NOVELTY - A polymer-nanoparticle composition comprises a film containing at least partially electrically conductive oligomer, polymer, or copolymer; and at least one nanoparticle at least partially disposed in it; where the partially electrically conductive oligomer, polymer, or copolymer is in electrical communication with the nanoparticle.    USE - In photovoltaic cell, photoconductor or layer of a light emitting diode (claimed) useful in light emitting devices and energy conversion devices; in electrical and optical devices, e.g. electronic materials, luminescent devices, oxygen reduction electrodes, fuel cells and sensors; in solar cells.    ADVANTAGE - The electrical communication between a nanoparticle and an oligomer, polymer, or copolymer can be achieved by growing the nanoparticle from a metallic seed point within the oligomer, polymer, or copolymer. Thus, for example, a polymer can synthesized with metal sites built into the backbone of the polymer. The metal sites or atoms are then used to seed the growth of individual nanoparticles. This approach can, in various aspects, electrically connect the two materials together so as to at least partially eliminate interferences to electron or hole transfer (i.e. one material is literally grown around the other). Thus, a polymer-nanoparticle composition comprising a nanoparticle grown from a polymer seed point can provide interfacial interactions desired for exciton dissociation and transport. In addition to the improvements in charge transfer efficiency, this approach also permits the spacing of the seed or growth sites to be readily manipulated so that they may be spaced at desired intervals which optimizes density and homogeneity in the resulting polymer-nanoparticle composition. A seed point may be diluted out with other conductive polymers (e.g. alternating copolymers) that do not contain a metal seed point, thus allowing control of the number of nanoparticles formed and the distance between them. The composition can be prepared using method with ease of processing. In particular, a monomer can be directly deposited onto a substrate and either polymerized first followed optionally by the growth of the nanoparticle directly in the polymer film, or polymerized after the growth of the nanoparticle in the monomer matrix itself. In contrast to existing technologies in which films are made from nanoparticle/conductive polymer compositions by drop-casting or spin-coating them onto a surface, the present films can be made by, for example, electrodeposition, thus providing better control of the film thickness and uniformity. Unlike many known processes, there is no separate film making step. Rather, the film is formed during the polymerization process itself.    DETAILED DESCRIPTION - INDEPENDENT CLAIMS are included for the following:    (1) method (m1) for producing a polymer nanoparticle composition involving providing a film comprising at least partially electrically conductive oligomer, polymer, or copolymer comprising metal complex residues having at least one metal center; and growing nanoparticle from the metal center;    (2) device comprising a polymer nanoparticle composition comprising nanoparticle having layers of metal; and at least partially electrically conductive oligomer, polymer, or copolymer, in electrical communication with each other;    (3) metal complex of formula (II) or nanoparticle produced from them; and    (4) an oligomer, polymer, or copolymer comprising a residue of formula (III).    n=1-100000;    Y1-Y4=O, S or NH;    R1 and R4=2 substituents selected from H and optionally substituted organic residue comprising 1-12C;    R2 and R3=3 substituents selected from H and optionally substituted organic residue comprising 1-12C;    R5 and R6=1 to 3 substituents selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted organic residue comprising 1-12C;and    ring A'=ligand selected from heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl (all optionally substituted);    M1=Cd, Pb, Ga, transition metal, inert metal, catalytic metal or platinum group metal;    M2=Cd, Pb, Cu or Ga;and    R'1-R'6=3 substituents selected from H and optionally substituted organic residue comprising 1-12C.