TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Components: The transparent conductive surface is chosen from indium-tin-oxide and fluorine-doped tin-oxide. The film comprises forming a metallic electrode on the film surface. The metal of metallic electrode is gold, silver, aluminum, copper, barium and/or calcium.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Solvent: The solvent is chosen from chlorobenzene, toluene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone and/or methanol.    TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - POLYMERS - Preferred Components: The semiconducting polymer is chosen from poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene), poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyl-octyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene), poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) and poly((9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-alt-co-(2-methoxy-5-(2-eth-yl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene)). The polymerizable anionic monomer is chosen from methylmethacrylate substituted with negatively-charged group, methacrylate substituted with negatively-charged group, acrylamide substituted with negatively-charged group and allyl substituted with a negatively-charged group. The negatively-charged group is sulfonate. The polymerizable anionic monomer is chosen from 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonate and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethane sulfonate. The polymerizable cationic monomer is chosen methylmethacrylate substituted with a positively-charged group, methacrylate substituted with a positively-charged group, acrylamide substituted with a positively-charged group and allyl substituted with a positively-charged group. The positively-charged group is ammonium group. The polymerizable cationic monomer is chosen from (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium, (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium and (4-vinylbenzyl)dimethylhexan-1-ammonium monomer. The solution further comprises an ion-transport material. The ion-transport material comprises poly(ethylene oxide). The ion-transport material comprises a neutral thermoset monomer. The neutral thermoset monomer is chosen from a polymerizable crown ether, methacrylate, methylmethacrylate and styrene.