TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Method: The method further comprises (d) reacting the ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea; and (e) reacting the urea with ammonia to produce guanidine. The step (b) is conducted in an osmotic exchanger, where the osmotic exchanger: is operatively configured to flow metal hydroxide solution from the electrolyzer within permeable walls of the osmotic exchanger; and is operatively disposed to expose external surfaces of the permeable walls for gaseous fluid communication with ambient atmosphere. The electrolysis further produces chlorine or hydrochloric acid as a by-product. In the method, when the by-product is chlorine, at least a portion of the chlorine is reacted with a least a portion of the hydrogen produced in step (a) to form hydrochloric acid, or at least a portion of the chlorine by-product is dissolved in water to form hypochlorous acid. In the method: at least a portion of the chlorine, hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid is introduced into or placed in contact with geological strata or crushed rock containing reactive salts of metals comprises alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and/or transition metal salts, to form chloride salts of the metals; a barrier material which is impervious to chlorine, hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid is introduced into the area surrounding the geological strata prior to introduction of the chlorine or hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid; at least a portion of the hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid is reacted with geological strata or crushed rock containing magnesium silicate and iron(II) silicate to produce silica powder and chlorine-containing salts of iron and magnesium; and at least a portion of the hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid is introduced into or placed in contact with geological strata or crushed rock containing reactive salts of metals comprising copper, silver, gold, nickel and/or zinc, forming chloride salts of the metals. The chlorine-containing salts of magnesium are further reacted with metal carbonate from step (b) to form magnesium carbonate which is then heated to form magnesium oxide. The chlorine-containing salts of magnesium are melted and subjected to electrolysis to yield magnesium metal, where a by-product of the magnesium chloride electrolysis is chlorine gas. The chlorine-containing salts of iron are further reacted with the chlorine gas to form iron(III) chloride which is further reacted with metal carbonate from step (b) to form magnesium carbonate which is then heated to form iron(III) hydroxide which is then dehydrated to form hematite. EXAMPLE - None given.