room temperature for 10 minutes, vacuum heated at 70-80 degrees C, and allowed to spatially separate to obtain an upper layer which was biodiesel-rich layer (50.1 g) and a lower layer which was clear, slightly discolored, and free of metal-containing salts glycerol-rich layer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Metal: The precious metal element is ruthenium. Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains barium and/or strontium (0.5-30 mass%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A hydrocarbon modified using the catalyst is chosen from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), light naphtha, heavy naphtha, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, glycerin, biodiesel fuel and vegetable oil. The carbon number of hydrocarbon is 3 or more. EXAMPLE - Hydrated aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3.9H2O) (in g) (22.51), hydrated magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O) (37.69), hydrated nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) (8.724), and barium nitrate (0.776) were dissolved in ion-exchange water (400 ml), to obtain a liquid (A). Sodium carbonate (8.584) was dissolved in ion-exchanger water (200 ml), to obtain a liquid (B). The obtained liquid (A) was dripped in the obtained liquid (B), and stirred at 90 degrees C for 40 minutes. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 5 hours, and cooled at 90 degrees C. Then, the deposit was suction-filtered, washed using ion exchange water (4 L) and dry-processed at 120 degrees C. The resulting mixture was heated at 650-850 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain a nickel-magnesium-barium-aluminum oxide powder. The obtained nickel-magnesium-barium-aluminum oxide powder (10) was injected to aqueous solution (1.264) containing ruthenium nitrate, stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and heated at 70 degrees C. The deposit was evaporated to dryness, and the dried product was further dry-processed at 120 degrees C for 16 hours. Then, the resulting mixture was heated at 650-850 degrees C for 1 hour, to obtain a ruthenium/nickel-magnesium barium-alumina oxide powder as catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Coolant: The fluoropropene coolant is chosen from saturated hydrofluorocarbon, 3-5C hydrocarbon, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfide and 3-fluoro-iodo methane coolant. Preferred Compounds: The saturated hydrofluorocarbon is difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro ethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro ethane, 1, 1-difluoro ethane, fluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro propane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro propane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro propane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro butane. The 3-5C hydrocarbon is propane, n-butane, isobutane, 2-methyl butane or n-pentane. The fluoropropene coolant is 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro propene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoro propene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro propene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoro propene or 3,3,3-trifluoro propene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid catalyst comprises: a strong acid ion-exchange resin; and a polymer macroporous resin with free sulfonic acid groups. The empty tube speed of the liquid phase in the catalyst fixed bed amounts to 1-5 mm/second and the length of the catalyst fixed bed amounts to 1-10 m, so that a retention time of less than 30 minutes is resulted. Preferred Process: The deacidified, residual raw material according to step (b) is transesterified to fatty acid alkyl ester. The step (e) is carried out more than once, preferably the progression of step (d) and step (e) is carried out more than once. The alcohol in step (c) is added in a molar excess of 5-40, preferably 10-20. The reaction (according to step (c)) or the further reaction (according to step (e)) is carried out at 70-120 degrees C, preferably 80-95 degrees C. A catalyst load of 0.5-10 kg free fatty acid per kg catalyst and hour, preferably 1.5-4 kg/kg.hour prevails in step (c) and/or step (e). The pressure in step (c) and/or step (e) is selected in such a way that it corresponds to at least the vapor pressure of the alcohols. In step (e), further alcohol is added. The separation according to step (d) takes place by membrane process or evaporating. EXAMPLE - A mixture (253 g/hour) of oleic acid and linolenic acid with a content of free fatty acids of 100 wt.% was conducted with 605 g/hour of methanol at 83 degrees C and a pressure of 4 bar with a retention time of 15 minutes over a catalyst fixed bed made of acid ion-exchange-resin (650 ml). The catalyst particles had a diameter of 0.8 mm and were immobilized in a fixed bed reactor with a catalyst bed length of 2.08 m to obtain a catalyst load of 2.1 kg free fatty acid per kg catalyst and hour, and a superficial velocity of 2.3 mm/second. A fatty acid turnover of 97.2% was achieved.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: The porous structure has macropores, and mesopores formed in the macropore. The micropores are formed in the surface of the mesopores. The micropores are capable of adsorbing a hydrogen molecule. Preferred Component: The micropore has a tetracyclo siloxane structure of formula (1) having hydrogen molecule. The hydrogen storage material contains precursor containing silicone resin of formula: (Si(MemPhn)xOy)z, and fine particles (0.5-20%, preferably 1-10%) of metal or metal oxide type.Me=methyl;Ph=phenyl;m+n=1;n=0.1-0.6;x+2y=4;x=0.2-1.5;andz=25 or more.Preferred Metal: The fine particles of metal or metal oxide type consist of fine particles of alumina, titanium, silicon, silver, alumina, titanium oxide and/or silica. Preferred Properties: The fine particles of metal or metal oxide type contain ultrafine particles having average particle diameter of 1-50 nm. The hydrogen storage material is fine particle material having particle size of 0.05-5 mm, preferably 0.1-2 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The photosynthetic microbes at the anode are Chlorella, Spirulina, Anabaena and photosynthetic bacteria. Preferred Condition: The photosynthetic microbe has growth temperature of 0-80 (preferably 25-30) degrees C, where sunlight can be directly used. The processed graphite electrode is placed to the chlorella culture dish to enrich the Chlorella.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The proton exchange membrane, before use, is boiled in 30% hydrogen peroxide, 0.5 mol/L sulfuric acid and deionized water for one hour. The electrodes are unpolished high purity graphite electrodes, and are dipped in 1 mol hydrochloric acid to remove impurity ions. The used electrodes are dipped into 1.0 mol/L sodium hydroxide to remove the cells absorbed on the surface.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: An external light source has light intensity of 0-106 (preferably 4.5x 103-5x 103) lux. A loading resistor has resistance of 0-10 (preferably 500-530) M Omega .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkali metal effective component is oxide, hydroxide, organic or inorganic salt or its mixture of lithium, sodium, potassium, zinc, barium, strontium, titanium or zirconium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is non-aqueous methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ether, benzene, toluene or its mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The plant further has a distillation column (14). The pervaporation system and distillation column are provided in parallel upstream of the vapor-permeation dewatering system. Preferred Method: The alcohol is removed from the broth through distillation column. The pervaporation system is operated with feed broth at 50 degrees C or less and fermentation product recovery of 50% or less. The pervaporation system is operated to maintain fermentation product concentration in fermentor (18) below concentration at which product inhibition reduces the rate of product production by 30% or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The filter medium consists of a lower filter medium (16) which uses ceramic, and a top filter medium (15) which uses coral as raw material, stacked in the container. The micro-bubble generator uses a ceramic porous component having continuous micro-bubbles with passable gas. The external shape of micro-bubble generator is spherical or polyhedron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The liquid supplier is a spray instrument which ejects a liquid towards the filter medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The inorganic compound of inorganic compound filter is solid base inorganic compound chosen from oxides of calcium, magnesium and zinc. The inorganic compound is carbonate chosen from potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate and strontium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molar ratio of potassium (K) with respect to cobalt (Co) carried by lanthanum oxide (La2O3) is 0.01-0.3. Preferred Process: The hydrogen production method makes ethanol and water vapor react at 350-550 degrees C and manufactures hydrogen after hydrogen reduction of K-Co/La2O3 of ethanol modification catalyst at 400-600 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The adsorbent in the first desulfurizer is activated carbon, synthesized zeolite or iron oxide. The desulfurizing catalyst is zinc oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Structure: In the structure, the catalyst has an overall composition of A2O3, MOx, NOy, and cobalt (Co) metal where A is a lanthanide, M is a cation of valence +1 or +2, N is a transition metal with mixed valence (iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), etc) and delta is 0-0.6. The cobaltite is deposited on a substrate or support before heat treatment in reducing atmosphere and in the presence of hydrocarbons and/or alcohol. Preferred Method: In the production of hydrogen from mixtures of hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, the composition of the mixture of oil and/or alcohol and air is below the combustion between the fuel (oil and/or alcohol) and the air. The temperature that is used is 200-1000 degrees C. The method uses a mixture of methane and air; air and propane or butane; methanol and air; or ethanol and air. The hydrogen fuel cell is polymeric or ceramic, where the ceramic form is reformed within the anode. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas is biogas. Preferred Property: The pH of the reaction mixture is 5.5-9.0, preferably 6-8, more preferably 7-8. The minimum ferric-hydroxide concentration in the reactor with respect to concentration of iron is 5 g/m3 or more, preferably 20 g/m3 or more. The maximum ferric-hydroxide concentration is the reactor with respect to concentration of iron is 500 g/m3 or more, preferably 1000 g/m3 or more. Preferred Process: The ferric hydroxide concentration in reactor is maintained a predetermined value by feeding the reactor with ferric hydroxide at least once in every 60 days, preferably at least once every 15 days. The ferric hydroxide is derived from ferric chloride or ferric sulfate. The gas is generated during digestion process of sewage sludge, or water or waste water treatment process. The ferric hydroxide is recovered from water treatment process. Preferred Composition: The content of ferric hydroxide in the solution is 15% or more, preferably 20% or more. The minimum solid content in the solution is 2% based on weight/volume.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Properties: The cross-sectional area of the holes which meet the sheet surface towards the other surface from one surface of the metal sheet, reduces gradually. The hole area ratio of the metal sheet is 40% or more. The average hole diameter of the holes is 60 mu m or less. The porous carrier is arranged also on the surface of metal sheet which becomes upstream in the permeation path of hydrogen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carrier contains mutually joined carrier particles (16). The particulate catalyst is supported by the carrier particles. The carrier particles contain alumina, silica, zirconia, and/or activated carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Catalyst: The particulate catalyst consists of palladium (alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Unit: The mixing-aerating unit is provided with an electronic control, where the temperature-controllable room is an industrial shed. The length of a basin or the aggregate length of the basins is 60-120 m. The width each of the basin(s) is 3-6 m, and the depth is 0.6-1 m. The self-propelling frame is traveling on rails arranged aligned along the basin(s). The mixing unit contains a rotor, a drum driven by the rotor, and blades mounted on the drum. The mixing unit is provided with a heat reflecting screen covering the manipulator, which is raised and lowered together with the mixing unit. The exhausting-injecting unit contains a vacuum pump for exhausting fresh air form the tempered room and gases from the basin and re-injecting these together into the basin. The compression side of the vacuum pump is connected to a telescopic injector (21) provided with height adjustment and reaching into the basin, and is also connected to the blades mounted on the drum through the drum of the mixing unit. The manipulator is provided with temperature, humidity, level detectors, speed, level adjustment, and revolution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodegradable waste material is a mixture of sewage sludge, animal manure and/or organic waste material. Preferred Process: The temperature of the mixing-aerating unit is controlled according to a predefined profile. The power requirement of the process is provided by a solar collector/solar cell system. The trace element content of the finished organic fertilizer is adjusted to the values required by the intended application of the finished organic fertilizer. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The arrangement has active layers that are doped with palladium or platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the reaction zone (during the step (I) or step (III)), heterogeneous acid ion-exchange resin-catalysts are provided in a continuous alcoholic phase, in which the free fatty acids are finely dispersed. After the reaction of the free fatty acids, water and alcohols are separated. The separation of the water is carried out selectively with the help of a membrane. The water is separated together with a part or the total amount of the alcohol by vaporization. The reaction and/or the further reaction are carried out at 80-95 degrees C. Additionally alcohols are added before the further reaction step. The step (III) is carried out more than one time, preferably the step (II) and step (III) are carried out more than one time. The alcohol is added to the starting materials in a molar ratio of 5-40, preferably 10-20.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The heterogeneous acid ion-exchange resin-catalysts are strongly acidic, polymeric macroporous resins with free sulfonic acid groups. A catalyst load of 0.1 to 10 kg/kgx hour, preferably 0.2 to 3 kg/kgx hour is present. EXAMPLE - A mixture (1120 g/hour) of rapeseed oil, oleic acid and linolenic acid with a content of free fatty acid of 12.5 wt.% (corresponding to an acid number of 25 mg potassium hydroxide/g) was conducted with methanol (267 g/hour) at 83 degrees C and a pressure of 4 bar with a retention time of 10 minutes over a catalyst bed made of 650 ml of acid ion-exchange resin (corresponding to 121 g of catalyst mass). The catalyst particle had a diameter of 0.8 mm and immobilized in a solid bed reactor with a catalyst bed length of 2.08 m. The conversion degree was 98.3% and a molar ratio of methanol to fatty acid was 16.8:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The fluid comprises emulsifying agent 0.1-75 (preferably 5-35) wt.%. The natural emulsifying agent comprises acacia, gelatin, cholesterol and/or lecithin, in which lecithin is the emulsifying agent and is modified by fractionation to yield a fraction rich in phosphatidylcholine. The biodiesel is formed from vegetable oils derived from oilseed rape, palm oil and soy bean oil, or is formed from a biomass-to-liquid process. The vegetable oil comprises oilseed rape. Preferred Method: The cellulose-containing kindling comprises newspaper. The newspaper is folded and twisted to form semi-rigid sticks, several such sticks being arranged in the container to form a criss-crossed array around and through which air can circulate. EXAMPLE - Soya lecithin fluid (test) (20 wt.%) which was oilseed rape derived biodesel, was burned at an average burn time of 4.06 minutes at average burn rate of 121.8 seconds/gm and compared to an industry standard liquid (control) i.e. hydrotreated light petroleum naphtha, which was burned at an average burn time of 1.54 minutes at average burn rate of 46.2 seconds/gm. The test lecithin fluid showed a burn time which was 2.6 times longer than hydrotreated light petroleum naphtha and 1.5 times longer than oilseed rape derived biodiesel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of silica in the catalyst is 0.1-25 weight%, 0.1-4.5 weight% or 0.1-10 weight%. The weight ratio copper or copper oxide with respect to silica is 0.5:1-700:1, 1.5:1-700:1 or 5:1-700:1. The weight ratio of copper or copper oxide with respect to zinc oxide is 6:1-5:90. Preferred Process: The catalyst is obtained by coprecipitation method or impregnating method. EXAMPLE - Glycerin (in g) (24), distilled water (6), F10G (RTM: mixture of 50 weight% of copper oxide and 50 weight% of zinc oxide) (1), E35S (RTM: mixture of 67 weight% of copper oxide, 27 weight% of silica and 6 weight% of binder) (0.2) were mixed and hydrogenated in autoclave, to obtain propylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Water is removed during reaction of bio-oil and hydrogen. The process is conducted in a continuous, rather than batch, fashion. At least 30% of acetic acid in bio-oil is converted to ethanol. The liquid comprises guaiacol or substituted guaiacol, which is reacted with hydrogen at 250 degrees C or more. The hydrogenated product comprises 2-methoxy-phenol or other cyclohexanol derivatives. At least 50% of guaiacol or substituted guaiacol is converted to 2-methoxy-phenol or other cyclohexanol derivatives. Preferred Conditions: Bio-oil and hydrogen are reacted at 250-450 degrees C, preferably 300 degrees C or more, and 5 MPa or more. The liquid hourly space velocity is 0.1 or more. The bio-oil deoxygenation rate is 50% or more. The yield of liquid oil is 60% or more. Reacting furfural, guaiacol, or substituted guaiacol with hydrogen is carried out at 280 degrees C or more, and 5% or more of furfural is converted to 1-pentanol. At least 6% of furfural in bio-oil is converted to 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises a catalyst metal dispersed on a support. The support comprises carbon, titania and/or zirconia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bio-oil comprises water (5-50 mass%). The bio-oil is a single-phase liquid. The bio-oil comprises acetic acid or furfural.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low surface area material is: calcium aluminate (preferred), barium hexaaluminate, magnesium hexaaluminate, strontium hexaaluminate, and/or manganese hexaaluminate. The low surface area material comprises an aluminum compound comprising MeO/alumina, where Me is calcium, strontium, barium (preferred), magnesium, and/or manganese. The high surface area material comprises: alumina promoted with oxides comprising the lanthanides, yttria, ceria, and/or zirconia, preferably a gamma alumina combined with yttria (1-5 wt.%), ceria (15-20 wt.%) and lanthana (1-5 wt.%); a mixed metal oxide, where the oxides include two or more of zirconia, ceria, titania, silica, lanthana, praseodymia, neodymia, yttria, samaria, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, calcium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide and magnesium oxide; a material comprising high surface area ceria, titania, and/or silica; or a mixture of ceria, zirconia and one or more lanthanide oxides, preferably praseodymium oxide and/or neodymium oxide. The precious metal comprises 0.05-5 wt.% of the catalyst. EXAMPLE - Rhodium (0.8%) was deposited on a carrier produced from a mixture of a low surface area material (comprising calcium hexaaluminate, where 13% comprised calcium with the remaining amount being alumina) and a high surface area material (comprising yttria (1.5 wt.%), lanthana (3 wt.%), ceria (16 wt.%) and gamma alumina (balance amount)) to give a catalyst, where the ratio of the low surface area material to the high surface area material was 30:70 and the surface area of the support material after production was 160 m2/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The catalyst provided in the plasma reactor consists of metal, aluminum, nickel, zirconium, titanium, cerium, cobalt, manganese, zinc, copper, tin, iron, niobium, magnesium, lanthanum, samarium, bismuth, barium, platinum, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium, indium, silver and gold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The organic waste has moisture content of 60 mass% or more, preferably 90 mass% or more. The dried dechlorinated organic waste has average particle diameter of 10 mm or less. Preferred Methods: The moisture content in dechlorinated organic waste is adjusted to 80 mass% or less, by drying or heat-drying process and adding a moisture content adjustment material. The moisture content adjusted dechlorinated organic waste is then fermented, to obtain biomass fuel which is dried dechlorinated organic waste having chlorine concentration of 4000 ppm or less and moisture content of 40 mass% or less. The manufacture of biomass fuel further involves performing drying or heat-drying process using waste heat of manufacturing equipment, after fermentation process, and performing classification, grinding and pulverization processes with respect to dechlorinated organic waste, after drying or heat-drying process. The drying or heat-drying process is performed using natural power source such as solar heat and/or wind force. EXAMPLE - High-water-content organic waste (100 kg) having moisture of 90 mass% and chlorine concentration of 8000 ppm was dehydrated, to obtain cake (47) having moisture content of 83 mass% and chlorine concentration of 2060 ppm. Then, moisture content adjustment material was add-mixed, to obtain dechlorinated organic waste having moisture content of 60 mass% and chlorine concentration of 920 ppm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (Disclosed): The polynucleotide is isolated from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. Preferred Polynucleotide: The isolated polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory sequence. The isolated polynucleotide further comprises heterologous nucleotides. Preferred Microorganism: The recombinant microorganism is a prokaryote, preferably yeast. The recombinant microorganism further comprises a second exogenous polynucleotide comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having isoprenoid acyl CoA-synthetase activity, where the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 4 have at least 80% homology, or is complementary to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No. 4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves isolating the ester comprising a fatty acid ethyl ester or fatty acid methyl ester. The ester comprises an alcohol-derived from C1 or C2. The ester comprises a fatty acid-derived group of at least C8. The fatty acid-derived group is unsaturated. EXAMPLE - Genomic DNA was isolated from Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus DSM 8798 and subjected to PCR using primers such as 5'-agagtttgatcmtggctcag-3'(SEQ ID No. 19) and 5'-aaggaggtgatccanccrca-3'(SEQ ID No. 20), where m is adenine or cytosine, r is adenine or guanine, n is guanine, adenine, thymine or cytosine. The obtained amplified fragment was digested with XbaI and NotI and inserted into plasmid such as pUCmod. The obtained plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli JM109 and cultured in Luria-Bertani medium containing ampicillin (100 mu g/ml) at 30 degrees C for overnight. After centrifugation the cells were suspended in 10 ml of 50 mM tris hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 8) and further centrifuged. The obtained supernatant liquid was subjected to PD-10 desalting column to obtain purified protein having isoprenoid wax ester synthase activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The bacteria species is mesophilic. The first consortium of microorganisms comprises at least one bacteria species which is Enterobacter cloacae (preferred), Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Shewanella putrefaciens and/or Geobacter metallireducens. The second consortium of microorganisms comprises a fungus or a mixture of fungi, where the fungus is yeast. The second consortium comprises at least one yeast from the genus Saccharomyces, preferably Saccharomyces cerevisiae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The source of Fe(3+) is magnetite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The inoculating step (a) and (b) are: substantially simultaneous; and conducted at 25-35 degrees C. The method further comprises: recovering ethanol produced from step (b); and adding a small amount of oxygen during step (a) or (b) or during both step (a) and (b). The recovering step comprises distillation and treating with a molecular sieve. The method is free from added enzymes. The steps (a) and (b) are conducted in a single reaction vessel. Preferred Components: The fermentable sugars are cellobiose, glucose and/or maltose. EXAMPLE - Stock solution (approximately 1 ml) including Enterobacter cloacae was added to Brewer's thioglycollate medium (25 g) and autoclaved at 120 degrees C for 45 minutes. The medium was cooled to 30 degrees C. The reactor, having distilled water (900 g), cellulose (sugar beet pulp) (100 g), yeast extract (20 g), magnetite (1 g), molasses (10 g), dextrose (8 g) and bacto-peptone protein source (10 g), was inoculated with the medium having the bacteriological consortium at a pH of 5.5-6.5. The total mixture was incubated at 30 degrees C in a shaker bath with a cap held loosely on the vessel for 3 days and incubation was continued for another week to give ethanol (12.5%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The radical is produced by irradiating light at supply source chosen from acetic acid, methanol, ethanol, acetic anhydride, propionic acid, butanoic acid and formic acid. The toxic compound is further detoxified using titanium oxide or cerium hydroxide, and cobalt complex, or by alkylating arsenic, antimony or selenium. The alkylation is methylation. Preferred Compound: The toxic compound is monomethyl compound such as monomethyl arsonyl acetate, monomethyl arsonyl ethanol or monomethyl arsonic acid, dimethyl compound such as dimethyl arsonyl acetate, dimethyl arsonyl ethanol, arsenosugar or dimethyl arsonic acid, or trimethyl compound such as arsenocholine, arsenobetaine, trimethyl arsenosugar or trimethyl arsine oxide. EXAMPLE - Arsenic trioxide solution (0.5 ml), hyper pure water (7.7 ml) and acetic acid (1.8 ml) were mixed to form solution (A). The solution (A) and RA91 (RTM: titanium oxide) were mixed and irradiated with UV ray of wavelength 365 nm. The solution was diluted with hyper pure water and the arsenic compound was isolated and detoxified.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The appropriate period in the second step is one to three hours and the appropriate period in the third step is 2-48 hours. The lipase enzyme is a recombinant lipase encoded by a sequence of fully defined 291 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1), given in the specification, and produced in Pichia cells. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed are the lipase enzyme nucleotide sequence derived from Deschampsia antarctica comprising 291 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1), and its corresponding lipase peptide sequence comprising 97 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2). All sequences are fully defined in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The food dye is annatto extract, turmeric and/or porphyrin containing compositions. The concentration of food dye is sufficient to inactivate one or more microorganisms when the food dye is activated by a source of light. ACTIVITY - Antimicrobial; Virucide; Antibacterial; Fungicide; Antialgal; Antiparasitic.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - Administration of (I) is topical, cutaneous or oral. No dosage details given.    EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised: methylene blue; hemoglobin (blood product); hemin (blood product); protoporphyrin (blood product); annatto extract (15% Norbixin); beet juice; canthaxanthin (10%); beta-carotene (1%); purple carmine 50%; carmine lake 60%; black carrot extract; tomato lycopene (5%); sodium copper chlorophyllin; grape skin extract; paprika oleoresin; riboflavin; saffron; titanium dioxide; FD and C blue No.1; turmeric oleoresin; FD and C blue No.2; FD and C green No.3; FD and C red No.2 (amaranth); FD and C red No. 40; FD and C yellow No. 5; and FD and C yellow No. 6.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The domestic waste comprises (mass%) pipeline sludge (0-100) and/or organic wastes (0-100).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: About more than 70% semi-cellulose in the aerated material is hydrolyzed, and about more than 85% of the cellulose is separated and expanded.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: An alkali used for conditioning pH value is caustic soda, pure caustic soda, or calcium hydroxide with density of 8%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The coke is deposited onto particulate inorganic material in a catalytic process (preferably a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process). The process is carried out in a fluid bed. Preferred Components: The coke is present on a particulate inorganic material. The particulate inorganic material is inert and has catalytic properties selected from E-cat; spent cat and/or hydrogen transfer (HT) coked catalyst (preferably sand, silica and metal). The particulate inorganic material has a mean particle diameter (10 nm to 3 mm). The feedstock has an oxygen content of 20-50 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The enrichment medium contains 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate, 1 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g of sodium chloride, 0.01 g of ferrous sulfate, 1.0 ml of trace element solution and 1000 ml of distilled water. The pH of enrichment medium is adjusted by sodium carbonate. The trace element solution is formed by dissolving 0.5 g of boric acid and 0.5 g of sodium molybdenate in 100 ml distilled water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The enrichment medium optionally contains 10 g of peptone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The solid acid-alkali catalyst is calcined sodium silicate, calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide/ gamma -aluminum oxide, hydrated zirconium sulfate, or H-ZSM-5 molecular sieve.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The plant oil is soybean oil, seed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, or jatropha oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composite catalyst uses dolomite as carrier. The active component is (wt.%) nickel oxide (5-12) and Fe2O3 (4-10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The intensifier is isobutyl alcohol or isoamyl alcohol. The etherifying agent is ether or isopropyl ether. The combustion-supporting catalyst is toluene or dimethylbenzene. The metal erosion inhibitor is octadecylamine. The antioxidizing and antigum agent is hydrochinone or 2,6-ditert-butyl-mixed-p-cresol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of methanol to ethanol is 1-5:1. Preferred Components: The light hydrocarbon is butane, pentane, and/or hexane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The fatty alcohol is the fatty alcohol comprising less than 10 carbon atoms, preferably a mixture of methanol and ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohols mixture is mixture of methanol and ethanol. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of methanol to ethanol is 1:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The second electroconductive wiring layer is consisting of material from gold, copper or their alloys. The resistance film is consisting of oxide or nitride. The protective film is consisting of insulating oxide or nitride. The first electroconductive film and third electroconductive film consist of material from tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves using at least one of a siliceous sand and diatomaceous earth, or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The content of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is 25-75 weight/volume% in the above agent. ACTIVITY - Nematocide. In a test for measuring the prevention rate of plant disease and insect damage derived from a plant parasitic nematode such as Meloidogyne, the chaff compost containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi exhibited the prevention rate of the above plant parasitic nematode to 91.9%.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The A-heavy-oil composition further contains Fischer-Tropsch synthetic oil. The content of Fischer-Tropsch synthetic oil is 25-5 volume%. The content of biomass fuel is 30-45 volume%. EXAMPLE - Light cycle oil (in volume%) (30) and rapeseed oil methyl ester (70) were mixed, to obtain A-heavy-oil composition. The obtained composition had excellent waste-gas characteristics and green-house-effect gas-emission reduction-effect.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) further comprises a polymerization inhibitor containing composition (II). Preferred Process: The compositions (I) and (II) are separately added. Preferred Components: (I) comprises 45-99.9, preferably 60-98 wt.% of (A) and 0.1-55, preferably 2-40 wt.% of (B). (A) is benzene, toulene, ethyl benzene, xylol, styrene or methanol. (II) contains a solvent (C) from optionally saturated, ring closed and/or open chain aliphatic or aromatic 4-20C-hydrocarbons, 2-20C-alcohol or ether, acetic acid 2-20C-alkyl ester, or water; and at least a polymerization inhibitor (D) containing nitrogen substituted aromatic compound of formula (IV). (D) is 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl, 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl, 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyipiperidin-N-oxyl, 4-oxo 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl, (IV) (in which R5-R8 is CH3, Z is CH-OR9, and R9 is 1-6C-alkyl), or (IV) ( in which R5-R8 is CH3 and Z is (a)).R5-R8 = 1-4C-alkyl;Z = C9R10, C=O, CH-OH, CHNR9R10, CH-Hal, CH-OR9, CH-COOR9, CH-O-CO-NHR9, -C(OR9)(OR10)- or alkyl-oxy group of formula (a);R9, R10 = H or optionally substituted 1-6C-alkyl;Hal = F, Cl, Br or I; andm = 1-4.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The monomer is vinyl substituted aromates, optionally substituted alk-1-ene or optionally substituted alka-1,3-diene, preferably butadiene or styrene. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: At least 70 wt.% of the hemp plant pieces has a length of 2-10 cm. The hemp briquette has: a bulk density of 1-1.2 g/cm3; a total water content of 5-15 wt.%; and an ash content of 2-5 wt.%. In the hemp briquette, at least further renewable raw material, preferably needle or broadleaf tree wood, flax, Miscanthus or Sida hermaphrodita, is mixed in chopped form, where the content of the renewable raw material in chopped form is maximum of 50 wt.%. Preferred Process: The cut hemp plant pieces are discarded in swaths, and directly minced, preferably chopped from the swaths. The hemp plant pieces are pressed to bale and the whole bale is completely minced, preferably chopped. The hemp is subjected to a field retting method, before the mincing process. The hemp, which is minced is green hemp. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydride powder is selected from NaBH4, LiBH4, LiH and/or NaH. The liquid catalyst comprises an aqueous acid solution where the acid is selected from malic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and/or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reference solution comprises water. The fuel raw material comprises methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The hydrogen storage medium is selected form hydrogen storage alloy, graphite hydrogen storage medium, fullerene hydrogen storage medium or polymer hydrogen storage medium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The alkaline metal carbonate or bicarbonate is chosen from sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. The metal hydride is chosen from alkaline metal boron hydride, alkaline metal aluminum hydride, alkaline metal hydride, and alkaline earth metal hydride, preferably sodium boron hydride. The aqueous solution of the container (I) comprises acid chosen from sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, citric acid and maleic acid. Preferred Composition: The content of alkaline metal carbonate or bicarbonate is 0-30 weight% with respect to the weight of aqueous solution. Preferred Component: The hydrogen generator further comprises a container (III) containing aqueous solution comprising acid. The supply unit supplies the aqueous solution of the container (I) to the container (II) at a controlled rate. The supply unit supplies the metal hydride of the container (II) to the container (I) at a controlled rate. Preferred Process: An aqueous solution of alkaline metal carbonate or bicarbonate is supplied to container (I) of the hydrogen generator and metal hydride is supplied to container (II) of the hydrogen generator. The aqueous solution and metal hydride are contacted in supply unit of the hydrogen generator, to produce hydrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The fuel comprises a metal hydride compound comprising sodium borohydride. The hydrogen supplier(s) generates the hydrogen gas by a hydrolysis reaction of the metal hydride compound.
Preferred Definitions:    a= greater than or equal to 0.5;    c= greater than or equal to 0.02;and    w=0.1-0.3.    EXAMPLE - A nickel metal hydride battery (test) comprising composition having hydrogen storage alloy expressed by ((La0.4Sm0.52Zr0.08)0.85Mg0.15Ni3.5Al0.1) was prepared. A nickel metal hydride battery (comparative) comprising similar composition except containing cerium (Ce) instead of samarium (Sm) was prepared. Both the batteries were evaluated for maximum internal pressure, operating voltage, cycle life, effective hydrogen storage capacity and hydrogen storage pressure. The test/comparative batteries showed maximum internal pressure (MPa) of 0.71/2.56, operating voltage (mV) of 0/-1, cycle life of 100/50, effective hydrogen storage capacity (H/M) of 0.915/0.755 and hydrogen storage pressure (MPa) of 0.19/0.18 respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Strain: The organic pollutant degraded by the bacterial strain is benzo(a)pyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The addition amount of alkali additive to the solution is 5-50 weight%. The alkali additive is added to solution containing solubilized microbial cell, to obtain solution having pH of 7-14. Preferred Process: The oil components are recovered from the alkali reaction tank as an insoluble solid substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ratio of tert. carbon occupied to structure carbon of fatty acid obtained by 13C-NMR analysis is greater than or equal to 2 mass%. The fluoropropene refrigerant containing saturated hydrofluorocarbon, hydrocarbon with 3-5 carbons, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide and/or bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfide is 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and/or 3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The saturated hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant is difluoromethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, fluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and/or 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane. The hydrocarbon refrigerant with 3-5 carbons is propane, normal butane, isobutane, 2-methyl butane and/or normal pentane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The used dewatering agent is calcium oxide (CaO); and the used catalyst is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). Preferred Composition: The used catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid with concentration of 98%. The amount of acid catalyst is 1-2% of that of the rice bran; the amount of the basic catalyst is based on neutralization acid catalyst; excess is 0.2-0.6% of the mass of the rice bran; the alcohol and the solvent has a ratio by volume of 1-2:1; the rice bran and alcohol (or alcohol/solvent) has a mass ratio of 1:4-4; the dewatering agent and the rice bran has a mass ratio of 3-4:10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol can be absolute ethanol or absolute methanol; the used solvent is petroleum ether with 30-60 degrees C. Preferred Process: The new method for preparing biodiesel by extracting rice bran oil in-situ comprises opening the valves 5-1 and 5-2, following with the reflowing of the alcohol and solvent, gradually dissolving the basic catalyst into a reaction system to analyze gradual transition from acid to alkali.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: In step (b), the biogas pressure increases 150-400 mbar. In step (c), relative humidity in the biogas was reduced by 30%. The dew point temperature of the biogas after passing through the step (c) is 18 degrees C. The reclaimed monoethanolamine is cooled before being fed to step (e), where the reclaimed monoethanolamine cooled to 30 degrees C. The drying is performed until a temperature of spray biogas of -44 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: A solution or dispersion liquid obtained by kneading solid plastics to a solution or dispersion liquid of crushed waste plastic dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, is supplied using a pump and thermally decomposed. The exhaust gas of a burner (9) generated during thermal decomposition of waste plastic, is exhausted through a heat exchanger (14). Air heated with the heat exchanger and exhaust gas generated after driving of diesel engine are used for drying organic refuse. The exhaust gas generated by drying is used as secondary air for the burner.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: An aqueous solution or dispersion liquid of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, and/or calcium carbonate is added during crushing.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The fuel pellet is obtained by pelletizing raw material containing fine powder of coffee residue, and fine powder of bark. Preferred Component: The bark contains lignin or hemicellulose. Preferred Property: The ratio of coffee extraction and bark is 7:3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The proton conducting solid perovskite electrolyte membrane contains barium zirconate, barium cerate, strontium zirconate and strontium cerate doped with divalent and/or trivalent cations. The perovskite electrolyte membrane comprises yttrium-doped barium zirconate. The buffer layer comprises magnesium oxide or strontium titanate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Method: In method (m1), the voltage difference across the cathode and the anode is about 0.85 to 1.7 (preferably 1.4 to 1.6) volts. The method further involves reversing the voltage across the cathode and the anode. The alkaline electrolyte composition has a hydroxide concentration of 2 to 6 M. The electrolytic cell operates at 20 to 30 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The urea is an aqueous solution selected from urine, a wastewater containing urine and an effluent contaminated with urea. The alkaline electrolyte composition is a polymeric gel. The alkaline electrolyte composition further comprises a hydroxide salt selected from lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or calcium hydroxide (preferably potassium hydroxide having a concentration of 2 to 6 M.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Components: The first and second conducting component is selected from cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, platinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, and/or their alloys. The anode further comprises a support material at least partially layered with at least one metal, metal mixture, or alloys. The first conducting component is platinum and the second conducting component is nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The powder of quasicrystal has roughened shape. The copper/aluminum ratio on the surface of powder is larger than the copper/aluminum ratio at the powder center portion. Preferred Process: Aluminum on the surface of powder is selectively removed by carrying out leaching process with respect to the powder of quasicrystal after pulverization. Hydrogen is produced from a mixture of methanol and water using the catalyst. The reaction temperature is 280-360 degrees C. EXAMPLE - An ingot (Cu46Al38Sc16) containing copper, aluminum and scandium was annealed at 500 degrees C in argon atmosphere for 40 hours, pulverized, and sieved. The obtained powder had an average particle diameter (d50) of 14.6 mu m and a specific surface area of 1.46 m2/g. The powder was washed with 5% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, and specific surface area was increased to 8.89 m2/g after leaching. The copper/aluminum ratio in the powder central portion was 1.2. The obtained catalyst enabled efficient production of hydrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Amine: The trialkyl amine is triethyl amine, tripropyl amine, N,N'-diethyloleyl amine, N,N-dimethyloleyl amine, N,N'-diethyloctan-1-amine or N,N-dimethyloctan-1-amine. Preferred Property: The anhydrous or hydrous ethanol is blended with naphtha in the volume ratio of 1:19-19:1. EXAMPLE - Naphtha, fermented ethanol having purity of 95%, and triethyl amine, were mixed in volume ratio of 49:51:4 at room temperature under atmospheric pressure to obtain fuel of liquid hydrocarbon-ethanol blend.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The corn steep liquor and treacle are added to the soil and underground water such that nitrogen concentration and total organic carbon (TOC) concentration after addition is 10 mg/l or less and 50-500 mg/l, respectively. The method preferably involves culturing microorganisms capable of decomposing an organic compound in presence corn steep liquor and treacle, and purifying the contaminated soil and/or underground water using the cultured microorganism. EXAMPLE - The underground water (38 ml) was added with cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) contaminant and culture solution of Dehalococcoides (2 ml). The obtained mixture was then cultured after adding liquid mixture of waste molasses and corn steep liquor (CSL) at 20 degrees C such that the organic carbon and nitrogen were maintained at 20:1. Then, the cis-DCE was analyzed by gas chromatography and the nitrogen concentration was found to be 5.0 mg/l. Thus, it was proved that the dechlorination reaction of cis-DCE had expressed substantially and the mixture of CSL and treacle improved the activity of microorganisms capable of decomposing organic compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The catalyst has deterioration rate of 10% or more determined by deterioration-test. Preferred Composition: The amount of iron with respect to conversion of iron oxide (Fe2O3) is 5 weight% or less. The amount of yttrium with respect to conversion of yttrium oxide (Y2O3) is 10 weight% or less. The amount of metallic element with respect to platinum is 0.001-40 weight%. Preferred Process: The slurry containing oxide solution of zirconium, cerium, iron and/or yttrium is coated on the surface of a substrate material, dried and baked, to obtain the catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The insoluble material is phytate, where portion of phytate is converted to phosphate and inositol. The agent is an enzyme having phytase activity, preferably phytase. Preferred Method: The method further involves reacting insoluble material in the presence of polar protic solvents such as ethanol and water, and performing acid specific digestion in the presence of strong oxidizer such as ultraviolet light. The agent is further added to fermentation slurry, beer, whole stillage, thin stillage, backset, centrate or their mixture. The agent is introduced into ethanol processing fluid at a temperature of 20-80 degrees C, preferably 30-55 degrees C and at pH 4, preferably 3-9, where the residence time of the agent is 2-1200 minutes. The method further involves analyzing the insoluble deposit in the equipment, where the insoluble deposit is phytic acid or phytate, preferably magnesium phytate. The method preferably involves (a) adding an enzyme with phytase activity to the ethanol-processing fluids after fermentation, (b) converting the phytate to orthophosphate by action of the enzyme, and (c) removing the soluble orthophosphate from the equipment. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first regions are formed from lithium carbonate and second regions are formed from stabilized zirconia. The molten carbonate includes lithium carbonate (preferable), potassium carbonate, and/or sodium carbonate. The solid oxide includes zirconia, zirconia doped with magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, and/or yttria, ceria, ceria doped with gadolinium or samarium, delta -bismuth oxide ( delta -Bi2O3), or perovskites within lanthanum gallate (LaGaO3) family. The mixture of gaseous molecules is fuel gas or exhaust gas, and has hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, methane, and steam, with temperature at 400-1000 degrees C. The conductive solid oxide is stabilized zirconia. Preferred Properties: The second regions and first regions are configured to be impermeable to carbon monoxide. The first regions are configured to conduct carbonate ions. The second regions are configured to conduct oxide ions and separate carbon dioxide from other gaseous molecules.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The membrane further comprises layer of lithium zirconate between second regions and first regions. The second regions include pores and first regions are positioned inside pores of second regions. Preferred Method: The second regions are surface treated with a catalyst promoting transfer of oxide ions from second regions to first regions when separating carbon dioxide. The formation includes tape casting body. Creating pores includes sintering body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol-based liquid fuel further contains (in kg) fatty acid (10-60), ethanol (5-15) and Span (RTM: surfactant) (5-15).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The petroleum substitutes are derived from the plant matter comprising the species of E. compositifolium (Yankeeweed or Banker's weed), E. capillifolium (Dogfennel) or E. foeniculaceum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The steam distillation of Eupatorium plant matter comprises the continuous feeding of the plant matter. The steam distillation further comprises: the continuous removal of spent plant matter or spent extracts of the plant matter; continuous generation of distillate water and dissolved components; continuous collection of distillate water and dissolved components; continuous recycle of distillate water and dissolved components; continuous collection of product oils; and continuous removal and isolation of product oils. EXAMPLE - Chopped Yankeeweed leaf (200 g) and water (600 ml) were charged into a round bottomed flask (1000 ml) fitted with a Dean-Stark collector and water cooled condenser. The flask was heated to reflux and the distillate was collected in the Dean-Stark apparatus. Distillate water was returned to the flask (100 ml) in portions and the separated oils drawn off. After distillate water (500 ml) had passed through the system, the distillation was stopped and the round bottom flask emptied. The round bottom flask was then re-charged with fresh Yankeeweed leaf (200 g) and fresh water (). The distillation procedure was repeated for a total of 5 consecutive runs. The product oils were combined to give light yellow oil petroleum substitute (10 g).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Claimed): The anaerobic denitrifying strain is isolated from sludge on river bed. Preferred Microorganism: The strain is separated from sludge on river bed, cultured in enrichment medium at 25-35 degrees C (preferably 30 degrees C) and pH 6.5-8.0 (preferably 7.0-7.2) and separated using isolation medium. The stain is cultured under sealed conditions for three days until the enrichment medium is turbid, further cultured under the same condition for three days and is separated in isolation medium at 30 degrees C. The strain has milky white, round, flat and ropy structure. The strain has regular edges. The size of the colony is 1-2 mm, and has bent rod shape with width of 0.5-0.8 mu m and length of 0.7-1.2 mu m. The strain has flagellum at one end, no spores, grows in clusters and has motility. The strain is Gram-negative, and catalase and oxidase positive. The strain is capable of utilizing various carbon sources and does not require growth factors. Preferred Composition: The enrichment medium contains (in g) glucose (5), ammonium sulfate (2), magnesium sulfate (0.02), sodium citrate (1), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (6) and distilled water (1000 ml). The isolation medium contains (in g) glucose (5), potassium nitrite (2), magnesium sulfate (0.2), sodium chloride (1), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (6) and distilled water (1000 ml). The pH of the enrichment and isolation medium is 7.0-7.2, and the solid enrichment and isolation medium further includes 2% agar. Preferred Method: The strain exhibits maximal sewage water denitrifying effect at 32 degrees C and pH 7.5, copper ion concentration of 5 mg/l, carbon/nitrogen ratio of 3:1, and by using glycerin as carbon source. SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The anaerobic denitrifying strain is Pseudomonas stutzeri (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The basidiomycete includes Echinodontium sp., Irpex sp., Trichaptum sp., Armillaria sp., Stereum sp., Hygrophorus sp., Trametes sp., Ganoderma sp., Polyporus sp., Pleurotus sp., Phellinus sp., Auricularia sp., Polyporellus sp., Poria sp., Lentinus sp., Dictyophora sp., Fomitopsis sp., Agaricus sp., Schizophyllum sp., Grifola sp., Hydanm sp. or Volvariella sp.. Preferred Components: The lignocellulose is preferably crop stalks including straw, maize straw, wheat straw, sorghum stalk, cotton straw, cassava straw, soybean straw, sunflower straw, sesame straw, groundnut straw or rape straw, forest wooden meal or bamboo dust, liana such as potato vine, kudzu vine, pumpkin vine, white gourd vine or cucumber vine, fruit shells including corn capsule, bran, peanut shell, chestnut shell or chaff, residues generated from processing Chinese medicinal herbs or farm and sideline products including slag of traditional Chinese medicine, slag of Eichhornia crassipes, bagasse, sweet potato waste, manioc waste, lotus root waste, peanut residue or residues of vegetable and fruit, or weeds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises (mass%): NiO (5-12), Al2O3 (50-70), and MgO (10-40).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method includes adding spores of Glomus caledonium and Mycelium to soil sample, and infecting the roots of parasitic plant to obtain inoculum; mixing organic contaminant in soil with river sand at a weight ratio of 1:1, sterilizing, adding fertilizer, and filling into basin obtaining culture substrate; sterilizing plant seeds with hydrogen peroxide (3-10%), washed with deionized water, and germinating in wet filter paper; adding Mycorhiza inoculant (40-60 g) to culture substrate uniformly or by layers, watering (10-20 wt.% based on amount of substrate), planting germinated parasitic plants on culture substrate, culturing in green house for 2 months; and planting the cultured plants in place polluted with organic contaminant. The preparation of culture substrate includes passing river sand and soil in 1-2 mm sieve, mixing at a weight ratio of 1:1, and irradiating and sterilizing 8-10 kGy radiation. Preferred Component: The fertilizer in corn culture substrate comprises (mg/kg) nitrogen (N, 150), phosphorus (P, 50), potassium (K, 100), and other microelements. The fertilizer in clover culture substrate comprises (mg/kg) N (60), P (30), K (67), and other microelements. The inoculum is present at 45-60 (preferably 40-60) g/basin of substrate. Preferred Condition: The green house has 24-25 degrees C temperature at daylight and 18-20 degrees C temperature at night, and is lighted for 12-14 hours using 240-260 mu mol/m2/s illumination intensity.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The inoculant is Glomus caledonium 90036, Glomus etunicatum BGC USA01, Glomus mosseae BGL J01, and/or Glomus constrictum BGL USA02.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The parasitic plants are corn or clover. The organic contaminant is fenamine, chlorophenothane or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The suspending medium is a polyethylenglycol with a molar mass of 200-800 g/mole, or propylencarbonate. The auxiliary substance is sodium chloride and/or calcium chloride or is a compound of group of carboxylic acid derivative with up to 20 carbon atoms, polycarboxylic acid, polyglycol different from the suspending medium, urea compound and/or wax dispersion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The inserts are made of metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The inserts are conducting polymer, carbon nanotude or nanowire polymer. The support is made of thermoplastic polymer e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, aliphatic cyclic olefin copolymer, PTFE, polyethylene terephtalate, or polyetheretherketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel adsorbing material is made from metal hydride or chemical hydride such as zeolite, alanate, lithium hydride, sodium hydride, and magnesium hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The fuel adsorbing material is made from carbon-based material, such as rutylene, activated carbon powder, and activated carbon pellets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid (I) is dissolved by heating; phase separation involves mechanical separation under gravity or with the aid of an apparatus such as a hydrocyclone. Preferred salt solutions are ammonium sulphate or nitrate solution, and the mixture obtained after adding (I) is heated or a tempered solution is used in order to oppose the endothermic solution behaviour of the urea and increase the rate of dissolution; the mixture is then stirred until all the solid has dissolved. Preferred Products: The separated FAD has a water content of less than 0.1% and a nitrogen content of less than 200 ppm, and the liquid phase is clear and homogeneous at temperatures above the cloud point. The FAD obtained can be used directly in the pharmaceutical or cosmetics industries without further treatment, or as biogenic fuel for the generation of energy. The urea solution obtained contains less than 1% FAD and/or is homogeneous; it can be used directly in the denitrification of flue gas, in sewage treatment or as liquid agricultural fertiliser.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: (I) has a specific surface of greater than 1 m2.g-1, preferably 1.5-10 m.g-1. (I) contains a catalytic material, which is capable for catalyzing hydrogen generation reaction by hydrolysis of borohydride. Preferred Components: The metal is sodium, lithium or magnesium. The catalytic material (0.5-30 (preferably 1-10) wt.%) is a metal comprising platinum, ruthenium, palladium, cobalt, nickel, iron, gold, silver, manganese, rhenium, rhodium, titanium, vanadium, cerium, their alloys, salts or oxides. The salt is cobalt boride or nickel boride. The catalytic material is in the form of particles having an average diameter of 1-100 nm, preferably 3-5 nm. Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding the catalytic material insoluble in the solvent, preferably in the form of particles in nanometric granulometry to obtain a suspension, after solubilizing the borohydride in the solvent. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: The methane adsorption agent has a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area of 900-1500 m2/g required for nitrogen absorption, mesopore volume is 700-1500 mm3/g, mesopore surface area is 500-1000 m2/g, macropore volume is 5000-10000 mm3/g and macropore surface area is 100300 m2/g. The peak value of micropore diameter (0.75-0.85 nm) which shows the maximum value of the ratio of micropore volume with respect to micropore diameter is 1.2-2.3.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mat material positions the strip-shaped component to the outer periphery surface of the outer peripheral layer along the circumferential direction. The edge portion of the component which is adjacent to the inclined end surface (50c) is contacted to the end surface even if the end surface of one edge portion of strip-shaped component is inclined with respect to the tangent direction of the outer periphery material layer along circumferential direction. Alternatively, a honeycomb structure has ceramics formed by baking the mat material which is impregnated in the slurry in which ceramic particles are dispersed. Preferred Property: The ratio of the heat conductivity of the map material and honey-comb base material is 0.8 or less. The inclined angle of the end surface of one edge portion with respect to the tangent direction is 10-80 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The pressure is maintained at 0.005 Mpa or more and less than 0.1 Mpa. The temperature at which the methane assimilation bacteria and/or its processed substance are processed with methane is more than the boiling point of methanol. The method further involves collecting the prepared methanol from gaseous phase. The inactivation processing of the methane assimilation bacteria and/or its processed substance is carried out using methanol dehydrogenase. EXAMPLE - Microorganism such as Methylocaldum sp. T-025 was cultured in nitrate mineral salts-vitamin-and-copper-rich (NMS-VCR) culture medium (30 ml) containing salt solution (100 ml), phosphate buffer solution (10 ml), trace element solution (5 ml), vitamin solution (1 ml), copper solution (1 ml) and purified water (1 l). Then, the culture solution (3 ml) was inoculated into above culture medium, and methane and oxygen were added in the ratio of 1:1. The obtained solution was further cultured for 4 days at 50 degrees C and centrifuged. The cells were then suspended in 25 mM 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffer solution (pH 7.0). The obtained suspension liquid (2.5 ml) was then processed with cyclopropane (2 ml). The reaction sample (1 ml) containing cyclopropane processed microorganisms (200 mu l), MOPS (600 mu l) and sodium formate (200 mu l) was added to test tube containing sodium formate and 25 mM MOPS buffer solution and allowed to stand for 5 minutes at predetermined temperature and reduced pressure of 0.01 Mpa. Then, the reaction was started by further adding the reaction sample (750 mu l) using a gas tight syringe and stirred using magnetic stirrer at 50 degrees C to obtain methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The binder is Tabu-no-ki, Elmer's glue, flour or starch. The Tabu-no-ki binder is 10-18 (preferably 15) wt.% of the quantity of the selected hardwood particles. The quantity of hardwood particles further comprises ground charcoal (up to 10 wt.%). The quantity of hardwood particles is a blend of fine particles and intermediate-sized particles, blend of fine particles, intermediate-sized particles and course particles. The quantity of hardwood particles, used in the method further comprises at least two (preferably at least three) different particle sizes of the hardwood particles; or ground charcoal (up to 10 wt.%). Preferred Method: The drying step is performed at room temperature; or in a cool oven at a temperature up to 200 degrees F. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The gas mixture comprises hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The biodiesel oil is soybean oil and/or canola oil. The sulfuric acid forms a hydrolyzate containing lignins (28). The lignins are filtered from hydrolyzate. The recycled hydrolyzate, prior to recycle, is restored to original concentration by a water-permeable membrane (40). The recycled hydrolyzate contains glucose. The biodiesel oil is insoluble in aqueous sulfuric acid. The biomass is wood, cornstalks, bagasse and/or straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The feed flow is preheated before it is split and distributed to distillation column and evaporator unit. The feed flow is preheated in a heat exchanger in heat exchange with product flow. The evaporator unit is supplied with external thermal energy by a heat exchanger in addition to the energy being supplied from the retentate by retentate heat exchanger. The permeate flow is preheated in a heat exchanger by heat exchange with the bottom discharge flow from distillation column before the former forms a distillation feed flow. The compressed combined process flow from compressor unit is cooled either directly or indirectly before entering dewatering unit. Preferred Components: The relative amount of ethanol in the feed flow is at least 70 (preferably at least 80)%. The compressor unit is a mechanical vapor compressor. The relative amount of ethanol in the feed flow, when the dewatering unit is a molecular sieve, is at least 80 (preferably at least 90)%. In the method (M1), a limited liquid flow is led from the liquid sump of evaporator unit to distillation column via distillation feed or via reflux flow entering the distillation column. The retentate flow typically contains water (up to 2, preferably up to 0.3 %).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metallic element with lower normal electrode potential is aluminum or magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triglyceride of vegetable origin comprises castor bean oil. Preferred Method: The method involves nitration of a naturally-hydroxylated fatty ester comprising castor bean biodiesel. The nitration occurs directly at the site of the hydroxyl functionality. The reaction temperature of the nitration is 0-50 (preferably 0-15) degrees C. The reaction time of the nitration is 1-60 (preferably 40 to 60) minutes. The method involves nitration of naturally hydroxylated fatty acid deriving from a triglyceride of vegetable origin already possessing hydroxyl functionality in its natural molecular chemical structure. EXAMPLE - Castor bean biodiesel (20 ml) containing 80% ricinoleic acid was nitrated with a previously-prepared mixture (114 ml) containing acetic anhydride (72 wt./wt.%) and 70% nitric acid (28 wt./wt.%) in a jacketed reactor with magnetic stirring. The temperature during preparation of the mixture and during the nitration reaction was maintained at 15 degrees C. After 60 minutes, 400 ml of water and ice was added to the reaction mixture for the purpose of immediately interrupting the reaction. Diethyl ether was added to promote phase separation. The aqueous phase generated was separated off, successive washes with water were required to attain a neutral pH. Following washing process, nitrated additive generated was dried with drying agent (calcium chloride) and the ether was removed. The nitrated additive (500 mg/l) was then mixed into diesel (test) and tested by Ignition Quality Tester ASTM D-6890. Pure diesel without additive was used as control. The diesel cetane number (DCN) for test/control was 47.9/46.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The flammable organic liquid comprises (in volume%) active compound (50 or more), 6C or less alcohol (10-30), 8C or less aromatic hydrocarbon (10-30), 6C or more alcohol (10-30) and effective lubricating amount of two cycle engine oil. The active compound is chosen from ether and 4-8C branched chain hydrocarbons. Preferred Compound: The ether is of formula: ROR'.R=methyl or ethyl;andR'=3-6C branched alkyl.Preferred Property: The flammable organic liquid has Reid vapor pressure of 5-15 psig. EXAMPLE - An additive composition was prepared by mixing (in gallon) methyl tert-butyl ether (0.58), xylene (0.2), Chevron OGA 72022 (RTM: hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene)aminocarbamate) (0.036) having molecular weight of 1200-1800, Octel AO36 (RTM: hindered phenolic antioxidant) (0.005) and 99% pure isopropanol (0.179). The obtained additive composition was added to old gasoline stored for 18 months in a gas tank. Thus, rejuvenation of stored gasoline was carried out.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves injecting the sphagnum moss with methanogenic bacteria for bioconverting CO2 into other gasses; directing CO2-rich effluents from coal-fired power plants, through the sphagnum moss, enriched with selected methanogenic bacteria; containment of gasses produced by methanogenic bioconversion of CO2 into flammable uses and for atmospheric release; using sulfur hexafluoride gas (SF6) as a carbon dioxide sink, drawing atmospheric CO2 into existing, enriched peat bogs, to reduce total atmospheric CO2. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The binary azeotrope-like composition preferably contains stabilizer and lubricant. The stabilizer is phenol, aromatic epoxide, alkyl epoxide and/or alkenyl epoxide. The lubricant is alkyl benzene, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oil, mineral oil and/or polyol ester.The binary azeotrope-like composition used in electric arc and corona discharge suppression method, flame suppression method and rigid closed cell foam contains sulfur hexafluoride and a component chosen from nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, trifluoromethane (R32), trifluoroiodomethane, octafluoropropane (R218), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (R125), propane (R290), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), 1 ,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-propene (HFO-1234yc), 1,1,3, 3-tetrafluoro-2-propene (HFO- 1234zc), 1,1,1 ,3-tetrafluoro-2-propene (HFO-1234ze), 1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-2-propene (HFO-1234ye), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene(HFO-1225ye), 1,1,2,3,3- pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225yc), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene(HFO-1225zc), (Z)1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene(HFO- 1234zeZ), (Z)1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-2-propene(HFO-1234yeZ), (E)1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene(HFO- 1234zeE), (E)1,1,2,3-tetrafluoro-2-propene(HFO-1234yeE), (Z)1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225yeZ) and/or (E) 1,1,1,2,3- pentafluoropropene (HFO- 1225yeE).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the obtained alcohol is used as regenerative source. The hydration of carbon dioxide to hydrogen carbonate takes place by catalysis with hydrolase, preferably carbonic anhydrase or by base catalysis. The reduction of the dialkyl carbonate to methanol takes place with complex hydride. The process further uses sodium alanate. In the process, solar energy or carbon based energy is used as energy source. EXAMPLE - Carbon dioxide was dissolved under pressure in water and reacted with methanol and carbonic anhydrase. The volume portion of the methanol was 16%. The reaction mixture was stirred at 30 degrees C. The reaction product was reduced to dimethyl carbonate with stoichiometric quantities of sodium aluminum hydride at 70 degrees C in diethyl ether. Two-third of the formed methanol was recycled into the reaction circulation. After 20 hours, the carbonic anhydrase was removed from the reaction mixture. After the conversion, the available sodium chloride and aluminum hydroxide were converted into aluminum and sodium. The elements were electrolyzed with hydrogen, and sodium aluminum hydride was regenerated.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The binder is starch, wheat starch, corn starch, sugar, molasses, saw dust, gilsonite, ground asphalt, rosin, plastic, guar gum, lignin and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The coating is wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The acid catalyst is toluene sulfonic acid. The base catalyst is sodium methoxide or potassium methoxide. The whole oleaginous seeds are camelina or flax seeds. Preferred Method: A fractional vacuum distillation step is performed after washing with water and before purifying the fatty acid alkyl esters. Purifying comprises passing the fatty acid esters over an adsorbent bed of activated carbon, magnesium silicate, ion exchange resin, and/or diatomaceous earth. The method includes separating all of the portions of the alkyl alcohol from the by-product water and recycling recovered alkyl alcohol to the esterification step. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The adsorption agent manufacturing process further involves impregnating binder containing saccharide into molded activation treated material to obtain secondary molded activation treatment material, and performing carbonization process at 200-600 degrees C for 0.01-2 hours. Preferred Condition: The impregnation carbonization process and charcoal-formation process are carried out at 200-900 degrees C for 0.1-2 hours under inert atmosphere. The activation treatment process and secondary activation treatment process are carried out 800-900 degrees C for 0.1-4 hours under carbon dioxide atmosphere. Preferred Substance: The saccharide is chosen from beet sugar, brown sugar and sugarcane sugar.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is potassium. The source of alkali metal salt is carbonate, hydroxide, acetate, halide and/or nitrate salts (preferably potassium carbonate). The source of calcium is calcium salt of hydroxide, acetate, halide and nitrate salts (preferably calcium nitrate or calcium acetate). Preferred Content: The gasification catalyst is present in an amount sufficient to provide in the particulate composition a molar ratio of alkali metal atoms to carbon atoms of 0.01-0.08, and molar ratio of calcium atoms to carbon atoms of 0.01-0.08. Preferred Property: The particulate composition has particle size of 25-2500 mu .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Species: The energy grass is selected from Gramineae or herbaceous plant, preferably Panicum virgatum or elephant grass. The microalgae is selected from fresh water microalgae, saline lake water microalgae, sea water microalgae, golden algae, green algae, silicon algae, blue algae or red algae, preferably, grape algae, Chlorella, Isochrysis galbana strain 3011.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The leavening microorganism is methanol or ethanol strain. The microorganism is photosynthetic bacteria.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The foam comprises polyurethane or polystyrene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The reaction bed of the first or second pressurized system employs lanthanum-yttrium-nickel-aluminum alloy, lanthanum nickel base alloy or calcium nickel base alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The detector is a combination of oxygen analyzer which measures oxygen concentration in partition space, carbon monoxide densitometer which measures carbon monoxide concentration in partition space, and thermometer which measures temperature in partition space.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content (in weight parts) rice straw (80-90), mugwort flour (2-5), water (1-5) and yellow soil powder (10-12).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The Clostridium is C.acetobutylicum, C.saccharoperbutylacetonicum or C.beijerinckii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The concentration of butanol is 5-13 g/L. The hydrophobic ionic liquid has imidazole base as cation. The hydrophobic ionic liquid is a liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM-TFSI) having 95% purity or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transition metal comprises titanium and the element from period 2 of the periodic table comprises boron, carbon or nitrogen. The hydrogen storage material forms a two-dimensional structure including many unit cells; and each unit cell includes many of the hydrogen storage molecular units. The hydrogen storage molecular units include two titanium atoms bonded to two nitrogen atoms; and a boron atom bonds a nitrogen atom of a first hydrogen storage molecular unit to a nitrogen atom of a second hydrogen storage molecular unit. The hydrogen storage material forms a three-dimensional polyhedral structure including many vertices and many linker units linking at least a first vertex to a second vertex, each vertex comprising a first core unit and each linker unit comprising the hydrogen storage molecular unit. The core unit of many vertices forms a metal-organic framework or a zeolite framework. The core unit comprises zinc oxide (Zn4O13). The linker unit comprises nitrogen titanium (N2Ti2). The substrate and (I) comprise different materials and the material of the substrate is capable of passivating (I). EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The electrolytic membrane has a porous film filled with polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolyte is polystyrene sulfonate. The electrolyte precursor containing styrene sulfonate is heat-polymerized, and the obtained polystyrene sulfonate is hydrolyzed, to obtain salt of polystyrene sulfonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Material: The waste includes the food waste and plastic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The cellulose type or starch type biomass is agriculture and/or forestry waste. The agriculture and/or forestry waste is rice straw, wheat straw, maize stalk and leaves, vegetable debris, fruit waste, fruit tree pruned branch, leftover food, soybean curd residue, roasted coffee lees, tea, edible mushroom cultivation waste wood or waste microbial bed. The cellulose type or starch type biomass is livestock excrement. The condensed tannin is an extract from plant tissue body. The condensed tannin-containing plant tissue body is a plant tissue body powder. The condensed tannin-containing plant tissue body is fruit of persimmon, bark of mimosa, astringent inner skin of chestnut, tamarind beans, or leaf and stem of Rhus javanica. Preferred Composition: The condensed tannin or condensed tannin-containing plant tissue body is 0.01-5 mass% per dry mass of cellulose type or starch type biomass, and converted into tannic acid obtained from gallnut or gall provided in Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The usage amount of component (A) and component (B) with respect to one million parts of the biodiesel fuel is 50-2500 ppm and 1-100 ppm, respectively. Preferred Method: The method further involves add-mixing biodiesel fuel to petroleum diesel fuel, before addition of the components (A and B). Preferred Compounds: The hindered phenol is chosen from 2,4-di-tertbutyl hydroxytoluene and 2,6-di-tertbutylphenol. The compound (b1) is chosen from p-cresol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-t-butylphenol, 4-t-amylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, 4-dodecylphenol, 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, 2,4-di-t-amylphenol, and 4-nonyl-phenol, preferably 4-nonyl-phenol. The compound (b2) is chosen from ethylenediamine and triethylenetetraamine. The compound (b3) is chosen from formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde. Preferred Solvent: The organic solvent is heavy aromatic naptha.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali metal is potassium. The source of alkali metal is alkali metal salt selected from carbonate, hydroxide, acetate, halide and nitrate salts (preferably potassium carbonate). The source of iron is an iron salt selected from hydroxide, acetate, halide and nitrate salts (preferably iron acetate or iron nitrate). The gasification catalyst is present in an amount to provide in the particulate composition a molar ratio of alkali metal atoms or iron atoms to carbon atoms in the range of 0.01-0.08. A particle size is 25-2500 mu . EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The propylene oxide-containing compound is obtained by adding propylene oxide to the fatty-acid alkylester derived from palm oil and palm kernel oil. The fatty-acid alkylester is further derived from rapeseed oil and light oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The DME content in the gas mixture is set at a value of 5-30 wt.%. The concentration of DME is maintained until not more than 60 wt.% of the stored gas mixture is released. The DME/butane ratio is not more than 7 in the initial liquid mixture. The DME/propane ratio is not more than 6 in the initial liquid mixture. The ratio of DME/propane and DME/butane is 0.5-2. The initial liquid mixture is composed of 5-40 (preferably 10-30) wt.% of DME, 5-91 (preferably 20-50)% of propane and 90-4 (preferably 50-20)% of butane. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): n-propane (66.2); n-butane (0.5); i-butane (0.6); dimethylether (32.2); and water/methanol (0.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Composite: The composite material is nanostructured. The weight ratio of magnesium hydride/alloy of zirconium and nickel is 98:2 to 80:20 (preferably 92:8 to 88:12). The alloy of zirconium and nickel is in the form of particles and/or as secondary phases with nanometric dimensions. Preferred Components: The metal hydride is magnesium hydride (MgH2). The alloy of zirconium and nickel is selected from the Zr36Ni64 and Zr50Ni50 (composition in atomic.%) and the intermetallic compounds Zr8Ni21, Zr7Ni10, Zr9Ni11 and ZrNi, from each alloy and/or compound. Preferred Method: In method (M1), the absorption of hydrogen is carried out at a pressure of 25 to 45 atmospheres and at room temperature in a volumetric system and the desorption of hydrogen is carried out in a volumetric system by heating to 285 to 315 degrees C, under vacuum. The number of repeated melting operations is 4 and 6. The furnace is an electric arc furnace or an induction furnace. The inert atmosphere is of argon of high purity greater than or equal to 99.99 wt. %. In method (M2), the mill is an attrition mill with container, vertical spindle with blades and balls made of steel, a horizontal-spindle mill, a hammer mill, and/or vibratory mill for grinding. The grinding time is between 6 hours and 4 days. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Bacterium: The bacterium has a 16S rDNA gene sequence that is equal to or greater than 90-97% to any of the sequences selected from SEQ ID No: 1-8, may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. The bacterium is a Gram-negative aerobe, produces outer membrane vesicles (OMVs); is positive for cytochrome oxidase, catalase, urease, gelatinase, lipase, DNAse, and phosphotase; produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine; cannot hydrolyze esculin, starch, alginate, agar, or kappa-carrageenan; does not possess an arginine dihydrolase system; and is not capable of denitrification, glucose fermentation, or indole production. The bacterium is from the genus Pseudoalteromonas, where the bacterium is Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, Pseudoalteromonas distincta, Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora, Pseudoalteromonas espejiana, or Pseudoalteromonas translucida. The bacterium has a plasmid profile shown in the specification. The bacterium is capable of degrading PSTs equal to or greater than 90-100% over approximately 1-5 days. Preferred Composition: The composition further comprises at least one member selected from pathogenic agents, algicides, herbicides, or additives that enhance degradation properties. The composition degrades PSTs in an aqueous environment. Preferred Method: In the method for screening bacterium in order to select bacteria for their ability to degrade PST, the PSTs are measured using liquid chromatography. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: In the method, the liquid-liquid extraction is carried out at atmospheric pressure and at or below the boiling point of the organic polar solvent. The proportion of water used in aqueous organic polar solvent for purification is preferably of 1-15%. The ratio of crude ester to aqueous polar organic solvent is preferably of 1:0.5 to 1:3. The crude alkaline ester and aqueous polar organic solvent are mixed under stirring at a refluxing temperature or under simple warm condition. Preferred Components: The vegetable oil used is preferably selected from Jatropha (Jatropha cures) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnata). The FFA content of the vegetable/animal oil 2-30 (preferably 1-10)%. The polar organic solvent used is preferably selected from methanol and ethanol. The FFA content in oil raffinate is reduced to a value of 0.2-1%. EXAMPLE - Synthetic mixtures (100 g) of refined sunflower oil with added technical grade oleic acid having free fatty acid having an acid value of 8.6 is extracted (liquid-liquid extraction) for a period of 5 hours with continuous manual addition of the solvent. Raffinate samples were drawn at regular intervals and after solvent removal acid value was determined. The acid value was decreased to 0.7 after 5 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The horsebox litter (I) is firstly predried using the intrinsic heat in the stack, specifically to a water content of 12-18%. The horse manure is mixed with fuel (specifically pure wood chips, roadside greenery clippings, tree clipings, sawdust and wood shavings, oil milling residues or predewatered biogas plant substrates) to increase the calorific value. The fuel-(I) mixture is dried to a water content of 12-18%. The dried (I)-fuel mixture is briquetted. A hydraulic binder is optionally added before the drying. EXAMPLE - Using a plant as shown in the figure (having length 95 m, width 63 m and area requirement 5985 m2), a supply (1) of wood chips contaminated with horse excrement and manure (as litter from ca. 1000 horses) was heaped and predried (2) by intrinsic heat to reduce the water content from ca. 50% to 25-30%. The product was mixed with a substitute fuel (specifically pure wood chips, roadside greenery clippings, tree clipings, sawdust and wood shavings, oil milling residues or predewatered biogas plant substrates) to increase the calorific value. The mixture was subjected to intermediate storage (4) and dried (5) to a water content of 12-18%. A hydraulic binder was added to facilitate briquetting of the dried mixture and increase the ash melting point. The mixture was briquetted (6) to give dimensionally stable, high density briquettes, having an energy content of ca. 4.5 W/kg, suitable for use as an energy source. After intermediate storage (7), some of the briquettes were burned in a heating plant (3) (to provide energy to dry the fuel) and the remainder were sold.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The gasoline composition has research octane number of 98-110 and sulfur content of 10 mass ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Butane fraction (in volume%) (1) containing 96% or more of hydrocarbon, Middle East type crude oil (3), alkylated gasoline (30), light and high-octane fraction (20), catalytically reformed gasoline (27), heavy reformed gasoline (12) and oxygen-containing compound containing 95 volume% or more of ethyl tertiary butyl ether were mixed, to obtain gasoline composition having density of 0.7516 g/cm3, sulfur content of 1 mass ppm or less, and excellent oxidation stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The bacterial strains comprise strain 06AUG17-1 (acceptance number: FERM P-21199), strain 06APR20-9 (acceptance number: FERM P-21186), and strain 06APR20-7 (acceptance number: FERM P-21185). The activated sludge comprises the bacterial strains. The beta starch-containing waste liquid comes from water for washing, dogtooth violet starch, potato starch, and potato starch from rice. In another case, the beta starch-containing waste liquid comes from domestic waste water or a food-processing factory waste water. The method is carried out in 2-8 mg/L of dissolved oxygen (DO) content. The method further comprises adding the additive described above to the activated sludge. The pH of the original waste liquid is at pH 3.5-8.5. The pH of the waste liquid at the time of contact with the activated sludge is at pH 6.0-9.0. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) inside the processing tank is - 100 to + 150 milliVolts (mV). The temperature at the time of contact inside the processing tank is 10-60 degrees C. The method further comprises filtering the waste liquid using a membrane. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst includes iron, calcium, potassium and aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The amount of total particle surface of the uncovered matrix is 1-99%, preferably 15-30%. The embedded particles are microporous materials, preferably zeolite, carbon molecular sieves, metallo-organic scaffoldings, microporous inorganic oxides or microporous organic polymers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The matrix is obtained from an organic polymer, preferably a crosslinked polymer, which is crosslinked polyacrylate or crosslinked polymethacrylate. EXAMPLE - Zeolite 4A-particles with an average particle size of 4 mu m were washed with water and ethanol and repeatedly centrifuged, and subsequently dried in the vacuum at high temperature. Subsequently the particles were given into a solution of 1 mmol/l of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane in toluene, decanted with toluene and acetone, washed and dried. The dried zeolite was dispersed in a solution of the dimethacrylate, 11,14-dioxa-2,9-diazaheptadec-16-acid, 4,4,6,16-tetramethyl-10,15-dioxo-, 2-((2-methyl-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)oxy)ethyl ester, benzoin isobutyl ether, or a mixture of chloroform and ethanol, where the molar ratio of: zeolite to dimethacrylate was 2.1; benzoin isobutyl ether to dimethacrylate was 0.06; and chloroform/ethanol mixture to zeolite was 150. The obtained mixture was applied in a tube with one-way syringe, polymerized using UV-radiation with a wavelength of 154 nm for 40 minutes and hardened to obtain the membrane embedded with zeolite particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the step of crushing and mixing the organic materials, a stirrer is used, which comprises an actuator that actuates at least one shaft, where a disc-shaped mixing tool is arranged at the end of the shaft and the shaft is rotated with the mixing tool in the mixing tank. The mixing tool is equipped with knives that are arranged radially on the brim of the mixing tool. The mixing tool comprises projections or teeth, which are equipped with knives/cutter, are radially arranged on the brim. The edge of the mixing tool is formed between the projections or teeth in bent manner so that the each cutting of the knives/cutter is arranged in projection of the edge so that oblique shearing and a clean stripping of the organic materials are ensured. The cutting of the knives is employed in top and bottom manner. The projections and teeth are formed in integral manner on the mixing tank and the knives are detachably attached on the projections or the knives are integrated in an integral one-piece manner in the mixing tank. The mixing and cutting tool comprises projections and teeth, equipped with knives/cutters, which are radially arranged on the brim. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves adding a lecithin to the oil-solvent mixture. Preferred Components: The oil is edible oil (preferably canola oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, or palm based oils). EXAMPLE - An oil composition (test) comprising (wt.%) canola (82), triacetin (12), and lecithin (6) were prepared. The dispensability, viscosity, and release rate for this test composition as compared to a control sample of pure soy oil were evaluated. The test/control showed dispensability: viscosity: release rate of 0.793/0.833 g/spray: 50/63 cps: good/poor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fluoropropene refrigerant is 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene or 1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, saturated hydrofluorocarbon such as difluoromethane pentafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, fluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 3-5C hydrocarbon such as propane, n-butane, isobutane, 2-methyl butane or n-pentane, dimethyl ether, carbon dioxide, and bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol used is preferably methanol and is used in a quantity between 1 and 5 (preferably between 1.5 and 3.5) times the theoretical value based on the content of triglycerides and free fatty acids of the starting material. The oils and fats comprise 1 wt.% free fatty acids. The catalyst is a tetraalkylorthotitanate of formula Ti(OR)4 where R represents a linear or branched C1-C8 alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, iso-octyl or octylene glycols. EXAMPLE - 300 g of crude coconut oil is mixed with 0.15 g of catalyst in an autoclave. 100 g of anhydrous methanol is added and the reaction mixture is heated to 230 degrees C. The mixing and heating is maintained for 30 minutes and then cooled to 50-60 degrees C. The methanol is removed by rotary evaporation for 40 minutes and then the mixture is left in a separator funnel for 30-40 minutes. The lower glycerol phase provides 70% of the theoretical glycerol quantity. The upper phase (305 g) is taken and the same transesterification reaction is carried out to produce another glycerol phase (25%) and another upper phase (295 g). The process is repeated once more to produce 295 g of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and the final glycerol phase (5%),
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The lipase uses 1,3-position specific lipase and a non-position specific lipase in a weight ratio of 1:3-3:1. The lipase is fixed lipase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The enzymatic process is carried out under a pressure of 100-150 bar at 40-60 degrees C at a stirring speed of 100-300 rpm. The usage amount of oils and fats is 15-30 weight parts.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fluid: The supercritical fluid is supercritical carbon dioxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oils and fats are processed oilpaper or waste oilpaper. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The environment fuel composition further comprises potassium nitrate (0.05-100 weight parts).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The cathode comprises carbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The active metal layer comprises rhodium, rubidium, iridium, rhenium, platinum, palladium, copper, silver, gold, nickel, iron or combinations. The cathode comprises platinum, rhenium, palladium, nickel, Raney nickel, iridium, vanadium, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, molybdenum or combinations.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Hydrophilic membrane of the electrochemical cell comprises polypropylene, polyamide or combinations. A separator comprises polypropylene, glassy carbon or combinations.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The bacteria preferably includes KENMI19 (FERM P-21182), 06AUG17-1 (FERM P-21199), 06AUG17-16 (FERM P-21202), KENMI17 (FERM P-21181), KENMI3 (FERM P-21175), KENMI7 (FERM P-21177), KENMI10 (FERM P-21178), KENMI4 (FERM P-21176), KENMI27 (FERM P-21183) or KENMI16 (FERM P-21180).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The method further involves adding an additive including magnesium compound, silicone compound and nutrients for bacterial culture, to the activated sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The procedure steps (a)-(e) are carried out in at least two relaxing- and separating apparatus, which are arranged in series, where the pressure of each separating device is respectively lower than the pressure of the upstream separating device. The helium-enriched fraction is subjected to a post-purification, preferably an adsorptive post-purification. Preferred components: The helium-enriched fraction exhibits a helium-content of at least 40 vol.%, preferably of at least 60 vol.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The nanometer metal combustion-supporting catalyst is nanometer gold metal combustion-supporting catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The normal butane, propane and butane, and normal hexane are crude oil fraction or cracked petroleum. Preferred Composition: The carrier agent is dimethyl ether and petroleum ether at volume ratio of 4-10:1 (preferably 4:1). The volume ratio of main raw material and nanometer metal catalyst converting agent is 3-6:1. Preferred Method: The method comprises carrying out strong Gauss magnetization with main raw material, nanometer metal catalyst converting agent and petroleum ether carrier agent at 12-15 degrees C and statically placing in reactor for 12 hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The YSZ powder has grain diameter of 0.1-2 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ruthenium oxide anode material is ruthenium oxide or ruthenium-cerium-tin oxide (Ru0.5Ce0.3Sn0.2O2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The ester exchange reaction is performed at 60 degrees C for 1-3 hours. The supported solid alkali catalyst is used at 3-5 wt.% (based on oil). The cosolvent is used at 60 wt.% (based on oil). The mole ratio of low carbon alcohol to oil is 12:1. Preferred Components: The low carbon alcohol is methanol. The oil is cottonseed oil or peanut oil. The cosolvent is tetrahydrofuran.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Phytotrophy cultivation comprises inoculating a chlorella protothecoides plate culture in a culture flask, culture pool, or photobiology reaction device to process lighting culture, and controlling temperature at 20-45?oC. The pH is controlled at 5-9. Carbon dioxide consistency is 0.9-3%, and sunlight irradiation is 25-200 ~mmol/m.second-1 is adopted in the culture process. Cell concentration is high speed centrifugation, flocculating setting, or filtering. Preferred Component: The organic carbon source of the heterotrophy culture medium is added in the reducing sugar comprising monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polyhexose. The organic carbon source comprises glucose, fruit sugar, corn starch hydrolysate, cassava starch hydrolysate, wheat starch hydrolysate, or kaoliang juice. Preferred Property: The initial consistency of glycine is 1-15 g/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The hydrogen-producing apparatus has a reactor having an open surface, cover component which covers the surface of the reactor with a through-hole, elastic component which is fixed and attached such that the inner surface of the cover component is covered, and contain electrolyte aqueous solution, and electrode which is connected with the electric wire that penetrates the through-hole. The apparatus further contains groove formed along the circumference of the open portion, sealing agent, attachment groove formed in the inside of the reactor and rubber ring which seals the cover component.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The elastic component contains rubber and/or vinyl. Preferred Process: The cover component is installed and a rubber ring (314) is inserted in the groove formed along the circumference of the open portion of the reactor. The rubber ring is interposed between the cover component and forming a seal in between the components. The through-hole is filled with the sealing agent and blocking the inside of the reactor from the outside through the sealing agent and attachment groove is formed in the inside of the detector to which the electrode is fixed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is platinum, tin, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, iron, nickel, rhodium, copper, zinc, chrome and/or alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fuel resistant plastic is sulfonated polyether ether ketone (sPEEK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polytetrafluoroethylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The refrigerant is one or a mixture of two or more selected from a group consisting of methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, butane, and nitrogen.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: An organic acid fermented material of organic residue or organic residue is added to the methane-fermented digestive liquid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The separation membrane is a zeolite film. The separation membrane is selected from mordenite film, ZSM-5 type zeolite film, T-type zeolite film or ZSM-35 type zeolite film. The catalyst further contains metals such as platinum, palladium, gold, silver, rhodium and/or iridium. Preferred Process: The moisture content of the source gas is reduced to 15 volume% or less. The carbon monoxide concentration of the source gas is reduced, to obtain hydrogen containing gas. The obtained hydrogen containing gas is supplied to cathode side fuel of fuel cell system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The source gas is obtained by performing modification reaction and water gas shift reaction of hydrocarbon, alcohol or ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: The non-conducting material comprises glass, ceramics or glass steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation involves compressing water by water pump and then spraying water fog to unbalanced plasma forming space in unbalanced plasma generating device using hydraulic spray nozzle. The unbalanced plasma generating device comprises anode flat electrode, cathode flat electrode, hydraulic spray opening, hydrogen collecting chamber, oxygen collecting chamber and shell. The anode and cathode flat electrodes can be replaced by metal net sheets. The flat glass can be replaced by ceramic plate, plastic plate, epoxy plate, glass steel and other insulating materials.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The non-conducting material comprises plastic, epoxide resin plate, bakelite, electrical insulating material or semi-conductive material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: The method comprises using polyacrylamide as flocculant. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The raw-material complex and unsaturated compound are heated at 50-500 degrees C, preferably at the decomposition-temperature vicinity of unsaturated compound.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: Ligand (B) is a diamine compound of formula (1), preferably a diamine compound of formula (2). The unsaturated compound is of formula: X1(-R7)2=X1(-R7)2 or R8-CC-R8, preferably a benzene derivative of formula (3). The energy level of pi (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) of the unsaturated compound is 0 eV or less.Q1=divalent organic group having 2 or more C=N bonding;R1-R9=H or substituent;Ar=optionally substituted bivalent aromatic group;X1=carbon or nitrogen;andX2=leaving group.Two or more R1-R3 groups may be mutually connected. Two or more R4 and R6 groups may be mutually connected. Two or more R7 groups may be mutually connected. EXAMPLE - A cobalt complex (100 mg) of formula (A), diphenyliodonium 2-carboxylate monohydrate (219 mg), and Ketchen Black EC (RTM: carbon black) (400 mg) were stir-mixed. The mixture was heat-processed under nitrogen atmosphere, to obtain a catalyst raw material. The raw material (4 mg) was ultrasonically vibrated with hydrochloric acid (3 mL) for 2 hours and 20 minutes, and dried at 25 degrees C for 12 hours to obtain an electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst had excellent stability under strongly acidic conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Component (B) is prepared by crushing 2-5 pts.wt. bentonite, 3-3.5 pts. wt. gelatin, 2-2.5 pts. wt. silica to 40 mesh; heating 30-50 pts. wt. water, 15-20 pts. wt. sodium silicate and 1-2 pts.wt. acetic acid in enamel reaction kettle to 80-90 degrees C and mixing for 10-15 minutes; adding crushed bentonite, gelatin and silica and reacting for 15-20 minutes; adding 1-1.5 pts.wt. sulfite, 10-15 pts.wt. calcium oxide and 15-20 pts.wt. carboxymethyl cellulose and mixing for 20-30 minutes; and cooling to 40 degrees C. The coal is prepared by crushing No. 9 coal to 60-80 mesh; carbonizing organic slag in low-temperature carbide furnace at 300-380 degrees C for 30-40 minutes, cooling to 50 degrees C and then crushing to 60 mesh; crushing coal gangue to 60-80 mesh; placing 30-40 pts.wt. coal gangue powder into mixer and adding 10-20 pts.wt. 1-5% sodium hydroxide solution; heating to 80-90 degrees C and mixing for 20-30 minutes at 600-650 rpm; allowing rotted plant to seep out; adding 20-30 pts. No. 9 coal and 20-30 pts. carbonized organic slag into mixer and mixing for 10 minutes; adding 5-10 pts.wt. potassium nitrate and 20-30 pts.wt. component (B) and mixing for 15-20 minutes; introducing mixture to screw extruder; and drying at 180-220 degrees C, cooling and packaging to prepare low-sulfur electric coal with heat capacity of more than 5000 (preferably 5500-6500) KQ/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (in weight %): Bacillus stearothermophilus (30), Bacillus licheniformis (15), Zymomonas (12), Agrobacterium sp. (13), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (20), and Candida dattila dattila (10).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is isomerase or yeast.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The acid material is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid. The alkaline material is sodium hydroxide. The liquid extract is 0.1-1% boric acid solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Calcined lime is hydrolyzed into calcium hydroxide, which absorbs carbon dioxide generated when fuel is burnt.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The HMF species is hydroxymethylfurfural, hydroxymethylfurfural ether or hydroxymethylfurfural ester at C6 position of HMF. The selective oxidized product of (M1) is formylfuran carboxylic acid or furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) (predominantly FDCA). Preferred Method: At least 30 (preferably 50)% of HMF species in (M1) is oxidized selectively to oxidized product selected from C1 acid of the hydroxymethylfurfural ether or ester. The selective oxidized product is recovered in substantially pure form by precipitating the product out of the mixture by lowering the pH to precipitate the acid. The method (M2) further involves removing hydrogen peroxide formed in the mixture while contacting the HMF species. The mixture is simultaneously contacted with catalase. The oxidase is aryl alcohol oxidase. EXAMPLE - Aryl alcohol oxidase (50 mg) was combined with hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (30 mg) in aqueous solution, fermcolase (100 mu l), 0.5 M potassium hydrogen phosphate buffer (0.5 ml) and water (4.5 ml). The oxidation of HMF showed that after 2 hours 80% of HMF was converted to diformylfuran (DFF) and after 24 hours all of the HMF was converted to DFF.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The steam reformate is not dried to remove water. The vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization is performed in presence of cobalt-molybdenum/alumina, nickel-tungsten/alumina or nickel-molybdenum/alumina catalyst. The hydrocarbon fuel is distilled. The light fraction of hydrocarbon fuel is subjected to vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization at 280 psi or less, and adsorbent polishing after hydrodesulfurization. A portion of steam reformate as a low-sulfur hydrogen source is provided to a fuel cell.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The system for treating hydrocarbon fuel further has a distillation unit arranged to provide a light fraction of hydrocarbon fuel to the vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization unit, and the distillation unit is not a flash distillation unit, an adsorbent polishing unit provided to polish the output of the vapor-phase hydrodesulfurization unit and a fuel cell provided to receive a portion of steam reformate as a low-sulfur hydrogen source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The inorganic base is one or more of soluble inorganic bases of potassium hydroxide, ammonia, barium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide. The concentration of the inorganic base in the solution is 3-35%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mass ratio of biomass oil: water: lipophilic emulsifier: acid and base modulating agent: hydrophilic emulsifier: emulsified biomass oil additive is 40-92%:5-58%:5-30%:0.5-10%:0.5-10%:0.5-5%. The proportion by weight of biomass oil: water: lipophilic emulsifier: acid and base modulating agent: hydrophilic emulsifier: emulsified biomass oil additive is 40-80 wt.%:10-30 wt.%:5-20 wt.%:0.6-9 wt.%:1-5 wt.%:0.5-2 wt.%. The lipophilic emulsifier is oleic acid, fatty acid or naphthenic acid. The hydrophilic emulsifier is a mixed aqueous solution of inorganic base and organic amine. The organic amine is one of ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, n-propylamine, n-butylamine, cyclohexane, triethanolamine, or their optional mixtures. The concentration of the organic amine in the solution is 2-10%. Aviation kerosene or naphtha (5-50 wt.%) is added in the emulsified biomass oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Component: The household garbage comprises organic polymer, organic fiber material, carbohydrate, organic remnants, inorganic material or metal material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cracking reaction employs molecular sieve from ZSM-5, HZSM-5, and Y-type molecular sieve. The cracking catalyst comprises alumina or aluminum silicate as main components.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cracking reactions produces hydrocarbon oil from gasoline or diesel fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The biogas production includes heating the solid waste, and spraying in the container. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The 1 to 3-site specific lipase is 0.3-0.7 wt.%. Preferred Condition: The kernel oil enzymatic lipolysis reaction is carried out at 35-40?oC for 7-9 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is concentrated sulfuric acid (0.3-0.6 wt.%). In the transesterification reaction, the alkali is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide (0.5-0.7 wt.%). The water in the reaction system is controlled at 6-11 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The separation step uses hot water rapid infusion at 50-90, preferably 70-80?oC for 5-90, preferably 20-40 seconds, and separation. The synchronous extraction and pre-esterification reaction is controlled at 60-80?oC for 5-7 hours. The transesterification reaction is carried out at 50-70?oC for 1-1.5 hours. The distillation step is carried out at 80-150?oC and 2-0.01 mbar. Preferred Component: In synchronous extraction and pre-esterification reaction of the peel oil, the low alcohol is methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. The weight ratio of the peel dry weight to low alcohol is 1:3-1:5. The weight ratio of fruit to hot water is 1:3-1:14, preferably 1:5-1:7. In the transesterification reaction, the molar ratio of the peel oil to low alcohol is 1:3-1:5. The weight ratio of acetone/tertiary butyl alcohol to kernel oil in the kernel oil enzymatic lipolysis reaction is 0.5:1-2:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The preparation of nanomagnetic sulfonated coal comprises reacting coal and 98% sulfuric acid, and milling sulfonated coal solution to obtain sulfonated coal slurry having particle size of 20-100 nm , where solid content is 10%; reacting ferrous sulfate and sodium hydroxide solution to obtain ferrous hydroxide slurry having particle size of 100-1000 nm and solid content of 20%; and adding ferrous hydroxide slurry (10 parts by weight (pbw)) into sulfonated coal slurry (100 pbw) while stirring, reacting for 2 hours at 20-60 degrees C, cooling, and spray drying to obtain magnetic sulfonated coal catalyst having 100-1000 nm particle size and ferroferric oxide as core and sulfonated coal as shell. The preparation for sulfonated coal slurry comprises reacting raw coal (100 g) and 98% sulfuric acid (120 g) for 1-2 hours at 120-150 degrees C, filtering, neutralizing, adding distilled water (50-100 g), and milling to obtain sulfonated coal slurry having particle size of 20-100 nm. The preparation for ferrous hydroxide slurry comprises adding 200 ml of ferrous sulfate solution (0.02 g/ml) to 20 ml of sodium hydroxide solution (100 g/L) within 10 minutes while stirring, reacting for 20 minutes to obtain ferrous hydroxide slurry having particle size of 100-1000 nm and solid content of 20%. The methyl esterification reaction comprises mixing low acid-value oil whose acid value is less than or equal to 3, methanol pre-dissolved with alkali metal hydroxide, and cosolvent at wt. ratio of 1:6:0.3 at 30-50 degrees C; and reacting at 50-60 degrees C for 10 minutes, centrifuging to separate out crude biodiesel and crude glycerin; and rectifying crude biodiesel to obtain refined biodiesel. Preferred Components: The cosolvent is tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or butanone. The oil is vegetable crude oil, trench oil, swill oil or acid oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The Clostridium microorganism is C.beijerinckii L9 (BCRC 910361) or C.butyricum M1 (BCRC 910362). The Bacillus microorganism is B.thermoamylovorans I (BCRC 910360). The fermentation culture system is a fermentation system having a sterile and anaerobic environment and an organic waste medium. The organic waste medium is a medium produced from yeast waste, distiller grains, kitchen waste, sewage sludge, agricultural waste, molasses and its fermented waste liquid, energy crop, algae, or their mixtures. The anaerobic environment is formed by the interaction between the Clostridium and Bacillus. The fermentation is performed at 35-45 degrees C in the fermentation culture system.
ACTIVITY - Fungicide; Antibacterial. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The three-high polarity compound comprises magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon nitride (SiN).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Parameters: The infrared heating alloy thread net (10) comprises iron-chromium-aluminum alloy thread net of 5 to 7 items, preferably 6 items, with a mesh (2) area of 8-16 mm2, preferably 8.0-11 mm2, and a thread diameter of 0.7-1.1 mm, preferably 0.8-0.9 mm; infrared heating multi-hole ceramic board (1) comprises thin-wall plane infrared heating multi-hole ceramic board of 15-18 items, preferably 16-17 items, with a mesh (2) area of 0.78-1.89 mm2, preferably 1.12-1.38 mm2, a board thickness of 10-20 mm, preferably 12-15 mm, and a wall thickness of 0.3-0.5mm, preferably 0.4 mm.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mineral salts are made of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, zinc(II) chloride, phosphoric acid or calcium(II) chloride. The acid aqueous solution is selected from nitric acid aqueous solution, sulfuric acid aqueous solution or hydrochloric acid aqueous solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method comprises packing mixture of immobilized nitrobacteria and dry wood coal (100 g) in 200x 200 mm single layer gauze reaction bag, fixing prepared reaction bag in surface water, taking off from surface water after 10-15 days, cleaning and activating in culture medium for 1-2 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Method: Sodium alginate is added to water, heated, added with PVA and calcium carbonate, and continuously stirred. The PVA sol is dipped in 1-5% hydrochloric acid solution after it is cleaned with water. The spherical carrier is placed in 0.1-0.5% glutaric dialdehyde aqueous solution, the pH value is adjusted to 1-2, stirred, and reacted for 1-2 hours at 30-40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compounds: The ion conductive polymer layer is selected from perfluoro system, benzimidazole, polyimide system, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene, polyphenylsulfide system, polythiophenylene system, polyphenylquinoxaline or polyphosphazenes system.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The additive is optionally selected from cinnamon or balsam.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent is optionally water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The isothiazoline compound is selected from 2-methyl isothiazolin-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, 2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one, 5-chloro-2-methyl-isothiazolin-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 5-chloro-2-phenethyl-3-isothiazoline, 4-bromo-2-n-dodecyl-3-isothiazoline or 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one. The glutaraldehyde compound is selected from glutaraldehyde, glyoxal or succindialdehyde. The stabilizer is made of N-halo quinone imine, imidazolidinone compound, 2,2,6,6-tetrahalocyclo hexane imine derivative or 2,6-dihaloaniline derivative. The surfactant includes hydrophilic group, glucose and sucrose. The solvent is 1-5C lower alcohol. The additive is selected from proteinase, bromelain, trypsin, calpain, imidazole, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), nitrilo triacetic acid (NTA), citric acid, diethylenediamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), dicyclohexylamine nitrate, urea, terpinol, thymol, geraniol, menthol or cinnamic aldehyde. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Fungicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The fertilizer is chosen from limestone ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate-based nitrogen-phosphate-potassium-containing fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The particulate material is ammonium nitrate prill or granule. Preferred Components: The oil is glycerol ester of fatty acid which has melting point of more than 40 degrees C. The coating includes palm oil or its derivative. The content of oil or its derivative is 0.1-0.2% (m/m). The oil(s) having melting point of more than 40 degrees C is natural oil or its derivative. The anti-caking agent is amine or naphthalene sulfonate, preferably amine. The content of anti-caking agent in the coating is 1-20 %mass, and content of amine in the coating is 2-4 %mass. Preferred Process: The coating process is carried out by spray method. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises filtering and separating lipase from reaction liquid after a batch of reactants is reacted, and optionally flushing the lipase to perform next batch of catalytic reaction. Preferred Condition: When the vegetable oil is cotton seed oil, ester exchanging conditions include mol ratio of methyl acetate to cotton seed oil of 14:1, and reacting time of 14 hours. When the vegetable oil is colza oil, ester exchanging conditions include mol ratio of methyl acetate to refined colza oil of 16:1, and reacting time of 14 hours. When the vegetable oil is tea oil, ester exchanging conditions include mol ratio of methyl acetate to tea oil of 16:1, and reacting time of 12 hours. When the vegetable oil is soybean oil, ester exchanging conditions include mol ratio of methyl acetate to soybean oil of 11:1, and reacting time of 10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: A hydrofining catalyst is used in the hydrofining section. The metal with hydrogenation activity includes tungsten, molybdenum, nickel and cobalt. It is 15-45 wt.%. Preferred Property: The hydrofining catalyst has pore volume of 0.25-0.55 ml/g, and specific surface area of 100-400 cm2/g.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The naphtha is straight-run naphtha, coked naphtha, catalytic cracking naphtha or pyrolysis naphtha produced in oil processing. The raw oil includes fractions (30-99 wt.%)whose b.pts. are 40-220 degrees C. The oils from animals and plants include animal oil and vegetable oil. The vegetable oil includes soybean oil, peanut oil, castor oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, palm oil, coconut oil, Chinese wood oil, flax seed oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil, sunflower seed oil and rice oil. The animal oil includes butter, lard or mutton fat. The oil from animal and plant is 1-30 wt.%. In hydrogenation step, the volume ratio of hydrogen to oil is 200:1-2500:1. Preferred Condition: The hydrogenation condition includes 1-8, preferably 3-6 MPa, 260-420, preferably 280-400 degrees C, and total space velocity of 0.5-6, preferably 1-3/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The separation method comprises first direction isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, adhesive tape balancing step, and second direction sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first direction isoelectric focusing electrophoresis includes using ion-pair chromatographic precast gel strip divided into two sections, soaking the precast gel strip in sample (180-250, preferably 200 micro-L) containing protein (0.5-1 mg), carrying out cataphoresis at 20 degrees C for 12 hours, performing electrophoresis at 300, 600 and 1000 V, respectively, for 0.6-1.5 (preferably 1) hour, and conducting electrophoresis at 8000 V for 5-7 (preferably 6) hours. The adhesive tape balancing comprises taking out adhesive tape after isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, balancing with buffer solution containing dithiothreitol (1 wt.%), urea (6 M), glycerin (30% w/v), sodium dodecyl sulfate (2.5% w/v), tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (TRIS)hydrochloride (50 mM) and deionized water for 15 minutes, and transferring in another buffer solution containing iodoacetamide (2.5 wt.%) for 15 minutes. The second direction SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis comprises preparing vertical plate with polyacrylamide separating gel (15-20, preferably 17) wt.% and stacking gel (3-6, preferably 4) wt.%, transferring the balanced gel strip to the upper end of vertical plate gel, sealing with agarose (1 wt.%), putting in electrophoresis tank, filling with buffer solution containing (wt.%) TRIS (0.2-0.5, preferably 0.3), glycin (1-1.6, preferably 1.44) and SDS (0.05-0.1, preferably 0.1), and conducting electrophoresis using 30 mA current for 2.5-4 (preferably 3) hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The weak alkaline is sodium carbonate or sodium phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The additive further includes high carbon diol, 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-cresol, acetone, and/or high carbon diacid. Preferred Contents: The weight ratio of gasoline to methanol to isopentane is 9:8:3, preferably 14:5:1. The weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron is 15:50:1. The weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron to high carbon diol is 15:50:1:5; weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron to 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-cresol is 15:50:1:5; weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron to acetone is 15:50:1:30; weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron to high carbon diacid is 15:50:1:5; or weight ratio of isoheptanol to 26# paraffin oil to dicyclopentadienyl iron to high carbon diacid to 2,6-ditert-butyl-4-cresol to acetone is 15:50:1:5:5:30.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Acid value of oils is 20-160 (30-130) mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g. Preferred Components: Alcohol is aliphatic alcohol with 1-6C, preferably methanol or ethanol. Preferred Apparatus: Reactor is pipe typed reactor. Preferred Conditions: Reaction is done at 140-235 degrees C (170-220 degrees C) and 1-6 (2-5) MPa. Liquid hourly space velocity is 0.1-5 (0.3-2)/hour. Preferred Composition: Mass ratio of oil/alcohol is 0.4-8:1 (2-7:1).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Granularity of the crushed material is 4-5 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The rapeseed oil soapstock is acidified by sulfuric acid solution with concentration of 50% until pH of solution is 2-3. The fatty acid and ester are separated from acidified oil by molecular distillation device at 180 degrees C, under 7 Pa, with charge temperature at 80 degrees C, and rotating speed of 150 rpm. The light component fatty acid (10 g) is added with ZrO2-TiO2/SO42- catalyst. The light component fatty acid is added with methanol and ZrO2-TiO2/SO42- catalyst, and reacted at 80 degrees C for 5 hours. The trans-esterification reaction comprises adding ester (10 g) to single ported flask, adding methanol and sodium methoxide (0.05 g), mixture refluxing in magnetic heating mixing device at 50-65 (preferably 65) degrees C for 0.5-2 (preferably 1)hours, placing in separatory funnel, standing, separating lower layer glycerin phase, washing upper layer, drying, and obtaining fatty acid methyl ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compositions: The nitrate bacteria culture medium compositions are 0.1% sodium nitrite, 0.1% sodium carbonate, 0.075% dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.003% magnesium sulfate and 0.001% magnesium sulfate. Preferred Properties: The pH of culture medium is 6.5. The nitrobacter opacus sack strain culture is present at 0.8-2 kg/m3 fillers.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solvent is water. Preferred Properties: The volumes of fillers in constructed wetland are 65-75% clinoptilolite, 15-25% red loam and 5-15% humic substance.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The extract is dissolved for saturation solubility of moisture content in liquid-liquid extraction apparatus. The spin-drying process is performed in liquid-phase-adsorption water removal device. The reffinate of the liquid-liquid extraction apparatus contains alcohol and gasoline. The alcohol and gasoline are recovered by spreader and is recycled as raw material of liquid-liquid extraction apparatus. The alcohol raw material containing gasoline and alcohol is subjected to alcohol extracting method. The content of alcohol is 55-80 weight%, preferably 60-75 weight% and concentration of gasoline is 10 weight%, preferably 5 weight% in raw material. Preferred Property: The moisture content of the mixture is 100 ppm or less. EXAMPLE - Alcohol (70 weight%) was fed from the top portion of liquid-liquid extraction column at flow rate of 1000 kg/hour. Hexane which is gasoline is fed from the bottom portion of liquid-liquid extraction column at flow rate of 9830 kg/hour. The mixture was then subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. The alcohol concentration in the extract with flow rate of 10554 kg/hour is 6.5 weight%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The conversion takes place at 600-1200 degrees C, preferably 800-1000 degrees C. Preferred Components: The gas mixture contains at least 8, preferably 10 vol.% of nitrous oxide. The gas mixture further contains one or more gas components, preferably water, oxygen (up to 20, preferably 40 vol.%), NOx as nitrous oxide (up to 1, preferably 10 vol.%), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The nitrous oxide containing gas mixture is a process exhaust gas, preferably from adipic acid production, nitric acid production or combustion of motor exhaust gas. The catalyst contains one or more metal oxides, where the metals are from 1st to 5th main group, preferably boron, aluminum, indium, thallium, silicon, germanium, tin, palladium, selenium, tellurium, transition metals, lanthanide and/or actinide. The metal oxide is of formula ((M1)a(M2)bOo); ((M1)a(M3)cOo); ((M2)b(M3)cOo); ((M1)a(M2)b(M3)c(M5)eOo) or ((M1)a(M2)b(M3)c(M4)dOo). The catalyst is a full catalyst or a carrier catalyst, preferably a nano-, micro- or mesoporous, oxidic or nonoxidic carrier. The catalyst is free of noble metals, preferably metals of the 1st sub group and platinum group, preferably silver, gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum. The catalyst comprises perovskite-, spinel-, hydrotalcite- or zeolite- containing material.M1 = an alkali metal;M2 = an alkaline earth metal;a = greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1;b = greater than or equal to 0 but less than or equal to 1;o = valency ratio of determined number of greater than 0;M3 = lanthanide and/or actinide, preferably B, Al, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pd, Se or Te;x = 2;c = greater than 0 but less than or equal to 1;M4 = transition metal; andd = 0-1. EXAMPLE - A gas mixture containing ethane (40 vol.%), nitrous oxide (40 vol.%) and neon (20 vol.%) were preheated at 630 degrees C in the presence of sodium calcium oxide catalyst to obtain ethene and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal passivant is quicklime grains present at 1-5 vol.% of the waste pile. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cathode is made up of copper or nickel. The transition metal is selected from cobalt sulfate, cobalt chloride, cobalt nitrate, nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous chloride, ferrous nitrate, copper sulfate, copper chloride, copper nitrate, chromium sulfate, chromium chloride, chromium nitrate, manganese sulfate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride or zinc nitrate. EXAMPLE - The example illustrates preparation of cobalt catalyst by electroplating. Copper was used as cathode and the cobalt catalyst was prepared with a constant current flowing method by using the cobalt as anode. Cathodic current density was maintained at 0.01 ampere per square centimeter and electroplating was performed for 140 seconds in order to prepare 10 mg of cobalt catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The raw materials comprise animal and vegetable fatty oil (60%), non-standard light mineral oil (35%); and coal oil (5%). Preferred Components: The reaction agent is petroleum ether. Preferred Method: The step of adding the additive includes adding antioxidant, viscosity reducing agent, catalysis combustion improver, ash modification and cleaning dispersant, dreg dispersing and water separating agent, and extreme pressure lubricated improving agent. The antioxidant is mixed with strong phenol, aryl-amine and metal deactivating agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The viscosity reducing agent comprises alkyl phenol formaldehyde resin, poly-oxygen propylene, and poly-ethenoxy ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The low carbon alcohol at the top of tower is returned in the material storing container for recycling. The temperature of pre-heater is controlled at 50-120 degrees C. Preferred Component: The oil is fatty acid, oil with high acid value, or neutral oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The C/N of the fermentation material in step (a) is maintained at 20-30:1 by cyanobacteria, livestock and poultry excretion and straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Carbon dioxide is pre-heated and supplied through an inlet port (13) to the pyrolysis furnace. The inner temperature of pyrolysis furnace is 600-1000 degrees C and the inner temperature of reduction reaction furnace is 1200 degrees C or more.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The biologically derived oil is chosen from crop, vegetable and/or microalgae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method further comprises subjecting biomass to extraction process to form biological derived oil containing triglyceride. The processing step further comprises acid- or base-catalyst hydrolysis. The separation process is carried out by fractional crystallization. The modification process comprises esterifying monounsaturated fatty acid to form unsaturated ester, epoxidizing unsaturated ester to form epoxy ester containing epoxide ring, opening the ring of epoxy ester species to form dihydroxy ester, and esterifying dihydroxy ester with esterifying species to form ester product. The esterifying species is chosen from carboxylic acid, acyl halide and/or acyl anhydride. The esterification process of monounsaturated fatty acid comprises alcohol species, which is methanol, and involves conversion of fatty acid to species having acyl halide and/or acyl anhydride. The ring opening process of epoxy ester species is carried out by acid-catalyzing reaction. The ester product is mixed with triester species derived from different source, and ester product is mixed with diester species. The ester product is mixed with base oil having group I oil, group II oil and/or group III oil. Preferred Component: The ester product is triester product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrode comprises gold, silver, platinum and/or copper. The nanoparticles comprise silver, gold, palladium, platinum, nickel, cobalt, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide and/or tungsten oxide, and rutile tin oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The hydrotreating is carried out using hydroprocessing catalyst under hydrogen atmosphere. The hydroprocessing catalyst is cobalt-molybdenum catalyst, nickel-molybdenum catalyst and/or noble metal catalyst. The isomerization catalyst comprises metal such as platinum and/or palladium. Preferred Oil: The ester product is blend with a base oil chosen from group I-III oil. Preferred Unit: The system further comprises oil extraction unit, isomerization unit, separation unit (a1), and hydroprocessing unit.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternately, the biologically-derived oil obtained by subjecting biomass to extraction process, is processed by subjecting the alkane to catalytically isomerization using isomerization catalyst to form isomerized alkane mixture. The triglyceride is acid or base-catalysis hydrolyzed. The monounsaturated fatty acid is isolated from the saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid by fractional crystallization. The saturated fatty acid is esterified to form biodiesel product. The monounsaturated fatty acid is esterified to form unsaturated ester. The unsaturated ester is epoxidized to form epoxy-ester component comprising an epoxide ring. The ring of the epoxy-ester component is opened to form dihydroxy ester. The dihydroxy ester is esterified to form ester product. Preferred Components: The ester product comprises triester species. The biologically-derived oil is originated from biomass source chosen form crops, vegetables and/or microalgae. The esterifying component is carboxylic acid, acyl halide and/or acyl anhydride.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The reaction between hydrogen compounds of the metal and ammonia is performed in the presence of titanium chloride (TiCl3). The hydrogen compounds of the metal are produced through reaction between amide compounds of the metal and hydrogen. The nitrogen compounds of the metal are produced through reaction between the metal obtained from oxide of the metal and nitrogen. The metal reacted with the nitrogen is obtained by reducing the oxide of the metal through molten-salt electrolysis. Preferred Materials: The metal is lithium or magnesium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The paraffin product contains hydrogen, methane, ethane, butane and propane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Variant: The variant further comprises 3-5 fold increase of rfa3, 2-3.5 fold increase of rfa8 and 2-3 fold increase of ral gene transcript relative to a wild-type Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 strain. The variant strain lacks gas vesicle production capability relative to the wild-type Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 strain. The variant as well exhibits resistance to ionizing radiation at a dose range of 15-23 kGy. The variant Halobacterium sp NRC-1 strains exhibit an LD50 of 11-25kGy. Preferred Method: In isolating variants of halophile Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 that exhibit resistance to extreme levels of radiation, the dose rate is 16-23 kGy. Moreover, (b) and (c) are repeated at least three additional times to isolate organisms with increased radiation resistance. The radiation is preferably delivered by a source that provides a pulsed electron beam having the ability to deliver 18-20 MeV electrons, where the pulsed electron beam includes a pulse width of 1-3 ms, with a repetition rate of 40-80 HZ. The Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 is in a growing phase during irradiation. Also, the culture of Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 strains is first radiated during a growth cycle with a dose of 16-20 kGy, then viable bacteria is isolated and radiated with the dose of 23 kGy. An electron beam irradiates the system. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The sulfur tolerant anode comprises a composition of nickel, copper, and ceria. The catalyst of the anode comprises praseodymium or cobalt. The composition of the sulfur tolerant anode comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia in combination with the ceria. The ceramic oxide comprises a thorium oxide, a zirconium oxide, a magnesium oxide, a titanium oxide, a potassium oxide or tungsten oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Device: The first and second chambers are arranged such that the second chamber is contained within the first chamber. The first and second chambers are constructed as adjacent chambers in which the connecting surface between the adjacent chambers is the proton selective membrane. The photosynthetic organism or its part, is a thylakoid or a thylakoid membrane, cyanobacteria (or other photosynthetic bacteria), eukaryotic algae, plant or plant tissue. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition comprises at least one 2-6C alcohol (5-10 vol.%), and at least one 2-6C ester of at least one long chain fatty acid. The fuel composition also comprises water (at least 0.2 vol.%) and Group I metal ions (less than 5 parts per million). Preferred Method: At least one 2-6C ester is provided by transesterifying a triglyceride-containing composition using a 2-6C monool. Preferred Components: The 2-6C monool comprises ethanol. The ethanol is optionally present in stoichiometric excess. EXAMPLE - A fuel composition comprising ethanol and an ethyl ester transesterification product of refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) soybean oil, was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Inoculation of fed materials comprises blending fed materials and inoculum in inoculation blending tank outside of digestion tank, where inoculum comprises fermented materials and the blending quality ratio of inoculum and fed materials is 4-10:1. The sprayed amount of spraying device is 50-200 L/m2d. Preferred Conditions: The vertical digestion tank is operated at 30-40 degrees C middle temperature or 50-65 degrees C high temperature.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alkali liquor comprises sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate and lime liquor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The organic waste material of digestion process has 15-40% solid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The low temperature resistant marsh gas tank comprises shelled wall being a main force supporting body composed of bricks and concretes, and inner wall of marsh gas tank being thermal insulator composed of thermal insulating material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The marsh gas tank has a volume of 6-100 m3.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Corn straw and/or wheat dry straw hood is used to cover built marsh gas tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: Building greenhouse is to build small plastic greenhouse above marsh gas tank. The thermal insulating material is waste foam, slag or crushed granular plastic garbage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quantity of methanol in order to convert fats and oils into fatty acid methyl ester is 10-28 (preferably 20-28) times the theoretical amount. Preferred Parameter: The reaction process is performed at 50-80 degrees C. Preferred Process: The manufacturing method further includes distillation and water-washing using adsorption agent containing activated carbon and purifying fatty acid methyl ester by ion exchange resin. EXAMPLE - The fatty acid methyl ester was manufactured by transesterificating 15, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 280, 290, 300 or 400 g of vegetable oil and fat as raw material, adding vegetable oil and fat to reaction system which added calcium oxide (2.2 g) to plant-derived fats and oils (100 g) containing stearic acid, stirring methanol for more than 45 minutes at 60 degrees C, leaving the reaction mixture to stand at room temperature, measuring calcium component concentration in fatty acid methyl ester, separating reaction mixture into two layers, distilling off methanol from organic layer which obtained fatty acid methyl ester, adding suitable amount of sulfuric acid and nitric acid to fatty acid methyl ester, drying and removing sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and extracting residue using suitable amount of hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carriers are formed by mixing pearlite, calcium hydroxide, and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The marine organism is plankton, jellyfish, lobster and small fishes. Preferred Process: The marine growth of capture site is supplied to centrifugation portion. The foreign material is removed from the marine growth. The marine growth is refined, separated and disposed. The marine growth is collected using an otter board.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The bio-energy manufacturing apparatus has a capture site (110), a grinding portion (120), a centrifugation portion (130), a marine growth refining portion (140), a fermentation portion and an ethanol refining portion. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The lactic acid fermentation tub is also used, which has lactic acid bacteria. The livestock excretion is selected from cow dung, cow urine, pig ordure, fowl droppings or fowl urine, preferably pig ordure.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetic powder is used for Chlorella cultivation. The prokaryote culturing medium material is prepared by using supernate, clay mineral substance and quicklime. The lactic acid fermentation tub also comprises granite, basalt or metamorphic rock.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The extraction solvent is methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, N-butyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, N-heptane, and/or purified water. Preferred Process: The concentrated extract is dried and pulverized, and mixed and treated with excipient, synthetic fungicide, or insecticide. The method of producing natural extract further involves mixing and treating the concentrated extract with wardrobe mold, silverfish mothproof, and grains worm inhibiting prevention raw material and further involves addition of fertilizer formulation selected from nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer, silica fertilizer, organic fertilizers and biological fertilizers. ACTIVITY - Insecticide; Insect Repellent; Animal Repellent. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The activated charcoal precursor is bituminous coal, lignite, anthracite coal, oak, wood, walnut shell, pine-nuts shell, pistachio shell, coconut shell, hazelnut shell, cashew nut shell, phenol resin, polyacrylonitrile, rayon resin and/or Prunus amygdalus. Preferred Properties: The particle size of pulverized activated charcoal precursor and potassium hydroxide is 44-420 mu m. The moisture content of potassium hydroxide is 2-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal has total surface area of 2000-3500 m2/g, total pore volume of 0.8-2.5 cc/g and methane sorption capacity of 10-25 wt.%. The activated charcoal adsorbs methane under atmospheric pressure of 60.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The product of ammonia processing apparatus is nitrogen gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The pH of wastewater contained in processing tank is 6-9. The calcium chloride concentration is 0.003-0.3 weight%. The concentration of microorganisms added to the wastewater contained in the processing tank is 1000-10000 mg/l in dry weight. The wastewater exists in microaerobic conditions. The microorganisms belonging to Enterococcus genus are isolated from activated sludge.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The decomposition product of ammonia decomposition is hydrogen. The catalyst component is noble metals or transition metals e.g. tungsten, platinum, gold, palladium, chromium, nickel or iron. Preferred Parameter: The light wavelength is 10.6-0.15 mu m. The light source is LED.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: Treatment is done at 0-100 degrees C (0-40 degrees C).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Heavy metal is chrome. Chrome is hexavalent chrome.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Tobacco is tobacco waste. Tobacco waste is tobacco residue from which the nicotine or solanesol or other substances is already extracted.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises (%) cellulose (60-90), non-organic matter (less than 30), organic matter (1-15). Preferred Process: The composition is produced by grinding, sterilizing and at least partially drying the solid portion. Sand removal is performed by centrifugation, hydrocyclonic centrifugation, vibration sedimentation, ultrasonic sedimentation or dissolved air flotation technology, either prior to or following trapping the solid portion. The sand removal is performed to decrease the sand contact of the composition to less than 5%. Preferred Device: The device for trapping the solid portion is selected from netting(s), device employing dissolved air flotation technology, conveyor belt formed of conveyor belt mesh, centrifuge, flow centrifuge, hydrocyclonic centrifuge, screw press, disk filter, filter press, media filter, filter containing fiber, biological filter, filter containing cellulose, chemical filter, filter containing silica and filter employing backflushing technology. EXAMPLE - The raw sewage comprising (%) sand (12.5), oil (5), lignin (4.5), non-organic matter (42.5), organic matter (17.5), hemicellulose (2.5) and cellulose (15.5) was introduced into hydrocyclone centrifuge at pressure (3 Atm) for initial sand removal, and then introduced into an entrapping device. Secondary sand removal was performed by sedimentation, where the sand sunk to the bottom of the pool. The sedimented sand was discarded and the remaining portion was introduced into sterilizer at 85 degrees C for 10 minutes. The solid portion was pressed in screw press for partial removal of liquids. The resulting cellulosic feedstock composition produced in the system comprised (%) sand (0.5), oil (9), lignin (4), non-organic matter (14), organic matter (12), hemicellulose (4) and cellulose (56.5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The solid poor liquid fraction resulting from the vibrating membrane filtration, preferably vibrating reversed osmosis membrane filtration, is submitted to a nitrogen removal step. A coagulation and flocculation operation is applied to the slurry obtained from the biofermentation and the mild dewatering operation is applied to the resulting slurry, where the mild dewatering operation is selected from a straining-belt/belt-sieve operation, a thickening table operation, a rotating drum filter/rotating drum sieve operation, or a sieve bend/barred grate/perforated bend/barred sieve operation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further involves: washing the peanut hull mass or the peanut hull supply with a chelating solution and with water for at least one time. The peanut hull mass is treated for at least one minute up to about twelve hours. Drying of the peanut hull mass results in a moisture level of 1-10%. Preferred Components: The oxidizing solution is a hydrogen peroxide solution. The hydrogen peroxide solution is present in an amount of 7.5-15% by mass or 3-70% by weight/volume. The alkaline solution is a potassium hydroxide solution (0.00125-0.05% by weight/volume). The peanut hull flour comprises several peanut hull particles sized 3-300 microns in diameter. The peanut hull flour has a total dietary fiber content of 71.4-72% by mass. Preferred System: The dry processing portion has an oven for drying the peanut hull mass or peanut hull supply. The system further comprising a pre-processing portion having a mass grinder system for reducing the peanut hull supply into the peanut hull mass where the peanut hull mass is subjected to the wet processing portion and the dry processing portion to the exclusion of the peanut hull supply. The pre-processing portion has at least one magnet and at least one sizing machine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The chelating solution contains ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a concentration of 200-400 ppm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Enzyme: The enzyme is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) dependent glucose dehydrogenase.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The photo-curable resin is water-soluble photo-curable resin. The thermosetting resin is water-soluble thermosetting resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (Claimed): Glycerol-based heterogeneous solid acid catalyst is prepared by simultaneous partial carbonization and sulfonation of glycerol by reacting with concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid at 200-300 degrees C under nitrogen or dry air protection, cooling resultant black powder to 20-30 degrees C, washing with hot water until wash water has neutral pH, and drying at 110-130 degrees C. Preferred Components: The glycerol is technical grade glycerol, crude glycerol obtained as byproduct during biodiesel process, or glycerol pitch obtained as byproduct of fat splitting. The fatty acid moiety used contains up to 24C. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol. Preferred Ratios: The weight ratio of glycerol to sulfuric acid is 1:3-1:5. The molar ratio of fatty acid to alcohol is 1:1-1:30. Preferred Conditions: Esterification is conducted at 60-75 degrees C for 3-5 hours. The catalyst is used at 2-20%. EXAMPLE - A mixture of crude glycerol (10 g) obtained during biodiesel process and concentrated sulfuric acid (40 g) was heated to 250 degrees C in a stream of nitrogen gas for 15 minutes until the reaction mixture became black powder. The black powder was cooled to room temperature and washed with hot water until wash water has neutral pH. The solid was filtered and dried at 120 degrees C to obtain glycerol-based solid acid catalyst of formula CH0.53S0.017O0.42 having acid density of 4.6 mmol/g and surface area of 2 m2/g. The catalyst (2 g) was used for esterification of sunflower oil fatty acids (10 g) with methanol (10 ml) at 60-62 degrees C for 4 hours. Fatty acid methyl ester was obtained in 99.5% conversion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mesoporous zeolite catalyzer is made of gallium, platinum, copper or zinc.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is iron, cobalt, nickel (preferably nickel tungsten or nickel molybdenum), ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium and/or platinum, where the nickel tungsten catalyst surface texture is a high macropore texture.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises heating the reaction of the glycerol containing feedstock with hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst to: a temperature of greater than 600 degrees F to produce propane synfuel; or a temperature of less than 600 degrees F to produce propanediols. The glycerol is converted into 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol, and the conversion further comprises separating the 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol. The glycerol is contacted with the nickel tungsten catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. The fixed bed reactor operates in a chemical mode and a synfuel mode. The synfuel mode glycerol is converted to propane synfuel. The chemical mode glycerol is converted to propylene glycol and 1,3-propanediol. Preferred Components: The glycerol-containing feedstock is the byproduct of biodiesel. EXAMPLE - A reactor was loaded with 80 cm3 of high macro-pore (34% of pores) nickel-tungsten catalyst. The catalyst was sulfided to further modify the catalyst, and the reactor was started up in trickle-bed mode using a feedstock of 98% pure glycerol. Glycerol was supplied to the reactor followed by hydrogen at a pressure of 2260 psig at 650 degrees C and worked up to give liquid phase products (propane synfuel).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon loop comprises carbon, oxygen or hydrogen in various forms. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for a method for converting waste into energy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Arrangement: The incinerator is a stoker furnace. An energy-recovery installation recovers energy produced by combustion of biogas purified within processor (I). A heat recovery device (4) is provided in processor (II) for recovering heat from temperature-decreased waste gas. Preferred Process: Before transferring the digestive liquid from the methane-fermentation tank to the gas-cooling tower, dehydration is carried out by a dehydrator (13). The supernatant liquid obtained by dehydration is transferred for thermal decomposition, and the dewatered cake is incinerated. A portion of supernatant liquid obtained by dehydration is used for slurrying biomass introduced into the methane-fermentation tank. The waste gas emitted from energy-recovery installation is processed by the waste-gas processing facility. Warm water heated by the recovered heat is used for heating in the methane-fermentation gas. Preferred Conditions: The total nitrogen concentration in the digestive liquid is 1500-15000 mg/L and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is 1000-10000 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The anaerobic treatment tank is filled with granule or support for accommodating microorganisms, where the microorganisms are localized in the granule or surface layer of support, and autotrophic denitrifying microorganisms are localized in inner layer. The method involves contacting sample liquid with the granule or support, decomposing and denitrifying organic substance. The first layer has methane-fermentation granule (2) and the second layer comprises support fixed with autotrophic denitrifying microorganisms. Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further has an acid production tank.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The oxidation-reduction potential in the anaerobic treatment tank is maintained at -380 to -280 mV. The oxidation-reduction is maintained using an organic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The fat decomposing agent is hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The fertilizer comprises (pbw): fermented waste (100-120) from gelatin bone grain production, peat (430-555), tung seed block (35-550), urea (100-120), ammonium phosphate (45-65), potassium sulfate (70-90), potassium chloride (20-30), calcium superphosphate (85-100), borax (0.5-1), magnesium sulfate (3-5), and zinc sulfate (0.5-1). ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second substrates are formed of a material consisting of an Inconel (RTM: Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy), a Haynes (RTM: Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy) or a Fecralloy (RTM: Alloys of iron, chromium, aluminum, yttrium and zirconium). The first or second substrate is formed of a material comprising iron, chromium and aluminum. The tubes are formed of a Inconel (RTM: Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises adding embedding medium after first step. The embedding medium is prepared by mixing water, calcium carbonate, and polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, diatomite, hyaluronic acid and/or active carbon; heating in electric thermostat water bath at 90-200 degrees C and stirring continuously uniformly mixed. The concentrated active sludge is formed by centrifuging active sludge for 5-30 minutes at 1000-100000 rpm. Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of embedding medium to sludge is 0.005-0.15. Preferred Components: The solid carrier is inorganic carrier comprising active carbon, plastic foam, zeolite, gauze, gauze and macromolecule macroporous resin. The crosslinking agent comprises calcium chloride, saturated boric acid, sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate, and/or silicane coupling agent. The curing agent comprises dipotassium phosphate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid carrier is organic solid carrier comprising mycelium, dreg sweet sorghum, cane, chitosan, agar, silica gel and sodium alginate. The crosslinking agent comprises styrene, methyl methacrylate, dipropylene phthalate, ethylene-toluene, triallyl cyanurate, glycol dimethylacrylate diethylene benzene, N,N-dimethylidene diacrylamide, glutaric dialdehyde and/or epoxy chloropropane. The curing agent comprises ethylenediamine, divinyl triamine, trivinyl tetramine, tetravinyl pentamine, dimethylaminopropylamine, trimethylhexamethylidenediamine, polyether diamine, benzene sulfonyl chloride, paratoluene sulfonyl chloride, ethyl sulfate or petroleum sulfonic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microzyme in the composite strain includes Candida, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The pH of fermented liquor is 6.7-7.2. The aerobic fermentation is carried out for 2-3 days at 20-30 degrees C. The anaerobic fermentation is carried out for 10-12 days at 30-38 degrees C. The fermented material comprises (in weight parts) human based (80), water plant (15), and autochthonal plant (5). The dosage of strain is 0.001-0.002. The water plant of fermentation material includes water hyacinth and blue algae float grass. The autochthonal plant includes straw.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The iron based catalyst includes one or more promoters comprising source of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, copper and silicon. The iron based catalyst includes 0.5-8 g of copper per 100 g of iron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, where less than 1x 10-3 mole of carboxylic acid (COOH) per mole of CO is converted into hydrocarbons and their possible oxygenates. The reduction temperature is 250-265 degrees C. The conversion of H2 and CO in the feed is carried out at 150-300 degrees C and at atmospheric pressure of 3.5 MPa. Preferred Components: The reducing gas comprises a mixture of H2 and CO, and the ratio of H2:CO in the reducing gas is 5:1-1:5. The ratio of H2:CO in the feed is 0.60-0.85. The GHSV of the reducing gas is at least 10000 ml(N)/g cat/hour. The GHSV of the feed of H2 and CO is 100-30000 (preferably 1000-8000) ml(n)/g cat/hour. EXAMPLE - Iron catalyst (10 g) was added to H1 wax (350 g) at 150 degrees C in a slurry reactor. The slurry reactor was closed and pressurized with an inert gas, namely argon, to 1.35 MPa. The temperature of the reactor was increased to 255 degrees C and at that temperature, syngas (H2:CO=1.5) was passed through the reactor at a gas hourly space velocity of 10500 ml(n)/g cat/hour and maintained for 16 hours. After this activation/reduction period, the temperature was kept unchanged at 255 degrees C and the reactor pressure was increased to 2 MPa. The syngas ratio of the fresh feed was changed to 0.76 (H2:CO) and fed to the reactor at a GHSV of 2000 ml(N)/g cat/hour. The catalyst showed no loss in activity even after 7 days with a methane selectivity that stabilized at around 4%. The total acid production (oil and water fraction) was around 0.9x 103.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves further using microorganisms capable of producing hydrogen and organic acid from a carbon source.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The marsh dreg, the solid waste, and the material whose moisture evaporates after fermentation are transported to turning machine for aerobic fermentation while the marsh gas is used as heat energy for the drying device. The dried material is made into fuel sticks after being added with coal powder. The filter pressed water can be released after being purified. Stench from processing the excretion is purified before being released to the air. The method is carried out in glass greenhouse which has stench processing device and in which the turning machine, drying device and man-man charcoal forming machine are set. Preferred Parameters: The material whose moisture evaporates after fermentation has water content of less than 34(preferably less than 15)%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Particles: The metal nanoparticles further contain particles (0.02 mass% or more) other than silver such as gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, nickel, copper, tin, indium, zinc, iron, chromium and manganese. Preferred Property: The content of silver nanoparticles is preferably 2.5-95 mass%. Preferred Process: The composition is printed on a base material by inkjet printing method, dispenser coating method, spray coating method, screen printing method, gravure method, relief printing method, flexographic printing method of offset printing method, and the upper surface of the base material is baked at 130-400 degrees C to form electromagnetic wave shield. The base material is a laminate of two or more layers containing polymeric material. EXAMPLE - A granular ferrous sulfate was added to the sodium citrate aqueous solution, and mixed with silver nitrate aqueous solution under 100 rpm at 35 degrees C to obtain colloidal solution having pH of 5.5. The obtained solution was desalinated by ultra filtration, ethylene glycol was added, distilled, chemically modified by protective agent, and iron in ferrous sulfate was removed by displacement washing to obtain composition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solidifying agent is polyvinyl butyral. The pore-forming agent is ethyl cellulose.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: A combustion additive is added into flame during combustion. The combustion additive modifies a property of the ash. The nitrogen oxide is scrubbed from the flue gas. The cool flue gas is contacted with non-dry cereal processing product such as fiber to obtain dry cereal processing product.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: A nitrogen oxide reducing agent comprising nitrogenous compound such as urea or ammonia is added.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The combustion chamber is modular. Preferred Process: The cold gas is returned flue gas. The nitrogen flue gas is quantified. The combustion temperature is adjusted to reduce the quantity of nitrogen oxide in the flue gas. Preferred Properties: The biomass is combusted at 1500-1800 degrees C. The warm flue gas has temperature of 760-1200 degrees C. The cold flue gas has temperature of 650 degrees C or less, preferably 600 degrees C or less. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The heating process of raw material is carried out at 60-150 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, the desired ratio is: 18:1 for 60 parts of carbon; 18:2 for 20 parts of carbon; and 18:3 for 9 parts of carbon. Preferred Components: The fuel of the international standard E 14214 comprises rapeseed methyl ester. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst contains nickel (60 atomic% or more) having one or two types of iron and cobalt. Preferred Process: A hydro-sol of zirconia, aqueous solution of salt of rare earth element and aqueous solution of salt of iron group element are mixed, concentration-dried and baked. Then, the oxide of tetragonal-system zirconia structure is reduction-processed, to obtain a structure containing supported iron group element of metal state, and the catalyst is manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The iron group element acting as the active site comprises greater than or equal to 0.6 parts (based on the atomic ratio) nickel and optionally cobalt and/or iron. EXAMPLE - A catalyst comprising nickel (60 atomic%), zirconium (34 atomic%), and neodymium (1 atomic%), samarium (1 atomic%), gadolinium (1 atomic%), dysprosium (1 atomic%), calcium (1 atomic%), and magnesium (1 atomic%) as stabilizer gave carbon dioxide conversion of 73.5% at 200 degrees C and 82.2% at 250 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The solvent can be water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: A fifth composition is formed by adding additional component(s) to the fourth intermediate composition. Preferred Component: The fatty acid glyceride-containing composition comprises vegetable oil from canola oil, coconut oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, grape seed oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, peanut oil, alfalfa oil, safflower oil, and/or soybean oil. It includes animal fat. The solvent is alcohol. The bio-organic composition includes less than 0.5 wt.% water. The additional component can be additional epoxide, alcohol, reaction promoter, or ester. The ester is methyl soyate. The epoxides have 2-10C, preferably 2-8C. The first epoxide is ethylene oxide and the second epoxide is propylene oxide. Preferred Property: The bio-organic composition has a viscosity of less than or equal to 30 (preferably less than or equal to 20) cP at 25 degrees C, pour point of less than or equal to 0 (preferably - 20) degrees F. EXAMPLE - A bio-organic composition was formed by mixing soybean oil (59 pts. wt.) with potassium hydroxide (3 pts. wt.) in a mixing vessel. The first intermediate composition was heated to 270-280 degrees F at greater than 1.1 atm. Ethylene oxide (7 pts. wt.) was added to form a second intermediate reaction mixture. A third intermediate mixture was formed from second intermediate reaction mixture (56 pts. wt.), water (13 pts. wt.), and potassium hydroxide (3 pts. wt.). The temperature of the third reaction mixture was maintained at 270-280 degrees F for an hour. Propylene oxide (21 pts. wt.) was added. The water was removed to a final product having a water content less than 0.5 wt.%. This composition was useful as a motor oil substitute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The HOAE is Bacillus pseudofirmus NH-2 (CCTCC M203101) or Arthrobacter globiformis WR-2 (CCTCC M202043).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The grain refining installation has a classification unit other than grinding or granulation unit carrying out granulation of residue, and a drying facility (12). The classification unit removes particles having size of 1.2 mm or less. The chaff is solidified by a molding unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and/or acidic metal halide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The alcohol is present at 90-99 wt.% of the reaction mixture. The acid catalyst is present at 0.1-2 wt.% of the feedstock. The feedstock has free fatty acid content of 3-15 wt.%. Preferred Parameter: The ratio of acid catalyst to free fatty acid in the reaction mixture is 0.01:1-0.5:1. The ratio of alcohol to free fatty acid in the reaction mixture is 200:1-1000:1. Preferred Method: The esterification reaction product and remaining unesterified free fatty acids below 2 wt.% is introduced as a starting reaction stream in a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel fuel. Pretreatment is separately carried out before using the esterification reaction product in a biodiesel production process. The reaction mixture is preheated to greater than or equal to 100 degrees C before being forced through the controlled flow cavitation apparatus, where the greater than or equal to 2 controlled flow cavitation apparatuses are in series. A pressure differential of 50-400 psi is maintained across each controlled flow cavitation apparatus.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid alkali-metal catalyst includes houghite, magnesium oxide (MgO), aluminum oxide, beta -molecular sieve, HZSM5 molecular sieve, zirconia or cerium oxide. The metal active component includes platinum, palladium, ruthenium, gold or nickel. The loading amount of metal is 1-10 wt.%. The catalyst carrier is houghite or MgO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The burning-rate accelerator is hydrogen peroxide solution, and odor removing agent is ferrocene. Preferred Content: The synthesized fuel further comprises (wt.%) methanol (92), burning-rate accelerator (6), odor removing agent (less than 4, preferably 2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phosphite compound is tris(2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl)phosphite and/or bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite. The auxiliary antioxidant is beta , beta'-thiodipropionate distearate, beta , beta'-thiodipropionate di-laurate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl) phosphite, and/or bis(2,4-di-tert-butyl phenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite. The main antioxidant is compound of formula (II), i.e. 2,6-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl hydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl p-methylphenol (preferably), 4-( beta -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl)pentaerythritol ester, and/or beta -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl iso-octanol ester. Preferred Content: The main antioxidant has 50-5000 ppm, and auxiliary antioxidant has 50-600 ppm.R1, R3, R4=H, Me or t-butyl;R2=H, OH or (CH2)2COO-i-Cn'H2n'+1 (preferably);andn'=1-10 (preferably 4-8).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Content: The biodiesel antioxidant comprises 50-5000 ppm. SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - 5 Biodiesel antioxidants are specifically claimed, e.g. 2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone of formula (II), 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3--3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, and/or beta -(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxylphenyl) propionate isooctanol ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aromatic amine antioxidant is naphthylamine derivatives, diphenylamine derivatives, ursol derivatives and/or quinoline derivatives. The naphthylamine derivative is phenyl naphthylamine. The diphenylamine derivative is diphenylamine alkylate. The ursol derivative is ursol dialkylate. The phenyl naphthylamine is phenyl- beta -naphthylamine. The diphenylamine derivative is diphenylamine alkylate having 4-10C alkyl. The ursol derivative is ursol dialkylate having 4-10C alkyl. The phenol antioxidant (optionally hindered) is monophenol, diphenol, bisphenol and/or polyphenol. The biodiesel oil is fatty acid methyl ester, petroleum diesel, Fischer-Tropsch synthesized oil, hydrogenated biodiesel oil and/or oxygen containing diesel oil component. Preferred Contents: The aromatic amine antioxidant includes naphthylamine derivative and diphenylamine derivative at weight ratio of 1:0.05-20. The aromatic amine antioxidant includes naphthylamine derivative and ursol derivative at weight ratio of 1:0.1-10. The weight ratio of phenol antioxidant to aromatic amine antioxidant is 1:0.05-20. Preferred Method: The method further comprises using metal deactivator, with weight ratio of metal deactivator to aromatic amine antioxidant at 0.005-0.5:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The fuel comprises (wt.%) wooden raw material (92-97), water (2-7) and combustion improver and reducer (0.1-2). Preferred Components: The combustion improver and reducer is sodium oxalate, potassium superoxide or sodium potassium silicate. Preferred Method: The material is sieved to particle volume of less than 150 mm, baked to dry at 120-150 degrees C. The method further includes water separating by cooling steam to water and draining, where water content of material is controlled at 5-10%; squeezing; and molding, where intensity is controlled at 1.6-1.8/m3. The raw material is cooled at 5-30 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The air outlet (8) is set with the primary purifying filter screen (10), and the air inlet (9) is set with the secondary purifying filter screen (11). The lower part of the external cylinder (2) is provided with a water outlet (15) connected to a heating pipe (16), a heating valve (18) is mounted on the heating pipe (16), and the back of the heating valve (18) is connected to a heating radiator (17).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The natural pest repellent is chosen from pyrethrum, lemon eucalyptus, citronella, geraniol, citral, nerol and eucalyptus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The plastic resin is polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene. The plastic resin composition further contains a plasticizer, a nucleating agent, an anti-blocking agent and a cross-linking agent. EXAMPLE - A pyrethrum (10 weight parts), polyvinyl chloride and dioctyl phthalate (50 weight parts) were mixed to form composition. The obtained composition was laminated on the surface of the wallpaper to form plastic film having thickness of 0.1 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cellulase is produced by Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger and/or Trichoderma koningii.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid is hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. The alkali is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The buffer solution is phosphoric acid/sodium phosphate buffer solution, acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution or citric acid/sodium citrate buffer solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The waste material is maize straw, wheat straw, grass stalk, sorghum stalk, reed, hemp, flax, marijuana and/or corncob. The active agent is polyethylene glycol, polyamino acid or sucrose fatty ester. The polyamino acid is polyphenyl lactamine, polyaspartic acid or polytyrosine having molecular weight of 1000-10000 Da. An alkyl glucoside is 4-40C linear chain alkane. The sucrose fatty ester is 4-30C linear chain alkane. Preferred Composition: The active agent is present at 1-10 g/L of zymohydrolysis solution. The dried material after mixing buffer solution is present at 50-150 g/L. The zymohydrolysis solution is present at 8-20 FPIU/g dried slag.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The polyethylene glycol has molecular weight of 800-8000 Da.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The hydrogen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The oxygen storing tank is a steel pressure vessel tank. The purified-water tank is a circular or square steel tank and equipped with purified-water inlet, purified-water outlet and blowhole. The oxyhydrogen fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell and equipped with hydrogen inlet, oxygen inlet, purified-water outlet, positive electrode and negative electrode. The hydrogen outlet of hydrogen storing tank and the hydrogen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel; the oxygen outlet of oxygen storing tank and the oxygen inlet of the oxyhydrogen fuel cell are connected through the rigid or flexible explosion-proof pipe made of stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Components: The solar photovoltaic cell component comprises monocrystalline silicon, polysilicon, amorphous silicon or other compound solar cells. The purified-water electrolytic cell is provided with positive pole plate and negative pole plate. The hydrogen and oxygen control valves are both made of stainless steel or aluminum alloy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The waste oil is heated to 50-75 degrees C, dehydrated and purified, or heated to 80-90 degrees C for 60-80 minutes using a refining equipment. The alcohol is prepared into an additive by adding alcohol (10-20%) to the waste oil at 60-75 degrees C. The alcohol reaction is carried out for 30-60 minutes. The precipitating step is carried out at normal temperature for 3-4 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves performing ethanol fermentation or lactic acid fermentation by carrying out microbial treatment of the saccharified liquid obtained from the mowed lawn grass. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The palladium is supported on a support. Preferred Component: The support of the palladium-based methanol synthesis catalyst component is silica support having specific surface area of 420 m2/g or more. The ( beta )-zeolite catalyst component is proton-type ( beta )-zeolite which contains silica and alumina in the molar ratio of 10-150.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The weight ratio of methanol synthesis catalyst component and zeolite catalyst component is 0.1-3. The amount of supported palladium in the palladium-based methanol synthesis catalyst is 0.1-10 weight%. The total amount of basic metals supported in the palladium-based methanol synthesis catalyst component is 0-5 weight%. EXAMPLE - Silica-supported palladium catalyst was calcined at 80 degrees C for 8 hours, and the catalyst was pulverized to obtain palladium-based methanol synthesis catalyst component. The palladium-based methanol synthesis catalyst component and ( beta )-zeolite catalyst component were uniformly mixed in the weight ratio of 2:1 and the resultant mixture was molded and sized to obtain granular molded catalyst having average particle size of 1 mm. The catalyst had high catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The honeycomb segment is made of cordierite, silicon carbide, alumina, aluminosilicate (mullite), silicon nitride, zirconium phosphate, aluminum titanate, zirconia, titania, ceramics, iron-chromium-aluminum type metal, nickel series metal, metallic silicon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane is selectively permeable to carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid catalyst is ion exchange resin catalyst comprising bisulfite (SO3H) or carboxylic acid (CO2H) functional groups. The esterification is performed with methanol, t-butanol, and/or isobutanol. Preferred Methods: The pyrolysis is carried out in the presence of a solid catalyst, or steam. The esterification of residual carboxylic acid is carried out by reactive distillation using solid catalyst. The process is carded out on an industrial scale. The pyrolysis is performed in a reaction vessel of furnace tubes, heat exchanger tubes, fixed bed reactors, autoclaves, or batch distillation kettles. The process is continuous.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inert gas comprises nitrogen, argon or helium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The proteinaceous materials comprises raw hide trimmings, limed split scraps, hide powder, wet blue trimmings, wet blue split wastes, chrome tanned leather shavings, vegetable tanned leather shavings, combined tanned leather shavings, buffing dust, crust trimmings, finished leather trimmings and/or leather scraps from leather product industries. EXAMPLE - A mixture of crust trimmings (5 g), finished leather trimmings (5 g) and leather scraps (2 g) was added to quartz reactor. The reactor was heated at 1500 degrees C at rate of 40 degrees C/minute for 40 minutes in helium atmosphere. Organic liquid was collected in container by cooling vapors at 24 degrees C. Liquid was tested for presence of chromium (VI) using diphenyl carbazide and found negative. The reactor was cooled for 40 minutes at 16 degrees C. The carbon product was collected and stored in container. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed micro and nanoscale structures in derived carbon product. The presence of tubular structures was evident.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second electrodes consist of materials containing palladium, platinum, titanium, zirconium, hydride forming metals, aluminum, magnesium and calcium. An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for an electrochemical process of producing an alane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin is acid cation exchange resin. The free fatty acid is: prepared by hydrolysis of oils or fats, where the hydrolysis is carried out by lipase; and the free fatty acids is naturally occurring in the raw material obtained. The alcohol is methanol/ethanol. Preferred Method: The method further comprises: analyzing the free fatty acids conversion during esterification reaction by using acid-base titration. EXAMPLE - Fatty acid initial mixture was obtained from hydrolysis of soybean oil by mixing with water at room temperature. The initial molar ratio of water to oil was 6:1. The reaction was initiated by addition of enzyme solution (50 mg free lipase per ml of deionized water) and the reaction was allowed to run overnight. In this way, free fatty acids were derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil. The supernatant containing high level of free fatty acid was harvested by centrifugation at 10000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature. The purity of free fatty acids in this supernatant was determined and it was used as the feedstock for the investigation of biodiesel production by the solid catalyzed esterification process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The titania is mixed with aqueous solution of sodium sulfide, sodium sulfide and sodium sulfurtrioxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride. The electrolyte solution is buffer solution of trihydrochloric acid, neutral buffer solution or potassium hydroxide buffer solution. The electrolyte solution further contain methyl compound, or iron as electron carrier.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: A hydrogen production device comprises titania cell containing electrolyte solution, brine solution or buffer solution. Preferred Property: The pH of electrolyte solution is 10-12.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS - The oxygen concentration of the hydrogen-occlusion alloy powder is measured based on JIS-Z-2163 standard.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 2-component type catalyst is 2-component type catalyst of copper and zinc, and the 3-component type catalyst is 3-component type catalyst of copper, zinc and aluminum. The copper acidized suppression components are chosen from alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, platinum metal and/or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The ethanol fermentative microorganisms are the yeast which belongs to Candida genus (preferably Candida krusei, Candida lambica, Candida santamariae or Candida shehatae) and/or Pichia genus (preferably Pichia fermentans or Pichia farinose). SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS - The microorganism which belongs to Candida genus is Candida krusei strain IA-1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Components: The agent further contains powder or small pieces of bamboo. The agent is processed into pellet or powder form. The pest repellent composition is extract or powder of A.indica. The organic fertilizer is rice bran.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The microorganisms are filamentous fungi, yeast, Aspergillus, photosynthetic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria and Actinomyces. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide; Arthropodicide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The carrier (a) is formed by mixing pearlite (in weight parts) (50-70), sulfur (in parts per 100 parts of resin) and calcium hydroxide (30-50). The carrier (b) is formed by mixing calcium hydroxide (80-120), water (200-400) and pearlite (in parts per 100 parts of resin).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst implemented in step (a) comprises a group VIII metal, preferably nickel (0.5-10 wt.%) or cobalt. The catalyst does not comprise zinc, magnesium or calcium. The catalyst comprises a group VIII metal in combination with a group VIB metal, which is molybdenum (1-30 wt.%) or tungsten. The catalyst comprises an amorphous mineral support, which is alumina, silica, silica-alumina, magnesia, clays and/or their two mixtures. The amorphous mineral support containing a doping agent, which is oxide of boron, zirconia, titanium or phosphoric anhydride. The amorphous mineral support is an alumina doped with phosphorus. The step (a) is operated under absolute pressure of 2-35 (preferably 3-10) MPa at 200-450 degrees C (preferably 250-380 degrees C), an hourly spatial speed of 0.1-10 (preferably 0.5-5) h-1 with a quantity of hydrogen mixed with the mixture of 50-5000 (preferably 200-500) Nm3/m3 of liquid mixture. The bubbling-bed reactor in step (a) is operated to make the expansion rate of the catalyst bed is 10-50%, preferably 15-25%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The cellulase and pectase are present at 0.05-0.1 wt.% and at 1:0.1-0.5 weight ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The calcium carbonate is present at 0.1-5 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The acidification comprises intermittent acidification and successive acidification. The material is added into acidification pool together with cellulase and pectase. Preferred Component: The material is straw, dairy manure, pig manure and/or apple residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: The strains for treating refinery sewage include BIO-TRET BA 1008CB (RTM: Not defined) and BIO-TRET BA ABR (RTM: Not defined). The strain for treating alkene sewage and arene PTA sewage includes BIO-TRET BA ABR (RTM: Not defined). The strain for treating polyether sewage includes BIO-TRET BA 1008CB (RTM: Not defined).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Host Cell: The host cell is yeast. The yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EXAMPLE - The specific Candida arabinofermentans L-arabinose transporter was identified by comparing the relative abundance of proteins present in plasma membranes isolated from C. arabinofermentans cells cultivated under induction and repression conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: The reaction pressure of reverse shift reaction and Fischer Tropsh synthesess is less than or equal to 1 Mpa. The gas space velocity is 1000-30000 hr-1. Preferred Method: The method involves carrying out condensation removal of water content by cooling mixed gas. The biomass gas is obtained by gasifying livestock excrement or livestock excrement compost. Preferred Composition: The sum total of hydrocarbons of carbon number 3 of carbon standard number-of-moles (C3) and hydrocarbons of carbon number 4 of carbon standard number-of-moles (C4) is greater than or equal to 0.01 in biomass gas medium-carbon number-of-moles (C) ratio among each component in reaction product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal is ferrous oxide (FeO) or ferrous ferric oxide (Fe3O4). The metal is mechanically milled to a particle size of less than 10 mu m.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The carbon dioxide used to generate syngas is from a biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, natural gas fields with high carbon dioxide contents, and/or carbon dioxide captured from atmospheric air. The methane used to generate syngas is from methane contained in a stranded natural gas well, and/or a biogas produced from anaerobic digestion. The syngas includes equal moles of carbon dioxide and methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The process is performed on an industrial scale. The saponification step includes steam and treatment with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The acidulation step includes steam and treatment with sulfuric acid. The separation step includes removal of a rag layer and an aqueous layer. Esterification is heterogeneous reactive distillation esterification that occurs via a gas sparged, slurry form of heterogeneous reactive distillation in a reaction chamber. The process further comprises purification between separation and esterification steps, and/or purification following esterification step.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The soapstock can be obtained from chemical refining of the seeds of oil crop selected from soy, cotton, coconut, palm, rapeseed, canola, safflower, corn, canola, sunflower, flax, and/or jatropha. Glycerin, soap, alcohol, and water contents in the alkyl ester product are less than 0.5 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The algal lipids are converted to biodiesel by an acid catalyzed reaction at 100 degrees C and 2 atmospheres of pressure. The continuous production further comprises adding methanol (2 times free fatty acid quantity) to the fatty acids to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with a conversion of 85%/hour of reaction; centrifuging the suspension to form liquid and solid components; and decanting the liquid component by a phase separation procedure to form a heavy phase, and a light phase. The heavy phase is preheated by flashing to separate glycerol and acid from water and methanol; removing the glycerol and acid in a liquid bottoms stream; and recycling the distilled methanol to react with free fatty acids (FFA). The FFA and FAME are reacted with additional acid and methanol to complete the production of FAME from FFA with a conversion rate of over 95%. The water and methanol are distilled to separate the methanol from the water. Preferred Components: The acid catalyzed hydrolysis step produces FFA from the algal lipids. The heavy phase comprises water, glycerol, acid and methanol. The light phase comprises FAME and FFA. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The thermal cracking uses double-helix feeding device, and bubbling fluidized bed thermal cracking reactor. Preferred Condition: The thermal cracking is carried out at 550-600 degrees C for 10-35 seconds under 10-80 mm water column. The catalytic reforming reaction is carried out at 550-600 degrees C for 1-5 seconds under 10-60 mm water column.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst used in the reaction contains (wt.%) YWC-95(RTM: nickel/magnesium oxide catalyst) ( greater than or equal to 85, preferably 95-97) having 0.3-5 (preferably 1-4) mm particle size diameter and calcium oxide (0-15, preferably 3-5) having less than or equal to 80 (preferably less than or equal to 120) meshes. The catalyst is prepared by crushing YWC-95(RTM: nickel/magnesium oxide catalyst), and sieving to obtain required particle size diameter; calcining and crushing calcite, sieving and adding water to prepare suspension, adding sieved YWC-95(RTM: nickel/magnesium oxide catalyst), soaking, drying, and roasting.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The major catalyst is a mixture of elements selected from a group of iodine pentoxide, potassium iodide, sodium iodide, boron iodide, potassium iodate and sodium iodate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Apparatus: The apparatus further comprises a bottom filter media unit (130) which is formed along the length direction of the anaerobic digestion tank in a bottom part of the anaerobic digestion tank, and to which the anaerobic microorganisms are attached. The agitator comprises an agitation shaft (111), and impellers (112) which are formed on the agitation shaft, and each of which includes a body part and a vane part. The screens each includes a first filter media layer, second filter media layers, and fixing frames for fixing the first and second filter media layers. The bottom filter media unit is a combination of a first filter media layer, a second filter media layer, and a fixing frame (133). The first filter media layer and the fixing frame are further made of wood and the second filter media layer is made of textile.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The copper-based hybrid oxide catalyst is further obtained by adjusting composition using metal nitride containing copper nitrate, and gallium nitrate, ferrous nitrate and manganese nitrate, adding an alkali solution chosen from sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate into the composition, subjecting the mixed solution to a precipitation reaction at 70-90 degrees C and pH of 10-11, agitating the resulting solution for 1-2 hours, cooling the agitated solution to obtain a precipitate, filtering and cleaning the precipitate, drying the cleaned precipitate at 90-110 degrees C in an air atmosphere for 11-13 hours, and burning the dried precipitate at 340-360 degrees C for 11-13 hours. EXAMPLE - Copper nitrate and gallium nitrate were mixed in the molar ratio of 60:40, and the resultant mixture was dripped into the sodium hydroxide solution. The gallium nitride in the aqueous solution was precipitated at 80 degrees C, and the precipitation of filtered and washed. The washed precipitate was plasticized at 350 degrees C for 12 hours, and oxide catalyst was manufactured.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Photocatalyst: The photocatalyst is titanium dioxide which supports ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, copper, silver and/or gold as co-catalyst. Preferred Method: Carbon dioxide is immobilized by carrying out photocatalytic reaction of gas and liquid raw materials, and producing an organic compound. Preferred Raw Material: The liquid raw material is water.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The compound produced as carbon-dioxide reaction product is formic acid, formaldehyde, and/or methane, preferably methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol is ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water repellent resin contains PTFE resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The thickener, viscosity regulator, and ashes capturer and fixer of the composition is sodium bentonite and/or aluminum silicate and/or guar gum. The nitrogenous gases generator fertilizer of the composition is technical urea and/or ammonium sulfate. Preferred Composition: The optimized formulation comprises (%): technical urea (15.00-55.00); ammonium sulfate (12.50-60.00); sodium bentonite (12.50-26.00); ricinic oil (3.50-7.00); and triethanolamine (0.00-1.00); or de ricinic oil soap (4.00 to 7.00); sodium bentonite (12.00 to 30.00); technical urea (40.00 to 80.00); and triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate (0.10 to 0.18).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The substance acting as the adherence agent and lubricant of the composition is ricinic oil and/or soy oil and/or palm oil and/or peanut oil and/or cotton seed oil. The adherence promoter, lubricant and density increaser of the composition is ricinic oil soap and/or soy oil and/or palm oil and/or peanut oil and/or cotton seed oil. The composition stabilizer is amine salts of ricinic oil and/or soy oil and/or palm oil and/or peanut oil and/or cotton seed oil; or is sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and/or triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Preferred Method: The manufacturing method involves after step (c2) and before step (d2), step of adding sulfonic acid without heating, after the addition of the alkali, with reaction time of 30 minutes; and cooling off the components. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - A formulation comprising (%): ricinic oil soap (4-7); sodium bentonite (12-30); technical urea (40-80); and triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate (0.10-0.18) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The salt-tolerant yeast is chosen from yeast belonging to Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia and Candida genus. The yeast is preferably Z.rouxii. The method further involves adding an enzyme to the organic refuse treatment agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The solvent also includes hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvents: The solvent includes acid such as acetic acid and citric acid to dissolve the natural polymeric chitosan and the pore-forming agent easily.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The pore-forming agent is a water soluble natural polymer, which comprises polyethylene glycol and polyvinylidenepyrrolidone to form macropores on a side of the natural polymeric chitosan membrane, so that microorganisms are immobilized to the macropores.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oil is vegetable oil, acidic oil, waste cooking oil, hogwash oil. The catalyst is compound of alkali ionic liquid and alkali. The alkali ionic liquid is alkyl imidazole composite of formula (I). The short chain alcohol is methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: The mol rate of raw material and short chain alcohol is 1:3-1:30. The compound mol rate of alkali ionic liquid and alkali is 20-1:20. The dosage of catalyst is 0.1-20 wt.% of the oil. Preferred Condition: The reaction temperature is 40-80 degrees C; the reaction time is 3-30 minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The system further comprises a fuel cell coupled to the electrical swing adsorption system; and at least one power supplies configured to supply current to the plasma reformer and electrical swing adsorption system. The fuel cell is proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The liquid feed is liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon e.g. ethanol. The plasma reformer comprises at least one elongated anode electrodes; a cathode electrode positioned opposite at least one of the elongated anode electrodes; and a current supply source configured to supply current to at least one of the elongated anode electrodes and cathode electrodes such that plasma is generated in gap between the cathode and a least one of the elongated anode electrodes. Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves desorbing at least a portion of the carbon oxides from the electrically conductive material and providing at least a portion of the carbon oxides to the plasma reformer as a heat source; and providing at least a portion of the molecular hydrogen enriched gas stream to a fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: Amos oak and wood shavings are added to the litter before pyrolysis. Preferred Properties: The Amos oak is added at a concentration of 0.1-40 weight%, preferably 1-20 weight% of the litter. The wood shavings are added at a concentration of 25-75 weight%, preferably 50 weight% of the litter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-reactive gas is nitrogen and pyrolysis gas. The fluidizing medium is sand. Preferred Temperature: The temperature sufficient for pyrolysis of the waste litter is 400-650 degrees C, preferably 450-600 degrees C, more preferably 500 degrees C. Preferred Process: A biooil composition is obtained by converting waste litter.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The biooil composition further comprises a solvent such as ethanol, methanol, acetone or water. Preferred Property: The concentration of solvent present in the biooil composition is 1-20 weight%, preferably 10 weight% of the biooil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRONICS - Preferred Material: A membrane electrode assembly has an electrolytic membrane between a cathode having cathode layer, and an anode.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Element: A metallic element comprising the electrode catalyst is chosen from niobium, titanium, tantalum and zirconium, preferably niobium or titanium. Preferred Component: The electrode catalyst is a powder. The metal salt is metal alkoxide, metal carboxylate or metal halide. The catalyst layer further contains electroconductive particles. Preferred Properties: The electrode catalyst is obtained by pulverizing and heating the metallic compound at 400-1200 degrees C. The electrode catalyst has Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 1-1000 m2/g, and ionization potential of 4.9-5.5 eV. EXAMPLE - Titanium tetrabutoxide was dissolved in ethanol and ion exchange water and stirred for 1 hour under reduced pressure, filtered and dried at 120 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain titanium oxide. The obtained oxide was pulverized to form electrode catalyst having Brunauer Emmett Teller specific surface area of 7.3 m2/g. The obtained electrode catalyst (0.095 g) and carbon (0.005 g) were mixed with isopropyl alcohol and water, and the solution was applied to glassy-carbon electrode and dried at 120 degrees C for 1 hour to obtain electrode having high oxygen reducing ability and electric potential.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The reaction solution is an acid or alkali solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The metal material is aluminum in the formed of blocks, strips, pieces, particles or powders.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The photolysis-catalyzing nanoparticles comprise metal or semiconductor selected from titanium, indium, gallium, cadmium, selenium, and combinations, alloys, or their oxides. The electrolysis-catalyzing nanoparticles comprise metal selected from nickel, iron, manganese, cobalt, tin, and/or silver, or their alloys, or oxides. The reaction medium is selected from water, or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The reaction medium is selected from hydrocarbons.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mixture is alkaline and includes sodium hydroxide. It can be acidic and includes sulfuric acid. The anode is coated with a catalyst from ruthenium or platinum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mid-electrode is hydrophobic and porous. It is made of a porous carbon. The carbon compound in the mixture is methanol or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ethanol is bio-ethanol. The easily volatile gasoline is a gasoline with increased butane proportion, preferably the easily volatile gasoline is a premium gasoline with increased butane proportion. (I) has an ethyl-tert-butyl ether content of 1-5 (preferably 3-5) vol.%. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Organism: The fresh water algae are microalgae from Chlorella and/or Spirulina.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic fluoride surfactant is perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and/or perfluorooctane acid (PFOA).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Apparatus: The bioreactor(s) is chosen from aerator (52) for performing activated sludge treatment of the wastewater on aerobic conditions, nitrification tank for treating nitrate or ammonia contained in the wastewater or digestive liquid with nitrifying bacteria on aerobic conditions, desulfurization tank for desulfurizing hydrogen sulfide contained in the wastewater or digestive liquid by sulfur oxidizing bacteria on aerobic conditions and denitrifying tank for converting nitrate into nitrogen gas using denitrifying bacteria on anaerobic conditions. The system further contains a buffer tank for storing the exhaust gas, between the gas purification apparatus and bioreactor. The gas purification apparatus as temperature swing adsorption filter for removing hydrogen sulfide on heating conditions.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The first stage microbial digestion process is anaerobic in nature. The second stage microbial digestion is aerobic in nature. The process (M1) converts at least two separate wastes streams via a sequence of two different microbial digestion stages into methane, humic products, fertilizers and prolonged release polymeric nutrient sources, using bioaccelerant additives; or converts wastes into fuel and agronomic products. In the process (M1), both old that is tipped wastes and freshly arising wastes can both be converted into the methane and humic product and fertilizer product and polymeric prolonged nutrient release product. The tipped waste conversion is aided by the addition of fresh waste. Preferred Components: The separate waste streams is predominately cellulosic in nature. The second is predominately proteinaceous in nature. The predominately cellulosic wastes is fed into the anaerobic digestion stage. The part of the reaction products from the anaerobic stage functions as part of the feed stock to the anaerobic stage. The part of the reaction products from the aerobic stage functions as part of the feed stock to the anaerobic stage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The moisture content which is adsorbed to zeolite is 0.2-3.3 weight% of dry mass of zeolite. Preferred Process: The to-be-processed gas is dehydrated before circulation process. Preferred Composition: The to-be-processed gas is biogas containing carbon dioxide (5-60%). The cation species of zeolite is ion of group 2 element, preferably calcium ion. The cation species having ion (70% or more) of group 2 element exist in ion exchange site of zeolite. Preferred Compound: The zeolite is A-type zeolite, zeolite-X or ferrierite type zeolite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The catalytic reaction inhibitor is water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The electric power generation system further has a hydrogen recycle system (26) carrying out merging of hydrogen rich gas with fuel supply system. The mixed gas of fuel, water vapor and hydrogen rich gas is supplied to desulfurizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The desulfurizer has platinum-palladium supported hydrogenated catalyst and zinc oxide-type sulfur adsorption catalyst, preferably copper-zinc oxide group sulfur adsorption catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: Electrical energy is stored repeatedly, electrolyte from the electrolysis cell being used in the fuel cell and electrolyte from the fuel cell being used in the electrolysis cell. The electrolyte supplied from the electrolysis cell to the fuel cell is diluted with water formed by the hydrogen-oxygen reaction. The electrolyte supplied from the fuel cell to the electrolysis cell is concentrated by electrolysis. A basic electrolyte is used. An acid or alkaline electrolyzer is used in conjunction with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, the water formed in the fuel cell being added to the concentrated electrolyte from the electrolysis cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The warm season perennial gramineous forage grass is fertilizer.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The cool annual gramineous forage grass has high coarse protein content. It is Ryegrass. The warm gramineous forage grass is hybridized Chinese Pennisetum herb.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The produced forage grass can be feed directly to the pigs or can be added in the feed after pulping to feed pigs of different stages. A liquid storage tank is provided capable of storing 5-10 days of daily sewage of pig farm. Biogas liquid produced by the sewage of pig farm through anaerobic fermentation is stored in the liquid storage tank or used for irrigating forage grass directly. The method may involve generating biogas liquid from pig farm through anaerobic fermentation, and then storing or directly applying the biogas liquid to irrigate forage grass; trimming grassland of the forage grass to terrace capable of retaining water, furrowing and planting warm perennial gramineous forage grass, cradling once every 28-35 days, planting cold annual gramineous forage grass after cradling hybridized Chinese Pennisetum herb, cradling once every 30-40 days; and constantly supplying green grass and dissolving or absorbing the sewage of grassland system thus waste water is prevented from discharging. The sewage produced by 1000 pigs is enough for 1 hectare of grassland to fully dissolve or absorb biogas liquid to achieve zero discharge of sewage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Fumaric acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid are added when acidifying the heavy metal wastewater to be treated. There is a 9 minute interval to add the Saccharomyces cerevisiae after the red alga is added. The method uses the filter that is dense gauze paved with pit coal powder.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Grease comprises natural vegetable fats, animal oil, all kinds of acidulating oil, and trench oil. Fatty acid comprises all kinds of animal and plant fatty acids. Low carbon alcohol comprises methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method can produce 1 m3 biogas with 1.5 kg straws with methane ( not less than 55%). The degradation rate is larger than 90%. Hot water at 43-47 degrees C is added with the straws biogas ferment. The fermentation temperature of the anaerobic digester is 43-47 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: Any of the methods above further comprises harvesting algal protein and/or biomass components from the cultured Pseudochlorococcum sp. Sequences not defined here may be found at ftp://ftp.wipo.int/pub/published_pct_sequences/publication. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The guide plate of the humidifying section is made of metallic stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The guide plate of the humidifying section is made of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy plate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The disintegrating agent comprises sodium sulfate, ammonium hydrogen sulfate and/or polyethylene pyrrolidone. The plugging compound comprises starch, kaolin clay and/or diatomite.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The humectant comprises sodium butyl naphthalenesulfonate, sodium lignin sulfonate, lauryl sodium sulfate, polypropylene oxide/ethylene oxide polyether and/or acrylic acid homopolymer sodium salt. The dispersant comprises sodium naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensate, maleic acid/acrylic acid copolymer sodium salt, phenol sulfonic acid condensate sodium salt, naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt and alkyl phenol and/or ethyoxyl compound. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The combustible-gas processing system is provided with a moisture-content removing unit (5), a concentration unit (10) and an introductory unit. The moisture content of to-be-compressed combustible gas is removed using the removing unit, and then supplied to compressor. A source gas contains combustible gas and oxygen. The source gas is concentrated as oxygen-containing combustible gas, and then combustible gas contained in the source gas is concentrated using adsorption material in concentration unit. The concentration is equipped with adsorption tower in which adsorption material is filled to adsorb combustible gas preferentially and then allows the source gas to pass inside the adsorption tower. The oxygen-containing combustible gas is discharged from the adsorption tower at pressure lower than the pressure during adsorption treatment. The introductory unit introduces a gas-containing hydrogen and/or steam to oxygen-containing combustible gas which is supplied to catalyzed-combustion unit, and thus steam-reforming is carried out.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The combustible gas is methane or hydrogen. Thus, oxygen-containing combustible gas has methane as main component.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The spacing between crystal faces is 2.16-2.25 Angstrom . The average particle diameter of catalyst particles is less than or equal to 10 nm. Preferred Components: The catalyst includes oxygen (greater than 25 atm %). The electroconductive support is carbon black, electroconductive carbon fiber containing porous paper, electrode diffusion layer, or electrolyte membrane. Preferred Methods: The sputtering step includes using alloy target, and simultaneously sputtering the metallic elements. The method includes pickling treatment or heat treatment after formation of catalyst particles by sputtering or vapor deposition. Preferred Parameters: The heat treatment is carried out at less than or equal to 10-400 degrees C in atmosphere having oxygen partial pressure of less than 5%. Preferred Definitions:    y=1-10 atm %.    EXAMPLE - Carbon black support was placed in holder in chamber within an ion beam sputtering apparatus. When the degree of vacuum reached less than or equal to 3x10-6 Torr, argon gas was allowed to flow into it. Sputtering was carried out using metal or alloy provided as target to provide a composition. The catalyst was adhered onto the support. The assemblies were subjected to acid pickling with aqueous sulfuric acid solution (100 g of sulfuric acid and 200 g of water), and then washed with water. The product was dried.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: In the cell, ETF comprises an ETF alpha and an ETF beta , where the ETF alpha has at least 50% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 15 and the ETF beta at least 50% identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 17. ETF is from prokaryotic origin, preferably from a Clostridium sp. The eukaryotic cell comprises enzymes that are capable of producing acetoacetyl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, crotonyl-CoA, butyryl-CoA, butyrylaldehyde and butanol, where preferably the enzyme is a heterologous enzyme. It is a yeast or a filamentous fungus. The nucleotide sequence(s) encoding enzyme(s) that is(are) capable of catalyzing the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol, preferably an alcohol dehydrogenase, is inactivated. It is a Saccharomyces sp., preferably a S. cerevisiae. It comprises a nucleic acid construct. Preferred Method: Producing butanol further comprises recovery of butanol from the fermentation medium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The weight ratio of solvent is 5-20 with respect to solid content of biomass. Preferred Solvent: The solvent contains 3-12C organic solvent or aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, such as xylene, and does not contain acidic catalyst or alkali catalyst. Preferred Method: The liquefied fuel oil is contacted with a dehydration catalyst (8), and dehydrated. The fuel oil is separated into aromatic hydrocarbon solvent and liquefied fuel oil. The separated solvent is recycled.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: In the cell, the enzyme is an alcohol dehydrogenase. It is a yeast or a filamentous fungus. It is a Saccharomyces sp., preferably a S. cerevisiae. The enzyme that is capable of catalyzing the conversion from acetaldehyde to ethanol is alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) and/or alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2). The cell comprises nucleotide sequence(s) encoding a polypeptide that catalyses the conversion of: (a) acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to acetoacetyl-CoA; (b) acetoacetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; (c) 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA; (d) crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA; (e) butyryl-CoA to butyraldehyde; and (f) butyraldehyde to 1-butanol. Preferred Method: Producing butanol further comprises the recovery of butanol from the fermentation medium. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Cell: The eukaryotic cell comprises an inactivated nucleotide sequence encoding an enzyme that is required for the production of ethanol. The cell also comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous electron transfer flavoprotein. The cell comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a heterologous enzyme having enzymatic activity for converting pyruvate, acetaldehyde or acetate into acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. The cell is yeast, preferably of the genus Saccharomyces. Preferred Method: In preparing butanol and ethanol, the amount of butanol produced in the fermentation broth is at least 0.4 g/L. Butanol and ethanol are recovered from the fermentation broth. The process further comprises separating butanol from ethanol to obtain ethanol containing less than 1% butanol, and butanol containing less than 1% ethanol. In the recovery of butanol and ethanol from an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution is a fermentation broth. Separating a butanol/water mixture comprises bringing part of the ethanol/butanol/water mixture to a temperature of 10-40 degrees C. It is carried out on an industrial scale. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The lead-containing cathode catalyst comprises a lead dioxide (PbO2) cathode catalyst. The compound with lower oxidizing potential than oxygen is selected from nitrate, sulfate, iron, manganese, arsenate, selenate, uranium, and chromate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Process: In the process (P1) the reaction temperature is 0-100 degrees C. Preferred Components: In the process (P1) the sodium alkoxide is sodium methoxide, and the liquid hydrocarbon is mineral oil. Preferred Definitions:    X'=chloride, bromide, iodide, hydroxide, methoxide, ethoxide, acetate or propionate;and    R'=H, 1-10C alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or tolyl.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The waste iron dust is added to organic waste leachate at concentration of 0.1-1 g of waste iron dust/g of volatile suspended solids.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The anaerobic fermentation is performed using a thermophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor. The thermophilic anaerobic sequencing batch reactor has an influent storage tank (2) to mix the organic waste leachate with the waste iron dust, a hydrogen fermentation tank (1) to perform thermophilic hydrogen fermentation, a water jacket (4) to maintain a temperature, a water circulator (5) to circulate water, a water level displacement type gas generating amount measurement meter to measure the generated gas and effluent, and an effluent storage tank (3) to store effluent. The influent storage tank has an agitator, a waste iron dust inlet and an influent line for thermophilic hydrogen fermentation.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The organic waste leachate is not subjected to pre-treatment process. The leachate of organic waste is subjecting to anaerobic fermentation at 50-60 degrees C, pH of 5.4-6.2 and hydraulic retention time of 2-4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Composition: The metal borohydride is lithium-, sodium-, potassium-, ammonium-, tetramethyl ammonium- borohydride, or their mixtures.The concentration of the metal borohydride is 5-50 wt% of the total electrolyte weight.The ionic compound is lithium-, potassium-, sodium- or calcium chloride, potassium- or sodium nitrate, or potassium- or sodium sulfate.The concentration of the ionic compound is 5-35 wt%.The chelating agent is a carboxylate, preferably potassium citrate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, ammonium acetate, at concentrations of 5-30 wt%.The electrolyte solution further comprises alcohol, preferably ethylene glycol, glycerine, methanol, ethanol, butanol, propanol or a mixture of them, at a concentration of 2.5-15 wt%.Preferred Apparatus: The hydrogen generating apparatus of further comprises a switch positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode.The first metal electrode is is composed with magnesium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The carbon-nitrogen ratio in simulative kitchen residues is 17:1 (weight ratio). The ratio of sodium acetate to water is 0.004-0.02 wt.%. The weight ratio of the dosage of sodium acetate added in the kitchen residues to the amount of the kitchen residues is 1:12500-1:2500.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic acid is acetic acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, and propanoic acid. The salt or alkali is potassium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate, or calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Composite biological diesel oil comprises 30% soybean oil fatty acid, 25% castor oil fatty acid, 25% methanol, and 20% latent solvent. Preferred Process: Process involves adding 30% soybean oil fatty acid, 25% castor oil fatty acid and 25% methanol into mixing tank, mixing completely, adding 20% latent solvent, and stirring completely to prepare the product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fuel is mixed by components comprising (pts.wt.) alcohols with purity greater than or equal to 75-99.9% (74.95), combustion-supporting antifreezing agent petroleum ether with purity greater than or equal to 90-99.9% (0.025), aerobic agent bluestone with purity greater than or equal to 90-99.9% (0.025), anti-carbon agent hydrogen peroxide with purity greater than or equal to 90-99.9% (5), and combustion improver water (20). Alcohols are methanol, ethanol, and/or fusel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Fuel comprises 5 wt.% additive containing surface active agent, auxiliary surface active agent, igniter, agent raising flash point, clean combustion improver, antioxidant, high carbon fatty alcohol, metal inhibitor, and lubricant agent. Preferred Device: Engine is added with a device for making rich hydrogen by hot disintegrating methanol (containing carbon dioxide (CO2) inert protective air restraining explosion and NOx release without catalyst), and uses the waste heat of the engine to disintegrate the methanol in a reactor to produce hydrogen, and leads the hydrogen into a burning chamber to burn.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The addition of strain includes mixing first the waste liquid with sludge from domestic sewage treatment plant and special activated sludge (preferably methane bacteria) used in sewage disposal of citric acid industry.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The weak base is calcium hydroxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecular sieve is rare-earth X type molecular sieve, rare-earth Y type molecular sieve, hydrogen Y type molecular sieve, or aluminum silicate molecular sieve. The antiwear agent is sulfur-containing extreme pressure antiwear agent; phosphorus-containing extreme pressure antiwear agent; and/or metal extreme pressure antiwear agent including T307 extreme-pressure antiwear agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The additive comprises alkali emulsifying dispersant, cetane number improver, oxidation inhibitor, and antiwear agent. The alkali emulsifying dispersant is petroleum barium sulfonate or petroleum sodium sulfonate. The cetane number improver is alkyl nitric acid ester or alkoxyl ester including isooctyl nitrate. The oxidation inhibitor is zinc butyl octyl dithiophosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further involves changing an environmental condition (preferably temperature, pH, oxidation potential, microorganism nutrient concentration, salinity, metal ion concentration, or dissolved organic carbon) in the formation to enhance the growth rate of the Pseudomonas in the geological formation. The step (b) involves isolating anaerobic microbial consortium from a first geologic formation and step (a) involves introducing the anaerobic microbial consortium into a second geologic formation. Preferred Components: The anaerobic consortium further comprises organism selected from Bacillus, Geobacillus, Clostridia, Thermotoga (preferably Thermotoga hypogea, Thermotoga lettingae, Thermotoga subterranean, Thermotoga elfii, Thermotoga maritima, Thermotoga neapolitana, Thermotoga thermarum, or Thermotoga petrophila); Gelria; Moorella; or Methanobacter (preferably Methanobacter thermoautotorophicus, or Methanobacter wolfei). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The internal surface is treated with hydrofluoric acid before the conversion of methane to methanol. The reaction is carried out in the absence of any added material in reaction zone. Preferred Components: The internal surface is made of quartz or coated with quartz. The added material affects the rate of reaction of yield of the product. The methane to oxygen molar ratio is 1:50, preferably 2-20. Preferred Parameters: The reactor is operated at 0.1-7.5, preferably 0.2-5 MPa and 300-600, preferably 400-450 degrees C. The residence time in the reactor at the required reaction temperature and pressure is 0.1-100, preferably 2-20 seconds. Preferred Properties: The inner diameter of tubes is 2-10 mm. EXAMPLE - Tubes were treated with mixture containing hydrofluoric acid (HF) (20%) and phosphonic acid (10%), and phosphoric acid (10%). The tubes were subjected to HF treatment that removes some silicon from surface of quartz and generate special sites that influence the methane or oxygen activation. The tubes were treated statically in polypropylene vessel for 10 minutes. The tubes were thoroughly rinsed with deionized water and dried at room temperature. The tubes were not calcined at high temperature but immediately used for reaction. The methane-oxygen conversion was tested in quartz tube of 3 mm internal diameter corresponding to reactor volume of 1.27 ml and residence time of 5.8 seconds at 0.5 MPa and 500 degrees C. The result showed that method provide higher methane conversion as observed for partial methane oxidation (PMO) reaction in HF treated quartz tubes compared to the untreated quartz tubes.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composite Structure: The honeycomb structure comprises several flat holes which are mutually parallel to each of the major axis direction. The fiber structure is a sheet-like structure. The sheet-like structure has the honeycomb structure in one cross section of the sheet-thickness direction. The bacterial cellulose membrane consists of network structure. The bacterial cellulose fiber is derived from a cellulose production microorganism. The bacterial cellulose membrane is being fixed to the fiber structure with the bacterial cellulose fiber. The bacterial cellulose membrane is mutually bonded with other bacterial cellulose membranes of the vicinity with the bacterial cellulose fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Treating water denitrifies nitrate nitrogen to the effect of microorganisms on the basis of a half-reduction state, in (when making the porous body carrying out raw food contact flowing-down of the surface flowing water containing ammonia nitrogen, such as underground water, waste water, hot spring, mineral water, and the river) the first half part of the treatment tower, even the water quality to which the mixed nitrite-nitrogenizing and the nitrate nitrogen are made to oxidize and stabilize ammonia nitrogen by operating the oxygen concentration of the injection water; the regrouting of the ammonia nitrogen containing natural water is carried out to the nitrite-nitrogen containing water generated in the processing second half part, while dominating the microorganisms which have the capability to make nitrogen gas the ammonia nitrogen:nitrite nitrogen simultaneously by adjusting and flowing down the layer degree conditions of 3 type mixing of ammonia nitrogen, and the nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the treatment tower. In the circulation processing method aiming at promoting the improvement of its biological treatment performance, the suspending type slightly soluble electron donor mixture which a customer can collect and replace after exhaustion of the electron donor mixture at a field, by coating a slightly soluble electron donor mixture, microorganisms are fixed for a long period of time, and the electron donor can be utilized around the raw material which microorganisms do not decompose. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The vehicle methanol-diesel stable synergistic additive further comprises 20 wt.% of n-octanol, 25 wt.% of n-pentanol, 15 wt.% of oleic acid, 5 wt.% of naphthenic acid, 3 wt.% Span 80 and 7 wt.% acrylic ester.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biomass complex additive of microemulsion diesel oil comprises (wt.%): normal octanol (13), normal pentanol (16), normal butanol (28), oleic acid (19), diethanolamine (3.5), naphthenic acid (6), ammonia (2.5), ethyl acetate (10), and fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The stabilizing and boosting additive for vehicle methanol gasoline further comprises 20 wt.% of isoamylol, 10 wt.% of n-heptylalcohol, 20 wt.% of isopropanol, 46 wt.% of n-butanol, 3 wt.% of OP-15 and 1 wt.% of di-tertiary butyl para-cresol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: Method of making the aqueous alcohol solution be divided into a gas phase and a liquid phase by use of the extraction tube comprises controlling temperature of the extraction tube in different sections, and making different parts of the extraction tube have different temperatures. Gas phase flown to upper section of the extraction tube is further reversed with the aqueous alcohol solution absorbed by the highest section of the extraction tube to rectify; and is reversed after further controlling the temperature of the highest section of the extraction temperature lower than the temperature of the low section of the extraction tube in different sections to rectify. Liquid phase flown to low section of the extraction tube is further contacted with the super-critical fluid absorbed by the lowest section of the filling tube to re-extract the aqueous alcohol solution in liquid phase into the gas phase. Preferred Parameters: Feeding speed ratio of the super-critical fluid and the aqueous alcohol solution absorbed into the extraction tube is at least greater than or equal to 3. Azeotropic point is the azeotropic point of alcohol and water in the aqueous alcohol solution. Preferred Composition: Concentration range of the aqueous alcohol solution such that the concentration is higher than the azeotropic point concentration is greater than or equal to 86 to greater than or equal to 98 wt.%. When feeding concentration of the aqueous alcohol solution is less than or equal to 80 wt.%, the concentration range of the aqueous alcohol solution such that the concentration is lower than the azeotropic point concentration is less than or equal to 2.5 wt.%. Amount of aqueous alcohol solution such that the concentration is higher than the azeotropic point concentration is 100 wt.% after being hydrated by molecular sieve. Preferred Components: Super-critical fluid is carbon dioxide, ethane, or nitrous oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganism: The autotrophic nitrobacteria is Nitrobacter opacus and Nitrosomonas monocella. The heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria are Rhodopseudomonas palustris.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method includes preparing culture medium comprising (wt.%) sodium nitrite (0.075), magnesium sulfate (0.003) and manganese sulfate (0.001) having pH of 6.5, inoculating N. opacus, and culturing while vibrating or aerating at 24?oC for 5 days; preparing another culture medium comprising (wt.%) dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4, 0.1), ammonium sulfate (0.05), calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0.75), sodium chloride (0.03) and ferric sulfate (0.003) having pH of 6.5, inoculating N. monocella, and culturing while vibrating or aerating at 24?oC for 5 days; further preparing culture medium comprising (wt.%) glucose (1), potassium nitrate (0.1), CaCl2 (0.05) and K2HPO4 (0.05) having pH of 7.2, inoculating R.palustris, culturing and standing at 28-30?oC for 13 days; filling the first and second filters with clinoptilolite, adding cultured N. opacus (20-25 kg) and cultured N. monocella (20-25 kg), in first filter, and continuously operating for 15-20 days under aeration condition to form biofilm; adding cultured R.palustris (30-40 kg), and continuously operating for 15-20 days without aeration to form biofilm, and discharging the wastewater.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Component: The first and second biological filters are filled with clinoptilolite of 5-50 mm thickness and 2-3.5 m height.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Acidification oil is the purified matters of the leftovers of soy, peanut, corn, or rapeseed oil. Preferred Composition: Concentration of COH3OH is greater than or equal to 99.9%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid solution is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid solution. The alkali solution is potassium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or ammonia.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic waste is residues of extraction processing at high temperature i.e. 80-100?oC.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The drying temperature of the animal protein feed produced by the earthworm, is 70-100 degrees C. The diameter of the sieve pore of the vibration sieve is 2-3 cm, upper and lower amplitude is 1-2 cm and vibration frequency is 800-1000/minutes.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The acid catalyst is hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The phenol composite is phenol, hydroxyphenol, or hydroquinone. The polylol composite is polyethylene glycol. The acid catalyst is acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The amino acid is glutamic acid or lysine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The enzyme is phytase (particularly acid phosphatase A of colon bacillus), xylanase, glucolase, cellulose, amylase or galactosidase. Preferred Method: A seed culture medium comprises (vol. %) enzyme extract (1), peptone (2) and glucose (2). Seed culturing is carried out at 30?oC for 20-24 hours with the table concentrator rotating at 250 rpm.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Submerged fermentation involves:(A) providing fermentation culture medium including (kg/ton) amino acid generating biological waste liquid (300), monopotassium phosphate (5), calcium sulfate (5), and magnesium sulfate (8);(B) adjusting pH to 5 with potassium hydroxide; and(C) continuously adding glucose (50 vol.%) at 2-10 mL/L/hour, where fermentation is carried out in 5 L fermentation tank at 30?oC for 60-64 hours with ventilation rate of 1.5-2 v/v/minute, stirring rate of 1000 rpm, pH maintained at 5 with ammonium hydroxide, and dissolved oxygen at \(20 vol.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Electron acceptor in purifying method is sodium nitrate or nitrate of potash.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The conditioning of the raw synthesis gas including a filtering of raw synthesis gas in a filter to remove particles, and soot from the raw synthesis gas. The raw synthesis gas including a ultra purification for removing sulfur components , carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen cyanide, methyl chloride, carbonyls, chloride and nitrogen oxide from the raw synthesis gas. The ultra purification step includes a chemical cleaning process in which amine is used. The raw synthesis gas through at least one guard bed reactor comprising zinc oxide catalysts and active carbon for removing sulfur species from the raw synthesis gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: A nickel hydroxide powder is further used during the manufacture of hydrogen gas.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The high cellulose containing material is obtained from plant material, used paper, livestock excretion, foodstuff waste material, timber or waste material containing sewage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred System: The feeder system (3) comprises a crane system (4) with at least one grab (5). This system (3,3') may be in the form of a fixed feeder (3) (especially a bucket conveyor, conveyor belt, chain transporter or feeder screw) or a mobile feeder (3,3') (especially a wheel loader). The bunker (2) has a shaft (6) with an opening (7) at the top, in which the waste (M) is stacked by the feeder; the shaft is preferably mounted above and has an opening into a sump (9) at the bottom of the bunker. The bunker also has at least one inlet (10) and at least one outlet (12) for the liquid (11), which can be heated outside the bunker space (2). The bunker space (2) preferably comprises (a) a first chamber (I) for fresh waste, which is fitted with a first outlet (12) for liquid collecting in (I), and (b) at least one second chamber (II) with a shaft (6) ending above the bottom of (II) which can be filled by the feeder system (3), so that the waste in (6) is impregnated with liquid (11) which is fed in through an inlet (10) and removed from (II) via a second outlet (32). The base (35) of the space (2) has at least one slope (39) and/or step (36). Preferably, the bunker space (2) has at least four chambers (I-IV), where chamber (I) is used for the storage of fresh waste (M), liquid (11) is fed into and removed from chambers (II) and (III), waste is washed out in (II) and statically dewatered in (III), and the leached-out waste is stored in (IV).Preferred Method: The waste is stacked in the shaft (6) for static dewatering and heated to provide optimum conditions for hydrolysis by the liquid. Biogas is produced by anaerobic treatment of the liquid taken from the bunker (2). Hydrolysis and static dewatering are carried out in at least two chambers (II, III) in the bunker space (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The catalytic content includes at least one element selected from copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt. The precious metal catalytic content is negligible. The catalyst structure includes at least one member selected from metal mesh, metal foam, beads, and coated substrates. The water is at least one member selected from off board supplied water and fuel cell recovered water (preferably fuel cell recovered water). The water is supplied together with the alcohol. The alcohol is at least one member selected from off board supplied alcohol, depleted reactor solution, and depleted reactor solution recovered alcohol. The at least one hydride is selected from off board supplied hydride, the depleted reactor solution, and the depleted reactor solution recovered hydride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - The system is continuous comprises at least two passes. The reactor is a catalytic reactor. The at least one alcohol includes methanol. The depleted solution is recycled to the reactor. The electric output from the fuel cell stack is sent to an electric motor. The fuel cell generated water is supplied to at least one member of an anode, a reactant heater, an alcohol vapour stripper, a water storage chamber, an exhaust outlet. The cold start-up unit releases heat to the system and shuts down when a set point temperature is reached. The system supplies hydrogen to fuel cell applications in confined environments.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: Each tray has a weir and each weir is of sufficient height to enable a residence time of material on the tray at least double the residence time of a conventional tray in normal distillation. The residence time is up to treble the residence time of a conventional tray. The weir is up 60 mm (preferably 20-60, especially 30) mm in height. The ratio of height of weir to diameter of column is up to 6:50 (preferably 2:50 to 6:50, especially 3:50). The ratio of height to diameter of the weir is empirically determined. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The step of dissociating the second halogen-containing chemical involves electrolyzing the second halogen-containing chemical. The step of reacting the carbon-containing material and the halogen-containing chemical further involves forming carbon dioxide (CO2). The method further involves directing CO2 to a prime mover; removing a sulfur-containing species from the reactor; supplying water to the reactor; and supplying a sulfur-containing chemical to the reactor. In method (P1), the carbon-containing chemical, Br2 and H2O are reacted at a temperature of 10-500 degrees C; and at a pressure of 1-300 atm. In method (P2), the second halogen-containing chemical is dissociated in the reactor. Preferred Components: The first halogen-containing chemical is Br2 and the second halogen-containing chemical is HBr. The carbon-containing material is biomass or sewage. The sulfur-containing species is selected from elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid. The sulfur-containing chemical includes at least one of H2S, elemental sulfur, SO2 and sulfuric acid. The first halogen-containing chemical in method (P2) is selected from F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2. The second halogen-containing acid in method (P2) is selected from HF, HCl, HBr and HI. The contaminant in method (P2) includes at least one of a carbon-containing chemical, elemental sulfur, H2S, SO2, SO3, NO, NO2, N2O and ash.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Reactor: The halogenation reactor further comprises a proton exchange membrane for separating protons from ionic fragments of the second halogen-containing chemical. Preferred Components: The first module and the second module are the same module; or the second module is configured for reacting H2 with O2 to form water or is configured for reacting H2 with the first halogen-containing chemical to form the second halogen-containing chemical. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Property: The pH of the urban domestic waste compost is 7.6-7.9. Preferred Component: The soil texture is sandy clay.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Condition: The sunshine time is 7-8 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The mineral element and heavy metal are cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper, lead, or nickel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst is iron, iron cobalt, zinc/chromium, copper/zinc/chromium, copper/zinc, copper/zinc/aluminum trioxide, copper/cobalt, copper/cobalt/aluminum trioxide, nickel, molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide, cobalt/molybdenum disulfide, thorium dioxide, tungsten and/or zirconium trioxide, either supported or unsupported, where the support consists of carbon, aluminum trioxide, silicon dioxide and zirconium trioxide, and the support is either modified or unmodified with a dopant, which is alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and/or precious metals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The sonic mixing system is operated at 10-1000 Hertz. Preferred Components: The apparatus further comprises a pump and a heat exchanger interfaced with the reactor vessel for circulating the liquid and removing heat formed by chemical reactions converting the carbon monoxide and hydrogen into at least one hydrocarbon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The liquid is mineral oil. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon load further includes methanol, ethane, propane, butane, naphtha, liquid petroleum gas, natural gas, petrol, kerosene, diesel, glycerin, and/or alcohols heavier than ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: Reforming is carried out at a temperature of 500-900 degrees C and a pressure range of normal pressure or more to less than 1 MPa. The ratio of number-of-moles of steam with respect to the carbon number is 1-5.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The pinene is alpha -pinene and/or beta -pinenes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogenation catalyst comprises a ruthenium catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In the composition, the tetramethylcyclohexane is at least 5 wt.%, where the tetramethylcyclohexane is 1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-cyclohexane (I), 1,1,2,5-tetramethyl-cyclohexane (II) or their stereoisomers. In the fuel composition, the petroleum-based fuel component (40 wt.%) and the tetramethylcyclohexane (5-50 wt.%). The fuel composition comprises (I), (II), 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-cyclohexane (III), 1-isopropyl-2-methyl-cyclohexane (IV) or their stereoisomers, where the total amount of (I) and (II) is 1-99(preferably 50-99) wt.%, and the total amount of (III) and (IV) is 0.5-50 wt.%. The fuel composition further comprises: 2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)heptane (V) (0-50 wt.%), (III) (0.1-20 wt.%), 2,6-dimethyl-octane (VI) (0.1-30 wt.%) or their stereoisomers; and ethanol. The fuel composition is reformulated blend stock for oxygenate blending or California reformulated gasoline blend stock for oxygenate blending. Preferred Components: The petroleum-based fuel component is gasoline, jet fuel and/or kerosene. The fuel composition having a Reid vapor pressure of 7-15 psi. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active alumina or silica gel, activated carbon, zeolite 5A, and carbon monoxide-selective adsorbent other than zeolite 5A are sequentially disposed upward. The zeolite 5A (1-100%) may be replaced with CO-selective adsorbent other than the zeolite 5A. The activated carbon (1-100%) may be replaced with zeolite 13X. The CO-selective adsorbent other than the zeolite 5A is cuprous chloride (CuCl)-impregnated alumina adsorbent having Henry's law constant for CO, relative to adsorption equilibrium at room temperature, of greater than or equal to 4 times as high as that of zeolite 5A.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The hydrophilic membrane is obtainable from copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers that give a hydrophilic polymer on polymerization, where the copolymerization is conducted in presence of water and a monomer including a strongly ionic group.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The feedstock comprises: at least 10 wt.% of cellulosic material and 10 wt.% of proteins; and 4-8 wt.% of the acid catalyst, preferably sulfuric acid. The water content of the combination before reaction is 3 wt.% and after reaction is 3-5 wt.%. The method further comprises: adding a fatty acid alkyl ester to the combination before reacting; and drying the feedstock prior to combining the feedstock with the alcohol and acid catalyst. The feedstock is algae and/or dried distillers grain. The alcohol is methanol or ethanol. The alcohol is 50-320% molar excess of the contained oil in the feedstock. The process is carried out in pH of 2-3 at 175-275 degrees C, and at a pressure of at least 20 psig above the vapor pressure of the alcohol at the temperature of the reaction. The method further comprises separating (A) from the resulting cleaved cellulosic material. The method further comprises fermenting the cleaved cellulosic material to produce ethanol. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The solid catalyst is sodium bisulfate, phosphotungstic acid, or stannous oxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Methods: The sulfuric acid ester type surfactant mixture is prepared by providing and mixing unsaturated fatty acid and polyglycol at weight ratio of 1:1-1:5, adding solid catalyst (0.5-2 wt. %), esterifying the mixture at 100-160 degrees C for 2-6 hours under nitrogen to eliminate the water produced in reaction, filtering the reaction product, separating the solid catalyst, obtaining colorless and yellow mixture of fatty acid polyethylene glycol and polyglycol, dropwise adding sulfuric acid solution (5-20 wt. %) at 0-50 degrees C, adding the remaining sulfuric acid for 0.5-3 hours, continuing stirring the mixture for 0.5-4 hours, and obtaining brown pasty sulfuric acid ester type surfactant mixture. Preferred Components: The unsaturated fatty acid is palmitoleic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, or arachidic acid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The fatty acid polyethylene glycol has formula R1-CH=CH-R2-C(O)-(CH2-CH2O)n-H. The sulfated fatty acid polyethylene glycol has R1-CH2-CH(OSO3H)-R2-C(O)-(CH2-CH2O)n-H.R1=CH3(CH2)a;R2=-(CH2)b-;a=1-10;b=4-15;andn=polymerization degree of 2-50.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The six faces of rectangle outer frame skeleton comprises oblique cross supports consisted of two diagonals. The bottom and four sides of constructed wet land sewage disposal system are bricked up, or tamped by using plain concrete or raw soil; the bottom and water outlet end form lower slope. Preferred Diameters: The length of rectangle outer frame skeleton is 1950-6000 mm; the width of 1000-2000 mm; and height of 500-1000 mm. The diameter of hard polyvinyl chloride pipe UPVC is 15 mm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biological desulfurizer comprising hydrosulfonyl compound is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or Candida mycoderma. The biological desulfurizer adopts hydrosulfonyl compound extract or microbial cell suspension comprising hydrosulfonyl compound directly. The hydrosulfonyl compound extract is glutathione. The naphthenic hydrocarbon is cyclohexane or cyclopentane, and has a concentration of 30-400 weight parts. The concentration of the phase transfer catalyst is 1.0-6.0 weight parts. Preferred Method: The desulfurization reaction temperature is performed at 40-60 degrees C for 8-10 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The rate of the borohydride, hydrazine and water in the mixed aqueous solution of the borohydride-hydrazine to 100:20-100:100-200 by weight. Moreover, the contents of the borohydride in the mixed aqueous solution of borohydride-hydrazine is more than 10% by weight or the sodium hydroxide is added to the mixed aqueous solution of borohydride-hydrazine for increasing the stability of the borohydride when the content of the hydrazine is less than 2%; content of the sodium hydroxide in the mixed solution is 5-10% by weight. The anode catalyst is adhered to the base material of the electrode using the perfluoro-sulfonic resin, polyacrylic resin or polyacrylamide resin for forming anode of the fuel cell coated by catalyst and resins.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic alcohol solvent of the prepared perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin solution is methanol, ethanol, normal propyl alcohol and/or butanol; the solvent with high boiling point added in the perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin diluted solution is N,N-dimethyl formamide, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and/or 1-methyl-2-ketopyrrolidine. Preferred Condition: The temperature of hot table for putting the steel bracket fixed with the varicosity PTFE Millipore basement membrane is 60-130 degrees C. Preferred Parameters: The aperture of the varicosity PTFE Millipore basement membrane is 0.05-1.0 mu m with poriness greater than or equal to 80% and thickness of 5-40 mu m.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Material: The Mn3O4 component is prepared from Mn carbonate, Mn acetate, formic acid Mn, Mn oxalate, acetylacetone Mn, Mn phosphate, Mn chloride, Mn nitrate, Mn dioxide, Mn sulfate, or Mn hydroxide. The Ag2O is prepared from Ag nitrate (preferred), Ag carbonate, Ag nitrite, Ag permanganate, Ag oxide, or Ag sulfate. Preferred Component: The carrier is calcium aluminate, or a mixture of calcium aluminate and silicocalcium aluminate. Preferred Composition: The Mn3O4 component is 40-95 wt.%. The Ag2O is 0.05-5%. The materials for preparing the Mn3O4 component are greater than 95%. The carrier contains (wt.%) aluminum oxide (50-65 or 65-80), calcium oxide (30-40 or 20-35), silicon dioxide (4-7.5 or less than 1), and impurities (less than 6 or less than 1). Preferred Dimension: The granularity of the material for preparing the Mn3O4 is 30-140, preferably 30-70 mu m. The carrier has a specific area of 0.1-20, preferably 0.1 M2/g, and a granularity of less than 70 mu m. Preferred Condition: The deoxidizer is prepared using the material including alkane, olefin, acetylene hydrocarbon, and inertia gas containing not greater than 5C; gas phase volume airspeed of physical distribution which needs deoxidization at 100-10000 h-1 calculated by gas phase; deoxidization tower at 0.1-10 MPa; and scene deoxidization and regeneration in bed of deoxidization tower after oxygen penetration of the deoxidizer, and regeneration at 80-160 degrees C. The scene deoxidization before using is at 80-160 degrees C; and volume airspeed of deoxygenized air at 100-500 h-1, where the alkane with not greater than 5C is methane, ethane or propane. The olefin containing not greater than 5C is ethylene or propylene. The inertia gas is nitrogen, argon or helium gas. The deoxidization tower bed is at 20-80 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen-containing material is metal hydride. The metal hydride is metal hydride of aluminum, magnesium, lithium, silicon, and iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The cylinder body of reactor comprises an upper cylinder and a lower tapered cylinder, where the height ratio of the upper cylinder to the lower tapered cylinder is 1:30-30:1. The diameter of round shape or the width of rectangle and square is one half less than the inner diameter of the round cylinder of reactor. The outer diameter of the outlet pipe of gas product is less than 3/4 of the inner diameter of the round cylinder of reactor; where the ratio of the length of outlet pipe of gas product put into reactor to the total height of the cylinder body of reactor is 0-0.5. The ratio of the diameter to the round cylinder part of reactor is 0.1-1. Preferred Parameters: The angle between the inlet and the horizontal direction can be adjusted upwards, where the adjusted angle is not greater than 45 degrees . The base angle of the tapered cylinder at the lower part of reactor cylinder is 0-135 degrees ; where when the base angle of the tapered cylinder is 0 degrees and 90 degrees , the reactor cylinder turns to be a round cylinder reactor; and when the base angle of the tapered cylinder is 90-135 degrees , the lower part of tapered cylinder has a small upper part and a big lower part.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The hydrogen storage metal nanoparticles comprise metallic element-containing nickel and/or cobalt, and has average particle diameter of 0.1-10 nm. Preferred Composition: The composition ratio (M/(I+M)) of metal (M) and sum of metal (M) and metal oxide (I) contained in composite component and hydrogen storage metal nanoparticles is 0.1-0.5 in molar ratio conversion, preferably 0.15-0.35. Preferred Process: Hydrogen peroxide is further added to prepare precursor solution. The heat treatment process includes air-baking process and reduction process. The baking process is carried out at 400-1100 degrees C in presence of air. The reduction process is carried out by baking at 300-700 degrees C during distribution of hydrogen gas. Preferred Compound: The metal alkoxy compound is of formula: Si(OR1) (I).R1=1-4C alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl or propyl. EXAMPLE - Tetraethoxysilane (Si(OC2H5)4) and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) were dissolved in ethanol, and hydrogen-peroxide solution (30 mass%) was added, to obtain mixed solution. The composition ratio (Ni(Si+Ni)) of nickel and silicon in mixed solution was set suitably to 0.1, 0.2, 0.33 or 0.5. Water (2-6 mol) was added with respect to 1 mol of hydrogen peroxide in the mixed solution. Then, the mixed solution of each composition ratio was ice-cooled, and stirred for 2 hours, to obtain uniform precursor solution. The obtained precursor solution was heated at 60 degrees C, and concentrated, to obtain precursor. The obtained precursor was baked at 600 degrees C for 3 hours in atmospheric condition, and powder was obtained. The obtained powder was subjected to reduction process and fired at 500 degrees C for 15 hours in presence of hydrogen gas, to obtain nickel-microporous amorphous silica composite hydrogen storage material. The hydrogen storage material had stable hydrogen occlusion based on JIS H7201, and excellent chemical stability.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carrier which holds catalyst activity component is zeolite or mordenite. The catalyst activity component is an alloy chosen from platinum, ruthenium, iron, nickel and/or cobalt. The support body consists of alumina, silica, titania, magnesia, calcia and/or cordierite. Preferred Parameter: The range of particle size of water repellent material (preferably colloidal silica) is 3-20 nm. The weight ratio of catalyst activity component and water repellent material is 5-30%. Preferred Process: The catalyst is adhered to support body.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Component: The porous body is made of ceramic foam, and comprises sintered ceramic primary particles comprising granular particles and/or fibrous particles.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The basic oxide material ( not greater than 20 wt.%) comprises a basic metal oxide material comprising magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), potassium oxide, lanthanum oxide (La2O3) and/or cerium oxide (CeO); or mixed oxides comprising MgO-CaO, MgO-silicon oxide-ferric oxide, CaO-aluminum oxide (Al2O3), MgO-Al2O3, CeO-titanium oxide (TiO2), La2O3-TiO2 and/or MgO-Al2O3-La2O3. The basic oxide material is regularly distributed on the surface of the areas of the pores, and is present in particulate form having an average particle size of 10-500 nm. The catalyst material (1-400 wt.%) comprises transition metal compound(s). The gaseous fluid comprises water vapor or ammonia decomposed into nitrogen and hydrogen. Preferred Method: The catalytic element having a filter layer having a pore size of not greater than 10 mu m on its upstream surface directly receives the gaseous fluid from the reactor or after the gaseous fluid has passed through a sedimentation device prior to its contact with the catalytic element.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The synthesis gas comprises 5000 ppm of carbon monoxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The membrane of each separation unit comprises polyimide, polyamide, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyamide imide, polyethersulfone and/or polyester.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In producing biogas, the plant material with reduced lignin content comprises a brown midrib (BMR) corn or BMR sorghum. The biogas comprises methane, produced at a concentration of at least 340 L/kg of dry organic matter. The biogas comprises 50% (vol) methane. The microbial inoculum comprises acid forming bacteria and methane producing bacteria. In one case, the plant material comprises a silage or a plant stover. In another case, the plant material is a feed concentrate. The digesting step is performed at 55-100 degrees F at pH 7-8 in an anaerobic reactor. The plant material is processed before performing the digesting step, where processing comprises drying, milling, or acid hydrolysis. In producing digested substrates, the recovered digested substrate is in a dried state or a sludge. In determining methane yield potential, the plant material is a BMR plant material (i.e. BMR corn and BMR sorghum). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The first catalyst comprises platinum, ruthenium or rhodium. The hydrogen permeable metal is selected from palladium, vanadium, tantalum and/or niobium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Mineral: The catalyst further contains clay mineral which supports element chosen from ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, platinum, gold, silver, palladium, nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, zinc, vanadium and manganese and has average particle diameter is 50 nm or less. Preferred Process: The hydrocarbon and water are reacted under space velocity of 100-100000 h-1, and hydrocarbon is decomposes using catalyst at 250-850 degrees C under steam and carbon in molar ratio of 1-6 to form mixed reformed gas containing hydrogen. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of metallic nickel particles are preferably 1-20 nm, and metallic cobalt is 1-20nm. The content of metallic nickel is 0.1-20 weight%, clay mineral is 1-50 weight% and cobalt is 0.01-20 weight%. EXAMPLE - Ruthenium chloride (3.9 ml), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (in g) (173.1), aluminum sulfate octahydrate (68.3), nickel sulfate hexahydrate (40.6) and cobaltous sulfate heptahydrate (17.3) were dissolved in sodium hydroxide (335 ml) and sodium carbonate (20.8) at 95 degrees C for 8 hours, filtered and the powdered was baked at 1150 degrees C for 8 hours to obtain catalyst having excellent catalytic activity and caulking-proof property.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vol. ratio of source of oil or fat and short chain alcohol is less than 1. The source of oil or fat contains 1-4 wt.% free fatty acids. The source of oil or fat is tallow. Preferred Method: The preparation involves conversion of 99% of fatty acids to alkyl esters. The aeration is carried out at 60-65 degrees C. EXAMPLE - A tallow (15580 kg) containing approximately 0.1 wt.% water was delivered to reactor tank and heated to 60 degrees C. The volume of tallow was maintained at this temperature with operation of gas recirculator for 21 hours. A volume of 8 L of water collected in graduated tank. The dehydrated tallow was determined to contain approximately approximately 0.04 wt.% water. A volume of dehydrated and transesterified tallow containing approximately 3 wt.% of methanol was aerated for 40 hours by operation of gas recirculator (3) at 60 degrees C. A volume of 450 L of methanol was collected in the graduated tank. The methanol content was determined to be reduced to 0.2 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst comprises cerium oxide based materials optionally with alkaline and alkaline earth promoters (0.5-10, preferably 1.5-5, especially 1-2 wt.%). The catalyst comprises CexM'1-xO2 mixed oxides.x=0.1-0.9 (preferably 0.25-0.75);M'=zirconia, yttria and/or elements of lanthanide group (preferably Zr, Y, La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm or Eu).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The 1-5C alcohol is methanol or ethanol. EXAMPLE - An aqueous solution with (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6) (10 wt.%) and an aqueous solution of NH4OH (5M) were prepared. The solution of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 was slowly added to the solution Of NH4OH and the pH was adjusted to obtain alkaline solution. After precipitation, the material was heated to 369 K and kept at the final temperature for 96 hours. Next, the sample was collected by a centrifuge, washed and dried at 393 K for 12 hours. Then, the material was calcined at 1 K/min up to 773 K and kept at this temperature for 12 hours to obtain CeO2 catalyst. The performance of the obtained CeO2 catalyst was evaluated on steam reforming of ethanol. The initial ethanol conversion was approximately 67%. The CeO2 catalyst exhibited a slight deactivation in the beginning of the reaction, becoming stable after 4 hours time on stream. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide were the main products obtained. It was also observed the formation of small amounts of acetaldehyde and ethene; and additionally only traces of carbon monoxide were produced ( approximately 150 ppm) and the formation of ketone was not detected.
EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrode collars are comprised of one of copper, brass or a ceramic material. The hollow cylinder is comprised of a material selected from insulated copper, insulated brass, and insulated aluminum or a ceramic material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The product alcohol is ethanol and 2-30C prim. alcohol. The carbohydrate comprises sugars from at least one of corn and sugar cane. The biomass for pyrolysis comprises corn stover or at least portion of sugar cane plant not used for fermentation. The molar ratio of hydrogen and acetic ester is 0.9:1. The alcohol portion of acetic ester comprises 3-30C hydrocarbon. Preferred Method: The hydrogenation is carried out at 150-300 degrees C and 300-5000 KPa. The process involves recycling 50 mass% of higher boiling fraction. The organic acid is neutralized with base to form salt, and base is then reacidified to provide organic acid which is then esterified. The hydrogen separation operation preferably comprises membrane separation, sorption including pressure swing sorption. The pyrolysis is carried out at 300-450 degrees C. The portion of pyrolysis gases are subjected to water gas shift.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base comprises at least one of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The separation step is carried out by distillation, or by phase separation and acetic acid is contained in the separated water, at least a portion of which acetic acid is recycled to the contacting step. The acetic acid in the first step is neutralized by reaction with base, and reacidified prior to the contacting step. The reacidification is by contact with carbon dioxide. In the step (B), neither of the esterifying alcohol or esterification product forms an azeotrope with water. An organic material is provided to the step (B) to assist in providing water-insoluble phase; and the organic material is recycled with the esterifying alcohol in step (E) to step (B). Preferred Components: The esterification product is water immiscible. The alcohol has at least carbon atoms. The alcohol comprises primary alcohol that is substantially insoluble in water (preferably 8-24C primary alcohol). The primary alcohol is derived from biodiesel or glyceride. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst for the anaerobic oxidation reaction is selected from the group comprising platinum and/or an electrochemically active microbial culture capable of oxidation of a biologically oxidizable carbon compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Species: The bacteria is Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium kluyveri, or Clostridium pasteurianum.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biomass or organic wastes is food waste, where washing is carried out using 2-2.5 times volume of water with respect to food wastes. The hydrolysis and saccharification is carried out for 1-2 days. Preferred Components: The carbon source concentration of biomass or organic wastes is 10-50 g/L. EXAMPLE - Food wastes obtained from cafeteria was used as typical organic wastes. Food wastes were washed with 2 times, 5 times and 10 times the volume of tap water with respect to food wastes. Organic contents, solid contents and chloride ion contents were measured before and after washing. Accordingly, for effective hydrogen and butyric acid production, it was preferred to carry out hydrolysis using aerobic bacteria for 1-2 days. Clostridium bacteria were inoculated for production of butyric acid and hydrogen. Sucrose, which was typical of saccharification product of organic waste produced from pre-treatment process, was used as substrate for the production butyric acid and hydrogen. Butyric acid was converted to butyl butyrate using superacid catalyst sulfate/titanium oxide-lanthanum oxide at 150-280 degrees C and 21.4-273.2 atm. When 0.5 g of catalyst was used and reaction was carried out for 4 hours at 120?C and 35.0 atm 88% butanol was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The culture medium includes 0.5-1 g/L of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 10-15 g/L of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, 2-5 g/L of ammonium sulfate, 01-1 g/L of sodium hydrogen carbonate, 0.001-0.01 g/L of calcium chloride dihydrate and 0.005-0.01 g/L of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The culture medium also includes 0.0005-0.01 g/L of ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Component: The fuel electrode of the fuel cell has catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer which are laminated from the polymer electrolyte membrane side. Preferred Property: The porosity of the fuel electrode, catalyst layer and gas diffusion layer goes downstream and is relatively small from the upstream of the fuel gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Condition: The rotating speed of said stirring shaft is the stepless speed regulation from 30 to 300 revolution/minute. The blade has a diameter of phi 200-1200. The laminas of the blades are separately 15-30 degrees medium width blades in a helix arrangement, narrow blades with a relatively big inclination of 30-45 degrees , and wide blades with a big inclination of 45-60 degrees .
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the lethality is 20-90%. Te lignocellulose is one of rice straw, wheat straw, corn straw, barley straw, sawdust, and other stems and leaves containing cellulose, or their combination. The fermentation temperature is 20-40 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The waste heat is liquid, gas, or other form. Preferred Process: The dimethyl ether and the water or the carbon dioxide enter the evaporator, the substance to be reacted on the exit of the evaporator is evaporated as gas, the reactant enters the reactor, the hydrogen energy is obtained after the chemical reaction in the reactor. The hydrogen energy is obtained through filter valve after the chemical reaction in the reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The synergist comprises (vol.%): tert-butyl-ferrocene and its derivative (1-10); and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (1-10); and hydrogen peroxide (1-20).Preferred Composition: The synergist is 0.1-1 vol.% of fuel.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide; Pesticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Antioxidant for biodiesel is alkyl ester gallate, taraxeryl gallate, natural phenols antioxidant, or their mixture. Alkyl ester gallate is methyl ester gallate, ethyl ester gallate, butyl ester gallate, hexyl ester gallate, octyl ester gallate, lauryl ester gallate, or octadecyl ester gallate. Taraxeryl gallate is geranyl gallate, farnesyl gallate, geranyl ester gallate, linalyl gallate, nerolidol ester gallate, menthyl gallate, abienol ester gallate, or hydroabiethyl alcohol ester gallate. Natural phenols antioxidant is rosemary antioxidant or tea polyphenols. Synthesized antioxidant is 2,6-diterbutyl paracresol, 3-tertiary butyl-4-hydroxyl methyl phenoxide, or 2-tertiary butyl hydroquinone. Special biodiesel is mainly prepared by soybean oil or palm oil. Preferred Apparatus: Ultrasonic is generated by bath type ultrasonic generator or probe type ultrasonic generator. Preferred Process: Ultrasonic assistant preparation method of antioxidant pre-made liquid for biodiesel comprises mixing the antioxidant for biodiesel with special biodiesel and ultrasonic strengthening at room temperature.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate is more than 98% pure. ACTIVITY - Herbicide; Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The high-carbon saturated alkane is 5-20 parts normal hexane, high-carbon saturated naphthenic hydrocarbon is 10-25 parts ethyl cyclohexane, corrosion inhibitor further comprises 0.3-3 parts of inositol hexaphosphate. The corrosion inhibitor further comprises 1 part inositol hexaphosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The added catalyst amounts to 3-20 weight%, preferably 4-18 weight% of source oil. The ratio of oil and alcohol is 1:3-1:14, preferably 1:4-1:12. The added inorganic catalyst amounts to 4-15 weight%, preferably 6-12 weight% of unsaturated fatty acid ester. Preferred Components: The lipase is immobilized on polystyrene macroporous resin. The method further involves condensing unsaturated fatty acid ester in biodiesel to fatty acid ester dipolymer using inorganic catalyst such as aluminum silicate, carclazyte, Sodium sulfite, aluminum hydroxide or microsilica.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The quat. ammonium salt includes didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride or n-zephiran. The subsidiary component contains surface active agent, solubilizer, ethanol and water. The surface active agent comprises alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium salt of naphthalene sulfonic acid formaldehyde condensation product, or lignosulfonate. The solubilizer comprises formyl, isopropyl alcohol, stearinic acid metal salt, arozole or synergistic phosphorus, amber acid sodium sulfate. Preferred Composition: The pesticide comprises (wt.%) limonin or limonoids (1-2), quat. ammonium salt (15-17), surface active agent (20-25), solubilizer (3-5), ethanol (3-5) and water. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygenated compounds include methanol and/or dimethyl ether.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Method: The method for preparing the fertilizer further involves addition of sugar and bone meal. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer; Insecticide. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is dispersed on the leaf of the plant or on the soil in an amount of 2 l/square.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of waste vegetable oil preferably is 20-30 vol.% EXAMPLE - Solid foreign materials in rapeseed oil were removed by filtration using centrifuge and filter. The rapeseed oil (20 vol.%) as liquid waste vegetable oil and A heavy oil No.1 were mixed, and became emulsified when stirred and mixed without addition of emulsifier using emulsifier, to obtain waste vegetable oil mixed fuel oil. The obtained waste vegetable oil mixed fuel oil was free from odor peculiar to fuel oil, had reduced sulfur concentration of 0.032 mass%, and carbon-residue concentration of 0.18 mass%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The water supplied to humidifier weakly acidic distilled water or weekly acidic deionization distilled water. Preferred Property: The water microparticles has average diameter of 1-4 mu m. The cleaning method can be performed at ambient environmental temperature of 20 degrees C or more.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The bio-diesel fuel is fatty-acid methyl ester or fatty acid ethyl ester. Preferred Process: The wash water collected from lower layer of tank is further neutralized, and distilled to recover methanol or remainder of alcohol. The obtained wash water is distilled continuously to recover distilled water which recycles in humidifier. Then, wash water is supplied to separation column to separate mixture of bio-diesel fuel mixed in wastewater and unreacted fatty acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Construction: The height of the boundary elements (10) is such that the compression of the gas diffusion layer (9) in the region contacting the boundary elements is greater than that in the region contacting the channel structure (8). The boundary elements are extensions of the channel structure, merging into the boundary walls. If multiple boundary elements are present, the elements are spaced from each other (specifically by more than 2 (especially 5-10) mm) to that pairs of adjacent elements form chambers between the channel structure and boundary wall. The boundary wall runs in a serpentine path, specifically with the sections near to the channel structure connected to the channel structure by the boundary elements, which run transverse to the boundary wall and preferably transverse to the outermost elements of the channel structure. The boundary elements are preferably imprints in the bipolar plate (3). The bipolar plate is of metal, and is preferably constructed from two plates, with at least one hollow boundary element on the non-electrochemically active side and with the cavity forming a complementary space for insertion of a second plate. The boundary wall is in the form of a seam, specifically a whole or half seam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Agent: The identification agent is of formula: R1-COOCH2R2.R1=1-11C alkyl or alkenyl;andR2=group containing conjugated diene, preferably carbonyl ester or methyl cyclopentadienyl group.Preferred Property: The identification agent has absorption wavelength of 230-260 nm. The maximum absorption value of identification agent is 100000 or more.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - PHARMACEUTICALS - Preferred Alcohol: The low-carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol and/or butanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The feedstock polymers are liquefied at 250-450 degrees F. The liquefied feedstock polymers are heated to 450-650 degrees F to form short chain hydrocarbons. The short chain hydrocarbon particles are heated to 700-850 degrees F. The combustible fuel produced comprises more than 80% 6-21C (preferably 15-19C) hydrocarbons. The method involves blending combustible fuel with gasoline, diesel fuel or aircraft fuel and grinding up the feedstock particles, so that at least 80% are less than or equal to 500 (preferably less than or equal to 300) microns in diameter. The feedstock component is combined with hydrocarbon solvent and then ground. Portion of the feedstock particles is ground tires. Portion of the combustible fuel produced is recycled and combined with the feedstock particles before the particles. In (P2), metal powder is obtained by the step of grinding up the metal belts in tires to produce alkanes and alkanol. The biomass containing cellulose is combined with the water and metal powder and undergoes a dehydration reaction. The metal powder becomes oxidized. Preferred component: The metal powder comprises group powders of VIII metals (preferably iron powder), where at least 80% of the metal powder used is less than or equal to 500 (preferably less than or equal to 300) microns in diameter. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is platinum, nickel, ruthenium, cobalt chloride, or an alloy of cobalt or boron. Preferred Components: The solid element is calcium carbide and the liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate acetylene, the solid element is chloral urethane and the liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate chlorine, the solid element is manganese oxide and liquid reagent is chlorohydric acid to generate chlorine, or the solid element is sodium peroxide and liquid reagent is an aqueous solution to generate oxygen.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst is malic acid, or hydrochloric acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The polycrystalline ceramic is activated by heat treating polycrystalline ceramic chemically reducing atmosphere or non-oxidizing atmosphere and converting the catalyst precursor to metal. The amorphous glass material is devitrified by heat treating the amorphous glass material at 600-1200 degrees C. The amorphous glass material and polycrystalline ceramic are formed in an oxidizing atmosphere. Preferred Component: The catalyst precursor is chosen from metal oxides and/or metal silicates, preferably cerium oxide. The catalyst precursor comprises metal chosen from aluminum, silver, gold, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, europium, iron, gadolinium, iridium, lanthanum, magnesium, manganese, nickel, praseodymium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, tin and/or zinc. The catalytically active glass-ceramic is in a form of fiber having monolithic structure. The glass-ceramic comprises aluminosilicate material chosen from lithium aluminosilicate and magnesium aluminosilicate. Preferred Composition: The amorphous glass material comprises nucleating agent(s). The reducing atmosphere and said non-oxidizing atmosphere comprises hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Components: Fine loess powder and powdered yellow soil are added during the preparation of complex microbial agent.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Activated carbon, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate are added during the preparation of complex microbial agent.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Process: The effluent separated from the separation process is purified and ejected. Waste wood is added to waste organic material after wood is pulverized into chips. The carbonization process involves heating waste organic material and waste wood in a carbonization furnace, cooling, and carbonizing by heating. The waste steam is condensed and collected. Gas separated from waste wood is deodorized using a deodorizing heater. The mixing ratio of solid fuel is changed and calorific value of waste derived fuel is controlled.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Arrangement: The apparatus is further provided with a wastewater purification unit, a deodorization filter, and a condenser.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Fuel: The solid fuel is coke or semi-coke.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The waste water includes water containing (in mg/l) nitrobenzene as only carbon and nitrogen source ( not greater than 450), sodium chloride (0-40) and slat ( not greater than 40), nitrobenzene and aniline ( not greater than 50), or nitrobenzene and phenol ( not greater than 150).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The mass ratio of phenolic compound and amine compound is 0.8-2:1. The organic solvent is 6-10C hydrocarbon. Preferred Properties: The antioxidant has kinematic viscosity of 1-4 mm2/second.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The biological diesel comprises (pts.wt.) ocenol (30-35, preferably 35-40), heavy hydrocarbon (40-45, preferably 30-35), vegetable oil (20-25, preferably 28-30), peroxide (0.2-0.8, preferably 0.4-0.6), sulfonate (0.06-0.09, preferably 0.07-0.08) and water (2-5, preferably 3-4). Preferred Method: The biological diesel is prepared by:(A) mixing ocenol (40 pts.wt.) and water (4 pts.wt.), stirring for 10 minutes, then sealing for standby;(B) mixing 18C heavy hydrocarbon (30.42 pts.wt.) and bean oil (25 pts.wt.), stirring for 10 minutes, then sealing for standby; and(C) mixing both mixtures, adding isopropyl peroxide (0.5 pts.wt.) and sulfonate (0.08 pts.wt.), stirring for 10 minutes, then sealing for 24 hours to obtain product, where all the steps are carried out at 10 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biofuel oil comprises (wt.%) orange oil (50-80) and methanol (or ethanol) (20-50). The orange oil comprises 95% lemon alkene, i.e. terpene. It is colorless liquor lighter than water, fragrant, volatile, immiscible in water, but miscible in methanol (or ethanol).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The atom rate of the nickel and magnesium on the surface of the prepared catalyst is 1-5:1. Preferred Component: The nickel and magnesium solution is inorganic or organic salt solution, nitrate or acetate solution of nickel and magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The weight density of the oxalic acid solution is 10-50%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The dispersion is purified water, acetone, methyl alcohol, ethanol and tetrahydrofuran. The drying method is freeze-drying or vacuum drying method. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous symbiotic material at least contains three kinds of symbiotic phases, including ZSM-5(RTM: aluminosilicate zeolite) molecular sieve, mordenite and analcime. The dilute acid solution is dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, dilute nitric acid, dilute phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid or acetic acid; and pH is 9-14. The organic ammonium is tetrapropyl-ammonium bromide, tetrapropyl-ammonium hydroxide, tetraethyl ammonium bromide, ammonium bromide, ammonium hydroxide, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide, tri-ethylamine, n-butylamine, ethylene diamine or ethylamine; the inorganic ammonium is ammonia or ammonium salt. Preferred Composition: The molar ratio of hydroxyl group/SiO 2 is 0.00-5, M/SiO 2 is 0-1, and H 2O/SiO 2 is 20-300. Preferred Condition: The crystallization lasts for 10-60 hours at 100-200 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: Catalyst is used for the anode and the cathode. Catalyst for the anode is platinum (Pt), platinum-ruthenium (PtRu), platinum-gold (PtAu), platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni), platinum-cobalt (Pt-Co), or platinum-palladium (Pt-Pd); and the catalyst for the cathode is Pt or platinum catalyst (Pt/C). Preferred Components: Electrolytic cell is the double-electrode electrolytic cell and it uses quaternary ammonium alkaline polymer or polyphthalazine ketone ether ketone as the septum. Preferred Conditions: Electrolyzing is done at 0-90 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alcohol is methanol, ethanol, and polyol, or their mixture. Alkali is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate. Preferred Composition: In the alcohol-alkali mixed solution, the concentration of the alcohol is 1-17 mole/L. In the alcohol-alkali mixed solution, the concentration of the alkali is 1-8 mole/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heat value enhancing agent is refined coal tar, nitromethane and/or polyphenyl. The ignition assisting agent is pentane, acetyl acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The lubricant is castor oil, plant fatty acid, animal fatty acid, and/or ethyl acetate. The steam stabilizing agent is high carbon alcohol (6-12C). The metal corrosion inhibitor is neovaricaine and/or diethanolamine. The rubber protecting agent is pyromucic aldehyde and/or glutin. The antioxidant is tert-butyl hydroquinone, tri-tert-butylphenol, and/or diisopropyl phenylenediamine. Bitter agent is picrin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The strain is (Penicillium species) YD0401-Ae, which is deposited under CGMCC No. 2344.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The resin layer comprises a layer of glass fiber fabric, unsaturated resin, accelerator and curing agent. The combination layer and water-proof outer layer comprises a layer of glass fiber fabric, magnesium oxychloride cementing substance, fillers, water-soluble resin, unsaturated resin, accelerator and curing agent. The framework layer comprises several layers of glass fiber fabric, magnesium oxychloride cementing substance, fillers, water-soluble resin and curing agent. The glass fiber fabric is alkali-free or middle-alkali fiber mesh fabric or plaid fabric.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogenation is carried out at 2.0-4.0 MPa, average reaction temperature of 150-220 degrees C and liquid air speed of 0.75-3.5/hour. Preferred Composition: The hydrogen and oil are present at 200-500 Nm3/m3 ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The first hydrogenation catalyst comprises aluminum from alumina, aluminum/silicon, cobalt/nickel, molybdenum/tungsten/alkali metals, or magnesium, zinc, iron and calcium. Preferred Composition: The first catalyst comprises (wt.%) cobalt/nickel (0.5-0.8), molybdenum/tungsten (2-15) and alkali metals (2-8); or tungsten (10-30), nickel (1-7), cobalt (0.01-1.0) and adjuvant catalyst (0.1-10). The first and second hydrogenation catalysts are present at 1:1-1:10 (preferably 1:3-1:7) ratio.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The C4 fraction comprises olefin present at 2-100 (preferably 5-95) wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The flame coloring agent is boric acid or a metal compound including inorganic metal salt, inorganic metal hydroxide, organic metal salt, and organic metal complex. The metal compound sodium chloride, lithium chloride, lithium hydroxide, strontium chloride, copper sulfate, sodium borate, copper (II) chloride, copper (II) oxide, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, and rubidium chloride. The chamber is made of clay or of transparent material such as glass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Materials: The liquid fuel composition further comprises methanol, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, and/or water. It further comprises bitter additive and/or food coloring agent matching the color of the flame.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor with catalyst particles in the size of 20-2000 mu m. Heat transfer mechanism is used to control the temperature, preferably in the fluidized bed reactor. The process comprises hydrogen or steam feeding (e.g. from a recycle stream) at the top, the bottom of the reactor, and/or in between, e.g. as secondary injection into a fluidized bed. It uses bed of active carbon, zinc oxide, or other metal oxides to remove species e.g. hydrogen sulfide and/or COS. The process comprises water removal before the bed of active carbon, zinc oxide, or other metal oxides to enhance the separation efficiency, e.g. by a membrane; removal of carbon dioxide; feeding of steam, followed by a second methanation step that is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor; and removal of carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen that is used as a recycle stream fed into the first methanation unit.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The vegetable material is straw, hull, bran, preferably wheat bran and rye bran, marc, preferably grapes marc and pomace, or press cake, preferably seed hull, preferably rape-seed, pumpkin seed, sunflower and corn germ, coffee fruit skin, wood shavings, paper and sawdust.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The solid fuel further comprises at least a material (a) of graphite, soot, glucose, paraffin or glycol. Preferred Components: The solid fuel contains glycerin (0.1-40 (preferably 1-25) %). The glycerin is obtained from the production of biodiesel or fatty acids. The solid fuel exhibits in the form of pressed pieces, pellets, briquettes, flakes or chips. The solid fuel comprises at least a press aid. The press aid is corn whole grain, starch, preferably potato starch or cornstarch, rye flour, polyglycol, sugar, glucose syrup, paper flour and/or cellulose powder. Preferred Process: The glycerin and (a) are added to the vegetable material. The press aid is added to the vegetable material before the pressing. The pressing is carried out with ring- or flat matrix press. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in %) of: straw (95) and glycerin (5).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The amount of ethanol in the initial mixture is 25-95 wt.%, the amount of methanol is 0.1-50 wt.%, and the amount of water is 1-50 wt.%. The amount of water in the intermediate product is less than 5 wt.%, preferably less than 0.5 wt.%. Preferred Process: The drying process removes 75% or more, preferably 95% or more, of water present in the initial mixture, and involves passing the initial mixture through a zeolite membrane or a desiccant or a molecular sieve having an effective pore size of less than 5 Angstrom , preferably 3 Angstrom . The distillation process produces a purified methanol product, a purified ethanol product, and a purified 1-propanol product. Preferred Properties: The ethanol concentration of purified ethanol is 95-99.9 wt.%. The purified ethanol meets the ASTM D4806-07a specification for fuel ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Desiccant: The desiccant is silica, calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, copper sulfate, and/or calcium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The first catalyst comprises zinc oxide/chromium oxide, copper/zinc oxide, copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide, copper/zinc oxide/chromium oxide, copper/thorium oxide, cobalt/sulfide, molybdenum/sulfide, cobalt/molybdenum/sulfide, nickel/sulfide, nickel/molybdenum/sulfide, nickel/cobalt/molybdenum/sulfide, or any combination with manganese and/or vanadium. It includes a basic promoter. The second catalyst comprises zinc oxide/chromium oxide, copper/zinc oxide, copper/zinc oxide/aluminum oxide, copper oxide/cobalt oxide, copper oxide/cobalt oxide/aluminum oxide, cobalt/sulfide, molybdenum/sulfide, cobalt/molybdenum/sulfide, rhodium/titanium/silicon oxide, rhodium/manganese/silicon oxide, rhodium/titanium/iron/iridium/silicon oxide, rhodium/manganese/MCM-41, nickel/sulfide, nickel/molybdenum/sulfide, nickel/cobalt/molybdenum/sulfide, or any of the combination with manganese and/or vanadium. It optionally includes a basic promoter. The two catalysts have the same initial composition.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The conversion of syngas to methanol in the first reaction zone to have a second hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio that provides an increased yield to alcohols in the second reaction zone compared to that which would be provided by an initial hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio of the syngas. The second ratio is lower than the initial ratio. Additional methanol is introduced into the second reaction zone and converted to 2-4C alcohols with the second catalyst. Additional syngas that is not unreacted syngas from the first reaction zone is introduced into the second reaction zone and converted to 2-4C alcohols with the second catalyst.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The aqueous feedstock is initially preheated by vaporous overhead stream and preheated by lean high-boiling water selective solvent stream that is recycled to upper EDC. The process further includes introducing high-boiling water selective solvent through entry point at upper portion of EDC at 10-20 degrees C lower than that of EDC at entry point to generate internal reflux. Preferred Compositions: The lean high-boiling water selective solvent has less than 0.5 wt.% of water. The ethanol is present at less than 0.5 (preferably not greater than 5) wt.%. The aqueous feedstock contains 1-12 (preferably 10-12) wt.% ethanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Conditions: The EDC and SRC have bottoms temperature at 160-200 degrees C. The SRC has operating pressure under 50-500 (preferably 150-300) mmHg.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The aqueous feedstock comprises (wt.%) ethanol (85-95, preferably 90-92). The high-boiling water selective solvent is glycerin, tetraethylene glycol, ethylene glycol and/or diethylene glycol. The purified ethanol product is food-grade ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The crude landfill gas stream comprises (mole%) methane (45-55), carbon dioxide (20-40), and nitrogen (5-20). The final landfill gas stream comprises methane ( greater than or equal to 96), carbon dioxide ( not greater than 1), and nitrogen ( not greater than 4). Preferred Components: The crude landfill gas stream and final landfill gas stream further include hydrogen sulfide gas, oxygen, water vapor, and volatile organic compounds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first and second waste gas streams comprise volatile organic compounds.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: A methane-fermentation residue is used as organic waste, and the waste mixture contains 45-55 weight% of organic waste. Preferred Conditions: The mixture is heated at 70-100 degrees C. The mixture of organic waste and waste oil has moisture content of 40% or less, and emitted heat amount of 4000 kcal/kg or more. EXAMPLE - Dry-type methane-fermentation residue (in g) (110) having moisture content of 70% and waste glycerin (100) were mixed, and heated at 70 degrees C for 5 hours under pressure of 0.6 atmosphere, to obtain mixture. The heated mixture had water content of 24.2% measured using moisture content measuring device and emitted-heat amount of 4745 kcal/kg measured using exothermic measuring device. Thus, the water content of organic waste was decreased effectively, and the organic waste fuel had improved emitted-heat amount.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The molten alkali hydroxide electrolyte is lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and/or rubidium hydroxide. It is contained within a porous ceramic matrix. The oxygen containing fluids are oxygen, air, peroxide of hydrogen or other materials, and/or ozone.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The anode and cathode are selected as layers of porous submicron metallic particles, ceramic metal mixtures including fine particles of ceramics, fine particles of metals, and/or finely divided catalytic metals on electrically conducting material of more limited catalytic activity.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The composition comprises sulfur as single inorganic oxidant. The composition contains 5-60 (preferably 20-45) mass% of sulfur. The inorganic borohydride, inorganic oxidant, and sulfur are present at 96 mass%. The composition contains 40-80 preferably (55-75) mass% of inorganic borohydride and 20-60 (preferably 25-45) mass% of inorganic oxidizer. (I) is in the form of grain, pellet or block. Preferred Components: The inorganic borohydride is sodium-, lithium- or magnesium borohydride. The inorganic oxidant with sulfur is ammonium salts (preferably ammonium perchlorate), dinitramines (preferably ammonium dinitramine), or nitrates (preferably strontium nitrate). EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in mass%): sodium tetrahydridoborate (60); sulfur (10) and strontium nitrate (30).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The raw material mass is arranged with a production moisture content of 60-70 wt.%. The vegetable raw material mass is extruded through an apertured plate to form a string of the raw material mass. The string is cut into units which are conveyed through a peripherally rotating tube to form ball-shaped units of the vegetable raw material mass. Preferred Composition: The vegetable raw material mass comprises 50-70 wt.% residual mass and 30-50 wt.% reinforcing vegetable material.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Materials: A reinforcing vegetable material comprises pure wood, residual wood, cellulose-containing residual material from wood processing industry including paper and cardboard, and/or unprocessed fibrous residual material from food industry and agricultural activities including leaves, stalks, stems, straws, fibers, fiber bundles, shells, pods, cobs, hulls, husks, peelings, bran and grain-cleaning residues derived from associated vegetable growths.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Method: The prepyrolyzed and leached biomass material is left to dry in the open air atmosphere and dried using rotary dryers. The prepyrolyzed biomass material is leached using water from a public system.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The biomass material is prepyrolyzed at 200-250 degrees C, for 1 hour and for residence period of 10-40 minutes. The biomass is derived from agricultural forest and urban sources. EXAMPLE - Wheat straw was prepyrolyzed at 300 degrees C for 1 hour and then subjected to leaching using water for 4 hours and a solid/water mass ratio of 67 g/l. Ash analysis showed that the pre-treated material did not contain any chlorine and that the concentrations of alkali metals and sulfur were found to be lower by 50% and 40%, respectively, compared to the untreated material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The membrane comprises electrolyte material selected from zirconia-based electrolytes, zirconia-based electrolytes doped with alkali or rare earth oxides, zirconia-based electrolytes in a cubic fluorite phase, ceria-based electrolytes, ceria-based electrolytes doped rare earth oxides, ceria-based electrolytes in a cubic fluorite phase, lanthanum gallate-based electrolytes, lanthanum gallate-based electrolytes doped with oxides of aliovalent metals, lanthanum gallate-based oxides of perovskite phase, zirconia-based electrolytes in a pyrocholore phase, lanthanum silicate-based electrolytes, lanthanum silicate-based electrolytes doped with oxides of aliovalent metals, and lanthanum silicate-based electrolytes in an apatite phase. The solid carbonaceous fuel is selected from anthracite, biomass, coal, char, charcoal, forest residues, industrial carbon-containing wastes, lignite, municipal solid wastes, paper pulp, peat, petroleum coke, refuse-derived wastes, sewage sludge, solid wastes, and waste plastics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The acidic or basic catalyst is one material selected from potassium hydroxide potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium methoxide. The catalyst is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. Step D is carried out at 60 degrees C for 3 hours. EXAMPLE - A fuel was manufactured by esterification (wt.%) of diesel (25-33), glycerine (36-55), solvent oil (7-13), II-sun oil (8013), and other additives (5) by a catalyst (potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide). The materials were reacted at a driving pressure of 3-4 atm, at 70-80 degrees C and were separated into layers by the specific gravity difference in a settling tank. Then, a separated glycerin (glycerol) layer was removed. A centrifugation process was carried out to filter out residual non-esterified materials, such as alkalies (hydroxyl group), after purification biodiesel fuel was obtained.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The porous carbon film is porous carbon-nanotube film. The catalyst particles contain noble metal and transition metal. Reducing agent and solution containing polar solvent and catalyst metal ion are used during the manufacture of electrode catalyst-substrate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: In the process (P1), the light is natural sunlight. The providing carbon dioxide step involves contacting the carbon dioxide capturing material with carbon dioxide at a temperature conducive to carbon dioxide capture by the carbon dioxide capturing material; heating the carbon dioxide capturing material to cause release of the carbon dioxide captured by the carbon dioxide capturing material. In the providing pond step, the carbon dioxide capturing material is contacted with carbon dioxide produced in the combustion of a fossil fuel. The carbon dioxide is produced in refinery, plant for liquefying or gasifying coal, or power plant. Preferred Components: The pond is filled with seawater at a depth of 10-100 cm. The algae comprise micro algae.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The carbon dioxide capturing material captures carbon dioxide when contacted with carbon dioxide at less than 200 degrees C. The carbon dioxide capturing material releases carbon dioxide when heated at greater than 250 degrees C. The carbon dioxide capturing material comprises an inorganic oxide. The carbon dioxide capturing material is selected from the group consisting of natural clays; synthetic clays; aluminum oxides; aluminum hydroxides; magnesium oxides; magnesium hydroxides; calcium oxides; calcium hydroxides; alumina-magnesia; Meixnerite; hydrotalcite and/or hydrotalcite-like materials. The system for providing carbon dioxide to the pond containing nozzles submerged in water. The system for providing carbon dioxide to the pond is capable of providing carbon dioxide (6.7-27 kg per hour and per m2 of pond surface area). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: In the process, at least parts of the formed hydrogen at the reaction between carbon monoxide and water is returned to the step (c) of the reactor for the forming of methane. The methane is performed without any addition of nitrogen-containing gas (such as air (2)) for avoiding the forming of nitrogen oxides, or is performed by parts or all of the formed oxygen at the dissociation of water which is passed back to the step (a) for the combustion of the organic material, or is performed by parts or all of the formed water and the carbon dioxide which is used as inert gas (7). The parts or all of the formed methane, and the formed oxygen are used as starting material for other processes. The formed carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas is emitted, caught, stored and used in other connections. Any step of the process separately or collectively involves the combustion of the organic material, the water-splitting and/or the methanation reaction; and is performed at 200-1000 (preferably 250-850, especially 350-650) degrees C. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The waste is heated for one hour. Preferred Components: The eutectic bismuth alloy is a four component Guthrie's alloy having a melting temperature of approximately 45 degrees C. The target temperature is approximately 100 degrees C, 200 degrees C or 300 degrees C. The eutectic bismuth alloy is a four component Wood's alloy having a melting temperature of approximately 70 degrees C.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The waste comprises at least any one of wood product, peat waste, polyethylene terephthalate, potato waste, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and polyethylene film. EXAMPLE - An apparatus was equipped with a reaction chamber containing eutectic four-component Guthrie's alloy (comprising bismuth (50 wt.%), tin (21.1 wt.%), lead (20.5 wt.%) and cadmium (14.3 wt.%)) having the melting point of 45 degrees C, and the mixture was heated at approximately 100 degrees C. A mixture of ground and moisturized waste was loaded into the apparatus and distributed uniformly over the surface of the eutectic alloy with the help of the transporting element. The waste mixture was kept in the reaction zone for approximately one hour under radiation in approximately the 200-450 nm band. Gaseous products of decomposition of the domestic waste pass through a cooler, where aqueous vapor was condensed and collected into a pan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The sulfur content of the first component is reduced to at least 20 ppb before reacting catalytically the synthesis gas to obtain a desired reagent. The power source is a fuel cell. The reforming process is partial oxidation, catalytic partial oxidation, autothermal, steam reforming, plasma reforming, super critical reforming, cracking, and/or dry reforming. The reforming process comprises the use of a precious group metal based catalyst. The process for producing a fuel feedstock further comprises the step of reintroducing the reagent into the combustion process. Preferred Components: The additives are sulfur or detergent compounds having a partial pressure less than the first component. The reagent is ethers and/or alcohols. The ether is dimethyl ether. The alcohol is methanol. The reagents comprise a mixture of dimethyl ether to methanol in approximately 4:1-8:1 ratio on a molar basis. The reagents are olefinic products, ketone products and/or aldehyde products. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The electrolyte is a solution and includes potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide present at 10-90 wt.%. Preferred Components: The hydrogenation catalyst is formed on surface where hydrogen of anode is discharged.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The organic compound is aromatic compound which chemically repeats storing and discharging hydrogen. The aromatic compound is acetone, benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, phenanthrene and/or their alkyl substitutional products.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cobalt precursor is selected from cobalt chloride hexahydrate, cobalt acetylacetonate hydrate or cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The platinum precursor is selected from tetrakis(trifluorophosphine) platinum, platinum acetylacetonate, (trimethyl) methylcyclopentadienyl platinum, (trimethyl) methylcyclopentadienyl platinum, tri methylcyclopentadienyl platinum or trimethylacetyl acetonate platinum, dichloro(dicarbonyl) platinum or tri methyl acetyl acetonate platinum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The reaction liquid is formed by stirring the reaction liquid using stirring blade in a stirring tank (1) having obstacle plate (3). Preferred Condition: The reaction liquid is in a perfect turbulent flow state during and after transesterification process. The stirring process is carried out for 1 minute or more. The position of stirring blade exists in the liquid-liquid interface level, after phase separation of long-chain-fatty-acid alkyl ester and glycerine containing alcohol. Preferred Composition: The amount of alkyl alcohol is 0.2 times volume with respect to vegetable oil or animal oil and fat. Preferred Compound: The alkyl ester is methyl ester. Preferred Property: The reaction liquid has cutting stress of 0.02 Pa or more, and obstacle plate condition (L) of 0.14. The obstacle plate condition (L) is calculated using specific formula: L=(B/D)1.2nB, where B is width of obstacle plate, D is internal diameter of stirring tank and nB is number of obstacle plate. EXAMPLE - A corn oil (in ml) (200) and potassium hydroxide (2 weight% with respect to 100 ml of methanol), were added into a reaction container, transesterificated, stirred for 5 minutes using stirring tank and phase separation process was carried out. Then, the rotation of the stirrer was stopped and phase separation time was measured by calculating the rotation speed of the stirrer. Then, glycerine containing alcohol formed during the reaction was located in lower portion and ester phase formed during the reaction was located in upper portion.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The technological heat led into the system is fed back and the produced carbon dioxide is utilized. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: The catalyst used in first stage reaction is natural dolomite, and the catalyst used in second stage reaction is nickel-based catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: Preferred Conditions: The first stage reaction temperature is 700-900 degrees C, the ratio of water to carbon is 1-16, and the mass space velocity is 0.5-5/hour. The second stage reaction temperature is 600-800 degrees C, the ratio of water to methane is 1-4, and the volume mass space velocity is 1800-14400/hour.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Plants: The quick-growing plants are the aquatic plants e.g. hyacinth, water peanut and water lettuce. The plant anaerobic digestion residue and digestion liquid is accessed and then used as fertilizers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The catalyst comprises (wt.%) zirconia (10-30) and titania (70-90). Preferred Component: The acidity regulator is sodium methoxide or sodium carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The antioxidant is 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenyl propane or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-para-cresol. The biodiesel is prepared by reacting shinyleaf yellowhorn oil and excess methanol at 65-80 degrees C with catalyst for 4-5 hours, recycling methanol, stewing residue, distilling to obtain fatty acid methyl ester, mixing with antioxidant and acidity regulator and filtering.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Compound: The bacterisugar is bacterisugar obtained after cultivating edible fungus. The chaff of bacterisugar is cottonseed hull, straw powder, corn cob cellulose or lignin. The additive is straw, corn cob, cottonseed hull, rice bran, wooden meal, furfural dreg, coal refuse or humus soil. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method involves filtering persimmon variety and eliminating virus particles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biodiesel further comprises coconut oil biodiesel, rapeseed oil biodiesel, petroleum diesel (60-98 vol.%) and mineral diesel (70-90 vol.%). The biodiesels are respectively manufactured from coconut oil, rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, tung oil and refined waste oil by base catalytic ester exchange at 30-75 degrees C for 30 minutes-5 hours using sodium hydroxide and low carbon alcohol (preferably methanol). Preferred Ratio: The volume ratio of coconut oil biodiesel to cottonseed oil biodiesel is 15-35:15-35 (preferably 20-30:20-30). The volume ratio of rapeseed oil biodiesel to cottonseed oil biodiesel is 10-25:15-35 (preferably 15-20:20-30). The mole ratio of alcohol to oil is 5-20:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The organism burying technique uses polyvinyl alcohol burying technique. Preferred Components: The organism in the buried fixed particle is bacterial, epiphyte, protozoan, or alga. The buried fixed particle comprises the same buried particle formed by the same burying technique and same organism species group. Alternatively, the buried fixed particle comprises the mixed different buried particles formed by different burying techniques or different buried particles containing different organism species groups according to a determined rate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The straw material is water plant from hyacinth or Alternanthera; or crop straw from rice or wheat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method includes adding alpha -amylase to fermenting liquid at 80 degrees C, treating for 45 minutes, cooling to 60 degrees C, adding gamma -amylase, and treating at constant temperature for 90 minutes. The weight to volume ratio (g:ml) of fermenting liquid after treatment is 90:100, and water is added until the total volume is 450 ml. Fermentation is controlled at 35 degrees C. Preferred Components: The inoculum is an active mud generated after biogas fermentation. The active mud has total solid content of 13.4%, volatile solid content of 9.86%, and pH of 7.19.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The used absorption material is mushroom fungus, especially the leftovers tissue of edible mushroom fungus (the left tissue after taking out the edible part). Preferred Process: Biological treatment process of water body pollution comprises taking out the fungus residue of mushroom fungus that absorbs the water body pollution in the saturated state, putting into biomass pool for bio-decrement treatment, discharging after chemical treatment of billabong liquid reaches the standard, and burying the billabong residue intensively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The immobilized coating enzyme is a non-ion type surfactant of glutamic acid, 8-18C alkyl alcohol or gluconic acid ester. The plant oil is soybean oil, transgene soybean oil, rap oil, transgene rap oil, cottonseed oil, Chinese sapium oil, castor oil, peanut oil, teal oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, olive oil, safflower oil, pinenut oil, walnut oil, almond oil, grapestone oil, wheat embryo oil, rice embryo oil, rice bran oil, tea-seed oil and/or litsea cubeba oil. The lower alcohol is methanol and/or ethanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: In the method above, the stabilizer is 1% water solution of lactamine. Drying in preparation of solid preparation is spraying drying. Culture medium of metabolizing bacillus includes: 0.1-2g/L of soybean protein powder, 0.1-1 g/L of yeast extract, 0.01-1g/L of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.01-0.1 g/L of magnesium sulfate, 0.01-0.1 g/L of calcium chloride, and pH of the culture medium is adjusted to 6.0-7.8 by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The strains are freezing dried when they are not used, and the freezing drying is carried out by steps of: when optical density 600(OD600) of the culture is 1, adding 1% glutin and 20% sucrose, freezing at minus 80 degrees C. The metabolizing bacillus and additive are added in the sewage for several times. The strains is formed by steps of carrying out anabiosis of strains, mutating them by UV, measuring activity of amylase after mutation, taking strains with high amylase activities, carrying out continuous passage, selecting strains whose amylase activities do not reduce obviously.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameter: Compound (I) has a high resolution fast atom bombardment mass spectrum (m/z) of 282.0898 (M)+ and 282.0815 (M)+, a degree of unsaturation of 11, an infrared spectrum for hydroxy of 3419/cm and 3268/cm, an infrared spectrum for carboxide of 1672/cm, 1624/cm, 1652/cm, and 1630/cm, and an infrared spectrum for aromatic nucleus of 1597/cm, 1560/cm, 1469/cm, 1601/cm, and 1472/cm. Preferred Definitions:    A,D,E=at least one is not H (preferably at least one is OH); and    A',B',C'=at least one is not H.    ACTIVITY - Fungicide.    SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - (11) Compounds (I) are specifically claimed, e.g. 3,8-dihydroxy-1-propylanthracene-9,10-diketone (Ia); 2,7- dihydroxy-3,6-dimethyl anthracene-9,10-diketone; 2-ethyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl anthracene-9,10-diketone; 2,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-7-propylanthracene-9,10-diketone; and 7-chloro-1,5-dihydroxy-2-methyl anthracene-9,10-diketone.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The materials such as (in wt.%) rice bran cake (5-50), maize flour (10-30), wheat bran (2-10), bean pulp (0.5-10), salt (0.1-0.5), or their combination is added along with the second group of micro-ecological preparation, to the fermented product. The carrier is oyster shell, bentonite or wheat bran. The culture medium further contains glucose or sugar (0.5-2). Preferred Method: The method further involves drying the fermented products of second group of micro-ecological preparation into solid feed at 23-45 degrees C, and preparing solid feed into powder or particle. The second group micro-ecological preparation is prepared by adding carrier into the mixed compound microbial inoculum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The lipase is a kind of lipase from Candida antarctica, Rhizomucor miehei, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Burkholderia acepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus niger, Mucor miehei, or Candida rugosa. The selective permeable membrane is chitosan membrane, polyvinyl alcohol membrane, cellulose membrane, sodium alginate hydrogel membrane, polyacrylic acid membrane, polymethacrylic acid membrane, polyacrylamide membrane, or saccharine polymer membrane. The blend membrane is two or more kinds of chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose, sodium alginate hydrogel, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, and saccharine polymer. The polymeric monomer of saccharine polymer is propenyl glucose, 2-glucose amide ethyl methacrylic acid ester, 2-acrylamido ethyl lactose glycoside, or N-lactose group-N,N-methyl(4-vinyl phenyl)urea. The base membrane of composite membrane is polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyether sulfone, or polymide. The selective permeable membrane is crosslinked or not crosslinked. The oil is fish oil, pig oil, castor oil, grapeseed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, rice oil, algal oil, waste vegetable oil, or refinery waste. The lower alcohol is methanol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: The volume ratio of oil and lower alcohol is 1:1-1:9.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Parameter: The solid waste (1000 m3) is decomposed for not less than 100 days.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Gene: The nucleotide sequence of the gene comprises fully defined 864 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1) given in the specification. Preferred Strain: The plasmid contains genes and an expressing carrier fragment. The expressing carrier is pET28 carrier. The strain constructs recombinant expressing plasmid by the lipase, then obtains by transforming colon Bacillus. The recombinant expressing plasmid is pET-lipK107.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: The disrupting microalgae comprises intimately contacting the microalgae and the solid particles by vibration, sonication or mechanical agitation. The conditioned microalgal slurry is treated by froth flotation. The froth flotation is performed in a Jameson cell. The process further comprises after (b), but before (c), separating the solid particles to produce a conditioned microalgal suspension. The microalgae disruption occurs in a vibratory grinding mill or horizontal or vertical stirred media mill. The microalgae enters the process at a rate greater than 500 gallons per minute (1850 liters per minute) microalgal dispersion. Preferred Components: The microalgae is Dunaliella. EXAMPLE - To a plastic tube was added glass beads (3 ml) with aqueous Dunaliella salina microalgae culture (6 ml). The tube was capped and vibrated on a vortex mixer on the high setting. Brine containing conditioned Dunaliella salina dispersion (0.02%) was processed in an agitated bead mill to rupture the cells then treated in a Jameson flotation cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process comprises at least three (preferably at least four) filters that are connected in series, where the filters are nanofiltration or reverse osmosis filters. The process comprises first nanofiltration filter, second nanofiltration filter, third nanofiltration filter, and optionally fourth nanofiltration filter; or comprises first nanofiltration filter, second reverse osmosis filter, third reverse osmosis filter, and fourth reverse osmosis filter. The second and the third nanofiltration filters comprise filter media having a contact angle 44-56 degrees , or the second, the third and the fourth filters comprise filter media having a contact angle 44-56 degrees . The process further involves treating the crude glycerol with an ion exchange resin. Preferred Components: The crude glycerol is an aqueous solution comprising glycerol (30-60 wt.%); and comprises salts selected from NaCl, Na2SO4 or NaHCO3. The crude glycerol is obtained from biodiesel production. The crude glycerol comprises (wt.) glycerol (30-88), ash (2-6.5), matter organic not glycerol (MONG) (0-0.3%), mono- and diglyceride (about 0.3), methanol (0-0.15), and water.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The electrolytic agent is potassium hydroxide,sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide for activating the process of electrolysis, when a direct current (DC) electrical charge is introduced, and is acts as a catalyst for the electrolysis process.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The reservoir is constructed from metal such as stainless steel, in either single-wall construction for warm-climate applications or in double-walled insulated construction for use in cold-climate applications. The internal plate assemblies utilize type 304 or 316 stainless steel plates with a surface baked ceramic-based compound containing stainless steel particles, in order to increase the plate surface without increasing the plate size to effectively produce higher levels of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The splash guards are constructed of perforated or solid plastic based panels together with a rubber based perforated membrane inserted inside the hydrolyzer containment modules over the plate assemblies to prevent or lower the amount of bubbles, formed by the agitation of the molecules of hydrogen and oxygen gases being produced through the electrolysis process, from entering into the gas delivery tubes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The hydrolysis chamber is fabricated in a plastic-based compound (preferably polypropylene co-polymer plastic). The reservoir is constructed from a plastic-based compound.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: The composition (C1) comprises the controlled free-radical acrylic block copolymer (0.01-20 wt.%) and further comprises detergents, anti-foaming agents, viscosity index improvers and anti-corrosion agents. The oil composition comprises a lubricating oil. Preferred Components: The acrylic block copolymer (I) is formed by a nitroxide-mediated polymerization process. The acrylic block is formed from all acrylic monomers. The lubricating oil is a hydraulic fluid, transmission fluid, gear oil or motor oil. The acrylic block comprises at least 90 (preferably 95) mol % of acrylic monomers. EXAMPLE - A-B block copolymer was synthesized by adding 90% pure lauryl acrylate (LA) (430 g) to stainless steel resin kettle under nitrogen and brought to 50 degrees C and mono-alkoxyamine initiator (2.755 g) was added to the heated lauryl acrylate using toluene (42 g). The mixture was polymerized at 116-120 degrees C for 4 hours under nitrogen, reaching 67% conversion of LA monomer which was used as a first block solution without further purification. This mixture (66.7 g) was added to stearyl methacrylate monomer (SMA) (20 g) and toluene (15 g). This was then added to heated glass reactor and polymerized at 115 degrees C for 4 hours to form the gradient diblock copolymer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The cation portion is quaternary ammonium cation of formula: R11-N+(-R8)(-R10)-R9 (IV), quaternary phosphonium cation of formula: R30-P+(-R27)(-R29)-R28 (VIII) or cation having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton such as imidazole cation of formula (V), pyridinium cation of formula (VI) or triazine derivative cation of formula (VII).R8-R11,R27-R30=saturated alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, cyclo alkyl, heterocylic group, aryl, or alkoxy alkyl;andR12-R22=H, saturated alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, cycloalkyl, or alkoxy aryl.Preferred Anion: The anion portion is halide ion, triflate anion, tetrafluoro borate anion, hexafluoro phosphate anion, nitrate ion, sulfate ion, N(CF3SO2)2-, N(CN)2-, C(CN)3-, CH3OSO3-, (C2H5)2PO4-, N(C2F5SO2)2-, N(CF3CO)2-, N(CF3SO2)-,N(CF3CO)2-, N(CF3SO2)(CF3CO)-, N(FSO2)2- or CF3COO-.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The acetal or ortho ester compound is dimethyoxy methane, diethoxy methane, 1,1-dimethoxyethane, 1,1-diethoxy ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy propane, 1,1-diethoxy propane, 2,2-dimethoxy propane, 2,2-diethoxy propane, 1,1-dimethoxy butane, 1,1-diethoxy butane, 2,2-dimethoxy butane, 2,2-diethoxy butane, ortho methyl formate, ortho ethyl formate, ortho methyl acetate or ortho ethyl acetate. Preferred Process: The manufacture of ionic liquid further involves purifying the mixture obtained by removing moisture content, using ketone, aldehyde or ester compound of formula: R5-C(=O)-R6 (II) and alcohol of formula: R7-OH (III).R5,R6=H, 1-8C alkyl or alkoxy;andR7=1-8C alkyl.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: Hydrolyzing enzymes, sugars, carbohydrates, and nutrients are added to the silage seepage. The seepage is diluted using clean water or liquid waste prior to fermentation. Processing comprises separating the seepage by reverse osmosis filtration to produce water and concentrated seepage.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The oil and fat used during manufacture of fatty acid ester is a waste product containing natural oil fat, synthetic oil fat, synthetic triglyceride, monoglyceride, synthetic triglyceride containing diglyceride and/or modified substance. The alcohol is a 1-8C alcohol or methyl cellosolve. The sulfonic acid is a fluorine-containing sulfonic acid. The organic onium salt of the sulfonic acid is pentafluorophenyl ammonium triflate, triphenyl phosphonium triflate, dichloro anilinium triflate or trichloro anilinium triflate.
EXAMPLE - Nests of Formosan-subterranean termites were collected from infested mulch. Termites were removed less than 2 hours after sampling using sterile forceps. The hind-guts of the termites were removed, transferred, and kept at 5 degrees C in Hungate tubes containing 5 ml medium of Widdel (1980) and gassed with nitrogen/cobalt (80/20). The Hungate tubes were transferred into an anaerobic glove box. The gut walls were disrupted in sterilized tissue homogenizer for 5 minutes, then transferred into serum bottle containing Widdel culture medium composition (g/L) including potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (0.2), ammonium chloride (0.3), potassium chloride (0.5), sodium chloride (1), calcium chloride dihydrate (0.15), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.4), trace element solution (1 ml/L) and resazurin (1 ml/L) (0.1% wt./vol) were added. The medium was adjusted to pH 7 with potassium hydroxide and boiled under oxygen-free nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature, medium (20 ml) was transferred in serum bottles inside the glove box. The bottles were stoppered with black butyl rubber closures and outgassed with nitrogen/carbon dioxide. After sterilization (110 degrees C, 35 minutes), the following sterile solutions were added to each bottle including (ml) sodium carbonate (0.25), sodium sulfide nonahydrate (0.2), vitamin solution (0.2), and sodium selenite (50 mu L). Quorum sensing signal compounds A were placed in a container. After 4 hours, the quorum sensing signal compounds A established a suitable biofilm structure. Then, a portion of the contents of the serum bottles containing removed termite hind-guts was removed from the bottles and placed in the container with the quorum sensing signal compounds A and the biofilm structure was constructed. After 4 hours, the quorum sensing signal compounds innate to the termite hind-gut flora adequately overtook the biofilm structure and a biofilm structure emulating that of the termite hind-gut was established.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal anions are ions of sodium or potassium.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Step (A) in method (m1) is performed within a main digester vessel. Step (B) is performed in a stripping cell. Step (C) is performed in a recovery cell. The volatile organic acid is removed from the digester at substantially the same rate as the volatile organic acid is formed. The organic acid is extracted from the digester by collecting head-space gas and separating the gaseous volatile organic acid from the rest of the head-space gases. The method includes pumping gas through at least some of the organic material. The gas is head-space gas. The head-space gas has had an volatile organic acid removed there from. The gas is introduced at the base of the digester. The gas is saturated with water vapor. A solvent is used to remove the volatile organic acid from the gaseous state. The solvent has comparatively high boiling point with respect to the volatile organic acid, and is water immiscible. The volatile organic acids is acetic acid. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The adhesion layer is made of a polymer material (preferably rubber). The membrane comprises a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The aqueous bacterial culture is a gram positive bacterial culture, preferably Clostridium sp..    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Electron transfer occurs at room temperature. Preferred Property: The porous membrane has a pore size of not less than 0.01 mu m but not greater than 0.45 mu m. The contaminated mass has a concentration of redox active species greater than 0.2 (preferably 0.2-5) mM.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The carbonization gas is cooled using a heat exchanger (6). The superheated steam is generated using the heat generated by carbonization process of solid waste.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The non-thermal plasma generator has a high voltage electrode, a grounded electrode spaced apart from the high voltage electrode, a dielectric layer (a) between high voltage electrode and grounded electrode, and a modification passage between high voltage electrode and grounded electrode. The process stream inlet injects process stream into the modification passage. The high voltage electrode is connected to the electric power source and to generate non-thermal electrical microdischarge between high voltage electrode and grounded electrode across the dielectric layer (a). A carbon-containing material (26) is provided within the modification passage. The dielectric layer (a) is provided adjacent to the high voltage electrode. The modification passage is provided between dielectric layer (a) and grounded electrode. The high voltage electrode, dielectric layer (a), modification passage and grounded electrode are concentric to each other. The system further has a dielectric layer (b) adjacent to grounded electrode, and the modification passage is provided between dielectric layer (a) and dielectric layer (b). The high voltage electrode, dielectric layer (a), modification passage, dielectric layer (b), and grounded electrode are concentric to each other.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel stream contains methane. The process stream further contains carbon-containing material. Preferred Process: The carbon-containing material is contacted with a non-thermal plasma at 200-600 degrees C and predetermined pressure to form a product stream comprising fuel gas containing methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Component: The catalyst includes a base metal comprising nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, platinum, and/or palladium. It is a sulfided form of the mixed metal. The base metal is impregnated on alumina. It is in a sulfided form.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is a hydroprocessing catalyst or a catalyst with zeolite deoxygenation function. The dispersion agent is a large organic acid. It is a polar-protic or polar-aprotic solvent. The dispersion agent is glycerol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and/or tetraethyleneglycol. It is from aldehydes, ketones, diols, triols, cyclic oxygenate compounds, and/or organic acids. Preferred Process: The process further comprises adding a second dispersion agent to the suspension phase before directing the suspension phase to the hydroprocessing unit, where second dispersion agent has a lower volatility than the first dispersion agent; heating the suspension with the catalyst to 250-400, preferably 300-400 degrees C; pressurizing the suspension with the catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere to 1.4-17.5, preferably 3.5-10.5 MPa; flowing hydrogen over the suspension with the catalyst; and adding a less volatile and less reactive organic solvent to the suspension phase, increasing solubility and dispersion of the solid biomass.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The processing apparatus further comprises ultrasonic generators for supplying driving signals to the ultrasonic transducers to cause the transducers to supply ultrasonic energy to fluid reactants in the tank. The tank has a shape of a 5-sided prism with 5 rectangular side walls and 2 end walls, or a shape of a cylinder with cylindrical side walls and 2 end walls. The transducers are coupled to the process tank by attachment to external surfaces of the tank. The groups of transducers are uniformly interspersed on some of the walls of the tank, and are arranged in multiple rows parallel to edges of the rectangular side walls. The transducers have a stacked construction with a piezoelectric layer (24) between a head mass (26) and a tail mass (22). The head mass is attached to the tank with an epoxy adhesive. The transducers are push-pull transducers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The mixing containers include reaction kettle, ceramic pot or metal pot.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The liquid fuel comprises (wt.%) alcohols (20-25), light hydrocarbon (55-60), solvent naphtha (11-12, preferably No. 190 solvent naphtha), methyl tert-butyl ether (10-12) and additive (0.015-0.02). Preferred Method: The liquid fuel is prepared by mixing at 0-10 degrees C, mixing (pts.wt.) methanol (30) with antioxidant T1201 (0.01) for 10 minutes to obtain mixed liquid (A), mixing (pts.wt.) naphtha (45) and solvent naphtha (10) for 10 minutes to obtain mixed liquid B, mixing mixed liquid A with methyl tert-butyl ether (14.99 pts.wt.) for 10 minutes, mixing with mixed liquid B for 10 minutes and sealing for 24 hours.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The inhibitor for activity of sulfate reducing bacteria in ground water of oil field, comprises (in wt. pts) denitrifying nitrobacteria liquid (15), nutritive element (0.05) and synergistic inhibition matter (0.03), where the concentration of the bacteria in the denitrifying nitrobacteria liquid is 107/ml.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microbial cell is mould, yeast or bacterium of intracellular lipase. The microbial oil is yeast oil, bacterium oil or algae oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The short chain alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or amyl alcohol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The renewable oil is vegetable fat, animal oil, microbial oil, waste edible oil, oil refining substrate or free fatty acid, or castor oil, nut oil, shinyleaf yellowhorn oil, rape seed oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, rice oil, tung oil or tallowseed oil. The vegetable fat is fish oil, lard, beef tallow or mutton fat.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: Inoculating anaerobic sludge comprises inoculating the heat treated anaerobic sludge to the wood fiber biomass, where heat treatment is carried out for 5-30 minutes at 60-100 degrees C; and inoculating the anaerobic sludge to fermented residues. A first stage anaerobic cultivation includes a quantity ratio of the heat treated anaerobic sludge to the wood fiber biomass of (0.1-5):1, at - 250-100 mV, pH of 4.5-7, and 30-60 degrees C for 1-10 days. A second stage anaerobic cultivation includes a quantity ratio of the anaerobic sludge to the wood fiber biomass of (0.1-5):1, at - 600 mV to - 300 mV, pH of 7-10, at 30-60 degrees C for 1-10 days. Preferred Parameter: The processing condition of the steam explosion is 1-3 (preferably 1.6) MPa, and 1-30 (preferably 5) minutes.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wood fiber biomass is corn straw. The culture medium component of the anaerobic cultivation includes wood fiber biomass and water at a ratio of 1:(10-40), preferably 1:20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The biological organic fertilizer comprises (pts.wt.) feces (90), organic wastes (10), and activated sludge (0.00002). The fertilizer further comprises Eupatorium adenophorum (0.001-0.1 pts.wt.).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The acidulated cotton cloth is prepared by immersing normal cotton cloth in dilute hydrochloric acid or other acid liquid.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The organic waste is rotten vegetables, rotten fruit, rotten marine lives, table scraps and/or water plants. Preferred Method: The activated sludge is prepared by continuously introducing air to sanitary wastewater containing organic materials until the sanitary wastewater changes to muddy flocculate. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Methods: Inoculation is done in a potato glucose agar flat culture medium comprising 150-250 g potato, 15-25 g glucose, 15-25 g agar, and 1000 ml water. Strain identification is done by carrying out rDNA ITS sequence identification and comparing with the sub-entity. Preferred Compositions: The culture medium contains (g/ml) glucose (0.05-0.5), bran (1-10), ammonium sulfate (0.0-10.25), bean flour (0.0-10.25), inorganic salt (1-3), and nicotinic acid (0.008-0.016).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: The application of the Mucorecircinelloides lusitanicus strain in biological transformation of steroids which prepares hydroxyl derivatives of 21C or 19C steroids, which involves using culture or wet Bacillus of Mucorecircinelloides lusitanicus as catalyst, adding 21C or 19C steroids in culture (1-10 g/l) at 25-40 degrees C for 48-120 hours. The 21C, 19C steroids are compounds of formulae (1)-(3). The biological transformation of steroids forms 7 alpha -hydroxyl-3-acetyloxy-17-acetylamino-5-alkene-androstane by transforming 3-acetyloxy-17-acetylamino-5-alkene-androstane through the microbe.X=carbonyl, hydroxyl, acetyl or acetamido;andR=hydroxyl, acetoxyl or propionyloxy.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: The oil is selected from palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, colza oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, rice oil, palm kernel oil, camellia oil, castor oil, palm oil, tallow, lard, mutton, fish tallow, blubber or tuna oil.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compounds: The supercritical alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Preferably the content of catalyst is 55-70 weight%, binder is 30-45 weight%, dispersing agent is 1-2 weight% and antifoaming agent is 0.5-2 weight%. Preferred Property: Preferably the viscosity of catalyst slurry is 8000-12000 cP.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The solid polymer electrolyte membrane contains aromatic polymer, proton-acid group, or polymer-does not containing fluorine. The fuel cell is formed using solid polymer electrolyte membrane, and has a fuel electrode and oxidizing agent electrode.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Conditions: Charcoal obtained by carbonizing a molded product molded after drying the high-water-content waste material, is molded and utilized as material of combustion aid. The exhaust heat of refuse treatment facility is utilized as heat source for drying the waste material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Complex: The organometallic complex is cyclic compound-metal complex analog having porous crystal structure of formulae (2-6), and a layered crystal structure.M=alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, platinum group metal, transition metal, typical metal or rare earth metal, broken line shows metal coordinate bond between molecules;andl,m=integer or decimal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The method further involves removing the surplus sludge produced in the polluted water purification process, processing surplus sludge with methane producing microorganisms to produce methane gas.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Expansive additive powder is lanthanum chromite oxide, titanium, zirconium, silica, europium or aluminum. The composition contains alkaline earth metal. The metal powder contains electrically conductive material which does not oxidize when heated e.g. platinum, gold, silver or its alloys. Preferred Process: Metal powder is dispersed in liquid and molded in sheet form then glass powder is added.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Modification raw material is liquid fuel e.g. kerosene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The content of copper oxide is preferably 30-37 wt.% with respect to total amount of oxides. The content of zinc oxide is 0.7-0.9 times the content of copper oxide. The content of complex oxide of yttrium and zirconium is 35-50 wt.% with respect to total amount of oxides. The molar fraction of content of yttrium and total amount of yttrium and zirconium is 0.2-0.6. Preferred Properties: The average particle diameter of copper oxide, zinc oxide and complex oxide of zirconium and yttrium is 25 nm or less, 25 nm or less and 5 nm or less, respectively. The oxides are supported to inorganic fiber.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The seaweed is seaweed of Sargasso.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cellulose fraction is purified using processing agents chosen from ozone, hydrated sodium and sodium carbonate. Preferred Process: The carbohydrate from the soluble portion of the product is collected and mixed with water at 120-280 degrees C. Then, the mixture is taken out and boiled in atmospheric pressure. The carbohydrate is hydrolyzed by quenching the solution at 100 degrees C by evaporated heat, to obtain monosacchride solution. The glucose or monosacchride solution is fermented by fermenting liquor. The crude bio-fuel is extracted from the fermented liquor and purified, to obtain bio-fuel. The glucose or monosacchride solution is reduced, to obtain sugar alcohol which is then subjected to hydrocracking in presence of fluid bed hydrocracking catalyst, to obtain ethylene. The generated waste liquid in the manufacturing method of bio-fuel is subjected to waste-liquid recovery phase which combines the discharge liquid and organic substances are collected. The collected organic substances are burned with waste-liquid recovery boiler using steam extraction back pressure turbine generator to generate electric power.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The amount of carbon isotope (C14) is analyzed using liquid scintillation method. Preferred Composition: The content of water with respect to 100 mass parts of hydrocarbon-type motor fuel is 0.5-40 mass parts. Preferred Component: The hydrocarbon-type motor fuel is gasoline.
SPECIFIC COMPOUNDS - The alkyl isocyanide is ethyl isocyanide, propyl isocyanide, normal butyl isocyanide, isobutyl isocyanide, sec-butyl isocyanide, isopentyl isocyanide, isopropyl isocyanide, ter-butyl isocyanide or their mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Microorganisms: Fixed microorganism is B. natto or B. subtilis.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Property: The cross-sectional shape of the solid rod-shaped ogalite is circle shape or polygon.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Process: Organic or inorganic substrates made from littoral zones, like detritus, clay or sludges, are added for the fermentation. The extruded fluid is collected along with the ingredients and smelling materials contained in the fluid, for use as attractant or for the admixture to the dried phase of the attractant in the field of application. Preferred Components: The attractants are optionally provided in a form of pressed tablets or pellets, in a water permeable container, e.g. a bag, a mesh or a perforated tin, for temporary open-land application in surface and underground water and for later disposal. ACTIVITY - Insect Attractant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The ionizing compound is lithium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium sulfate and/or sodium sulfate. The ionizing compound is present at approximately 5-35 wt.%. The chelating agent is a carboxylate. The carboxylate is potassium nitrate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate and/or ammonium acetate. The chelating agent is present at approximately 5-20 wt.%. The metal electrode consists of magnesium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: In the apparatus, first metal electrode and second metal electrode are arranged in the electrolyzer. The hydrogen producing apparatus is connected with a fuel cell to feed hydrogen to fuel cell. EXAMPLE - Typical electrolyte solution comprised of calcium chloride (30 wt.%) and sodium citrate (5 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The feeding conveying system comprises rolling shafts, conveyor belt surrounded by the outer ring of the rolling shafts, and speed-adjusting motor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Composition: The diameter of the air outlet (8) on the hollow acanthus leaf (5) is less than 0.5 cm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The acid solid catalyst is one of zirconic solid super acid, tin solid super acid, sulfonated coal and kullgren.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The degrading strain is bacillocin, Bacillus alcaligenes and Zoogloea present at 1:1:1 volume ratio. Preferred Process: The formation of biomembrane comprises culturing degrading strain with filter material at room temperature, changing water in culture every 4-6 days at 50-60 vol.%, and culturing for 25-40 days. A water power is stopped for 4-6 hours and backwashing is at 20 days period.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The filter material is active coke and vermiculite present at 1:1 weight ratio. The ozone in oxidation-disinfection apparatus is present at 40-100 mg/L.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Properties: The thickness of anode catalytic coating is 10-20 mu m. Preferred Components: The content of Ni or Ru in the catalyst is 5-10% of total weight of catalyst. The content of La2O3 and Li2O is 3-10% of total weight of catalyst. The electrolyte is cerium oxide doped with samarium oxide, cerium oxide doped with gadolinium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum strontium gallium and magnesium or scandium zirconium stabilized by yttrium. The cathode materials are lanthanum strontium manganese, lanthanum strontium scandium manganese, barium strontium cobalt iron, lanthanum strontium cobalt or iron, strontium scandium cobalt. The anode is electrolyte/nickel composite anode, lanthanum strontium scandium manganese, or lanthanum strontium chrome manganese calcium perovskite anode. The anode coating catalyst in the cell system is prepared by measuring nitrate of various metals according to chemical measurement ratio, dissolving nitrate with deionized water, adding glycine, stirring and then heating to 80-120 degrees C; subjecting paste in bake oven for spontaneous combustion at 200-300 degrees C, calcining at 800-1000 degrees C for 5-10 hours; and cooling, crushing into powder to obtain the catalyst. The mole ratio of glycine and total metal ions is 2:1-3:1. The anode catalytic coating is prepared with full-automatic ultrasonic spraying coating method. Preferred Parameters: The operation temperature is 600-1000 degrees C. The system has tube type or flat plate cell structure in anode supporting type or electrolyte supporting type. The cell system includes addition of oxygen gas, water vapor or carbon dioxide into main fuel of methane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Biomass break stock is powder as large as 18 meshes of all the crushed combustible agriculture and forestry wastes, such as crop wastes, remains of machined bamboo and wood or branches and leafs remained after lumbering. Biomass combustion improver is constituted by pulp or residues extracted from the crushed and pressed plants containing vegetable fat constituent. Plant is powder residue left after the extraction of oil from the wood pulp of cassava stem with starch based adhesive characteristic, crop stem of creeper group, such as peanut, or the rosin tree and the chaff and peanut oil; or the residue left after the extraction of oil from the cherry bay braches with fatty adhesive characteristic. Crop wastes comprise peanut cane, cassava stem, bagasse, sugarcane top, straw, chaff, wheat straw, cotton straw, and corn straw. Remains of machined bamboo and wood comprise bamboo leaves, sawdust, and wood shavings.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The antioxidant is bisphenol A or 2,6-dispersibility-tert-butyl-p-cresol. Preferred Agent: The acidity controlling agent is sodium methoxide or sodium carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Grease is various oils with acidity of being greater than or equal to 0.5, in particular waste animal oil and wild plant oil. Short chain alcohol is mainly methanol, alcohol, or propyl alcohol. Fatty acid methyl ester is used as compatilizer of oil with methanol. Preferred Apparatus - High speed mixing apparatus is mixing apparatus with a rotating speed of greater than or equal to 300 turns/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: Catalyst is sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, organic acid, solid acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, acid ion liquid, alkali ion liquid, ion liquid, or composite catalyst formed by acid or alkali.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Parameters: Frequency of the used ultrasonic waves is 15-1500 KHz, power is 50-2000 W; frequency of the used microwaves is 915 or 2450 MHz, and power is 50-2000 W. Preferred Composition: After treatment in step (1), acid value of the raw oil is less than or equal to 2 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g, moisture content is decreased to be less than or equal to 0.05%. Preferred Process: Process in (4) involves neutralizing, water scrubbing and drying the crude product biological diesel oil, and continuously performing decompressed distillation in 220-250 degrees C to obtain high quality biological diesel oil. Preferred Components: Raw oil is natural vegetable oil, animal oil, reclaimed waste oil, or their mixtures. Low carbon alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, normal butanol, or their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alkalescent material are mainly sodium pyroborate (potassium tetraborate), sodium carbonate (potassium carbonate), sodium bicarbonate (potassium bicarbonate), dibastic sodium phosphate (potassium hydrogen phosphate), and monosodium orthophosphate (monopotassium phosphate). Preferred Composition: Amount of KOH or NaOH added in (4) is 0.3-5% of seeds. Amount of alkalescent material is 0.05-3% of seeds.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Short chain alcohol mainly is methyl alcohol, ethanol, or propanol. Fatty acid methyl ester is solvent for leaching oil, and the dosage is 20-50% of seeds of soapberry. Preferred Composition: Ratio of seeds of soapberry to short chain alcohol is 1:0.1-1. Preferred Device: High speed cutting and mixing device has rotating speed greater than or equal to 300 revolutions/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Alcohol organic solvent is alcohols with 1-4C atoms or methanol. Ethylidene is methanol formal, ethanol formal, normal propyl alcohol formal, isopropanol formal, normal butanol formal, or isobutyl alcohol formal. Choloralkane is chloroalkane with 1-4C atoms. Orthophosphorous acid dialkyl ester is alkyl with 1-4C atoms, orthophosphorous acid dimethyl ester, or orthophosphorous acid diethyl ester. Preferred Catalysts: Catalyst is tertiary amine catalyst or triethylamine. Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of iminodiacetic acid or its alkali metal salt and formaldehyde is 1:0.5-2.5. Mole ratio of iminodiacetic acid or its alkali metal salt and orthophosphorous acid dialkyl ester is 1:0.8-2.0. Mole ratio of iminodiacetic acid or its alkali metal salt and hydrochloric acid is 1:1.5-4. Preferred Conditions: Reaction in (2) is done at 40-60 degrees C. In (3), the raising temperature is 90-140 degrees C. Preferred Process: In (3), a part of or the entire of the filtered PMIDA mother solution is used for synthesizing the PMIDA.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compound: The alkali-acid washing pot comprises sodium carbonate solution, sodium hydroxide solution or potassium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Component: The absorption tower contains multi-surface hollow plastic pellets.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The processed active carbon fiber added in air filter is processing active carbon fiber to one of carbon fiber paper, carbon fiber felt, carbon fiber underlay to be put in filtering part of air filter. The processing method of processed active carbon fiber comprises (1) pre-treatment of active carbon fiber: putting processing active carbon fiber into reacting tube, leading nitrogen with high purity in reacting tube for protecting, heating it to 150-200 degrees C under protection of nitrogen with high purity, operating constant temperature for 30-60 minutes; (2) absorbing organic amine on active carbon fiber: reducing temperature to room temperature for processed active carbon fiber according to (1), leading nitrogen with high purity in bubbling machine which contains organic amine, nitrogen with high purity enters active carbon fiber reacting tube which contains organic amine, using bubbling method to make organic amine enter reacting tube with active carbon fiber with organic amine, venting for 20-90 minutes under room temperature; (3) operating high temperature activating to active carbon fiber: rising temperature to 800-900 degrees C for processed active carbon fiber by speed of 2 degrees C/minute or 6 degrees C/minute under protection of nitrogen with high purity, operating constant temperature for 1-2 hours, and reducing temperature to room temperature after constant temperature. Preferred Components: The active carbon fiber is pan-based carbon fiber, viscose carbon fiber, bitumen carbon fiber or phenolic aldehyde carbon fiber. The organic amine is allylamine, ethylamine, propyl amine or butyl amine.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The animal and plant oil is small tung oil, almond oil, malt oil, purple Perilla seed oil, grapeseed oil, castor oil, cow oil, pig oil, chicken oil, goat oil, and/or hogwash oil. Preferred Composition: The additive comprises (wt.%) n-butanol (2-78), isobutyl alcohol (2-78), isopropanol (2-78), Span 60(RTM: sorbitan monostearate) (6), isoamyl nitrate or amyl nitrate (4), ferrocene (2), N,N-disalicylidene propane diamine (2), benzotriazole (2) and 2,6-ditert-butyl paracresol (2).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The water content of the material is less than or equal to 18%. The dry filter is internally filled with charcoal filter layer, plant medium filter layer and 1-3 cm of filter cotton layer from top to bottom. The filter medium of the dry filter is granular charcoal with a diameter of 2.5-3.0 cm and straws, corn cobs, or rice hulls. The filter medium of the dry filter is granular charcoal with a diameter of 2.5-3.0 cm and carbonized corncobs.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The methyl alcohol synthesis recycling ratio is 3.5-4.5. The mole of inert gas in recycling gas is 25-35%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The plastic type garbage prepared in pre-separation is passed into waste plastic treatment. The stone type garbage is passed into brick producing treatment. Fiber type garbage is passed into heat energy transforming treatment. Preferred Condition: The fast biologic fermenting treatment is controlled to 2 rpm at 65-70 degrees C, and with air flux of 10000-15000 m3/hour, 50-80% organic substance, ratio of carbon and nitrogen of 25/1-35/1, total carbon content/total phosphorus content of 80/1-120/1, grain size of materiel of less than 80mm, and initial pH of 5.5-8. Water content in initial selected garbage entering fermenting cylinder is controlled to 50-65%. The back curing composting treatment is carried out for 35-40 days with water content of degradation garbage after separation of 40-60%; piling height of material of less than 1.5m; wind flux of 0.5-2 L/minute-m3; and wind which can be fed intermittently. ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): (I) is prepared by (i) providing raw material TixZr1-x alloy using induction melting technology; (ii) crushing alloy in air to lower than 60 meshes, introducing into stainless steel reaction container and then vacuumizing for 1.5-4 hours at 450-650 degrees C; (iii) cooling to room temperature and introducing hydrogen gas at 2-5 MPa for 0.5-4 hours and then hydrogenating with alloy for 0.5-3 hours; and (iv) heating alloy to 450-650 degrees C, vacuumizing for 1.5-4 hours to, cooling to room temperature, and then introducing hydrogen gas at 2-5 MPa for 0.5-4 hours and then hydrogenating with alloy for 0.5-3 hours to obtain desired product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In the structural formula given in the specification, R 1, R 2 is C 1-C 4 alkyl; R 3, R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; and n is 1-3. Thioether compound with phenol is bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyl benzyl)-thioether. Biodiesel indicates oil and fatty acid low-carbon alcohol ester, or fatty acid methyl ester. Blending fuel comprising biodiesel is diesel engine fuel through blending biodiesel and petroleum diesel, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic diesel, hydro-cracking biodiesel, and diesel blending component with oxygen. Preferred Composition: Adding amount of thioether compound with phenol is 20-10000 (50-5000) mg/kg.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: No preparation method is given. EXAMPLE - Mushrooms and hyphae were immersed in a culture medium comprising black sugar (5 g) and water (300 ml) in a beaker before incubation at 28-30 degrees C, then the obtained microorganism strains were isolated from the culture using an nutrient agar medium to give the strain Bacillus megaterium BC1-1 KCCM 10856P.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalytic material consists of rhenium, platinum, nickel, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, iron and its alloys and mixtures. The catalyst is adhered to a support constructed from carbon, silica, silica-alumina, alumina, zirconia, titania, ceria, vanadia and mixtures.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The oxygenated hydrocarbon is a 2-6C oxygenated hydrocarbon. The non-condensable gas product comprises hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane, butane, pentane and pentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The heteropoly acid comprises a compound including at least one anion, which is a metal complex compound of formulae (PMo12O40)3-, (PW12O40)3-, (GeMo12O40)4-, (GeW12O40)4-, (P2W18O62)6-, (SiW12O40)4-, (PMo11O39)7-, (P2Mo5O23)6-, (H2W12O40)6- and/or (PW11O39)7-. The heteropoly acid is present at 0.0001-5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of a mixture of the fuel, water, and hydrogen peroxide, where the heteropoly acid is present at 0.001 parts to 1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of a mixture of the fuel, water, and hydrogen peroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrogen peroxide is present at 25-35 wt.%. The hydrogen peroxide is present in an amount that is determined by that a ratio of a number of carbon of the fuel to a number of oxygen generated from hydrogen peroxide is 0.2-1.2, preferably 0.5-0.8. The fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel. EXAMPLE - Typical composition comprised (in wt.%): ethanol (33.5); hydrogen peroxide (57.8); and heteropoly acid (8.7).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Component: The reactor also comprises light source that emits light (210) of UV wavelength.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The photocatalyst coating comprises zinc oxide, ferric oxide and/or preferably anatase titanium dioxide photocatalyst. The photocatalyst coating also comprises transition metals comprising platinum, silver, copper, gold, and/or iron. The surface of optical fibers is treated with alkaline solution (0.5-10, preferably 1-10 N hydroxide ion concentration) prior to application of coating. The photocatalyst coated optical fiber is prepared by dissolving titanium precursor and transition metal (optional) in polar solvent obtaining photocatalyst sol, dipping optical fiber in obtained sol, pulling out fiber and drying, and sintering at 500-700 degrees C for 2-5 hours. The titanium precursor comprises titanium alkoxide, and/or titanium tetrachloride.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The titanium alkoxide comprises titanium tetrabutoxide, titanium tetrapropoxide, titanium tetraethanoxide, and/or ethanoxide tetramethanoxide. The polar solvent is water, alcohols, and/or acetone. The reaction zone has a reducing agent comprising hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane, ethane, ethene, propane and/or butane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Agents: The organism is selected from fungus, yeast, bacterium and/or protozoan, Piromyces sp.E2, Neocallimastix sp.L2, Mixotricha paradoxa, Spirochaeta endosymbiotes, Escherichia coli and Escherichia coli BL21. The fungi is Neocallimastix patriciarum, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, Neocallimastix frontalis and Piromyces sp. Strain E2. The enzyme is selected from alpha -amylase, beta -glucanase, cellobiase, dehydrogenase, exoglucohydrolase, formate, alcohol dehydrogenase E, cytosol, pyruvate formate lyase, lignase and/or excrements of cephalopods or ocean mammals.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: The step of hydrolyzing raw cellulose stream involves reacting raw cellulose stream with at least one capsaicin, quercetin, genestine and/or ethanol; reducing the concentration of auxin in raw cellulose stream using at least one organic transport inhibitor selected from capsaicin, quercetin, genestine and/or ethanol; adjusting the pH of raw cellulose stream with at least one capsaicin, an inorganic and/or organic acid; dehydrogenating the raw cellulose stream with a compound selected from at least one enzyme containing dehydrogenase, formate, alcohol dehydrogenase E, cytosol and/or excrements of cephalopods or ocean mammals, at least one organic transport inhibitor selected from capsaicin, quercetin, genestine and/or ethanol, and combination of enzymes and organic transport inhibitors. The step of hydrolyzing the raw cellulose stream further involves regulating the activity of at least one organism. In (M2), the step of separating the sugars stream involves chromatographically separating xylitol in the sugars stream to produce xylitol stream and separated sugars stream. EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The grain is corn. Recover of oil from the thin stillage involves filtering the thin stillage in a pressurized membrane separation unit to separate and recover the oil, centrifuging the thin stillage, heating the thin stillage at a temperature and pressure effective to separate and recover the oil and further centrifuging the thin stillage after heating by introducing the thin stillage into a horizontal decanter centrifuge, a heat exchanger or a vertical disk stack centrifuge, concentrating the thin stillage to form a concentrated thin stillage and heating the concentrated thin stillage at a temperature and pressure effective to separate and recover the oil. The thin stillage is concentrated by evaporating water from the thin stillage. The thin stillage is heated to a temperature greater than 212 degrees F at a pressure above the vapor pressure of the thin stillage so as to prevent boiling and cooled to a temperature less than 212 degrees F. The method further involves dehydrating the thin stillage subsequent to recovering the oil from the thin stillage to produce defatted distillers solubles.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polynucleotide: In the isolated polynucleotide, the percent identity is calculated using the CLUSTAL-W program in MacVector version 6.5, operated with default parameters, including an open gap penalty of 10.0, an extended gap penalty of 0.1, and a BLOSUM 30 similarity matrix. Hybridization is conducted at 42 degrees C in 50% formamide, 6xstandard saline citrate (SSC), 5xDenhardt's solution, 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 100 mu g/ml denatured carrier DNA followed by washing two times in 2xsodium chloride, sodium hydrogen phosphate, EDTA (SSPE) and 0.5% SDS at room temperature and two additional times in 0.1 SSPE and 0.5% SDS at 42 degrees C. The polynucleotide is an RNA molecule. The enzyme is derived from a Trichoderma reesei. Preferred Host Cell: The host cell is either a prokaryotic cell, or a eukaryotic cell. Preferred Method: In producing the enzyme with BGL activity, the host cell is a filamentous fungi or yeast cell. In producing ethanol, (a) further comprises the addition of at least one endoglucanase, and/or cellbiohydrolase. The pretreatment is with a dilute acid. SPECIFIC SEQUENCES - Specifically claimed are BGL5 polypeptide comprising 484 amino acids (SEQ ID NO: 2), and BGL polynucleotide comprising 1455 bp (SEQ ID NO: 3). All sequences are fully defined in the specification.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolyte consists of an alkali metal salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, an ammonium salt or acetic acid or a dicarboxylic acid, potassium acetate, sodium salt of the succinic acid and sodium succinate. The electrolyte consists of imidazolium salt. The organic electrolyte consists of a mixture of propylene carbonate and ethyl carbonate.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The housing of the electrolyte cell consists of polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The gas-liquid separating chamber (7) has nickel foam.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The defogger (6) is one of alternated baffle plate, traverse baffle, silk screen, rotating-stream plate, corrugated plate and serpentine plate. The base removing agent is one or mixture of several of molecular sieve, absorbent cotton, sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, activated carbon, allochroic silicagel and hydrated ferric chloride (FeCl3.H2O). Preferred Conditions: The molecular sieve is one or mixture of several of 3A molecular sieve, 4A molecular sieve, 5A molecular sieve, 13X HP molecular sieve, 13X PG molecular sieve, 13X APG molecular sieve and XH-5 molecular sieve.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Reactor: The vibrator is electric vibrator. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The gas-liquid synthesis method of the diesel engine alcohol ether fuel used in cars and ships, comprises orderly adding the methanol, diesel fuel and solvent oil into the reaction tank; heating until the temperature is 45-55 degrees C; stirring for 12-18 minutes at pressure of 0.2 kg; adding the additives and dimethyl ether; mixing and stirring for 3-5 minutes; finely filtering; and obtaining the product. Preferred Composition: The additives comprises (pts.wt.) tertiary butyl alcohol (1), Tween-20(RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate) (0.8), cerium nitrite (0.4), hexyl alcohol (0.25), and nuclear magnetic resonance (0.05).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Reverse micelle catalyst is constructed by surface active agent, water and alcohol. Surface active agent is cation surface active agent, anion surface active agent, or zwitterionic surface active agent such as hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, tween 80, polyethyleneglycol, ammonium lauryl sulfate, lauryl sulfate, and dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Acid is different inorganic acid or organic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, or methanoic acid. Alkali is different inorganic alkalis or organic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, ethylamine, or quadrol. Lower carbon alcohol in the step for preparing reverse micelle catalyst system is methyl alcohol or ethanol. Preferred Composition: Mass ratio of surface active agent, water and alcohol is 1:2:4-1:2:10. Preferred Conditions: Steam boiling time in the acidifying step is 45 minutes and the temperature is 110 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixed slurry for producing synthetic gas or burning of fuel based on weight parts comprises 100-200 parts of material containing carbon by weight, 20-150 parts of hyacinth by weight, 0.001-1 part of modifier by weight and 0.001-5 parts of dispersant by weight. The moisture content of hyacinth is 80 wt.%-98 wt.%. Dispersant is naphthalene sulfonate with a molecular weight that is greater than or equal to 2000, polycarboxylate with a molecular weight that is greater than or equal to 10000 and/or lignosulfonate with a molecular weight that is greater than or equal to 3000. Preferred Component: The material containing carbon is coal, refinery coke, biomass or/and solid waste containing carbon; hyacinth is the hyacinth in the lake, river or pond. Modifier is calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, water-soluble molysite or/and water-soluble nantokite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Compound: The calixarene derivative includes polymerizable group. The polymerized group is on the upper edge portion of the calixarene derivative. The polymer containing calixarene is of formulae (1,2 and 3).R1=group with active carbon-carbon double bond, preferably group with conjugated carbon-carbon double bond and carbonyl, more preferably acrylamide, allyl or ethyleneoxy;R2,R3=monomer polymerized with R1, preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bond or its derivative, fluoro olefin such as tetrafluoroethylene, trifluorochloroethylene or vinylidene fluoride, styrene, methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate ester;p=0 to (j-1);j=4,6 or 8;m:n=(25-200):1;andl:m:n=(25-200):(25-200):1.Preferred Process: A solid membrane composed of polymer containing calixarene or its derivative is provided on a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as substrate supporting membrane, to form composite assembling membrane. The obtained composite assembling membrane is heated at 200-400 degrees C for 48 hours in presence of argon gas and cooled to room temperature, to obtain proton exchange membrane. Preferred Material: The proton exchange membrane is liquid membrane or solid membrane.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred composition: Proportion of ZSM-5 zeolite is 10-40% (20-30%). Iron oxides formed in baking process for modification is solvable salt of iron. Content of aluminum oxide as cementing medium is 10-40% (20-30%), phosphorus oxides is 2-20% (5-15%), kaolin is 10-40% (20-30%) Preferred components: Salt of iron is ferric nitrate, ferric sulfate or iron chloride. Aluminum oxide is aluminium collosol or acid-soluble pseudo-boehmite. phosphorus oxide is phosphoric anhydride, phosphorus ammonium salt or phosphoric acid. Kaolin is meta-halloysite of other natural inorganic meta-halloysite, baked porcelain clay, montorillonite clay, diatomite, bentonite, palygorskite or sepiolite. Preferred parameter: Specific surface area of promoter is not less than 60 m2/g, hole area is not less than 0.16 ml/g, apparent bulk density is 0.60-0.69 g/ml; particle size distribution is 0-40 micron is not greater than 22 vol.%, 0-149 micron is not less than 90 vol.% and abrasion index is not greater than 3.0 mass%/hour
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parameter: The temperature of the reactor is 150-180 degrees C, and the pressure is 0.8-1.8 MPa. The dosing of the catalyst is 6-15 wt.% of the raw material oil in the reactor, the mass ratio of the methanol and the dosing of the catalyst is 0.4:1-1:1, and the average residence time of the raw material oil in reactor is 1-6 hours.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst is solid acid and/or solid alkali. The solid acid comprises r-sesquioxide aluminum, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide- sulfate radical or zirconium dioxide- sulfate radical, said solid alkali comprises one kind or several kinds of mixture of calcium oxide, magnetite, zinc oxide, calcium oxide/ r- sesquioxide aluminum, magnetite/r-sesquioxide aluminum, magnetite-sesquioxide aluminum, or zinc oxide- sesquioxide aluminum or nickel-sesquioxide aluminum.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition further comprises (wt.%): at least one of butane derivative (0.01-20), pentane derivative (0.01-30), hexane derivative (0.01-40), benzene derivative (0.01-45) and heptane derivative (0.01-20); at least one of 5-40C aliphatic alkane or alicyclic alkane (1-85), bio-diesel (0.01-85), biomass to liquid (BTL) synthetic crude oil (1-85), kerosene (1-43), Hi-sene (1-32), Hi-nine (1-36) and lubricant base oil (0.01-5); turpentine oil (0.1-5) or acetone (0.1-3); octane number enhancer selected from methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (1-17) and/or ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE); aromatic hydrocarbon mixture (1-19); as an phase separation inhibitor, at least one component selected from butyl cellosolve (0.1-9), ethyl cellosolve (0.1-11), rosin (0.001-6), rosin derivative, and/or rosin acid compound, isopropanol (0.1-13) and isobutanol (0.1-12); aromatic hydrocarbon mixture (1-19); anti-corrosive agent (0.05-5); turpentine oil (0.1-5) or acetone (0.1-3). Preferred Components: The component (a2) comprises as the main component, 4-28C paraffinic hydrocarbon or paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent. EXAMPLE - A composition comprised (wt.%): Kixxsol (RTM: paraffinic hydrocarbon solvent) (47); toluene (18); Techsol-100 (RTM: aromatic hydrocarbon mixture) (2); butyl cellosolve (2); bio-ethanol (15); isopropanol (1); isobutanol (3); methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (4); kerosene (2); Hi-sense (2); Hi-nine (1); and turpentine oil (2). The composition had idling speed of 800; carbon monoxide of 0.00% and hydrocarbon of less than 20 ppm using JETTA VOLKSWGEN automobile. Thus, no increase of exhaust gas at the time of idling while measuring exhaust gas according to the method GB18352.2-2001, showed no pollution in exhaust gas at the time of idling in terms of hydrocarbon, carbon monooxide, NOx and fuel consumption of 0.05, 0.63, 0.12 g/km and 8.34 l/km respectively.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The compost contains bacteria which can act on the growth conditions of filamentous fungi, and the filamentous fungi are cultured within the compost. The microbial activity-limiting state is chosen from nutrition limiting state, pH limiting state, and water limiting state. The pH limiting state is pH 4-7. The water limiting state is 20-40%. The nutrition limiting state is carbon dioxide production rate of 1x 10-5-3x 10-5 mol/h/g dry compost. The method further involves producing the compost which is in bacterial activity-limiting state. The compost is obtained by rotting organic waste. The filamentous fungi is cultured at 10-35 degrees C. The bacteria grown along with filamentous fungi are Bacillus halophilus. The bacteria are I30-1 strain (FERM ABP-10975). The filamentous fungi are capable of preventing plant disease or modifying soil. The filamentous fungi capable of preventing plant disease are chosen from Coprinus curtus, C.cinereus, C.disseminatus, C.comatus, C.atramentarius, C.radians, Psathyrella multissima, P.candolliana and P.velutina, preferably C.curtus GM-21 strain (NITE BP-37). The filamentous fungi are used as plant pathogen. The phytopathogenic filamentous fungi are filamentous fungi belonging to Rhizoctonia or Fusarium genus. ACTIVITY - Fungicide. Test details are described but no results given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Components: At least one Bacillus species (s2) is selected from Bacillus megaterium BC1-1 KCCM 10856P, Bacillus megaterium BC1-2 KCCM 10857P, Bacillus megaterium BC2-1 KCCM 10858P, Bacillus cereus BC3 KCCM 10859P, Bacillus cereus BC5 KCCM 10861P, Bacillus sphaericus BC6 KCCM 10862P, Bacillus clausii BC7 KCCM 10863P, Bacillus licheniformis BC8 KCCM 10864P, Bacillus firmus BC9 KCCM 10865P and/or Bacillus cereus BC1O KCCM 10866P. EXAMPLE - Bacillus licheniformis BC4 KCCM 10860P was taken from mushrooms and hyphae immersed in culture medium comprising black sugar (5 g) and water (300 ml) before incubation at 28-30 degrees C. It was found that the nasty odor ceased in 24 hours after the application of a portion of the culture to sewage treatment tank, showing the deodorizing ability of the culture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Vegetables: The root vegetables are sweet potato, potato, cassava and/or sugar beet.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The agriculture apparatus is replaced with soil culture cultivation apparatus. The biomass plant further has seedling production apparatus which produces seedling supplied to cultivation apparatus, and biodegradable plastic production system which produces biodegradable plastic using the waste material obtained from biomass production system. Preferred Process: The biomass plant utilizes carbon dioxide discharged from combustion apparatus and/or fermentation apparatus of alcohol production system with respect to carbon dioxide gas supply apparatus. The heat energy produced by combustion of combustion apparatus is exploited with fermentation apparatus and/or extracting device.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Reactor: The reactor further comprises at least one distributed combustion chamber is in a heat transferring relationship with the catalyst bed. The reactor is a steam-reforming reactor or a dehydrogenation reactor. The gas separation module is a tube. A metal hydride precursor is separated from the reaction chamber by the gas separation module, where the metal hydride precursor is located to react with hydrogen permeating gas separation module to form a metal hydride. Preferred Components: The hydrogen-selective membrane is formed of palladium or its alloy with at least one of the metals selected from copper, silver, gold, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, yttrium, cerium and indium. The porous substrate is a porous ceramic substrate or a porous metal substrate selected from stainless steel, an alloy comprising chromium and nickel, a nickel based alloy, and an alloy comprising chromium, nickel, and molybdenum. The intermediate porous metal layer comprises palladium or palladium and group IB metal (preferably alternating layers of palladium and group IB metal). The intermediate porous metal layer has an average thickness of 1 - 10 micrometers. The mean pore size of the intermediate porous metal layer is less than the mean pore size of the porous substrate. The layer of a ceramic overlies the porous substrate and underlies the intermediate porous metal layer. The surface of the porous substrate is oxidized and is seeded with nuclei of a hydrogen-selective metal. When the reactor is a steam reforming reactor, then the catalyst bed is a steam reforming catalyst bed and when the reactor is a dehydrogenation reactor, then the catalyst bed is a dehydrogenation catalyst bed.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The non-fluid substance comprises material selected from alkali metals, calcium hydride, lithium hydride, lithium aluminum hydride and/or sodium borohydride. The power generator further comprises hydrogen generation catalyst combined with non-fluid substance. The catalyst is cobalt, nickel, ruthenium and/or their alloys.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The borohydride compound is sodium borohydride, and/or potassium borohydride. The metal hydride compound is an alkali or alkaline earth metal hydride. The catalyst is a halide of cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), and/or platinum (Pt). The composition comprises (wt.%) alkali or alkaline earth metal hydride (53-78); sodium borohydride, and/or potassium borohydride (18-40); and halide of Co, Ru, Ni, Fe, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and/or Pt (2-12). EXAMPLE - A fuel powder was composed of lithium hydride, sodium borohydride, and cobalt chloride in a weight ratio of 60:34:6 was prepared with deionized water as an accelerator solution. The fuel was used for hydrogen generation. Results showed excellent fuel utilization, and excellent start and stop characteristics.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Parts: The system further comprises ethanol distillation tank connected with ethanol fermentor for ethanol production, magnetic field supplier to enhance the recycling of the carbohydrate hydrolase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle. The filtration membrane is used to separate the soluble hydrolysate and the carbohydrate hydrolase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle and partially digested but insoluble rice straw particle by applying pressure. The connected pipe can transfer and autoclave the soluble hydrolysate simultaneously in situ from bioreactor to ethanol fermentor.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The magnetic nanoparticle is iron oxide (Fe3O4). The coated surface is a cross-linker, which is a carbodiimide. The carbohydrate hydrolase is cellulase. The graminaceous plant is rice straw. The microorganism is yeast. Preferred Method: The carbohydrate hydrolase-immobilized magnetic nanoparticle can be recycled by using magnetic field or filtration membrane for next carbohydrate hydrolysis. The carbohydrate hydrolase-immobilized nanoparticle and partially digested but insoluble rice straw particle are recycled for next carbohydrate hydrolysis in a bioreactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: 80% or more of feedstock pieces are particles having diameter of less than 500 microns, preferably less than 300 microns. The carbon-containing polymeric materials contain biomass having cellulosic material and/or lignin. The carrier liquid is recycled directly or indirectly from output end of the reactor. The feedstock pieces comprise shredded tire particles, in which 80% or more of particles have diameter of less than 500 microns, preferably less than 300 micron. 80% or more of feedstock pieces are liquefied because polymer length is reduced compared to length of the polymers in the particles entering the feed stream. Preferred Conditions: The reactor section has reactor vessel (I), whose output temperature is 120 degrees C to 230-260 degrees C. Alternately, reactor section has two or more reactor vessels in series, in which liquid output flows from vessel (I) to reactor vessel (II). The output temperature of vessel (II) is more than 260 degrees C. Alternately, the reactor section has three or more reactor vessels in series. The reactor vessel (III) receives the output of the vessel (II), and temperature of liquid output from vessel (III) is 370-455 degrees C. The reactor section contains cellulose, which is subjected to dehydration reaction. Some reactors have electrical heat controls and internal augers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The composition was treated to remove or inactivate fungal cells and spores. Preferred Components: The fungal culture is a culture of a Laetiporusspecies, preferably Laetiporus sulfureus. The composition is substantially free of fungal cells and spores. The bioremediation composition has a concentration of at least 10 brix.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The mixture of the sample and the composition, was incubated until the concentration of the organic contaminant in the sample is reduced by at least 50% from the initial concentration of the organic contaminant in the sample. The chemical transformation comprises hydrolysis or an oxidation of the undesired organic material. The most of the organic compounds of molecular weight less than 500 was removed from the bioremediation composition. Preferred Components: The organic material is an organic contaminant and the sample is an aqueous sample. The undesired organic material comprises an aromatic compound, preferably anisole, phenol or furan. EXAMPLE - A culture fluid from Laetiporus sulfureus was prepared as 10 brix solution from which materials having a molecular weight above about 100000 and those having molecular weight below 500 were removed by using dialysis membranes of suitable pore sizes. An aliquot of waste stream (sample) from a pulp production facility, to be treated was mixed with the 1% by volume of the 10 brix bioremediation composition and the mixture was maintained for the predetermined amount of time at a temperature used for the initial test of sample. Optionally, the progress of the treatment was monitored by analyzing aliquots of the sample during the treatment process.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The electrolysis system further comprises liquid within electrolysis tank, and liquid having water, deuterated water, tritiated water, semiheavy water, heavy oxygen water, water containing an isotope of hydrogen, or water containing an isotope of oxygen. The first, second and third materials are steel, nickel, copper, iron, stainless steel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, titanium, platinum, palladium, aluminum, lithium, magnesium, boron, carbon, graphite, carbon-graphite, metal hydrides or its alloys. Preferred Content: Liquid comprises electrolyte having concentration of 0.05- 10 wt.%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Polypeptide: The polypeptide tag is a histidine tag. ACTIVITY - Plant Protectant. No biological data given.    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None Given.    EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Pellets: The Sphingomonas bacterium is immobilized by being attached to an immobilizing material. The Sphingomonas bacterium is immobilized by being entrapped in an immobilizing material. EXAMPLE - The strain MDB 1 was cultured in the nutrient broth medium of 2 liter at 30 degrees C for one week, and a culture solution obtained by culturing the strain MDB1 was centrifuged so as to separate an exclusively bacterial suspension from the medium components. The separated bacterial suspension was adjusted so as to be a cell concentration of 108 cells/m2, and was sprayed over 4 m2-wide water surface of an experimental aquarium which was packed with 4 m3 of water having a microcystin concentration of 20 mu g/L, so as to carry out an experiment. As time passed since the start of the experiment, the microcystin concentration in the microcystin-containing water was reduced. After two weeks, the water can be treated so that a microcystin concentration was equal to or more than 1 mu g/L which was defined as a standard by World Health Organization (WHO). The above-described bacterial suspension was adjusted so as to be a cell concentration of 109 cells/m62, and was sprayed over the 4 m2-wide water surface of an experimental aquarium which was packed with 4 m3 of water containing a microcystin concentration of 18 mu g/L once a day, so as to carry out an experiment. In the modification, as time passed since the start of the experiment, the microcystin concentration in the microcystin-containing water was reduced. After five days, the water can be treated so that a microcystin concentration was equal to or more than 1 mu g/L which was defined as a standard by WHO.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: In the process above, the nucleic acid has a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4. The vectors further comprise a promoter operably associated with the first polynucleotide. The promoter is H. polymorpha glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) (preferred), PMA1, or translation elongation factor 1 (TEF1) promoters, where GAP promoter has the defined nucleotide sequence of 625 bp (SEQ ID NO: 5), given in the specification. The vector further comprises a terminator operably associated with the first polynucleotide, where the terminator is selected from terminators of the GAP, PMA1, TEF1, or alcohol oxidase (AOX) genes, where the terminator is a H. polymorpha AOX terminator having a defined nucleotide sequence of 625 bp (SEQ ID NO: 6), given in the specification. Producing ethanol comprises cultivating the isolated host cell of (3) in a xylose-containing medium, and isolating and purifying ethanol formed in the medium. Preferred Polynucleotide: The polynucleotide further comprises a promoter that controls expression of the polypeptide. The polynucleotide further comprises a terminator. Preferred Host Cell: The host cell is a strain of H. polymorpha. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The specific quantity of water is formed by a palladium (II) chloride solution and a specific quantity of hydrochloric acid. An anodic aluminum oxide nano template is removed by utilizing a sodium hydroxide solution.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - The method involves coating the anodic aluminum oxide nano template on a conductive metal such as aluminum or titanium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - The method involves precipitating the palladium nano-wire on isopropanol (IPA) solution.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The inorganic particles are sodium dodecyl sulfate. The palladium precursor is palladium chloride, palladium hydroxide, and palladium sulfate or palladium nitrate. The platinum precursor is platinum dichloride, platinum tetrachloride, platinum dibromide, platinum tetrabromide, platinum iodide or platinum tetraiodide. The palladium-platinum alloy is dipped under inert gas atmosphere. The inert gas is helium, neon or argon.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Composition: A polymer is used during manufacture of inorganic filler doped with palladium-platinum alloy. The polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxy propyl cellulose, hydroxy methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, polyethylene oxide, and polyethylene glycol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Apparatus: The flow-through type reaction tube has double pipe structure. The outer pipe (1) consists of metal. The hydrogen separation membrane is provided in the inner pipe (3). The outer pipe is provided with two or more fin-like protrusions (2) which consist of metal and which extend along distribution direction and protrude towards inner side. The catalyst is provided on the surface of the fin-like protrusion.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The active metal contains platinum and optionally rhenium. The metal oxide support contains alumina. The hydrocarbon group fuel contains hydrocarbon containing hydrogen atom (12 mass% or more) as a main component, and is liquid at 0.1 MPa and 20 degrees C. The hydrocarbon group fuel is hydrocarbon having cyclohexane ring, and the reaction involves dehydrogenation from cyclohexane ring.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - A desulfurizing agent absorbs-and-removes sulfur compound in the raw material. A modification unit produces hydrogen-containing-gas from the raw material.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method preferably involves growing C.crepidioides in coexistence of arbuscular mycorrhiza. The method further involves removing stalk and leaf region of C.crepidioides which absorbed the heavy metal.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Method: The microorganism supplied to the mixing vessel is a native microorganism, and the amount of microorganism provided to the mixing vessel is computed by multiplying the measurement value of the target by the amount of microorganism deducting the amount of native microorganism/unit quantity in the sample. The amount of microorganism computed by multiplying the measurement value by the amount of microorganism by the amount of microorganism corresponding to the measurement value of the process target is the amount of the microorganism per unit quantity in the sample sampled from the target after stirring in the mixing vessel. The amount of microorganism is calculated by determining the amount of DNA. The target is soil. The nutrient for the microorganism is underwater.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The unsaturated aromatic compound is naphthalene. The reaction composition is tetralin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The microorganisms which are Agrobacterium genus (preferably Agrobacterium strain 11-4 (FERM AP-21298)) have fosfomycin, resistance with respect to ampicillin, and mycological characteristics, such as Bacillus size of 0.5-1x 0.8-2 mu m, positive for motile (peritrichate property), negative for Gram stain, negative for endospore, negative for gelatin liquefaction, no change in litmus milk, negative for producing indole, negative for decomposing esculin, positive for nitrite from nitrate reduction, positive for catalase, negative for starch hydrolysis, negative or positive in oxygen-free (OF) test, positive for glucose, positive for galactose, positive for arabinose, positive for sucrose, negative for lactose, positive for maltose, positive for mannitol, positive N-acetyl-glucosamine assimilation, positive potassium gluconate assimilation, negative N-capric acid assimilation, negative adipic acid assimilation, positive dl-malic acid assimilation, negative sodium citrate assimilation, negative phenyl acetate (PAC) assimilation, positive for cytochrome oxidase, attitude aerotropism with respect to oxygen, growth temperature of 20-37 degrees C and optimum pH of 7.2.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The base material surface is formed using metal.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The coating volume of extracellular polymer is 0.1-10 mg/m2 as amount of total organic carbons. The extracellular polymer which is electrostatically amphoteric in aqueous solution is polysaccharide and/or proteins. The apparent net charge of extracellular polymer at pH 3 is greater than or equal to 1 C/g and at pH 12 is less than - 1 C/g.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preparation (disclosed): A.cellulolyticus C1 strain (FERM P-18508) is aerobically cultured at 30 degrees C for 24 hours. The culture is treated with ultraviolet rays and then incubated at 30 degrees C. The culture is screened and mutant A.cellulolyticus CF-2612 strain is isolated as strain having high cellulase producing ability. Preferred Composition: The culture medium comprises carbon source chosen from powdered cellulose, Avicel, cellobiose, filter paper, general newspaper, used paper, timber, bran, straw, rice straw, chaff, bagasse, soybean cake, soybean curd residue, used coffee powder, rice bran, lactose, lactose hydrate, whey, dairy products, hydrolysis residues and their mixtures. The cellulase comprises filter paperase, carboxymethyl cellulose, avicelase, cellobiase, and their mixtures. The hemicellulase comprises xylanase, arabinanase, arabinofuranoside, mannanase, galactanase, xylosidase, mannosidases, and their mixtures.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon is chosen from n-pentane, isopentane and/or cyclopentane. The fluorinated cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon is chosen from 1,3,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluorocyclopentene, 1,2,3,4,4,5,5-heptafluorocyclopentene and/or 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluorocyclopentene.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Component: The white rot fungi are Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. The white rot is fungi deposited as FERM P-20591. Preferred Parameter: The temperature conditions of steam blasting are 140-160 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Components: The first biomass is wood, preferably willow, cereal straw or Miscanthus. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The bio-fuel further comprises at least a cresol or its derivative (0.001-0.75 wt.%); an organic solvent (5-50 wt.%) and an oil (5-70 wt.%). Preferred Process: In the preparation of bio-fuel, 0.01-2 wt.% of (meth)acrylic acid ester or 0.1-4 wt.% of composition and 96-99.9 wt.% of vegetable oil are mixed. Preferred Components: The amount of (meth)acrylic acid ester in the bio-fuel is 0.01-2 wt.%. The amount of the vegetable oil is 80 wt.%. The amount of (meth)acrylic acid ester and cresol in the composition is 10-70 wt.% and 0.5-25 wt.%, respectively. The (meth)acrylic acid ester is an acrylic acid ester or a carbonyl compound of formula (CH2=C(R21)-CO-OR22) (I). The cresol is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-m-cresol or di-tert.butyl-p-cresol. The vegetable oil is coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, soya bean oil and/or flaxseed oil. The organic solvent is an organic solvent with a boiling point of 90-240 degrees C, preferably solvent naphtha. The oil is an oil with a solidification point of less than 20 degrees C and/or an iodine number of greater than 75.R 21 = H or CH3; andR 22 = optionally substituted 1-30C alkyl-, alkenyl- or alkynyl residues, optionally substituted 2-20C alkoxyalkyl- or alkenyloxyalkyl, optionally substituted 5-20C cycloalkyl- or cycloalkenyl residue, optionally substituted 5-20C aryl residue or optionally substituted 6-20C aralkyl-, aralkenyl-, aryloxyalkyl-, aryloxyalkenyl residue, preferably 4-30C alkyl residue, where in all the residues 1-4 carbon atoms are substituted by heteroatoms. EXAMPLE - The typical composition comprised of (in wt.%): strong solvent naphtha (27), light solvent naphtha (10), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-cresol (5), rape oil (22) and nonylmethacrylate (36).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Process: Target products are lysine, methionine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, polyhydroxyalkanoates, succinic acid, lactic acid, threonine, propionic acid, propanediol, butanol, acetone, tryptophan or trehalose. The microorganism is one that overproduces such target products, especially a Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Ashbya, Escherichia, Aspergillus, Alcaligenes, Actinobacillus, Anaerobiospirillum, Lactobacillus, Propionibacterium or Clostridium strain.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The biogas is burned to generate heat and/or electricity for use in the process. Biomass from the fermentation step is converted to biogas in the anaerobic digestion step. The raw material comprises maize, rye, wheat or barley grain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The architectural sewage processing system comprises grease filter, aerobic reactor, precipitator, water tank for irrigation, anaerobic fermentation device, dehumidifier and dried soil collector; the grease filter is respectively connected with aerobic reactor and anaerobic fermentation device by tube and then the anaerobic fermentation device is connected with precipitator by tube, at last the precipitator is connected with water tank for irrigation by tube; the anaerobic fermentation device is connected with dehumidifier by tube and then the dehumidifier is connected with dried soil collector by tube. The solar heat collecting system comprises solar heat collecting device, high-temperature water tank and low-temperature water tank; the high-temperature water tank is respectively connected with solar heat collecting device and low-temperature water tank by tube. The hot water driving cooling system comprises hot water type cooler, cooling tower, freezing water tank and fan pipe coil; the hot water type cooler is respectively connected with cooling tower and freezing water tank by tube and the freezing water tank is connected with fan pipe coil by tube. The anaerobic fermentation device is connected with generator and biogas tank by tube. The high-temperature water tank is connected with afterheat reclaiming system by tube. The generator is electrically connected with hot water type cooler. Also, the low-temperature water tank is connected hot water type cooler by tube. A pump is set between the grease filter and anaerobic fermentation device and another pump is set between anaerobic fermentation device and dehumidifier.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The biogas energy conversion device (5) is composed of first level three phase separator (9), first level riser (10), second level three phase separator (11), second level riser (12) and down circulation pipe (13); the first level three phase separator (9) is mounted in the lower reactor area (7), the second level three phase separator (11) is mounted in the upper reactor area (6). The upper end of the first level riser (10), the upper end of the second level riser (12) are opened on side inner wall of the gas-liquid separator (2) along tangent direction; and the rotational flow direction produced by upper end of the first level riser (10) and the second level riser (12) is consistent. Moreover, the inlet water system (3) comprises inlet water main pipe (14), inlet water distributor box (17) and at least three inlet water branch pipes (15); the inlet water main pipe (14) and the inlet water branch pipes (15) are connected through the inlet water distributor box (17).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The saw dust is conifer saw dust or latifoliate saw dust, and/or pure saw dust mixture of pure saw dust of a tree(s). The fruit hull is walnut shell, apricot shell, and/or coconut shell. The straw stalk is wheat straw, legumina straw, corn straw, rice straw, grain sorghum straw, and/or colza oil straw. The stirring speed rate is 300-700 rpm in the sulfuration reaction.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: High-low-configured double-paddle device performs steps of dehydration in different liquid levels, de-methanol, pre-esterificatoilester change. Preferred Components: Raw oil is the grease extracted from oil crop, oil palm, Jatropha and oil tree fruits of Pistacia chinensis, microalgae oil water plant, and animal fat, waste restaurant oil, cotton oil, the acid value range of the suitable raw oil is in 200 mg KOH/g. Concentrated acid is the concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphoric acid, or concentrated hydrochloric acid. Strong base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or sodium methoxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Preparation method of bio-diesel comprises mixing animal and vegetable oil or waste oil with methanol or ethanol under the condition of nanometer whisker catalyst; the amount of the catalyst is 0.1-5% of the weight of material oil; the mole ratio of the alcohol and oil is 4:1-10:1; having ester exchange reaction by ultrasonic; the ultrasonic frequency is 15-120 KHz; the reaction time is 3-60 minutes; the temperature is 15-75 degrees C; after reacting completely, standing the reaction mixture; dividing into upper and lower two layers; the upper layer is the mixed liquid of glycerin and methanol or ethanol; the lower layer is crude product; and filtering the crude product of the lower layer and obtaining the bio-diesel. Process also involves reclaiming the methanol or ethanol at the same time while distilling; recycling the reclaimed catalyst by putting into the reaction; and recycling the methanol or ethanol by putting into the reaction. Preferred Components: Animal and vegetable oil is colza oil, soybean oil, Jatropha curcas seed oil, peanut oil, lard, or mutton fat. Waste oil is food and beverage waste oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixed liquid of the upper layer is distilled and purified to obtain the glycerol by-product with 80-95% purity. Methanol or ethanol can be obtained by distilling; and the distilled methanol or ethanol can be circularly used in the reaction. The recovered nanometer whisker catalyst after reaction is repeatedly used in the reaction. Preferred Parameters: Stirring speed of added methanol or ethanol is 500-3000 revolutions/minute. Preferred Components: Animal/plant oil is colza oil, soybean oil, Jatropha oil, peanut oil, lard, or mutton fat. Waste oil is catering waste oil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalysts: Nano-solid heteropoly acid catalyst is peroxydisulfate ion (S2O82-)/zirconium oxide (ZrO2)-titanium dioxide (TiO2), S2O82-/ gamma -aluminum oxide (Al2O3)-silicon dioxide (SiO2), silicotungstic acid (H4SiW12O40/SiO2), or H4PMo11VO40.xH2O. Nano-solid heteropolybase catalyst is potassium carbonate (K2CO3)/ gamma -aluminum oxide (Al2O), potassium fluoride (KF)/calcium oxide (CaO), KF/CaO-magnesium oxide (MgO), or Co2Mo/MgO2/aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Preferred Conditions: Inter-esterification reaction is done for 2-9 (2-4) hours. Esterification reaction is done for 1-3 hours. Reaction is done at 75-85 degrees C. Preferred Composition: Mole radio of alcohol/oil is 9:1 and 24:1.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Heteropoly acid is peroxydisulfate ion (S2O82-)/zirconium oxide (ZrO2)-titanium dioxide (TiO2), or S2O82-/ gamma - aluminum oxide (Al2O3)-silicon dioxide (SiO2). Heteropoly base is potassium carbonate (K2CO3)/ gamma -aluminum oxide (Al2O), or potassium fluoride (KF)/calcium oxide (CaO), or KF/CaO-magnesium oxide (MgO).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: Mole ratio of alcohol and oil in (2) is 9:1. Preferred Conditions: Temperature in (3) is 75-85 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Inorganic acid dilute solution for dipping the plant cellulose material is inorganic acid of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, boracic acid, chloric acid, or their mixture. Preferred Composition: Mass proportion of inorganic acid in the prepared dilute solution is 0.01-34.9%. Mass of inorganic acid dilute solution for dipping the plant cellulose material and plant cellulose material is 0.25-10.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Plant cellulose material comprises chaff, tree bark, peel, proper exciple, braches of tree, and stalk of herbaceous plant. Organic solvent for extracting out alkylated phenol components with strong fat-solubility from ion liquid as bio-diesel antioxidant additive is benzene and light petroleum with mass proportion of 1-2:1-0.5. Preferred Process: Oriented crack of lignose in reaction material is finished with conditions of controlling temperature for thermal decomposition to be not greater than 500 degrees C to enable reductive incondensable gas components generated by crack circularly blow reaction area, carbon dioxide (CO2) in incondensable gas generated during reaction is filtered by absorption of concentrated alkali, reductive incondensable gas components are compressed into hydrogen bottle by hydrogen compressor, and flow capacity during circularly blowing is controlled to be 10-90 ml/minute.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The dose of the catalyst is 1-6% of weight of animal and vegetable oils.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (a), the ratio of the oil and solvent is 1:1.5-1:2.5 (W/V). Preferred Condition: The extracting temperature is 30-40 degrees C. In (b), the temperature of interchange esterification reaction is 40-70 degrees C, and the reaction time is 30-180 minutes. Preferred Process: The extraction is carried out 3-5 times, each time lasts 10-20 minutes, then it is put statically to divide into upper layer oil phase and lower layer organic phase, at last solvent remaining in the upper layer oil phase is recycled to obtain the M. azedarach L. seed oil with acid number less than or equal to 1 mg KOH/g. The lower layer liquid obtained by (b) may contain by-product of glycerin through diluting, neutralizing to neutral with diluted acid, whizzing and reduced pressure distilling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The biomass includes chaff, bark, nutshell, branch, stem of herbaceous plant, which has rich lignin. The raw oil includes high acid value waste oil, such as swill oil, waste oil, waste oil from restaurant, frying oil, leftovers from refining of oil, sulfated oil, animal oil, and/or vegetable oil. The low carbon alcohol includes methanol, ethanol and isopropanol. Preferred Condition: The carbonizing temperature is 75-185 degrees C. Preferred Composition: The mass concentration of the diluted sulfuric acid is 1-35%. Preferred Method: The methanol rectification water separation device can be equipped on the biodiesel fuel reactor.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The vibration tube type continuous esterifying device comprises mixer, high pressure oil pump, vibrator, tube type esterifying device, methanol recovery dehydrator; where the three groups of vibration tube type continuous esterifying devices are installed in series. Preferred Process: Producing biodiesel from mixed fatty acid comprises adding esterifying agent in mixed fatty acid and inputting to first group of mixer, where the volume ratio is 15:100, entering the first group of tube type esterifying device after mixing, where the esterifying temperature is 100-170 degrees C; the pressure is 4-10 MPa; and the liquid hourly space velocity is 0.5 hours; entering methanol recovery dehydrator after reaction, recovering coarse methanol and dehydrating the water produced by esterification; entering second group of mixer and adding esterifying agent, where the volume ratio is 100:10, entering second group of tube type esterifying device, where the esterifying temperature is 100-170 degrees C; the pressure is 4-10 MPa; and the liquid hourly space velocity is 0.5 hours; entering methanol recovery dehydrator after reaction, recovering coarse methanol and dehydrating the water produced by esterification; entering third group of mixer and adding esterifying agent, where the volume ratio is 100:10, entering third group of tube type esterifying device, where the esterifying temperature is 100-170 degrees C; the pressure is 4-10 MPa; and the liquid hourly space velocity is 0.5 hours; entering methanol recovery dehydrator after reaction, recovering coarse methanol, pumping in methanol wash tower and washing with methanol, and entering flash fractionating tower for fractionating biodiesel finished product. Preferred Composition: The esterifying agent comprises 1.8% sulfuric acid, 0.2% sulfonic acid, and 98% methanol. The methanol for washing is methanol with content of 97%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation: The preparation method of the aluminum alloy which can be carried out by ball mill comprises taking metal powders and water-soluble compound by said stoichiometric proportion, putting in ball mill, where ratio of grinding media to material is 8-100:1 and rotating speed is higher than 300-450 revolutions per minute, and milling under protection of argon for 2-60 hours to form uniform alloy powder. Preferred Parameters: The melting point of the low melting point metal is no higher than melting point of aluminum, which is lower than 660 degrees C at normal pressure. Preferred Components: The low melting point metal is gallium, stannum, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, indium, magnesium, germanium, and/or calcium. The aluminum, bismuth, and low melting point metal are powders with diameters of 1-300 mu m. The water-soluble compound is water-soluble electrolyte or compound which can form water-soluble product with water, and the compound is powder with diameter of 1-300 mu m. The water-soluble compound is water-soluble salt, hydride which can react with water, and/or base oxide which can react with water. The water-soluble salt is chloride, fluoride, bromide, sulfate, or nitrate of metal, the hydride which can react with water is hydride of metals from main group I and main group II, and the base oxide which can react with water is sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, or beryllium oxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Condition: The reaction temperatures are 210-280 degrees C in forming methanol, 270-500 degrees C in forming methane, and 370-550 degrees C in forming ammonia.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: Adhesion agent (1-10%) is added in the garbage raw materials. Coal powder and yellow clay are doped into the garbage raw materials to fully mixing and processing. The weight ratio of the doped coal powder to yellow clay to the garbage raw materials is 3:3:4.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The detergent dispersant is barium petroleum sulfonate or succimide. Preparation: Preparing the methanol petroleum composite additive comprises: (a) adding the isopropanol, isobutyl alcohol, isoamylol and 2-ethyl (1) hexanol into raw material mixing pot, naturally mixing them for 25-35 minutes; (b) adding the sherwood oil and isopropyl ether in the mixed material, stirring it for 15-25 minutes under normal pressure; (c) adding the detergent dispersant, tetraline and zinc naphthenate in the mixed material of (b), heating it to 40-45 degrees C, stirring it for 25-35 minutes, then getting it into pressurizing reacting container; and (d) adding the methyl tert-butyl ether, tween-60 and polyfluortetraethylene into the pressurizing reacting kettle, pressurizing 2 kg, stirring it for 25-35 minutes and statically lying it for 20-28 hours, discharging the sediment, and obtaining the invention additive product.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The non-ionic surfactant is Tween 80(RTM: polyoxythylene sorbitan ether), Tween 60(RTM: polyoxythylene sorbitan ether), Span-60(RTM: sorbitan monostearate), Span-80(RTM: aliphatic alcohol alkanolamide), fatty acid polyethenoxy ether or alkylphenol polyoxyethylene (10) ether. The anionic surfactant is secondary alkyl sulfonate, linear alkylbenzene sulfonic or AL-acyl glutamine. The cationic surfactant is XCGSD-2 imidazoline cationic surfactant. Preferred Composition: The fuel oil comprises 5-20 pts.wt. gasoline (95#).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - METALLURGY - Preferred Material: The central and external electrodes are made of copper or stainless steel.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Material: The insulating bushes are made of PTFE.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Conditions: In (1), fermentation is done for 48-72 hours. In (2), the culture is carried out at 20-30 degrees C with 10001-30001 x light for 7-10 days, and it forms 0.956-1.056 ton photosynthetic bacterium liquid fertilizer. In (3), culture is carried out at 20-30 degrees C for 2-3 days which forms 1.013-1.119 ton composite microbe fertilizer. Preferred Composition: Weight of the supernatant fluid in (1) is 0.76-0.84 ton. In (2), inoculation amount of the photosynthetic bacterium strain is 0.19-0.21 ton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Composition: In (3), weights of Azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria, and potassium bacteria are 0.019-0.021 ton. Preferred Components: Azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria are Azomonas, Bacillus megatherium phosphatic, and Bacillus muciginosus.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (2), weight of the sodium acetate solution is 0.006 ton, which includes sodium acetate 0.001-0.002 ton. In (4), weights of the zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, iron sulfate, manganese sulfate and boric acid are 0.002 ton.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: In (4), weight of the warm water is 0.01 ton, and it forms 1.073-1.179 ton photosynthetic bacterium bio-fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The coagulated and condensed brown flocculent sludge has 90% concentrated nutrients comprising polyoses polymer, potato resin, protein, fiber, salt, silicon oxide and ferric iron oxide. Preferred Method: The method further comprises subjecting coagulated brown flocculent sludge to marsh gas production device for use as raw material for generating marsh gas by anaerobic fermentation; and utilizing fermented marsh residue in farm field as organic fertilizer.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: After the microbe is intensified in superconductive strong magnetic field, the time of 95% decoloring ratio is shorten to be less than or equal to 50% in the bacterial liquid with the same amount; the maximum reacting speed is improved by 1.5 times; the time of maximum reacting speed is shorten to be 80% of original bacterial strain.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: ZSM-5/mordenite van body (80-99 wt.%) with SiO 2/Al 2O 3 mol ratio of 20-100 in 1-100 nm. Content of the ZSM-5 molecular sieve in the complex molecular sieve is 1-99 wt.% or 20-98 wt.%. SiO 2/Al 2O 3 mol ratio of the complex molecular sieve is 10:1000 or 12:40. Preferred Condition: Solution pH is 10.5-13.5. Thermal crystallization is at 120-160 degrees C for 10-14 hours. Preferred Components: Mol ratio of solution is SiO 2:(0.025-0.083)Al 2O 3:(0.025-0.2)Na 2O:(0.1-0.4)M:(40-100)H 2O:(0.01-0.1)crystal seed. Preferred Products: Grain diameter of the ZSM-5/mordenite complex molecular sieve is 0.01-4 microns or 0.1-2 microns.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The inorganic crosslinking agent comprises silicon dioxide, titania, aluminum sesquioxide, zirconium dioxide or esterified product of silicon dioxide. The proton conductor comprises phosphotungstic acid, silicotungstic acid, zirconium phosphate or orthophosphoric-acid boron.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The sulfonation reaction is carried out at 25-60 degrees C for 8-50 hours. The inorganic crosslinking agent and proton conductor are treated with ultrasonic distributed processing before mixing. The drying is carried out at 55-65 degrees C for 24-32 hours. Preferred Components: The organic solvent comprises N,N-dimethyl acetamide, N,N-dimethyl formamide or N-methyl pyrrolidine. The coupling agent is amido propyl triethoxysilane, alpha -(2, 3-cyclopropyl oxo) propyl triethoxy silicane, gamma - amido propyl triethoxysilane or N-( beta -ammonia ethyl)- gamma -amido propyl triethoxysilane. Preferred Properties: The fuel cell has proton conductivity at 20-80 degrees C is 0.01202-0.04238 S/cm and permeability coefficient of methanol is 3.14x 10-8-9.56x 10-7 cm2/s.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecular sieve is A type, X-type, Y-type or ZSM-zeolite, or metal composite material (MCM) series. The transition element metal is molybdenum, tungsten or rhenium. The alkaline-earth metal is calcium, magnesium, strontium or barium. The rare earth metal is lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium and/or europium. The inorganic oxide caking agent is solid or sol. The solid is aluminum oxide, silica, montmorillonite or potassium. The sol is silica sol and/or aluminum sol. The catalyst has higher 4C olefin percent conversion and propene and ethene yield coefficient at high temperature, and low pressure condition.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The electrolytic voltage in the glow discharge electrolysis process is electrolysis transition point voltage that exceeds glow discharge electrolysis. The electrical source is high-voltage direct-current electrical source or high-voltage direct-current pulse electrical source with an output voltage of 100 V or more. Preferred Components: The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, alkaline or acidic inorganic electrolyte. Preferred Material: The material of discharge electrode in glow-discharge electrolysis reactor is tungsten, tungsten-cerium alloy, platinum or platinum alloy. Preferred Reactor: The area ratio of anode and cathode in the electrolysis reactor is 1:1-10000, preferably 1:0.8-10000.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Alternatively, the non-aqueous sodium acetate is prepared by mixing calcium acetate and sodium carbonate in mol ratio of 1:1-1:1.2, mixing acetic acid and sodium hydroxide in mol ratio of 1:1.2-1:1.5, and mixing acetic anhydride and sodium hydroxide in mol ratio of 1:2-1:2.5. ACTIVITY - Vasotropic.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The housing is made from any plastic that does not degrade in the presence of methanol.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The (N1) particles have surface area of 50-1000 (preferably 100-750) m2/g. The (N1) particles have the size of 1-75 (preferably 2-250) nm. The (N1) particles are selected from metals or its oxides of group IIa, group IIIa, group IVa, group VIII, group Ib, group IIb, group IIIb (preferably magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, cerium, titanium, zirconium, iron, ruthenium, osmium, cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, aluminum, or its mixed metal particles, alloy metal particles, calcium oxides, strontium oxides, barium oxides, cerium oxides, titanium oxides, zirconium oxides, iron oxides, ruthenium oxides, osmium oxides, cobalt oxides, rhodium oxides, iridium oxides, nickel oxides, palladium oxides, platinum oxides, copper oxides, silver oxides, gold oxides, zinc oxides, aluminum oxides, or its mixed metal oxide particles, or mixed metal-metal oxide particles). Preferred Method: The method (M1) further involves at least one of mixing, stirring, blending, shaking or sonicating the fuel composition. The particles (N1) are combined with the liquid fuel by combining fuel additive composition comprising the particles (N1) and carrier with the liquid fuel. The method further involves providing the fuel composition with surfactant. In method (M2), the particles (N1) are pre-coated with surfactant by mixing the particles (N1) with surfactant dissolved in solvent followed by drying and the mixing involves stirring, blending, shaking, sonicating, or agitating and drying involves oven drying, vacuum drying, or spray drying.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The fuel composition (C1) further comprises surfactant (0.001-0.5 wt.%). EXAMPLE - No suitable example is given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Arrangement: The electric potential of working electrode is controlled by the control circuit to 120-820 mV. The electrons generated by oxidation reaction are moved to the counter electrode from the working electrode, are used for reduction reaction of hydrogen ions of cathode inside the chamber.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Substance: The organic substance is glucose or acetic acid.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The polymer is a homo or copolymer consists of acrylamide monomer. The copolymer contains vinyl compounds. Preferred Conditions: The transition temperature is 50-100 degrees C.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Components: The firewood stirring device comprises rotary stirrer and driving shaft connected with the rotary stirrer, or comprises inverse n-shaped rotary stirring foot and driving shaft connected with the rotary stirring foot. The furnace body comprises shell, high temperature resistant insulating layer, and steel stainless inner wall.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The pesticide comprises (pts.wt.) graceful jessamine herb (10-20), common threewingnut root (10-20), golden thread (2), purslane herb (2) and C. abrotanoides (2). ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide; Acaricide; Fungicide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The nitrile base is fatty alkyl dimethyl nitrile base, dodecyl dimethyl nitrile base, or octadecyl dimethyl nitrile base. The activated agent is cetane modifier. The accelerant is methylamine and/or tert-butyl acetate. The vegetable wax is bran wax and/or palm wax.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Crushed biomass materials are made by crop litter; residue of processed bamboo and wood; branches of cut trees with the diameter less than or equal to 5 mm; flammable crop litter such as leaves; peanut vine and straw cut into the length of 3-40 mm; cassava stem, bagasse, sugarcane leaves, bamboo branches and leaves, tree braches, and grains less than or equal to 8 meshes obtained by using crusher to crush the leaves with the diameter less than or equal to 5 mm; or powder of former materials below 8 meshes. Plant is stem of crops such as cassava or peanut vine, or pulp of rosin tree, chaff, residue powder of refined peanut, or residue of refined cherry bay braches. The biomass environment-friendly civil honeycomb made of biomass, where it is in column shape with the diameter of 160 mm, the height of 90 mm, and 12 holes in the middle with the diameter of 18 mm. Preferred Process: Biomass combustion improver is made by crushing and pressing the plant containing vegetable fat and extracting pulp or residue.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Conditions: The mass content of sodium borohydride in mixed water solution is more than 10%, or the mass content of hydrazine is less than 2%, the sodium hydroxide is added to the mixed water solution of sodium borohydride-hydrazine to improve the stability of the sodium borohydride and the mass% of sodium hydroxide in the mixed solution is 5-10 %. Preferred Components: The fuel cell is any one of the solid oxide fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell, phosphate fuel cell, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, anion exchange membrane fuel cell or alkaline fuel cell.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: In short-chain alcohol ROH, R is the alkyl with 1-5C atoms. The alkyl with 1-5C atoms comprises the methanol, ethanol, propyl alcohol, butanol or pentanol. The oil is biological oil. The biological oil comprises the plant oil, animal oil, waste oil or oil smelting bottom material. The oil is castor oil, colza oil, soy oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, rice skin oil, Jatropha curcas oil, Xanthoceras sorbifolia oil or microbe oil. The animal oil is fish oil, pig oil or tallow oil.
EXAMPLE - An azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition was prepared from E-1,1,1-4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (88-99 wt.%) and n-pentane (1-12 wt.%).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - The air removal system comprises a pipe (8) which is connected to all the spaces and has a perforated inner wall (12) at least partly covered with bacteria. The air supply system also comprises a pipe (18) connected to all the spaces. Air is sucked in and blown out using a fan.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: A portion of the electrolyte membrane that corresponds to the downstream side of the fuel-gas supply passage is made of fluorine resin and a portion of the electrolyte membrane that corresponds to the upstream side of the fuel-gas supply passage is made of hydrocarbon resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The doping agent comprises boron, nitrogen, phosphorus, nickel and/or sulfur. The non-electroactive ionic electrolyte is a non-electroactive salt consisting of lithium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, pottassium perchlorate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and lithium sulfate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The hydrocarbon oxidation apparatus has fuel electrode containing oxygen ion conduction material and hydrocarbon processing catalyst. The hydrocarbon processing catalyst is a metal which may be nickel, cobalt, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium or iron, or alloy containing metal which may be nickel, cobalt, palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium or iron.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Method: The cooling step produces thermal wave temperature gradient. Preferred Component: The heat transfer fluid comprises steam. Preferred Characteristics: The adsorbent contactor has less than 20% of open pore volume in pores greater than 20 Angstrom and heat transfer delta-temperature of 0-10 degrees C. The adsorbent material comprises 8-ring zeolite and has selectivity for CO2 over N2 of greater than 5.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The flue gas comprises nitrogen (N2). The target gas component comprises water, carbon dioxide (CO2), silicon oxide group or nitrogen oxide group. The product gas component is N2. Preferred Composition: The waste gas stream comprises CO2 ( greater than or equal to 80 mol%).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The gas mixture comprises flue gas or natural gas. Preferred Composition: The product gas stream comprises greater than or equal to 80 mol% of methane gas in gas mixture.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Composition: The P. fumosoroseus and nimbin has a mixing ratio of 100:0.05-0.3 (preferably 100:0.08-0.25). The assisting agent comprises (wt.%) stabilizer (23-30), additives (7-22), and filler (10-35).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Component: The P. fumosoroseus is spore powder or suspension.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The filler is kaolin, diatomite or figuline.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The stabilizer is glycerin, 0.21 M phosphate buffer or paraffin oil. The additive is Tween 80(RTM: polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate), methyl green, sodium lignosulfonate, and/or wetting agent LX. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The alcohol fuel comprises (wt.%) ethanol, isobutyl alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol (50-56), xylene and toluene (9-15), and freezing point depressor (17-23). The ratio of ethanol:isobutyl alcohol:isopropyl alcohol is 6-8:2-3:1-1.5. EXAMPLE - An alcohol fuel comprising (wt.%) ethanol, isobutyl alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol (50-56); xylene (9-15); toluene (9-15); and freezing point depressor (17-23) was prepared.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: (I) comprises: 35-45 wt.% of methanol or ethanol, isopropanol (5-7 wt.%), butanol (5-8 wt.%), toluene (15-25 wt.%), non-aromatic raffinate (5-10 wt.%), pentane (5-10 wt.%), naphtha (15-25 wt.%), and xylene (5-10 wt.%); or 10-25 wt.% of methanol or ethanol, carbon 5 (4-14 wt.%), mixed oil (4-14 wt.%), naphtha (50-55 wt.%), isopropanol (1-6 wt.%), MTB (10-15 wt.%), aromatics (5-9 wt.%) and butanol (1-7 wt.%). EXAMPLE - Methanol/ethanol (10-25 wt.%), carbon 5 (4-14 wt.%), mixed oil (4-14 wt.%), naphtha (50-55 wt.%), isopropanol (1-6 wt.%), methyl-tert-butyl ether (10-15 wt.%), aromatics (5-9 wt.%) and butanol (1-7 wt.%) were sequentially mixed at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure, and were subjected to agitation to give a mixed alcohol fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises burning the coke off the particulate catalyst material. The step (a) is preceded by the step of (partially) dewatering the aquatic biomass. The step (a) comprises milling the aquatic biomass with the particulate catalytic material. The step (b) is carried out at 200-350 degrees C. In the method: gas is formed in step (b) and the gas is collected from the reaction mixture; and coke is formed on the particulate catalyst material. The method is integrated with a production process of aquatic biomass, and where carbon dioxide produced in step (d) is utilized in the production process of aquatic biomass. The heat produced in step (d) is utilized in the production process of aquatic biomass.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The particulate catalyst material comprises an inorganic oxide, preferably hydrotalcite. The particulate catalyst material has a mean particle size of 1mm-10 nm. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal halide comprises aluminum bromide, aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, titanium bromide, or aluminum iodide. The additional component comprises methyl iodide, titanium bromide, a branched hydrocarbon, ethane, hydrogen, alkyl haiide, olefin or metal halide containing lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, copper, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, lead, boron, gallium, germanium, tin or antimony and bromine, chlorine, fluorine or iodine.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method (M1) involves combining at least gaseous methane, Lewis acid, optionally Bronsted acid at temperature of at least 100 degrees C; polymerizing at least some of the gaseous methane to 4C and higher hydrocarbons; and cracking at least some of the 4C and higher hydrocarbons to 2C and higher hydrocarbons; heating metal halide to temperature of 100 degrees C. The metal halide comprises aluminum bromide and the temperature is at least 110?OC. The gaseous methane and gaseous metal halide form a vapor phase and at least some of the polymerizing and at least some of the cracking occur simultaneously in the vapor phase. The method further involves combining halogen hydrogen haiide and an additional component with the gaseous methane and metal halide. The metal halide comprises aluminum bromide and the reaction temperature is at least 250 degrees C. The combining step is replace by combining gaseous methane, heated metal halide and component for absorbing hydrogen (preferably Raney nickel, platinum, paladium, tantalum, niobium, yttrium, platinum on carbon, paladium on carbon, platinum on activated carbon or paladium on activated carbon). EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The mixing rate of 2-hexyne with respect to normal butyl isocyanide is 1-20 moles. The odorant contains mixture of normal butyl isocyanide and 1-pentyne. The odorant contains mixture of ethyl isocyanide and 2-hexyne. The 2-hexyne contains 3-methyl butanal and tertiary butyl mercaptan.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The first component and the reactive metal particles comprise metals from groups 3-16 and/or lanthanides. The fuel is hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, a lower alcohol, ester, ether or carbonate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY - Preferred Methods: The method further comprises generating electricity during separation of portion of hydrogen. Preferred Components: The high temperature fuel cell comprises molten carbonate fuel cell or solid oxide fuel cell. The fuel comprises methane or natural gas fuel. It comprises greater than or equal to 50% non-hydrocarbon carbon containing fuel.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The water soluble inorganic salt is sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, or sodium nitrate. An additive comprising magnesium and sodium nitrate is included. The metal particles and the catalyst are present in a ratio of 1000:1 to 1:1000, preferably 1:1 by weight. The catalyst is in the form of catalyst particles. Preferred Dimension: The catalyst particles are particles having a size of 0.01-10000, preferably 0.01-100 mu m. Preferred Property: The catalyst has a solubility in excess of 5x 103, preferably 0.1 mol/100 g of water. EXAMPLE - Aluminum powder (1.5 g) and sodium chloride (1.5 g) were Spex-milled for 15 minutes. The resulting powder mixture (2 g) was enclosed in a paper filter bag and immersed in tap water at pH of approximately 6 and 55 degrees C. The total amount of hydrogen released after 1 hour was 790 cc/1 g of aluminum. The generated hydrogen amount surpassed the amount of hydrogen generated by the standard aluminum-aluminum oxide system (50:50 wt %) under same process conditions by 41%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The catalyst in the tunes of the hydrotreater comprise at least one Group VI metal or its compound and at least one Group VIII metal or its compound. The catalyst is a nickel-molybdenum catalyst.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The temperature of the hydrocarbon feed gas removed from the catalyst filled tubes of the hydrotreater differs from the inlet temperature by not greater than 15 (preferably not greater than 10) degrees F. The desulfurization is performed by introducing the hydrotreated gas into at least one adsorbers containing at least one adsorbent comprising zinc oxide. The method (M2) further involves, following desulfurization, delivering the desulfurized hydrocarbon feed stream to a hydrocarbon cracking procedure to produce a hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas. The hydrocarbon cracking procedure is steam reforming where the desulfurized hydrocarbon feed stream is converted in the presence of steam to produce a hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The method (M2) further involving, following steam reforming, delivering the product gas stream from the steam reforming to a shift reactor where carbon monoxide is reacted with water to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The heat exchange medium used in the hydrotreater is boiling water, and the temperature of the hydrocarbon feed stream within the catalyst tubes can be controlled by controlling the pressure of the steam generated in the shell side of the reactor during heat exchange. The hydrocarbon feed introduced into the hydrotreater contains olefins (5-50 mol.%). The molar ratio of hydrogen to olefins and organic sulfur compounds introduced into the hydrotreater is 1.25:1 to 3:1. The hydrotreater is operated at a temperature of 450-500 degrees F, and a pressure of 250-400 psig. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Isolation (Disclosed): The Micrococcus sp. SBS-8 is isolated from oil contaminated soil.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The water repellent resin contains polytetrafluoroethylene resin.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The hydrogen-containing gas is obtained from naphtha-cracking separation process and/or methyl-ethyl-ketone manufacturing process. The hydrogen-containing gas obtained from petrochemical process and petroleum refining process is separated into highly-purified hydrogen and off gas using hydrogen-separation-membrane apparatus (41).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Components: The blunt protrusion fitted to the rotor and the stator is in the form of tapered knives with straight or curved edges.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The mixing of biomass is carried out: at 250-280 degrees C with a residence time of 1-20 minutes, preferably 5-15 minutes; in a blender, whose height to diameter ratio is 10:2, preferably 5:2.5. The size of the biomass particle in the suspension at the end of the grinding step is 200-500 microns. The grinding step is carried out in a grinding-equipment, which consists of a rotor spinning inside the stator equipped with two blunt complementary protrusions. In the method, particles other than the biomass particles are introduced into the mixer and grinder. The reduction of the particle size of the biomass in the grinding step is performed by two or three grinding units in series, the grinders are operated with a ratio of initial diameter to final diameter of 10-50, where this ratio is decreased when the suspension passes from a grinder to the next process. Preferred Components: The heavy hydrocarbon cut is a vacuum residue and/or a high cycle oil cut obtained from a catalytic cracking unit. The suspension contains biomass particles and particles of petroleum coke or carbon coke, in a solid particle proportion of 5-30 wt.%. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The process further comprises partially pre-evaporating the excess alcohol, before the step (a). The glycerin phase used for the step (a) partly or completely obtained by recycling the glycerin in the decanter. Preferred Components: The flow of glycerin phase flux is 0.1-100 vol.%, preferably 1-50 vol.%. The glycerin used in step (a) has a purity of greater than 75 wt.%, preferably 90 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The process further comprises introducing the supernatant ester phase into a coalescor (4), from which one obtains the glycerin phase (flux G) in the base point, and the ester phase (flux H'); introducing the ester phase into a zone (5) for at least an adsorption step on solids. Preferred Components: The separation zone comprises the coalescor and/or and zone (5) for adsorption on solids. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: Before or after the step (a), cooling of the flux takes place. The flow of glycerin phase flux from the reaction section is 0.1-100 vol.%, preferably 1-50 vol.%. The glycerin phase used for the step (a) partly or completely obtained by recycling the glycerin in the decanter. The glycerin used in step (a) has a purity of greater than 90 wt.%.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INSTRUMENTATION AND TESTING - Preferred Process: The process further comprises introducing the supernatant ester phase into a coalescor (4), from which one obtains the glycerin phase in the base point, and the ester phase; and introducing the ester phase into a zone (5) for at least an adsorption step on solids. Preferred Components: The step (b) takes place in a static- or dynamic- mixer. The separation zone comprises the coalescor and/or and zone (5) for adsorption on solids. EXAMPLE - No suitable example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - AGRICULTURE - Preferred Component: The pesticide further comprises a surfactant belonging to OP series. ACTIVITY - Pesticide; Plant growth stimulant.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The major constituent of celery extract is alpha -pinene. The pesticide contains surfactant (0.1-0.5 weight parts). The surfactant contains OP surfactant. ACTIVITY - Insecticide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The wooden dust is coniferous and/or latifolius wooden dust; or pure wooden dust mixture(s) of tree species. The fruit shell is walnut shell, apricot shell and/or coconut shell. The straw is cornstalk, rice straw, sorghum stalk and/or colza stalk. The amylase compound is sugar or starch. A carbohydrate is glucose and/or sucrose. Preferred Process: The sulfonation is carried out at 300-700 rpm.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method also includes adding the solid alkali catalyst powder into adhesive, molding, calcining, and removing adhesive forming molded porous solid alkali catalyst; drying the porous catalyst at 200-700 degrees C for 10-600 minutes recovering water vapor for 10-600 minutes, and using the recovered vapor recovering the hydrotalcite.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Component: The catalyst added at 0.5-2.5 wt.5 is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The triglyceride is an aliphatic having greater than or equal to 14C atoms from corn oil, cotton seed oil, sunflower seed oil, olive oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, flax seed oil, Chinese wood oil, safflower oil, colza oil, sesame oil, Perilla herb oil, babassu oil, fish oil, castor oil, Chinese tallow tree oil, Jatropha fruit oil, microalgae oil, coconut oil, beef fat, lard, chicken fat, and/or duck fat. The alcohol is methanol, ethanol, propanol, and/or butanol. The alcohol and oil has a mixing ratio of 1-3:1-30. The solvent is dimethoxymethane; 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane; 2,2-dimethoxy-propane; diethoxymethane; 1,1-diethoxyethane; or 1,2-diethoxyethane. Preferred Method: The preparation method is done at 25-65 degrees C at normal pressure.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: Plant seed and fruit are seed, fruit of wild plant rapeseed, bean, castor bean seed, Jatropha curcas, soap nut tree, Cornus wilsoniana, Pistacia chinensis, sasanqua, or oil palm. Short-chain alcohol is methanol, ethanol, or propanol. Fatty acid methyl ester is the compatilizer of the oil and the short-chain alcohol. Preferred Composition: Feeding ratio of seed, fruit and the short-chain alcohol is 1:0.1-1. Amount of fatty acid methyl ester is 3-5% of the quantity of seed and fruit. Preferred Device: Shearing mixing device is the shearing mixing device with the rotating speed of 300 rpm above.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The molecular sieve comprises silica/alumina. The VIB group element of periodic table is chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or their oxide. The IV group element of periodic table is titanium, zirconium, hafnium or their oxide.
ACTIVITY - Fertilizer.    ADMINISTRATION - The fertilizer is sprinkled on soil a year before sowing or transplanting the ginseng (claimed).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Compositions: The treating liquid comprises (g): sulfuric acid (1000), iron (250), silicon powder (750), potassium permanganate (50), essence (250), bleaching powder (300), dichlorvos (1250), and water (35000).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Components: The active bacteria use bacteria including heterotrophic bacteria.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ENVIRONMENT - Preferred Method: The heat energy produced by burning combustibles such as plants, firewood, and worn-out clothes in a burner is used for heating the high-temperature ferment machine. The unprocessed domestic garbage including dejection and cadaver of organic waste is put into the ferment slot, added with sepiolite clay powder or plant straw powder or lumber bits, heated until the temperature reaches 80-95 degrees C, sterilized for 3 hours and then the temperature is lowered to 60-75 degrees C, aerobically fermented for 18-32 hours, and then packaged after discharging and cooling.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Process: The method of producing sugar grass straw involves adding magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), potassium hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), calcium chloride (CaCl2) or diammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4).
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOTECHNOLOGY - Preferred Materials: The lipase is composite enzyme consisting of column candida lipase, fuzz detritus mildew lipase, candida lipase B and thermophil epiphyte lipase. The composite enzyme is the composite consisting of candida lipase B with any other lipase having a mass ratio of 1:10-20.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises: dehydrating the methanol over a catalyst to produce water; and reacting the water produced during the dehydration with methane and carbon dioxide under reaction conditions sufficient to produce dimethyl ether. The dehydration is conducted at 100-200 degrees C. The water reacted with methane and carbon dioxide includes at least some of the separated steam. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is at least two moles (preferably 2:1 and 2.1:1) of hydrogen to one mole of carbon monoxide. The molar ratio of methane to carbon dioxide is about 3:1. Preferred Components: The catalyst is an oxide or a polymeric perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid resin (preferably silica or Nafion-H). EXAMPLE - A mixture of methane, CO2 and H2O (3:1:2 mole ratio) was reacted over a catalyst composed of V2O5/NiO supported on nanostructural high surface area fused silica to give a hydrogen/carbon monoxide gas mixture close to 2:1 for the production of methanol. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced close to 2:1 ratio, were converted to produce methanol under catalytic reaction conditions using copper based catalysts. The methanol produced was dehydrated to dimethyl ether using a solid acid catalyst such as Nafion H between 100-200 degrees C. The water formed during the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether was reacted with CH4 and CO2 in a 2:3:1 overall molar ratio. With such water recycling dimethyl ether was produced using methane and CO2 in an overall ratio of 3:1. Methane and carbon dioxide in a mole ratio of 1:1 was dry reformed over NiO/V2O5 on fumed silica at 850 degrees C in a flow system to obtain a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in an approximate 1:1 molar ratio.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The metal oxide consisting essentially of titania. The catalyst (C1) comprises a particulate metal oxide having an average particle size of about 0.2 microns to 1 millimeter. The catalyst (C1) comprises a porous metal oxide having a porosity of about 0.45. The metal oxide comprises a Lewis base adsorbed to its surface. In the method (M2) the porous metal oxide comprising a porosity of 0-0.8.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The steps (A) and (B) are performed simultaneously. The step (A) involves heating an alcohol feedstock to a temperature greater than about 300 degrees C. The method (M1) further involves subjecting the alcohol feedstock to a pressure greater than about 200 psi. Preparation (M2) of ether involves heating the alcohol feedstock to a temperature greater than about 200 degrees C; and passing the alcohol feedstock through a housing to form a reaction product mixture, the housing comprising the catalyst (C1) disposed in it. The method (M2) further involves adding water to the alcohol feed stock. In the method (M2) the operations of heating the alcohol feedstock and passing the alcohol feedstock over a catalyst are performed as part of a continuous process. Preferred Components: The alcohol feedstock comprises 1-30C alcohol (preferably methanol and ethanol). EXAMPLE - Methanol (flow rate) (3.522 g/minutes) was pumped through a heat exchange (i.e. at 350 degrees C) followed by preheating to 350 degrees C and passing through fixed bed catalytic reactor comprising modified titania catalyst. The back pressure was maintained at 2500 psi. The gas evolved was collected and was found to contain dimethyl ether, methane and carbon dioxide (CO2). The % conversion of methanol to gases was 11.3%.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - BIOLOGY - Preferred Material: The charge of vegetable origin (B) is chosen from castor beans, soya, cotton, peanut, rape, jatropha and sunflower, and contains pure seeds of oleaginous plants or in admixture with different seeds in any proportion. The charge of vegetable origin (B) is crushed with a fluid, preferably water, and then introduced into FCC reactor (2).    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Conditions: The preheated charges (A,B) are atomized. The charge of gas oil (A) is supplied into primary FCC reactor (1) operating under normal reaction conditions and at temperature more than 490 degrees C. The charge of vegetable origin (B) made from seeds of oleaginous plants is supplied into reactor (2) operating at 250-490 degrees C, and a biodiesel having a high cetane number, preferably more than 40 is produced.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Catalyst: The catalyst of cracking unit contains (in wt.%) solid acid (10-60), alumina (0-50), silica (0-40) and remainder of kaolin. Preferred Acid: The solid acid is zeolite of ZSM type, zeolite of faujasite type, silico-aluminum phosphate (SAPO) and/or aluminum phosphate.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - The first and second covers are formed of a fluid-tight cloth.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The cryogenic fluid is liquid nitrogen and/or carbon dioxide.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CERAMICS AND GLASS - Preferred Materials: The membrane (I) is a composite comprising at least 75 vol. % mixed electronic and oxygen anion (O2-) conductive compound selected from doped ceramic oxides having a perovskite structure at the temperature of use and 0-25 vol. % of a (different) blocking compound selected from oxide or non-oxide ceramics, metals and/or metal alloys.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - Preferred Process: The rate of modification of the oxygen partial pressure from the oxidizing and/or reducing side of (I) and/or the total pressure gradient between the oxidizing and reducing sides is controlled by (1) contacting the oxidizing side with a first gas mixture containing oxygen (specifically oxygen-nitrogen) and/or contacting the reducing side with a first gas mixture containing methane and/or water (specifically methane-nitrogen), (2) contacting the oxidizing and/or reducing side with a third inert gas mixture, optionally followed by contacting with oxygen and/or (3) (preferably continuously) varying the rates of enrichment of the gas mixtures and oxygen and the rates of modification of the compositions of the gas mixtures. The rate of modification of the thermal gradient along (I) is controlled by (1') (preferably continuously) varying the temperature of the gas mixture contacting the oxidizing or reducing side and/or (2') (preferably continuously) varying the temperature of a heating element outside (I). Specifically the first gas mixture is air and the second consists of natural gas and water vapor. (I) is preferably in tubular form. In the reactor start-up method, (I) is heated between stages (A) and (C) to the minimum temperature above which (I) can undergo chemical deformation while maintaining an identical oxygen partial pressure between the two sides, preferably corresponding to the oxygen partial pressure used in the final phases of the production of (I). EXAMPLE - No relevant example given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method of separation is: continuous using a special design separator; and continuous and absorbentless using the combination of cooling tank and holding tank along with a centrifugal purifier or a centrifugal decanter. Preferred Components: The oil comprises refined vegetable oil from the refinery bulk storage tank. The heat needed is supplied by waste refinery heat either from: the returning line of the existing refinery steam boilers and/or the returning line of existing refinery thermal oil heaters; or the flue gas of the steam boilers and/or the flue gas of the thermal oil heaters. EXAMPLE - None given.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The component parts are made of hard gelatin, cellulose, chitosan and/or carbon containing polymers.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Composition: The use level of acid catalyst is 1-3 parts by weight, use level of cellulose-contained material is 30-67 parts by weight, relative to the fatty alcohol of 100 parts by weight. The acid catalyst is concentrated sulfuric acid with sulfuric acid not less than 95 wt.%. Preferred Components: The acid catalyst is phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, ethane diacid, propane diacid, butane diacid, benzene sulfonic acid, or phenylformic acid, preferably sulfuric acid solution. The cellulose-contained material is the powder of fir, larch, red pine, masson pine, robur, Manchurian-tree wood, eucalyptus, birch and/or cotton wood, preferably the powder of masson pine; the fatty alcohol is aliphatic monohydric alcohol and/or polylol with 1-20 carbon atoms and 1-3 hydroxide radicals. The fatty alcohol is normal octanol. Preferred Parameters; Particle diameter of powder of masson pine is not greater than 0.45 mm. Preferred Conditions: The contact conditions comprise contact temperature approximately 90-350 degrees C, preferably approximately 120-150 degrees C; contact time is approximately 20-200 minutes, preferably 30-120 minutes, and contact pressure is approximately 0.1-6.4 MPa, preferably 0.2-0.4 MPa. Boiling point of low-boiling product under a normal atmosphere is 110-380 degrees C. Preferred Process: Separating the contacted product comprises separating the solid from the liquid of the contacted product, and distilling the obtained liquid. The method further comprises neutralizing the pH value of the obtained liquid to 6-8 before distillation.
TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preparation (claimed): Preparation of (meth)acrylamide derivatives of glyphosate (I) or (II) involves reacting glyphosate with at least one acryloyl halide or methacryloyl halide to form (I) or (II). ACTIVITY - Herbicide; Antifouling; Antibacterial. The efficacy of glyphosate acrylamide (I) incorporated in acrylic anticorrosion marine paint coatings at concentrations of 3.2 wt.% and 6 wt.%, was tested for herbicidal activity (biofouling) against diatom strain of Navicula. The coating of acrylic paint without containing the compound (I) was used as control. The observations for the average radii of the inhibition zones measured around the polymer pellets containing (I) on 100 mm agar plates were as follows (diameter, mm): control (10 plus minus 1); coating (with 3.2 wt.% (I)) (20 plus minus 2); and coating (with 6 wt.% (I)) (no growth).    MECHANISM OF ACTION - None given.    EXAMPLE - N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycine (0.169 g) was dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution (2.4 ml, 10%). To a vigorously stirred solution, acryloyl chloride (2 mmol) was added dropwise under argon. After continuous stirring for four hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was acidified with hydrochloric acid to pH 0 or below, and concentrated under vacuum to precipitate the NaCl, which was removed by filtration. The pH of the filtrate was then adjusted to 1-2 by adding sodium hydroxide solution. Further concentration of the reaction mixture gave white precipitate, which was filtered and dried under vacuum to obtain glyphosate acrylamide (I) as a white solid (yield 50%).